The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Amateur Poacher
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: The Amateur Poacher

Author: Richard Jefferies

Release date: October 12, 2004 [eBook #13730]
                Most recently updated: August 6, 2021

Language: English

Credits: Malcolm Farmer and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMATEUR POACHER ***




The Amateur Poacher

by Richard Jefferies


Contents

 PREFACE
 CHAPTER I. THE FIRST GUN
 CHAPTER II. THE OLD PUNT: A CURIOUS “TURNPIKE”
 CHAPTER III. TREE-SHOOTING: A FISHING EXPEDITION
 CHAPTER IV. EGG-TIME: A “GIP”-TRAP
 CHAPTER V. WOODLAND TWILIGHT: TRAITORS ON THE GIBBET
 CHAPTER VI. LURCHER-LAND: “THE PARK”
 CHAPTER VII. OBY, AND HIS SYSTEM: THE MOUCHER’S CALENDAR
 CHAPTER VIII. CHURCHYARD PHEASANTS: BEFORE THE BENCH
 CHAPTER IX. LUKE, THE RABBIT-CONTRACTOR: THE BROOK PATH
 CHAPTER X. FARMER WILLUM’S PLACE: SNIPE-SHOOTING
 CHAPTER XI. FERRETING: A RABBIT-HUNTER
 CHAPTER XII. A WINTER NIGHT: OLD TRICKS:
PHEASANT-STALKING: MATCHLOCK VERSUS BREECH-LOADER: CONCLUSION




PREFACE


The following pages are arranged somewhat in the order of time,
beginning with the first gun, and attempts at shooting. Then come the
fields, the first hills, and woods explored, often without a gun, or
any thought of destruction: and next the poachers, and other odd
characters observed at their work. Perhaps the idea of shooting with a
matchlock, or wheel-lock, might, if put in practice, at least afford
some little novelty.

R.J.




THE AMATEUR POACHER




CHAPTER I
THE FIRST GUN


They burned the old gun that used to stand in the dark corner up in the
garret, close to the stuffed fox that always grinned so fiercely.
Perhaps the reason why he seemed in such a ghastly rage was that he did
not come by his death fairly. Otherwise his pelt would not have been so
perfect. And why else was he put away up there out of sight?—and so
magnificent a brush as he had too. But there he stood, and mounted
guard over the old flintlock that was so powerful a magnet to us in
those days. Though to go up there alone was no slight trial of moral
courage after listening to the horrible tales of the carters in the
stable, or the old women who used to sit under the hedge in the shade,
on an armful of hay, munching their crusts at luncheon time.

The great cavernous place was full of shadows in the brightest summer
day; for the light came only through the chinks in the shutters. These
were flush with the floor and bolted firmly. The silence was intense,
it being so near the roof and so far away from the inhabited parts of
the house. Yet there were sometimes strange acoustical effects—as when
there came a low tapping at the shutters, enough to make your heart
stand still. There was then nothing for it but to dash through the
doorway into the empty cheese-room adjoining, which was better lighted.
No doubt it was nothing but the labourers knocking the stakes in for
the railing round the rickyard, but why did it sound just exactly
outside the shutters? When that ceased the staircase creaked, or the
pear-tree boughs rustled against the window. The staircase always
waited till you had forgotten all about it before the loose worm-eaten
planks sprang back to their place.

Had it not been for the merry whistling of the starlings on the thatch
above, it would not have been possible to face the gloom and the teeth
of Reynard, ever in the act to snap, and the mystic noises, and the
sense of guilt—for the gun was forbidden. Besides which there was the
black mouth of the open trapdoor overhead yawning fearfully—a standing
terror and temptation; for there was a legend of a pair of pistols
thrown up there out of the way—a treasure-trove tempting enough to make
us face anything. But Orion must have the credit of the courage; I call
him Orion because he was a hunter and had a famous dog. The last I
heard of him he had just ridden through a prairie fire, and says the
people out there think nothing of it.

We dragged an ancient linen-press under the trapdoor, and put some
boxes on that, and finally a straight-backed oaken chair. One or two of
those chairs were split up and helped to do the roasting on the kitchen
hearth. So, climbing the pile, we emerged under the rafters, and could
see daylight faintly in several places coming through the starlings’
holes. One or two bats fluttered to and fro as we groped among the
lumber, but no pistols could be discovered; nothing but a cannon-ball,
rusty enough and about as big as an orange, which they say was found in
the wood, where there was a brush in Oliver’s time.

In the middle of our expedition there came the well-known whistle,
echoing about the chimneys, with which it was the custom to recall us
to dinner. How else could you make people hear who might be cutting a
knobbed stick in the copse half a mile away or bathing in the lake? We
had to jump down with a run; and then came the difficulty; for black
dusty cobwebs, the growth of fifty years, clothed us from head to foot.
There was no brushing or picking them off, with that loud whistle
repeated every two minutes.

The fact where we had been was patent to all; and so the chairs got
burned—but one, which was rickety. After which a story crept out, of a
disjointed skeleton lying in a corner under the thatch. Though just a
little suspicious that this might be a _ruse_ to frighten us from a
second attempt, we yet could not deny the possibility of its being
true. Sometimes in the dusk, when I sat poring over “Koenigsmark, the
Robber,” by the little window in the cheese-room, a skull seemed to
peer down the trapdoor. But then I had the flintlock by me for
protection.

There were giants in the days when that gun was made; for surely no
modern mortal could have held that mass of metal steady to his
shoulder. The linen-press and a chest on the top of it formed, however,
a very good gun-carriage; and, thus mounted, aim could be taken out of
the window at the old mare feeding in the meadow below by the brook,
and a “bead” could be drawn upon Molly, the dairymaid, kissing the
fogger behind the hedge, little dreaming that the deadly tube was
levelled at them. At least this practice and drill had one useful
effect—the eye got accustomed to the flash from the pan, instead of
blinking the discharge, which ruins the shooting. Almost everybody and
everything on the place got shot dead in this way without knowing it.

It was not so easy as might be supposed to find proper flints. The best
time to look for them was after a heavy storm of rain had washed a
shallow channel beside the road, when you might select some hardy
splinters which had lain hidden under the dust. How we were found out
is not quite clear: perhaps the powder left a smell of sulphur for any
one who chanced to go up in the garret.

But, however that may be, one day, as we came in unexpectedly from a
voyage in the punt, something was discovered burning among the logs on
the kitchen hearth; and, though a desperate rescue was attempted,
nothing was left but the barrel of our precious gun and some crooked
iron representing the remains of the lock. There are things that are
never entirely forgotten, though the impression may become fainter as
years go by. The sense of the cruel injustice of that act will never
quite depart.

But they could not burn the barrel, and we almost succeeded in fitting
it to a stock of elder. Elder has a thick pith running down the centre:
by removing that the gouge and chisel had not much work to do to make a
groove for the old bell-mouthed barrel to lie in. The matchlock, for as
such it was intended, was nearly finished when our hopes were dashed to
the ground by a piece of unnatural cunning. One morning the breechpiece
that screwed in was missing. This was fatal. A barrel without a
breechpiece is like a cup without a bottom. It was all over.

There are days in spring when the white clouds go swiftly past, with
occasional breaks of bright sunshine lighting up a spot in the
landscape. That is like the memory of one’s youth. There is a long dull
blank, and then a brilliant streak of recollection. Doubtless it was a
year or two afterwards when, seeing that the natural instinct could not
be suppressed but had better be recognised, they produced a real gun
(single-barrel) for me from the clock-case.

It stood on the landing just at the bottom of the dark flight that led
to the garret. An oaken case six feet high or more, and a vast dial,
with a mysterious picture of a full moon and a ship in full sail that
somehow indicated the quarters of the year, if you had been imitating
Rip Van Winkle and after a sleep of six months wanted to know whether
it was spring or autumn. But only to think that all the while we were
puzzling over the moon and the ship and the queer signs on the dial a
gun was hidden inside! The case was locked, it is true; but there are
ways of opening locks, and we were always handy with tools.

This gun was almost, but not quite so long as the other. That dated
from the time between Stuart and Hanover; this might not have been more
than seventy years old. And a beautiful piece of workmanship it was: my
new double breechloader is a coarse common thing to compare with it.
Long and slender and light as a feather, it came to the shoulder with
wonderful ease. Then there was a groove on the barrel at the breech and
for some inches up which caught the eye and guided the glance like a
trough to the sight at the muzzle and thence to the bird. The stock was
shod with brass, and the trigger-guard was of brass, with a kind of
flange stretching half-way down to the butt and inserted in the wood.
After a few minutes’ polishing it shone like gold, and to see the
sunlight flash on it was a joy.

You might note the grain of the barrel, for it had not been browned;
and it took a good deal of sand to get the rust off. By aid of a little
oil and careful wiping after a shower it was easy to keep it bright.
Those browned barrels only encourage idleness. The lock was a trifle
dull at first, simply from lack of use. A small screwdriver soon had it
to pieces, and it speedily clicked again sweet as a flute. If the
hammer came back rather far when at full-cock, that was because the
lock had been converted from a flint, and you could not expect it to be
absolutely perfect. Besides which, as the fall was longer the blow was
heavier, and the cap was sure to explode.

By old farmhouses, mostly in exposed places (for which there is a
reason), one or more huge walnut trees may be found. The provident folk
of those days planted them with the purpose of having their own
gunstocks cut out of the wood when the tree was thrown. They could then
be sure it was really walnut, and a choice piece of timber thoroughly
well seasoned. I like to think of those times, when men settled
themselves down, and planted and planned and laid out their gardens and
orchards and woods, as if they and their sons and sons’ sons, to the
twentieth generation, were sure to enjoy the fruit of their labour.

The reason why the walnuts are put in exposed places, on the slope of a
rise, with open aspect to the east and north, is because the walnut is
a foolish tree that will not learn by experience. If it feels the
warmth of a few genial days in early spring, it immediately protrudes
its buds; and the next morning a bitter frost cuts down every hope of
fruit for that year, leaving the leaf as black as may be. Wherefore the
east wind is desirable to keep it as backward as possible.

There was a story that the stock of this gun had been cut out of a
walnut tree that was thrown on the place by my great-grandfather, who
saw it well seasoned, being a connoisseur of timber, which is, indeed,
a sort of instinct in all his descendants. And a vast store of
philosophy there is in timber if you study it aright.

After cleaning the gun and trying it at a mark, the next thing was to
get a good shot with it. Now there was an elm that stood out from the
hedge a little, almost at the top of the meadow, not above
five-and-twenty yards from the other hedge that bounded the field. Two
mounds could therefore be commanded by any one in ambush behind the
elm, and all the angular corner of the mead was within range.

It was not far from the house; but the ground sank into a depression
there, and the ridge of it behind shut out everything except just the
roof of the tallest hayrick. As one sat on the sward behind the elm,
with the back turned on the rick and nothing in front but the tall elms
and the oaks in the other hedge, it was quite easy to fancy it the
verge of the prairie with the backwoods close by.

The rabbits had scratched the yellow sand right out into the grass—it
is always very much brighter in colour where they have just been at
work—and the fern, already almost yellow too, shaded the mouths of
their buries. Thick bramble bushes grew out from the mound and filled
the space between it and the elm: there were a few late flowers on them
still, but the rest were hardening into red sour berries. Westwards,
the afternoon sun, with all his autumn heat, shone full against the
hedge and into the recess, and there was not the shadow of a leaf for
shelter on that side.

The gun was on the turf, and the little hoppers kept jumping out of the
grass on to the stock: once their king, a grasshopper, alighted on it
and rested, his green limbs tipped with red rising above his back.
About the distant wood and the hills there was a soft faint haze, which
is what Nature finishes her pictures with. Something in the atmosphere
which made it almost visible: all the trees seemed to stand in a liquid
light—the sunbeams were suspended in the air instead of passing
through. The butterflies even were very idle in the slumberous warmth;
and the great green dragon-fly rested on a leaf, his tail arched a
little downwards, just as he puts it when he wishes to stop suddenly in
his flight.

The broad glittering trigger-guard got quite hot in the sun, and the
stock was warm when I felt it every now and then. The grain of the
walnut-wood showed plainly through the light polish: it was not
varnished like the stock of the double-barrel they kept padlocked to
the rack over the high mantelpiece indoors. Still you could see the
varnish. It was of a rich dark horse-chestnut colour, and yet so bright
and clear that if held close you could see your face in it. Behind it
the grain of the wood was just perceptible; especially at the grip,
where hard hands had worn it away somewhat. The secret of that varnish
is lost—like that of the varnish on the priceless old violins.

But you could feel the wood more in my gun: so that it was difficult to
keep the hand off it, though the rabbits would not come out; and the
shadowless recess grew like a furnace, for it focussed the rays of the
sun. The heat on the sunny side of a thick hedge between three and four
in the afternoon is almost tropical if you remain still, because the
air is motionless: the only relief is to hold your hat loose; or tilt
it against your head, the other edge of the brim on the ground. Then
the grass-blades rise up level with the forehead. There is a delicious
smell in growing grass, and a sweetness comes up from the earth.

Still it got hotter and hotter; and it was not possible to move in the
least degree, lest a brown creature sitting on the sand at the mouth of
his hole, and hidden himself by the fern, should immediately note it.
And Orion was waiting in the rickyard for the sound of the report, and
very likely the shepherd too. We knew that men in Africa, watched by
lions, had kept still in the sunshine till, reflected from the rock, it
literally scorched them, not daring to move; and we knew all about the
stoicism of the Red Indians. But Ulysses was ever my pattern and model:
that man of infinite patience and resource.

So, though the sun might burn and the air become suffocating in that
close corner, and the quivering line of heat across the meadow make the
eyes dizzy to watch, yet not a limb must be moved. The black flies came
in crowds; but they are not so tormenting if you plunge your face in
the grass, though they titillate the back of the hand as they run over
it. Under the bramble bush was a bury that did not look much used; and
once or twice a great blue fly came out of it, the buzz at first
sounding hollow and afar off and becoming clearer as it approached the
mouth of the hole. There was the carcass of a dead rabbit inside no
doubt.

A humble-bee wandering along—they are restless things—buzzed right
under my hat, and became entangled in the grass by my ear. Now we knew
by experience in taking their honey that they could sting sharply if
irritated, though good-tempered by nature. How he “burred” and buzzed
and droned!—till by-and-by, crawling up the back of my head, he found
an open space and sailed away. Then, looking out again, there was a
pair of ears in the grass not ten yards distant: a rabbit had come out
at last. But the first delight was quickly over: the ears were short
and sharply pointed, and almost pinkly transparent.

What would the shepherd say if I brought home one of his hated enemies
no bigger than a rat? The young rabbit made waiting still more painful,
being far enough from the hedge to get a clear view into the recess if
anything attracted his notice. Why the shepherd hated rabbits was
because the sheep would not feed where they had worn their runs in the
grass. Not the least movement was possible now—not even that little
shifting which makes a position just endurable: the heat seemed to
increase; the thought of Ulysses could hardly restrain the almost
irresistible desire to stir.

When, suddenly, there was a slight rustling among the boughs of an oak
in the other hedge, as of wings against twigs: it was a woodpigeon,
better game than a rabbit. He would, I knew, first look round before he
settled himself to preen his feathers on the branch, and, if everything
was still while that keen inspection lasted, would never notice me.
This is their habit—and the closer you are underneath them the less
chance of their perceiving you: for a pigeon perched rarely looks
straight downwards. If flying, it is just the reverse; for then they
seem to see under them quicker than in any other direction.

Slowly lifting the long barrel of the gun—it was fortunate the sunlight
glancing on the bright barrel was not reflected towards the oak—I got
it to bear upon the bird; but then came a doubt. It was all
eight-and-twenty yards across the angle of the meadow to the oak—a
tremendous long shot under the circumstances. For they would not trust
us with the large copper powder-flask, but only with a little
pistol-flask (it had belonged to the pair of pistols we tried to find),
and we were ordered not to use more than a charge and a half at a time.
That was quite enough to kill blackbirds. (The noise of the report was
always a check in this way; such a trifle of powder only made a slight
puff.)

Shot there was in plenty—a whole tobacco-pipe bowl full, carefully
measured out of the old yellow canvas money-bag that did for a shot
belt. A starling could be knocked off the chimney with this charge
easily, and so could a blackbird roosting in a bush at night. But a
woodpigeon nearly thirty yards distant was another matter; for the old
folk (and the birdkeepers too) said that their quills were so hard the
shot would glance aside unless it came with great force. Very likely
the pigeon would escape, and all the rabbits in the buries would be too
frightened to come out at all.

A beautiful bird he was on the bough, perched well in view and clearly
defined against the sky behind; and my eye travelled along the groove
on the breech and up the barrel, and so to the sight and across to him;
and the finger, which always would keep time with the eye, pulled at
the trigger.

A mere puff of a report, and then a desperate fluttering in the tree
and a cloud of white feathers floating above the hedge, and a heavy
fall among the bushes. He was down, and Orion’s spaniel (that came
racing like mad from the rickyard the instant he heard the discharge)
had him in a moment. Orion followed quickly. Then the shepherd came up,
rather stiff on his legs from rheumatism, and stepped the distance,
declaring it was thirty yards good; after which we all walked home in
triumph.

Molly the dairymaid came a little way from the rickyard, and said she
would pluck the pigeon that very night after work. She was always ready
to do anything for us boys; and we could never quite make out why they
scolded her so for an idle hussy indoors. It seemed so unjust. Looking
back, I recollect she had very beautiful brown eyes.

“You mind you chaws the shot well, measter,” said the shepherd, “afore
you loads th’ gun. The more you chaws it the better it sticks
the-gither, an’ the furder it kills um;” a theory of gunnery that which
was devoutly believed in in his time and long anticipated the wire
cartridges. And the old soldiers that used to come round to haymaking,
glad of a job to supplement their pensions, were very positive that if
you bit the bullet and indented it with your teeth, it was perfectly
fatal, no matter to what part of the body its billet took it.

In the midst of this talk as we moved on, I carrying the gun at the
trail with the muzzle downwards, the old ramrod, long disused and
shrunken, slipped half out; the end caught the ground, and it snapped
short off in a second. A terrible disaster this, turning everything to
bitterness: Orion was especially wroth, for it was his right next to
shoot. However, we went down to the smithy at the inn, to take counsel
of the blacksmith, a man of knowledge and a trusty friend. “Aha!” said
he, “it’s not the first time I’ve made a ramrod. There’s a piece of
lancewood in the store overhead which I keep on purpose; it’s as tough
as a bow—they make carriage-shafts of it; you shall have a better rod
than was ever fitted to a Joe Manton.” So we took him down some
pippins, and he set to work on it that evening.




CHAPTER II
THE OLD PUNT: A CURIOUS “TURNPIKE”


The sculls of our punt, being short and stout, answered very well as
levers to heave the clumsy old craft off the sand into which it sank so
deeply. That sheltered corner of the mere, with a shelving sandy shore,
and a steep bank behind covered with trees, was one of the best places
to fish for roach: you could see them playing under the punt in shoals
any sunny day.

There was a projecting bar almost enclosing the creek, which was quite
still, even when the surf whitened the stony strand without, driven
before a wet and stormy south-wester. It was the merest routine to
carry the painter ashore and twist the rotten rope round an exposed
root of the great willow tree; for there was not the slightest chance
of that ancient craft breaking adrift. All our strength and the
leverage of the sculls could scarcely move her, so much had she
settled. But we had determined to sail that lovely day to visit the
island of Calypso, and had got all our arms and munitions of war
aboard, besides being provisioned and carrying some fruit for fear of
scurvy. There was of course the gun, placed so as not to get wet; for
the boat leaked, and had to be frequently baled out with a tin mug—one
that the haymakers used.

Indeed, if we had not caulked her with some dried moss and some stiff
clay, it is doubtful if she would have floated far. The well was full
of dead leaves that had been killed by the caterpillars and the blight,
and had fallen from the trees before their time; and there were one or
two bunches of grass growing at the stern part from between the
decaying planks.

Besides the gun there was the Indian bow, scooped out inside in a
curious way, and covered with strange designs or coloured
hieroglyphics: it had been brought home by one of our people years
before. There was but one man in the place who could bend that bow
effectually; so that though we valued it highly we could not use it. By
it lay another of briar, which was pliable enough and had brought down
more than one bird.

Orion hit a rabbit once; but though sore wounded it got to the bury,
and, struggling in, the arrow caught the side of the hole and was drawn
out. Indeed, a nail filed sharp is not of much avail as an arrowhead;
you must have it barbed, and that was a little beyond our skill. Ikey
the blacksmith had forged us a spearhead after a sketch from a picture
of a Greek warrior; and a rake-handle served as a shaft. It was really
a dangerous weapon. He had also made us a small anchor according to
plan; nor did he dip too deeply into our pocket-money.

Then the mast and square-sail, fitted out of a window-blind, took up a
considerable space; for although it was perfectly calm, a breeze might
arise. And what with these and the pole for punting occasionally, the
deck of the vessel was in that approved state of confusion which always
characterises a ship on the point of departure. Nor must Orion’s
fishing-rod and gear be forgotten, nor the cigar-box at the stern (a
present from the landlady at the inn) which contained a chart of the
mere and a compass.

With a “yeo—heave-ho!” we levered her an inch at a time, and then
loosened her by working her from side to side, and so, panting and
struggling, shoved the punt towards the deep. Slowly a course was
shaped out of the creek—past the bar and then along the edge of the
thick weeds, stretching so far out into the water that the moorhen
feeding near the land was beyond reach of shot. From the green matted
mass through which a boat could scarcely have been forced came a slight
uncertain sound, now here now yonder, a faint “suck-sock;” and the
dragon-flies were darting to and fro.

The only ripple of the surface, till broken by the sculls, was where
the swallows dipped as they glided, leaving a circle of tiny wavelets
that barely rolled a yard. Past the low but steep bluff of sand rising
sheer out of the water, drilled with martins’ holes and topped by a
sapling oak in the midst of a great furze bush: yellow bloom of the
furze, tall brake fern nestling under the young branches, woodbine
climbing up and bearing sweet coronals of flower.

Past the barley that came down to the willows by the shore—ripe and
white under the bright sunshine, but yonder beneath the shadow of the
elms with a pale tint of amber. Past broad rising meadows, where under
the oaks on the upper ground the cattle were idly lying out of the
sultry heat.

Then the barren islands, strewn with stone and mussel-shells glistening
in the sunshine, over which in a gale the waves made a clean sweep,
rendered the navigation intricate; and the vessel had to be worked in
and out, now scraping against rocky walls of sandstone, now grounding
and churning up the bottom, till presently she floated in the bay
beneath the firs. There a dark shadow hung over the black water—still
and silent, so still that even the aspens rested from their rustling.

Out again into the sunshine by the wide mouth of the Green River, as
the chart named the brook whose level stream scarce moved into the
lake. A streak of blue shot up it between the banks, and a shrill pipe
came back as the kingfisher hastened away. By the huge boulder of
sarsen, whose shoulder projected but a few inches—in stormy times a
dangerous rock to mariners—and then into the unknown narrow seas
between the endless osier-beds and withy-covered isles.

There the chart failed; and the known landmarks across the open
waters—the firs and elms, the green knoll with the cattle—were shut out
by thick branches on either hand. In and out and round the islets,
sounding the depth before advancing, winding now this way, now that,
till all idea of the course was lost, and it became a mere struggle to
get forward. Drooping boughs swept along the gunwales, thick-matted
weeds cumbered the way; “snags,” jagged stumps of trees, threatened to
thrust their tops through the bottom; and, finally, panting and weary
of poling through the maze, we emerged in a narrow creek all walled in
and enclosed with vegetation.

Running her ashore on the soft oozy ground, we rested under a great
hawthorn bush that grew at the very edge, and, looking upwards, could
see in the canopy above the black interlaced twigs of a dove’s nest.
Tall willow poles rose up all around, and above them was the deep blue
of the sky. On the willow stems that were sometimes under water the
bark had peeled in scales; beneath the surface bunches of red fibrous
roots stretched out their slender filaments tipped with white, as if
feeling like a living thing for prey.

A dreamy, slumberous place, where the sedges slept, and the green flags
bowed their pointed heads. Under the bushes in the distant nook the
moorhen, reassured by the silence, came out from the grey-green grass
and the rushes. Surely Calypso’s cave could not be far distant, where
she

    with work and song the time divides,
And through the loom the golden shuttle guides.


For the Immortals are hiding somewhere still in the woods; even now I
do not weary searching for them.

But as we rested a shadow fell from a cloud that covered the sun, and
immediately a faint sigh arose from among the sedges and the reeds, and
two pale yellow leaves fell from the willows on the water. A gentle
breeze followed the cloud, chasing its shadow. Orion touched his rod
meaningly. So I stepped ashore with the gun to see if a channel could
be found into the open water, and pushed through the bush. Briar and
bramble choked the path, and hollow willow stoles; but, holding the gun
upright, it was possible to force through, till, pushing between a belt
of reeds and round an elder thicket, I came suddenly on a deep, clear
pool—all but walking into it. Up rose a large bird out of the water
with a bustling of wings and splashing, compelled to “rocket” by the
thick bushes and willow poles. There was no time to aim; but the old
gun touched the shoulder and went off without conscious volition on my
part.

The bird flew over the willows, but the next moment there was a heavy
splash somewhere beyond out of sight. Then came an echo of the report
sent back from the woods adjoining, and another, and a third and
fourth, as the sound rolled along the side of the hill, caught in the
coombes and thrown to and fro like a ball in a tennis-court. Wild with
anxiety, we forced the punt at the bulrushes, in the corner where it
looked most open, and with all our might heaved it over the weeds and
the mud, and so round the islet into the next pool, and thence into the
open water. It was a wild duck, and was speedily on board.

Stepping the mast and hoisting the sail, we drifted before the faint
breath of air that now just curled the surface, steering straight
across the open for the stony barren islands at the mouth of the bay.
The chart drawn in pencil—what labour it cost us!—said that there, a
few yards from the steep shore, was a shoal with deep water round it.
For some reason there always seemed a slight movement or current—a set
of the water there, as if it flowed into the little bay.

In swimming we often came suddenly out of a cold into a stratum of warm
water (at the surface); and perhaps the difference in the temperature
may have caused the drift, for the bay was in shadow half the day. Now,
wherever there is motion there will fish assemble; so as the punt
approached the shoal the sail was doused, and at twenty yards’ distance
I _put_ the anchor into the water—not dropping it, to avoid the
splash—and let it slip gently to the bottom.

Then, paying out the cable, we drifted to the edge of the shoal without
the least disturbance, and there brought up. Orion had his bait
ready—he threw his line right to windward, so that the float might drag
the worm naturally with the wind and slight current towards the shoal.

The tiny blue buoy dances up and down on the miniature waves; beyond it
a dazzling path of gold stretches away to the distant osier-islands—a
path down which we came without seeing it till we looked back. The
wavelets strike with a faint “sock-sock” against the bluff overhanging
bow, and then roll on to the lee-shore close at hand.

It rises steep; then a broad green ledge; and after that, still
steeper, the face of a long-deserted sand-pit, where high up a rabbit
sits at the mouth of his hole, within range, but certain to escape even
if hit, and therefore safe. On the turf below is a round black spot,
still showing, though a twelvemonth has gone by since we landed with
half a dozen perch, lit a fire and cooked the fishes. For Molly never
could “a-bear” perch, because of the hardness of the scales, saying she
would as soon “scrape a vlint;” and they laughed to scorn our idea of
skinning them as you do moorhens, whose “dowl” no fingers can pick.

So we lit a fire and blew it up, lying on the soft short grass in a
state of nature after a swim, there being none to see us but the
glorious sun. The skinned perch were sweeter than any I have tasted
since.

“Look!” whispers Orion, suddenly. The quill above the blue buoy nods as
it lifts over the wavelets—nods again, sinks a little, jerks up, and
then goes down out of sight. Orion feels the weight. “Two pounds, if
he’s an ounce!” he shouts: soon after a splendid perch is in the boat,
nearer three pounds perhaps than two. Flop! whop! how he leaps up and
down on the planks, soiled by the mud, dulling his broad back and
barred sides on the grit and sand.

Roaming about like this with the gun, now on the water in the punt, and
now on land, we gradually came to notice very closely the game we
wished to shoot. We saw, for instance, that the rabbit when feeding or
moving freely, unless quickened by alarm, has a peculiar way of
dwelling upon his path. It almost resembles creeping; for both fore
feet stop while the hinder come up—one hinder foot slightly behind the
other, and rather wide apart.

When a fall of snow presents a perfect impression of his passage, it
appears as if the animal had walked slowly backwards. This deceives
many who at such times go out to pick up anything that comes in their
way; for they trace the trail in the wrong direction. The truth is,
that when the rabbit pauses for the hinder feet to come up he again
rests momentarily upon these before the two foremost are put forth, and
so presses not only the paw proper but the whole first joint of the
hind leg upon the snow. A glance at the hind feet of a rabbit will show
what I mean: they will be found to display plain signs of friction
against the ground.

The habit has given the creature considerable power of standing up on
the hinder feet; he can not only sit on his haunches, but raise himself
almost upright, and remain in that position to listen for some little
time. For the same reason he can bark the ash saplings higher up than
would be imagined: where he cannot reach, the mice climb up and nibble
straight lines across the young pole, as if done with a single stroke
from a saw that scraped away the rind but did not reach the wood.

In front of a large rabbit bury the grass will be found discoloured
with sand at some distance from the mouth of the hole. This is
explained by particles adherent to the rabbits’ hind feet, and rubbing
off against the grass blades. Country people call this peculiar gait
“sloppetting;” and one result of it is that the rabbits wear away the
grass where they are numerous almost as much as they eat it away.

There was such a space worn by the attrition of feet sprinkled with
sand before the extensive burrow at the top of the meadow where I shot
the woodpigeon. These marks suggested to us that we should attempt some
more wholesale system of capture than shooting. It was not for the mere
desire of destruction, but for a special purpose, that we turned our
attention to wiring. The punt, though much beloved, was, like all
punts, a very bad sailer. A boat with a keel that could tack, and so
work into the wind’s eye, was our ambition.

The blacksmith Ikey readily purchased every rabbit we obtained at
sixpence each. Rabbits were not so dear then as now; but of course he
made a large profit even then. The same rabbits at present would be
worth fifteen or eighteen pence. Every sixpence was carefully saved,
but it was clear that a long time must elapse before the goal was
attained. The blacksmith started the idea of putting up a
“turnpike”—_i.e._ a wire—but professed ignorance as to the method of
setting it. That was a piece of his cunning—that he might escape
responsibility.

The shepherd, too, when obliquely questioned, shook his head, pursed
his lips, threw his pitching-bar over his shoulder, and marched off
with a mysterious hint that our friend Ikey would some day put his “vut
in it.” It did not surprise us that the shepherd should turn his back
on anything of the kind; for he was a leading man among the “Ranters,”
and frequently exhorted them in his cottage.

The carter’s lad was about at the time, and for the moment we thought
of applying to him. He was standing on the threshold of the stable,
under the horseshoes and weasles’ feet nailed up to keep the witches
away, teasing a bat that he had found under the tiles. But suddenly the
dusky thing bit him sharply, and he uttered an oath; while the
creature, released, flew aimlessly into the elms. It was better to
avoid him.

Indoors, they would have put a very heavy hand upon the notion had they
known of it: so we had to rely solely upon the teaching of experiment.
In the first attempt, a stick that had been put by for the thatcher,
but which he had not yet split, was cut short and sharpened for the
plug that prevents the animal carrying away the wire when snared. This
is driven into the earth; at the projecting end a notch was cut to hold
the string attached to the end of the wire away from the run.

A smaller stick supported the wire above the ground; this latter only
just sufficiently thrust into the sward to stand firmly upright. Willow
was used for this at first; but it is a feeble wood: it split too much,
or bent and gave way instead of holding the wire in its place. The best
for the purpose we found were the nut-tree rods that shoot up among the
hazel thickets, no larger than the shaft of an arrow, and almost as
straight. A slit about half an inch deep was made in the upper end, and
in this slit the shank of the wire was sunk. Once or twice the upright
was peeled; but this was a mistake, for the white wand was then too
conspicuous. The bark should be left on.

Three copper wires twisted tight formed the snare itself; we twisted
them like the strands of a rope, thinking it would give more strength.
The wire projected horizontally, the loop curling downwards. It was
first set up at a spot where a very broad and much-worn run—more like a
footpath than a rabbit track—forked into several lesser runs, and at
about five yards from the hedge. But though adjusted, as we thought,
with the utmost nicety, no rabbit would put his neck into it—not even
in the darkness of the night. By day they all played round it in
perfect safety.

After waiting some time it was removed and reset just over a hole—the
loop close to the opening. It looked scarcely possible for a rabbit to
creep out without being caught, the loop being enlarged to correspond
with the mouth of the hole. For a while it seemed as if the rabbits
declined to use the hole at all; presently, however, the loop was
pushed back, showing that one must have got his nose between it and the
bank and so made a safe passage sideways. A run that crossed the field
was then selected, and the wire erected at about the middle of it,
equidistant from either hedge. Near the entrance of the buries the
rabbits moved slowly, sniffing their way along and pausing every yard
or so. But they often increased their speed farther away, and sometimes
raced from one mound to the other. When going at that rate it appeared
natural to conclude that they would be less careful to pick and choose
their road.

The theory proved so far correct that next day the upright was down,
but the wire had snapped and the rabbit was gone. The character of the
fracture clearly indicated how it had happened: the rabbit, so soon as
he found his head in the noose, had rolled and tumbled till the wire,
already twisted tight, parted. Too much twisting, therefore, weakened
instead of strengthening. Next a single wire, somewhat thicker, was
used, and set up nearly in the same place; but it broke again.

Finally, two strands of medium size, placed side by side, but only
twisted once—that is, just enough to keep them together—were employed.
The lesser loop—the slip-knot, as it might be called—was at the same
time eased in order to run quicker and take a closer grip. Experiments
with the hand proved that this style of wire would bear a great strain,
and immediately answered to a sudden jerk. The running noose slipped
the more easily because the wires were smooth; when twisted the strands
checked the noose, the friction causing a slight sound. The wire itself
seemed nearly perfect; but still no rabbit was caught.

Various runs were tried in succession; the size of the loop, too, was
now enlarged and now decreased; for once it seemed as if a rabbit’s
ears had struck it aside, and on another as if, the loop being too
large or too low down, one of the fore feet had entered and drawn it.
Had it been the hind leg the noose would have held, because of the
crook of the leg; but the fore foot came through, leaving the noose
drawn up to a size not much larger than a finger-ring. To decide the
point accurately, a full-grown rabbit was shot, and Orion held it in a
position as near as possible to that taken in running, while I adjusted
the wire to fit exactly. Still no success.

At last the secret was revealed by a hare. One day, walking up the lane
with the gun, and peeping over into the ploughed field, I saw a hare
about sixty yards away. The distance was too great to risk a shot, or
rather it was preferable to wait for the chance of his coming nearer.
Stepping back gently behind the bushes, I watched him run to and fro,
gradually approaching in a zig-zag line that must carry him right
across in front. I was positive that he had not seen me, and felt sure
of bagging him; when suddenly—without any apparent cause—up went his
head, he glanced round, and was off like the wind.

Yet there had not been the faintest noise, and I could not understand
it, till all at once it occurred to me that it must be the scent. The
slight, scarcely perceptible, breeze blew in that direction: instantly
he crossed the current from me he detected it and fled. Afterwards I
noticed that in the dusky twilight, if the wind is behind him, a hare
will run straight at you as if about to deliberately charge your legs.
This incident by the ploughed field explained the failure of the wire.
Every other care had been taken, but we had forgotten to allow for the
extreme delicacy of a wild animal’s sense of smell.

In walking to the spot selected for the snare it is best to avoid even
stepping on the run, and while setting it up to stand back as far as
convenient and lean forward. The grass that grows near must not be
touched by the hand, which seems to impart a very strong scent. The
stick that has been carried in the hand must not be allowed to fall
across the run: and be careful that your handkerchief does not drop out
of your pocket on or near it. If a bunch of grass grows very tall and
requires parting, part it with the end (not the handle) of your stick.

The same holds good with gins, especially if placed for a rat. Some
persons strew a little freshly plucked grass over the pan and teeth of
the trap, thinking to hide it; but it not only smells of the hand, but
withers up and turns brown, and acts as a warning to that wary
creature. It is a better plan if any dead leaves are lying near to turn
them over and over with the end of a twig till they fall on the trap,
that is if they are dry: if wet (unless actually raining at the time),
should one chance to be left with the drier under surface uppermost,
the rat may pause on the brink. Now that the remotest chance of leaving
a scent was avoided the wire became a deadly instrument. Almost every
morning two or three rabbits were taken: we set up a dozen snares when
we had mastered the trick. They were found lying at full length in the
crisp white grass, for we often rose to visit the wires while yet the
stars were visible. Thus extended a person might have passed within a
few yards and never noticed them, unless he had an out-of-doors eye;
for the whiter fur of the belly as they lay aside was barely
distinguishable from the hoar frost. The blacksmith Ikey sauntered down
the lane every evening, and glanced casually behind the ash tree—the
northern side of whose trunk was clothed with dark green velvet-like
moss—to see if a bag was lying for him there among the nettles in the
ditch. The rabbits were put in the bag, which was pushed through the
hedge.




CHAPTER III
TREE-SHOOTING: A FISHING EXPEDITION


Just on the verge and borderland of the territory that could be ranged
in safety there grew a stunted oak in a mound beside the brook. Perhaps
the roots had been checked by the water; for the tree, instead of
increasing in bulk, had expended its vigour in branches so crooked that
they appeared entangled in each other. This oak was a favourite
perching-place, because of its position: it could also be more easily
climbed than straight-grown timber, having many boughs low down the
trunk. With a gun it is difficult to ascend a smooth tree; these boughs
therefore were a great advantage.

One warm afternoon late in the summer I got up into this oak; and took
a seat astride a large limb, with the main trunk behind like the back
of a chair and about twenty feet above the mound. Some lesser branches
afforded a fork on which the gun could be securely lodged, and a limb
of considerable size came across in front. Leaning both arms on this, a
view could be obtained below and on three sides easily and without
effort.

The mound immediately beneath was grown over with thick blackthorn, a
species of cover that gives great confidence to game. A kick or blow
upon the bushes with a stick will not move anything in an old
blackthorn thicket. A man can scarcely push through it: nothing but a
dog can manage to get about. On the meadow side there was no ditch,
only a narrow fringe of tall pointed grass and rushes, with one or two
small furze bushes projecting out upon the sward. Behind such bushes,
on the slope of the mound, is rather a favourite place for a rabbit to
sit out, or a hare to have a form.

The brook was shallow towards the hedge, and bordered with flags, among
which rose up one tall bunch of beautiful reeds. Some little way up the
brook a pond opened from it. At the entrance the bar of mud had hardly
an inch of water; within there was a clear small space, and the rest
all weeds, with moorhens’ tracks. The farther side of the pond was
covered with bramble bushes. It is a good plan to send the dogs into
bushes growing on the banks of ponds; for though rabbits dislike water
itself they are fond of sitting out in such cover near it. A low
railing enclosed the side towards me: the posts had slipped by the
giving way of the soil, and hung over the still pool.

One of the rails—of willow—was eaten out into hollow cavities by the
wasps, which came to it generation after generation for the materials
of their nests. The particles they detach are formed into a kind of
paste or paper: in time they will quite honeycomb a pole. The third
side of the pond shelved to the “leaze,” that the cattle might drink.
From it a narrow track went across the broad field up the rising ground
to the distant gateway leading to the meadows, where they grazed on the
aftermath. Marching day by day, one after the other in single file, to
the drinking-place, the hoofs of the herd had cut a clean path in the
turf, two or three inches deep and trodden hard. The reddish soil thus
exposed marked the winding line athwart the field, through the tussocky
bunches.

By the pond stood a low three-sided merestone or landmark, the initials
on which were hidden under moss. Up in the tree, near the gun, there
was a dead branch that had decayed in the curious manner that seems
peculiar to oak. Where it joined the trunk the bark still remained,
though covered with lichen, and for a foot or so out; then there was a
long space where the bark and much of the wood had mouldered away;
finally, near the end the bough retained its original size and the bark
adhered. At the junction with the trunk and at the extremity its
diameter was perhaps three inches; in the middle rather less than half
as much. The grey central piece, larger and darker at either end,
suggested the thought of the bare neck of a vulture.

Far away, just rising above the slope of the leaze, the distant tops of
elms, crowded with rooks’ nests (not then occupied), showed the site of
the residence of an old gentleman of whom at that time we stood in much
fear. The “Squire” of Southlands alarmed even the hardened carters’
lads as much by the prestige of a singular character as by the
chastisement he personally gave those who ventured into his domain. Not
a bird’s nest, not a nut, must be touched: still less anything that
could be called game. The watch kept was so much the stricter because
he took a personal part in it, and was often round the fields himself
armed with a great oak staff. It seemed, indeed, as if the preservation
of the game was of far greater importance to him than the shooting of
it afterwards. All the fowls of the air flocked to Southlands, as if it
had been a refuge; yet it was not a large estate. Into the forest we
had been, but Southlands was a mystery, a forbidden garden of delight,
with the terror of an oaken staff (and unknown penalties) turning this
way and that. Therefore the stunted old oak on the verge—the moss-grown
merestone by the pond marked the limit—was so favourite a
perching-place.

That beautiful afternoon I leaned both arms idly on the great bough
that crossed in front of the seat and listened to the “Caw—caw!” of the
rooks as they looked to see if the acorns were yet ripening. A dead
branch that had dropped partly into the brook was swayed continually up
and down by the current, the water as it chafed against it causing a
delicious murmur. This lulled me to sleep.

I woke with a start, and had it not been for the bough crossing in
front must have fallen twenty feet. Looking down into the meadow as
soon as my eyes were thoroughly open, I instantly noticed a covey of
young partridges a little way up beside the hedge among the molehills.
The neighbourhood of those hillocks has an attraction for many birds,
especially in winter. Then fieldfares, redwings, starlings, and others
prefer the meadows that are dotted with them. In a frost if you see a
thrush on a molehill it is very likely to thaw shortly. Moles seem to
feel the least change in the temperature of the earth; if it slackens
they begin to labour, and cast up, unwittingly, food for the thrushes.

It would have been easy to kill three or four of the covey, which was a
small one, at a single shot; but it had been a late summer, and they
were not full-grown. Besides which, they roosted, I knew, about the
middle of the meadow, and to shoot them near the roost would be certain
to break them up, and perhaps drive them into Southlands. “Good
poachers preserve their own game:” so the birds fed safely, though a
pot shot would not have seemed the crime then that it would now. While
I watched them suddenly the old bird “quat,” and ran swiftly into the
hedge, followed by the rest. A kestrel was hovering in the next meadow:
when the beat of his wings ceased he slid forward and downwards, then
rose and came over me in a bold curve. Well those little brown birds in
the blackthorn knew that, fierce as he was, he dared not swoop even on
a comparatively open bush, much less such thick covert, for fear of
ruffling his proud feathers and beating them out. Nor could he follow
them through the intricate hidden passages.

In the open water of the pond a large jack was basking in the sunshine,
just beneath the surface; and though the shot would scatter somewhat
before reaching him, he was within range. If a fish lies a few inches
under water he is quite safe from shot unless the muzzle of the gun is
so close that the pellets travel together like a bullet. At a distance
the shot is supposed to glance as it strikes the water at an angle; for
that reason the elevation of the tree was an advantage, since from it
the charge would plunge into the pool. A jack may be killed in some
depth of water when the gun is nearly perpendicularly above the mark;
but in any case the aim must be taken two inches or more, according to
circumstances, beneath the apparent position of the fish, to allow for
refraction.

Sometimes the jack when hit comes to the surface belly upwards, but
sometimes keeps down or sinks, and floats a considerable distance away
from the spot; so that in the muddy water disturbed by the shot it is
difficult to find him. If a snake be shot at while swimming he will
sometimes sink like a stone, and can be seen lying motionless at the
bottom. After we got hold of a small deer rifle we used to practise at
the snakes in the mere—aiming at the head, which is about the size of a
nut, and shows above the surface wobbling as they move. I recollect
cutting a snake’s head clean off with a ball from a pistol as he
hastened away through the grass.

In winter, when the jacks came up and lay immediately under the ice,
they could be easily shot. The pellets cut a round hole through an inch
and a half of ice. The jack now basking in the pond was the more
tempting because we had often tried to wire him in vain. The difficulty
was to get him if hit. While I was deliberating a crow came flying low
down the leaze, and alighted by the pond. His object, no doubt, was a
mussel. He could not have seen me, and yet no sooner did he touch the
ground than he looked uneasily about, sprang up, and flew straight
away, as if he had smelt danger. Had he stayed he would have been shot,
though it would have spoiled my ambush: the idea of the crows picking
out the eyes of dying creatures was always peculiarly revolting to me.

If the pond was a haunt of his, it was too near the young partridges,
which were weakly that season. A kestrel is harmless compared to a
crow. Surely the translators have wrongly rendered Don Quixote’s remark
that the English did not kill crows, believing that King Arthur,
instead of dying, was by enchantment turned into one, and so fearing to
injure the hero. Must he not have meant a rook?*

[Note: It has since been pointed out to me that the Don may have meant
a raven]


Soon afterwards something moved out of the mound into the meadow a long
distance up: it was a hare. He came slowly along beside the hedge
towards me—now stopping and looking into it as if seeking a convenient
place for a form, having doubtless been disturbed from that he had
first chosen. It was some minutes before he came within range: had I
been on the ground most likely he would have scented me, the light air
going that way; but being in the tree the wind that passed went high
over him. For this reason a tree ambush is deadly. It was necessary to
get the line of sight clear of twigs, which check and divert shot, and
to take a steady aim; for I had no second barrel, no dog, and had to
descend the tree before running. Some leaves were blackened by the
flame: the hare simply fell back, stretched his hind legs, quivered,
and lay still. Part of the leaf of a plant was fixed in his teeth; he
had just had a nibble.

With this success I was satisfied that day; but the old oak was always
a favourite resort, even when nothing particular was in hand. From
thence, too, as a base of operations, we made expeditions varying in
their object with the season of the year.

Some distance beyond the stunted oak the thick blackthorn hedge was
succeeded by a continuous strip of withy-bed bordering the brook. It
often occurred to us that by entering these withies it would be
possible to reconnoitre one side of Southlands; for the stream skirted
the lower grounds: the tall willows would conceal any one passing
through them. So one spring morning the attempt was made.

It was necessary to go on hands and knees through the mowing grass for
some yards while passing an open space where the blackthorn cover
ended, and then to leap a broad ditch that divided the withy-beds from
the meadow. The lissom willow wands parted easily and sprang back to
their places behind, leaving scarce a trace. Their slender tops rose
overhead; beneath, long dead grasses, not yet quite supplanted by the
spring growth, filled the space between. These rustled a little under
foot, but so faint a sound could scarcely have been audible outside;
and had any one noticed it it would have been attributed to a hare or a
fox moving: both are fond of lying in withy-beds when the ground is
dry.

The way to walk noiselessly is to feel with the foot before letting
your weight press on it; then the dead stick or fallen hemlock is
discovered and avoided. A dead stick cracks; the dry hollow hemlock
gives a splintering sound when crushed. These old hemlock stems were
numerous in places, together with “gicksies,” as the haymakers call a
plant that resembles it, but has a ribbed or fluted instead of a smooth
stalk. The lads use a long “gicks” cut between the joints as a tube to
blow haws or peggles at the girls. When thirsty, and no ale is handy,
the men search for one to suck up water with from the brook. It is
difficult to find one free from insects, which seem to be remarkably
fond of anything hollow. The haymakers do not use the hemlock, thinking
it would poison the water; they think, too, that drinking through a
tube is safer when they are in a great heat from the sun than any other
way.

Nor is it so easy to drink from a stream without this simple aid. If
the bank be flat it is wet, and what looks like the grass of the meadow
really grows out of the water; so that there it is not possible to be
at full length. If the bank be dry the level of the water is several
inches lower, and in endeavouring to drink the forehead is immersed;
often the water is so much lower than its banks that it is quite
impossible to drink from it lying. By the edge grasses,
water-plantains, forget-me-nots, frequently fill the space within
reach. If you brush these aside it disturbs the bottom, and the mud
rises, or a patch of brown “scum” comes up and floats away. A cup,
though gently used, generally draws some insects in with the water,
though the liquid itself be pure. Lapping with the hollowed palm
requires practice, and, unless the spot be free from weeds and of some
little depth, soon disturbs the bottom. But the tube can be inserted in
the smallest clear place, and interferes with nothing.

Each of us carried a long hazel rod, and the handle of a “squailer”
projected from Orion’s coat-pocket. For making a “squailer” a teacup
was the best mould: the cups then in use in the country were rather
larger than those at present in fashion. A ground ash sapling with the
bark on, about as thick as the little finger, pliant and tough, formed
the shaft, which was about fifteen inches long. This was held upright
in the middle of a teacup, while the mould was filled with molten lead.
It soon cooled, and left a heavy conical knob on the end of the stick.
If rightly thrown it was a deadly missile, and would fly almost as true
as a rifle ball. A rabbit or leveret could thus be knocked over; and it
was peculiarly adapted for fetching a squirrel out of a tree, because,
being so heavy at one end, it rarely lodged on the boughs, as an
ordinary stick would, but overbalanced and came down.

From the outlook of the oak some aspen trees could be seen far up in
the withy-beds; and it had been agreed that there the first essay of
the stream should be made. On arriving at these trees we paused, and
began to fix the wires on the hazel rods. The wire for fish must slip
very easily, and the thinner it is, if strong enough, the better,
because it takes a firmer grip. A single wire will do; but two thin
ones are preferable. Thin copper wire is as flexible as thread. Brass
wire is not so good; it is stiffer, and too conspicuous in the water.

At the shank end a stout string is attached in the middle of its
length. Then the wire is placed against the rod, lying flat upon it for
about six inches. The strings are now wound round tightly in opposite
directions, binding it to the stick, so that at the top the ends cross
and are in position to tie in the slight notch cut for the purpose. A
loop that will allow four fingers to enter together is about large
enough, though of course it must be varied according to the size of the
jack in view. Heavy jacks are not often wired, and scarcely ever in
brooks.

For jack the shape of the loop should be circular; for trout it should
be oval, and considerably larger in proportion to the apparent bulk of
the fish. Jack are straight-grown and do not thicken much in the
middle; with trout it is different. The noose should be about six
inches from the top of the rod. Orion said he would go twenty yards
farther up; I went direct from the centre of the withy-bed to the
stream.

The bank rose a little above the level of the withy-bed; it was a broad
mound full of ash stoles and willow—the sort that is grown for poles.
At that spot the vines of wild hops had killed all the underwood,
leaving open spaces between the stoles; the vines were matted so
thickly that they hid the ground. This was too exposed a place, so I
went back and farther up till I could just hear Orion rustling through
the hemlocks. Here the dead grass and some elder bushes afforded
shelter, and the water could be approached unseen.

It was about six or eight inches deep; the opposite shore was bordered
for several yards out with flags and rushes. The cattle nibbled their
tender tops off, as far as they could reach; farther out they were
pushing up straight and pointed. The rib and groove of the flag so
closely resemble those of the ancient bayonet that it might be supposed
the weapon was modelled from the plant. Indoors among the lumber there
was a rusty old bayonet that immediately called forth the comparison:
the modern make seem more triangular.

The rushes grew nearer the shore of the meadow—the old ones yellow, the
young green: in places this fringe of rush and sedge and flag must have
been five or six yards wide, and it extended as far as could be seen up
the brook. No doubt the cattle trod in the edge of the firm ground by
degrees every year to get at the water, and thus widened the marsh. It
was easy to understand now why all the water-fowl, teal and duck,
moorhen and snipe, seemed in winter to make in this direction.

The ducks especially exercised all our ingenuity and quite exhausted
our patience in the effort to get near them in winter. In the large
water-meadows a small flock sometimes remained all day: it was possible
to approach near enough by stalking behind the hedges to see the colour
of the mallards; but they were always out of gunshot. This place must
be full of teal then; as for moorhens, there were signs of them
everywhere, and several feeding in the grass. The thought of the sport
to be got here when the frosty days came was enough to make one wild.

After a long look across, I began to examine the stream near at hand:
the rushes and flags had forced the clear sweet current away from the
meadow, so that it ran just under the bank. I was making out the brown
sticks at the bottom, when there was a slight splash—caused by Orion
about ten yards farther up—and almost at the same instant something
shot down the brook towards me. He had doubtless landed a jack, and its
fellow rushed away. Under a large dead bough that had fallen across its
top in the stream I saw the long slender fish lying a few feet from the
bank, motionless save for the gentle curving wave of the tail edges. So
faint was that waving curl that it seemed caused rather by the flow of
the current than the volition of the fish. The wings of the swallow
work the whole of the longest summer day, but the fins of the fish in
running water are never still: day and night they move continuously.

By slow degrees I advanced the hazel rod, keeping it at first near to
and parallel with the bank, because jack do not like anything that
stretches across them; and I imagine other fish have the same dislike
to right angles. The straight shadow even seems to arouse suspicion—no
boughs are ever straight. Perhaps, if it were possible to angle without
a rod, there would be more success, particularly in small streams. But
after getting the stick almost out far enough, it became evident that
the dead branch would not let me slip the wire into the water in front
of the jack in the usual way. So I had to draw it back again as
gradually as it had been put forth.

With fish everything must be done gradually and without a jerk. A
sudden jerking movement immediately alarms them. If you walk gently by
they remain still, but start or lift the arm quickly and they dart for
deep water. The object of withdrawing the rod was to get at and enlarge
the loop in order that it might be slipped over his tail, since the
head was protected by the bough. It is a more delicate operation to
pass the wire up from behind; it has to go farther before the spot that
allows a firm grip is reached, and fish are well aware that natural
objects such as twigs float down with the current. Anything, therefore,
approaching from behind or rubbing upwards is suspicious. As this fish
had just been startled, it would not do to let the wire touch him at
all.

After enlarging the loop I put the rod slowly forth again, worked the
wire up stream, slipped the noose over his tail, and gently got it up
to the balance of the fish. Waiting a moment to get the elbow over the
end of the rod so as to have a good leverage, I gave a sudden jerk
upwards, and felt the weight instantly. But the top of the rod struck
the overhanging bough, and there was my fish, hung indeed, but still in
the water near the surface. Nor could I throw it on the bank, because
of the elder bushes. So I shortened the rod, pulling it in towards me
quickly and dragging the jack through the water. The pliant wire had
cut into the scales and skin—he might have been safely left suspended
over the stream all day; but in the eagerness of the moment I was not
satisfied till I had him up on the mound.

We did not see much of Southlands, because the withy-beds were on the
lowest ground; but there were six jacks strung on a twisted withy when
we got back to the stunted oak and rested there tasting acid sorrel
leaves.




CHAPTER IV
EGG-TIME. A “GIP”-TRAP


There is no sweeter time in the woods than just before the nesting
begins in earnest. Is it the rising sap that causes a pleasant odour to
emanate from every green thing? Idling along the hedgerows towards the
woodlands there may perchance be seen small tufts of white rabbit’s fur
in the grass, torn from herself by the doe to form a warm lining to the
hole in which her litter will appear: a “sign” this that often guides a
robber to her nest.

Yonder on the rising ground, towering even in their fall over the low
(lately cut) ash plantation, lie the giant limbs of the mighty oaks,
thrown just as they felt the quickening heat. The bark has been
stripped from the trunk and branches; the sun has turned the exposed
surface to a deep buff colour, which contrasts with the fresh green of
the underwood around and renders them visible afar.

When the oak first puts forth its buds the woods take a ruddy tint.
Gradually the background of green comes to the front, and the
oak-apples swell, streaked with rosy stains, whence their semblance to
the edible fruit of the orchard. All unconscious of the white or red
cross daubed on the rough bark, the tree prepares its glory of leaf,
though doomed the while by that sad mark to the axe.

Cutting away the bushes with his billhook, the woodman next swings the
cumbrous grub-axe, whose wide edge clears the earth from the larger
roots. Then he puts his pipe in his pocket, and settles to the serious
work of the “great axe,” as he calls it. I never could use this
ungainly tool aright: a top-heavy, clumsy, awkward thing, it rules you
instead of you ruling it. The handle, too, is flat—almost with an edge
itself sometimes—and is quite beyond the grasp of any but hands of
iron. Now the American axe feels balanced like a sword; this is because
of the peculiar curve of the handle. To strike you stand with the left
foot slightly forward, and the left hand uppermost: the “S” curve (it
is of course not nearly so crooked as the letter) of the American axe
adjusts itself to the anatomy of the attitude, so to speak.

The straight English handle does not; it is stiff, and strains the
muscles; but the common “great axe” has the advantage that it is also
used for splitting logs and gnarled “butts.” An American axe is too
beautiful a tool for that rude work. The American was designed to
strike at the trunk of the tree several feet from the ground, the
English axe is always directed to the great roots at the base.

A dexterous woodman can swing his tool alternately left hand or right
hand uppermost. The difference looks trifling; but try it, and you will
be astonished at the difficulty. The blows echo and the chips fly, till
the base of the tree, that naturally is much larger, is reduced to the
size of the trunk or less. Now a pause, while one swarms up to “line”
it—_i.e._ to attach a rope as high as possible to guide the “stick” in
its fall.

It is commonly said that in climbing it is best to look up—a maxim that
has been used for moral illustrations; but it is a mistake. In
ascending a tree you should never look higher than the brim of your
hat, unless when quite still and resting on a branch; temporary
blindness would be the penalty in this case. Particles of decayed bark,
the borings of insects in dead wood, dust, and fragments of twigs, rush
down in little streams and fill the eyes. The quantity of woody powder
that adheres to a tree is surprising; every motion dislodges it from a
thousand minute crevices. As for firs, in climbing a fir one cannot
look up at all—dead sticks, needles, and dust pour down, and the
branches are so thick together that the head has to be forced through
them. The line fixed, the saw is applied, and by slow degrees the butt
cut nearly through. Unless much overbalanced on one side by the limbs,
an oak will stand on a still day when almost off.

Some now seize the rope, and alternately pull and slacken, which gives
the tree a tottering movement. One more daring than the rest drives a
wedge into the saw-cut as it opens when the tree sways. It sways—it
staggers; a loud crack as the fibres part, then with a slow heave over
it goes, and, descending, twists upon the base. The vast limbs plough
into the sward; the twigs are crushed; the boughs, after striking the
earth, rebound and swish upwards. See that you stand clear, for the
least branch will thresh you down. The flat surface of the exposed butt
is blue with stains from the steel of the saw.

Light taps with a small sharp axe, that cut the rind but no deeper,
ring the trunk at intervals. Then the barking irons are inserted; they
are rods of iron forged at the top something like a narrow shallow
spoon. The bark from the trunk comes off in huge semi-cylinders almost
large enough for a canoe. But that from the branches is best. You may
mark how at the base the bark is two inches thick, lessening to a few
lines on the topmost boughs. If it sticks a little, hammer it with the
iron: it peels with a peculiar sound, and the juicy sap glistens white
between. It is this that, drying in the sun, gives the barked tree its
colour: in time the wood bleaches paler, and after a winter becomes
grey. Inside, the bark is white streaked with brown; presently it will
be all brown. While some strip it, others collect the pieces, and with
them build toy-like sheds of bark, which is the manner of stacking it.

From the peeled tree there rises a sweet odour of sap: the green mead,
the green underwood and hawthorn around, are all lit up with the genial
sunbeams. The beautiful wind-anemones are gone, too tender and lovely
for so rude an earth; but the wild hyacinths droop their blue bells
under the wood, and the cowslips rise in the grass. The nightingale
sings without ceasing; the soft “coo-coo” of the dove sounds hard by;
the merry cuckoo calls as he flies from elm to elm; the wood-pigeons
rise and smite their wings together over the firs. In the mere below
the coots are at play; they chase each other along the surface of the
water and indulge in wild evolutions. Everything is happy. As the
plough-boys stroll along they pluck the young succulent hawthorn leaves
and nibble them.

It is the sweetest time of all for wandering in the wood. The brambles
have not yet grown so bushy as to check the passage; the thistles that
in autumn will be as tall as the shoulder and thick as a walking-stick
are as yet no bar; burrs do not attach themselves at every step, though
the broad burdock leaves are spreading wide. In its full development
the burdock is almost a shrub rather than a plant, with a woody stem an
inch or more in diameter.

Up in the fir trees the nests of the pigeons are sometimes so big that
it appears as if they must use the same year after year, adding fresh
twigs, else they could hardly attain such bulk. Those in the ash-poles
are not nearly so large. In the open drives blue cartridge-cases lie
among the grass, the brass part tarnished by the rain, thrown hurriedly
aside from the smoking breech last autumn. But the guns are silent in
the racks, though the keeper still carries his gun to shoot the vermin,
which are extremely busy at this season. Vermin, however, do not quite
agree among themselves: weasels and stoats are deadly enemies of mice
and rats. Where rats are plentiful there they are sure to come; they
will follow a rat into a dwelling-house.

Here the green drive shows traces of the poaching it received from the
thick-planted hoofs of the hunt when the leaves were off and the blast
of the horn sounded fitfully as the gale carried the sound away. The
vixen is now at peace, though perhaps it would scarcely be safe to
wander too near the close-shaven mead where the keeper is occupied more
and more every day with his pheasant-hatching. And far down on the
lonely outlying farms, where even in fox-hunting England the music of
the hounds is hardly heard in three years (because no great coverts
cause the run to take that way), foul murder is sometimes done on
Reynard or his family. A hedge-cutter marks the sleeping-place in the
withies where the fox curls up by day; and with his rusty gun, that
sometimes slaughters a roaming pheasant, sends the shot through the red
side of the slumbering animal. Then, thrust ignobly into a sack, he
shoulders the fox and marches round from door to door, tumbling the
limp body rudely down on the pitching stones to prove that the fowls
will now be safe, and to be rewarded with beer and small coin. A dead
fox is profit to him for a fortnight. These evil deeds of course are
cloaked as far as possible.

Leaving now the wood for the lane that wanders through the meadows, a
mower comes sidling up, and, looking mysteriously around with his hand
behind under his coat, “You med have un for sixpence,” he says, and
produces a partridge into whose body the point of the scythe ran as she
sat on her nest in the grass, and whose struggles were ended by a blow
from the rubber or whetstone flung at her head. He has got the eggs
somewhere hidden under a swathe.

The men that are so expert at finding partridges’ eggs to sell to the
keepers know well beforehand whereabouts the birds are likely to lay.
If a stranger who had made no previous observations went into the
fields to find these eggs, with full permission to do so, he would
probably wander in vain. The grass is long, and the nest has little to
distinguish it from the ground; the old bird will sit so close that one
may pass almost over her. Without a right of search in open daylight
the difficulty is of course much greater. A man cannot quarter the
fields when the crop is high and leave no trail.

Farmers object to the trampling and damage of their property; and a
keeper does not like to see a labourer loafing about, because he is not
certain that the eggs when found will be conscientiously delivered to
him. They may be taken elsewhere, or they may even be broken out of
spite if the finder thinks he has a grudge to repay. Now that every
field is enclosed, and for the most part well cultivated and looked
after, the business of the egg-stealer is considerably diminished. He
cannot roam over the country at his fancy; his egg-finding is nearly
restricted to the locality of which he possesses minute knowledge.

Thus workmen engaged in the towns, but sleeping several miles out in
the villages, can keep a register of the slight indications they
observe morning after morning as they cross the fields by the footpath
to their labour. Early in the spring they notice that the partridges
have paired: as time advances they see the pair day after day in the
same meadow, and mark the spot. Those who work in the fields, again,
have still better opportunities: the bird-keeping lads too have little
else to do at that season than watch for nests. In the meadows the
labourer as he walks to and fro with the “bush” passes over every inch
of the ground. The “bush” is a mass of thorn bushes fixed in a frame
and drawn by a horse; it acts like a light harrow, and leaves the
meadow in strips like the pile of green velvet, stroked in narrow
bands, one this way, one that, laying the grass blades in the
directions it travels. Solitary work of this kind—for it requires but
one man—is very favourable to observation. When the proper time arrives
the searcher knows within a little where the nest must be, and has but
a small space to beat.

The pheasant being so large a bird, its motions are easy to watch; and
the nest is speedily found, because, being in the hedge or under
bushes, there is a definite place in which to look, instead of the
broad surface of the field. Pheasants will get out of the preserves in
the breeding season and wander into the mounds, so that the space the
keeper has to range is then enlarged threefold. Both pheasants and
partridges are frequently killed on their nests; when the eggs are hard
the birds remain to the last moment, and are often knocked over.

Besides poachers, the eggs have to run the chance of being destroyed by
carrion crows, and occasionally by rooks. Rooks, though generally
cleanly feeders, will at times eat almost anything, from a mussel to a
fledgeling bird. Magpies and jays are accused of being equally
dangerous enemies of eggs and young birds, and so too are snakes.
Weasels, stoats, and rats spare neither egg, parents, nor offspring.
Some of the dogs that run wild will devour eggs; and hawks pounce on
the brood if they see an opportunity. Owls are said to do the same. The
fitchew, the badger, and the hedgehog have a similarly evil reputation;
but the first is rare, the second almost exterminated in many
districts; the third—the poor hedgehog—is common, and some keepers have
a bitter dislike to them. Swine are credited, with the same mischief as
the worst of vermin at this particular season; but nowadays swine are
not allowed to run wild in cultivated districts, except in the autumn
when the acorns are falling.

As the nests are on the ground they are peculiarly accessible, and the
eggs, being large, are tempting. Perhaps the mowing machine is as
destructive as anything; and after all these there is the risk of a wet
season and of disease. Let the care exercised be never so great, a
certain amount of mortality must occur.

While the young partridges gradually become strong and swift, the nuts
are increasing in size, and ripening upon the bough. The very hazel has
a pleasant sound—not a nut-tree hedge existed in the neighbourhood that
we did not know and visit. We noted the progress of the bushes from the
earliest spring, and the catkins to the perfect nut.

There are threads of brilliant scarlet upon the hazel in February,
though the gloom of winter lingers and the “Shuck—a—sheck!” of the
fieldfare fleeing before the snow sounds overhead. On the slender
branches grow green ovals, from whose tips tiny scarlet plumes rise and
curl over.

It often happens that while the tall rods with speckled bark grow
vigorously the stole is hollow and decaying when the hardy fern
flourishes around it. Before the summer ricks are all carted the nuts
are full of sweet milky matter, and the shell begins to harden. A hazel
bough with a good crook is then sought by the men that are thinking of
the wheat harvest: they trim it for a “vagging” stick, with which to
pull the straw towards them. True reaping is now never seen: “vagging”
makes the short stubble that forces the partridges into the turnips.
Maple boughs, whose bark is so strongly ribbed, are also good for
“vagging” sticks.

Nut-tree is used for bonds to tie up faggots, and split for the
shepherds’ hurdles. In winter sometimes a store of nuts and acorns may
be seen fallen in a stream down the side of a bank, scratched out from
a mouse’s hole, as they say, by Reynard, who devours the little
provident creature without regard for its wisdom. So that man and wild
animals derive pleasure or use from the hazel in many ways. When the
nuts are ripe the carters’ lads do not care to ride sideways on the
broad backs of the horses as they jog homewards along the lane, but are
ever in the hedges.

There were plenty in the double-mounds to which we had access; but the
shepherd, who had learned his craft on the Downs, said that the nuts
grew there in such immense quantities as determined us to see them.
Sitting on the felled ash under the shade of the hawthorn hedge, where
the butcher-birds every year used to stick the humble-bees on the
thorns, he described the route—a mere waggon track—and the situation of
the largest copses.

The waggon track we found crossed the elevated plains close under and
between the Downs, following at the foot, as it seemed, for an endless
distance the curve of a range. The slope bounded the track on one side:
on the other it was enclosed by a low bank covered with dead thorn
thickly entangled, which enclosed the cornfields. The space between the
hedge and the hill was as far as we could throw one of the bleached
flints lying on the sward. It was dotted with hawthorn trees and furze,
and full of dry brown grass. A few scattered firs, the remnants of
extinct plantations, grew on the slope, and green “fairy rings” marked
it here and there.

These fairy rings have a somewhat different appearance from the dark
green semicircles found in the meadows and called by the same name: the
latter are often only segments of circles, are found near hedges, and
almost always either under a tree or where a tree has been. There were
more mushrooms on the side of the hill than we cared to carry. Some eat
mushrooms raw—fresh as taken from the ground, with a little salt: to me
the taste is then too strong. Of the many ways of cooking them the
simplest is the best; that is, on a gridiron over wood embers on the
hearth.

Every few minutes a hare started out of the dry grass: he always
scampered up the Down and stopped to look at us from the ridge. The
hare runs faster up hill than down. By the cornfields there were wire
nettings to stop them; but nothing is easier than for any passer-by who
feels an interest in hares and rabbits, and does not like to see them
jealously excluded, to open a gap. Hares were very numerous—temptingly
so. Not far from where the track crossed a lonely road was a gipsy
encampment; that swarthy people are ever about when anything is going
on, and the reapers were busy in the corn. The dead dry thorns of the
hedge answered very well to boil their pot with. Their tents, formed by
thrusting the ends of long bent rods like half-hoops into the turf,
looked dark like the canvas of a barge.

These “gips”—country folk do not say gipsy—were unknown to us; but we
were on terms with some members of a tribe who called at our house
several times in the course of the year to buy willow. The men wore
golden earrings, and bought “Black Sally,” a withy that has a dark
bark, for pegs, and “bolts” of osier for basket-making. A bolt is a
bundle of forty inches in circumference. Though the women tell
fortunes, and mix the “dark man” and the “light man,” the “journey” and
the “letter” to perfection, till the ladies half believe, I doubt if
they know much of true palmistry. The magic of the past always had a
charm for me. I had learned to know the lines, from that which winds
along at the base of the thumb-ball and if clear means health and long
life, to that which crosses close to the fingers and indicates the
course of love, and had traced them on many a delicate palm. So that
the “gips” could tell me nothing new.

The women are the hardiest in the country; they simply ignore the
weather. Even the hedgers and ditchers and the sturdiest labourers
choose the lee side of the hedge when they pause to eat their
luncheons; but the “gips” do not trouble to seek such shelter. Passing
over the hills one winter’s day, when the Downs looked all alike, being
covered with snow, I came across a “gip” family sitting on the ground
in a lane, old and young exposed to the blast. In that there was
nothing remarkable, but I recollect it because the young mother,
handsome in the style of her race, had her neck and brown bust quite
bare, and the white snowflakes drove thickly aslant upon her. Their
complexion looks more dusky in winter, so that the contrast of the
colours made me wish for an artist to paint it. And he might have put
the grey embers of a fire gone out, and the twisted stem of a hawthorn
bush with red haws above.

A mile beyond the gipsy tents we entered among the copses: scattered
ash plantations, and hazel thickets with narrow green tracks between.
Further in, the nut-tree bushes were more numerous, and we became
separated though within call. Presently a low whistle like the peewit’s
(our signal) called me to Orion. On the border of a thicket, near an
open field of swedes, he had found a hare in a wire. It was a
beauty—the soft fur smooth to stroke, not so much as a shot-hole in the
black-marked ears. Wired or netted hares and rabbits are much preferred
by the dealers to those that have been shot—and so, too, netted
partridges—because they look so clean and tempt the purchaser. The
blacksmith Ikey, who bought our rabbits, used to sew up the shot wounds
when they were much knocked about, and trimmed up the shattered ones in
the cleverest way.

To pull up the plug and take wire and hare too was the first impulse;
yet we hesitated. Why did the man who set the snare let his game lie
till that hour of the day? He should have visited it long before: it
had a suspicious look altogether. It would also have been nearly
impossible to carry the hare so many miles by daylight and past
villages: even with the largest pockets it would have been doubtful,
for the hare had stiffened as he lay stretched out. So, carefully
replacing him just as we found him, we left the spot and re-entered the
copse.

The shepherd certainly was right; the quantity of nuts was immense: the
best and largest bunches grew at the edge of the thickets, perhaps
because they received more air and light than the bushes within that
were surrounded by boughs. It thus happened that we were in the green
pathway when some one suddenly spoke from behind, and, turning, there
was a man in a velveteen jacket who had just stepped out of the bushes.
The keeper was pleasant enough and readily allowed us to handle his
gun—a very good weapon, though a little thin at the muzzle—for a man
likes to see his gun admired. He said there were finer nuts in a valley
he pointed out, and then carefully instructed us how to get back into
the waggon track without returning by the same path. An old barn was
the landmark; and, with a request from him not to break the bushes, he
left us.

Down in the wooded vale we paused. The whole thing was now clear: the
hare in the wire was a trap laid for the “gips” whose camp was below.
The keeper had been waiting about doubtless where he could command the
various tracks up the hill, had seen us come that way, and did not wish
us to return in the same direction; because if the “gip” saw any one at
all he would not approach his snare. Whether the hare had actually been
caught by the wire, or had been put in by the keeper, it was not easy
to tell.

We wandered on in the valley wood, going from bush to bush, little
heeding whither we went. There are no woods so silent as the nut-tree;
there is scarce a sound in them at that time except the occasional
rustle of a rabbit, and the “thump, thump” they sometimes make
underground in their buries after a sudden fright. So that the keen
plaintive whistle of a kingfisher was almost startling. But we soon
found the stream in the hollow. Broader than a brook and yet not quite
a river, it flowed swift and clear, so that every flint at the bottom
was visible. The nut-tree bushes came down to the edge: the ground was
too firm for much rush or sedge; the streams that come out of the chalk
are not so thickly fringed with vegetation as others.

Some little way along there was a rounded sarsen boulder not far from
shore, whose brown top was so nearly on a level with the surface that
at one moment the water just covered it, and the next left it exposed.
By it we spied a trout; but the hill above gave “Velvet” the command of
the hollow; and it was too risky even to think of. After that the nuts
were tame; there was nothing left but to turn homewards. As for
trout-fishing, there is nothing so easy. Take the top joint off the
rod, and put the wire on the second, which is stronger, fill the
basket, and replace the fly. There were fellows who used to paddle in
canoes up a certain river (not this little stream), pick out the
largest trout, and shoot them with pistols, under pretence of
practising at water-rats.




CHAPTER V
WOODLAND TWILIGHT: TRAITORS ON THE GIBBET


In a hedge that joined a wood, and about a hundred yards from it, there
was a pleasant hiding-place beside a pollard ash. The bank was hollow
with rabbit-buries: the summer heat had hardened the clay of the mound
and caused it to crack and crumble wherever their excavations left a
precipitous edge. Some way up the trunk of the tree an immense flat
fungus projected, roughly resembling the protruding lip of a savage
enlarged by the insertion of a piece of wood. It formed a black ledge
standing out seven or eight inches, two or three inches thick, and
extending for a foot or more round the bark. The pollard, indeed, was
dead inside, and near the ground the black touch-wood showed. Ash
timber must become rarer year by year: for, being so useful, it is
constantly cut down, while few new saplings are planted or encouraged
to become trees.

In front a tangled mass of bramble arched over the dry ditch; it was
possible to see some distance down the bank, for nothing grew on the
top itself, the bushes all rising from either side—a peculiarity of
clay mounds. This narrow space was a favourite promenade of the
rabbits; they usually came out there for a few minutes first, looking
about before venturing forth into the meadows. Except a little moss,
scarcely any vegetation other than underwood clothed the bare hard soil
of the mound; and for this reason every tiny aperture that suited their
purpose was occupied by wasps.

They much prefer a clear space about the entrance to their nests,
affording an unencumbered passage: there were two nests within a few
yards of the ash. Though so generally dreaded, wasps are really
inoffensive insects, never attacking unless previously buffeted. You
may sit close to a wasps’ nest for hours, and, if you keep still,
receive no injury. Humble-bees, too, congregate in special localities:
along one hedge half a dozen nests may be found, while other fields are
searched for them in vain.

The best time to enter such a hiding-place is a little before the sun
sinks: for as his beams turn red all the creatures that rest during the
day begin to stir. Then the hares start down from the uplands and
appear on the short stubble, where the level rays throw exaggerated
shadows behind them. When six or eight hares are thus seen near the
centre of a single field, they and their shadows seem to take
possession of and occupy it.

Pheasants, though they retire to roost on the trees, often before
rising come forth into the meadows adjacent to the coverts. The sward
in front of the pollard ash sloped upwards gradually to the foot of a
low hill planted with firs, and just outside these about half a dozen
pheasants regularly appeared in the early evening. As the sun sank
below the hill, and the shadow of the great beeches some distance away
began to extend into the mead, they went back one by one into the firs.
There they were nearly safe, for no trees give so much difficulty to
the poacher. It is not easy even to shoot anything inside a fir
plantation at night: as for the noose, it is almost impossible to use
it. The lowest pheasant is taken first, and then the next above, like
fowls perched on the rungs of a ladder; and, indeed, it is not unlikely
that those who excel in this kind of work base their operations upon
previous experiences in the hen roost.

The wood pigeons begin to come home, and the wood is filled with their
hollow notes: now here, now yonder, for as one ceases another takes it
up. They cannot settle for some time: each as he arrives perches
awhile, and then rises and tries a fresh place, so that there is a
constant clattering. The green woodpecker approaches at a rapid
pace—now opening, now closing his wings, and seeming to throw himself
forward rather than to fly. He rushes at the trees in the hedge as
though he could pierce the thick branches like a bullet. Other birds
rise over or pass at the side: he goes through, arrow-like, avoiding
the boughs. Instead of at once entering the wood, he stays awhile on
the sward of the mead in the open.

As the pheasants generally feed in a straight line along the ground, so
the lesser pied woodpecker travels across the fields from tree to tree,
rarely staying on more than one branch in each, but, after examining
it, leaves all that may be on other boughs and seeks another ahead. He
rises round and round the dead branch in the elm, tapping it with blows
that succeed each other with marvellous rapidity. He taps for the
purpose of sounding the wood to see if it be hollow or bored by grubs,
and to startle the insects and make them run out for his convenience.
He will ascend dead branches barely half an inch thick that vibrate as
he springs from them, and proceeds down the hedge towards the wood. The
“snop-top” sounds in every elm, and grows fainter as he recedes. The
sound is often heard, but in the thick foliage of summer the bird
escapes unseen, unless you are sitting almost under the tree when he
arrives in it.

Then the rooks come drifting slowly to the beeches: they are uncertain
in their hour at this season—some, indeed, scarce care to return at
all; and even when quite dusk and the faint stars of summer rather show
themselves than shine, twos and threes come occasionally through the
gloom. A pair of doves pass swiftly, flying for the lower wood, where
the ashpoles grow. The grasshoppers sing in the grass, and will
continue till the dew descends. As the little bats flutter swiftly to
and fro just without the hedge, the faint sound of their wings is
audible as they turn: their membranes are not so silent as feathers,
and they agitate them with extreme velocity. Beetles go by with a loud
hum, rising from those isolated bunches of grass that may be seen in
every field; for the cows will not eat the rank green blades that grow
over and hide dried dung.

A large white spot, ill-defined and shapeless in the distance and the
dimness, glides along the edge of the wood, then across in front before
the fir plantation, next down the hedge to the left, and presently
passes within two yards, going towards the wood again along this mound.
It is a white owl: he flies about five feet from the ground and
absolutely without a sound. So when you are walking at night it is
quite startling to have one come overhead, approaching from behind and
suddenly appearing. This owl is almost fearless; unless purposely
alarmed he will scarcely notice you, and not at all if you are still.

As he reaches the wood he leaves the hedge, having gone all round the
field, and crosses to a small detached circular fir plantation in the
centre. There he goes out of sight a minute or two; but presently
appears skirting the low shed and rickyard yonder, and is finally lost
behind the hedges. This round he will go every evening, and almost
exactly at the same time—that is, in reference to the sun, which is the
clock of nature.

Step never so quietly out from the mound, the small birds that
unnoticed have come to roost in the bushes will hear it and fly off in
alarm. The rabbits that are near the hedge rush in; those that are far
from home crouch in the furrows and the bunches. Crossing the open
field, they suddenly start as it seems from under your feet—one white
tail goes dapping up and down this way, another jerks over the “lands”
that way. The moonbeams now glisten on the double-barrel; and a bright
sparkle glitters here and there as a dewdrop catches a ray.

Upon the grass a faint halo appears; it is a narrow band of light
encircling the path, an oval ring—perhaps rather horseshoe shape than
oval. It glides in front, keeping ever at the same distance as you
walk, as if there the eye was focussed. This is only seen when the
grass is wet with dew, and better in short grass than long. Where it
shines the grass looks a paler green. Passing gently along a hedge
thickly timbered with oak and elms, a hawk may perhaps start forth:
hawks sometimes linger by the hedges till late, but it is not often
that you can shoot one at roost except in spring. Then they invariably
return to roost in the nest tree, and are watched there, and so shot, a
gunner approaching on each side of the hedge. In the lane dark
objects—rabbits—hasten away, and presently the footpath crosses the
still motionless brook near where it flows into the mere.

The low brick parapet of the bridge is overgrown with mosses; great
hedges grow each side, and the willows, long uncut, almost meet in the
centre. In one hedge an opening leads to a drinking-place for cattle:
peering noiselessly over the parapet between the boughs, the coots and
moorhens may be seen there feeding by the shore. They have come up from
the mere as the ducks and teal do in the winter. The broader waters can
scarcely be netted without a boat, but the brook here is the very place
for a moonlight haul. The net is stretched first across the widest spot
nearest to the pool, that no fish may escape. They swim up here in the
daytime in shoals, perch especially; but the night poachers are often
disappointed, for the fish seem to retire to deeper waters as the
darkness comes on. A black mass of mud-coated sticks, rotten twigs, and
thorn bushes, entangled in the meshes, is often the only result of much
toil.

Once now and then, as when a preserved pond is netted, a tremendous
take occurs; but nets are rather gone by, being so unwieldy and
requiring several men to manage effectually. If they are not hung out
to dry properly after being used, they soon rot. Now, a large net
stretched along railings or a hedge is rather a conspicuous object, and
brings suspicion on the owner. It is also so heavy after use that until
wrung, which takes time, a strong man can barely carry it; and if a
sudden alarm comes it must be abandoned.

It is pleasant to rest awhile on the parapet in the shadow of the
bushes. The low thud-thud of sculls in the rowlocks of a distant punt
travels up the water. By-and-by a hare comes along, enters on the
bridge, and almost reaches the gate in the middle before he spies
anything suspicious. Such a spot, and, indeed, any gateway, used to be
a favourite place to set a net, and then drive the hares towards it
with a cur dog that ran silent. Bold must be the man that would set a
net in a footpath now, with almost every field preserved by owner or
tenant. With a bound the hare hies back and across the meadow: the gun
comes to the shoulder as swiftly.

On the grass lit by the moon the hare looked quite distinct, but the
moment the gaze is concentrated up the barrel he becomes a dim object
with no defined outline. In shooting on the ground by twilight or in
the moonbeams, waste no time in endeavouring to aim, but think of the
hare’s ears—say a couple of feet in front of his tail—and the moment
the gun feels steady pull the trigger. The flash and report come
together; there is a dull indescribable sound ahead, as some of the
shot strikes home in fur and some drills into the turf, and then a
rustling in the grass. The moorhens dive, and the coots scuttle down
the brook towards the mere at the flash. While yet the sulphurous smoke
lingers, slow to disperse, over the cool dewy sward, there comes back
an echo from the wood behind, then another from the mere, then another
and another beyond.

The distant sculls have ceased to work in the rowlocks—those in the
punt are listening to the echoes; most likely they have been fishing
for tench in the deep holes under the black shadow of the aspens.
(Tench feed in the dark: if you wish to take a big one wait till it is
necessary to fix a piece of white paper on the float.) Now put the
empty cartridge in your pocket instead of throwing it aside; pull the
hare’s neck across your knee, and hurry off. But you may safely stay to
harle him; for those very echoes that have been heard a mile round
about are the best safeguard: not one man in a thousand could tell the
true direction whence the sound of the explosion originated.

The pleasure of wandering in a wood was so great that it could never be
resisted, and did not solely arise from the instinct of shooting. Many
expeditions were made without a gun, or any implement of destruction,
simply to enjoy the trees and thickets. There was one large wood very
carefully preserved, and so situate in an open country as not to be
easily entered. But a little observation showed that the keeper had a
“habit.” He used to come out across the wheatfields to a small wayside
“public,” and his route passed by a lonely barn and rickyard. One warm
summer day I saw him come as usual to the “public,” and while he was
there quietly slipped as far as the barn and hid in it.

In July such a rickyard is very hot; heat radiates from every straw.
The ground itself is dry and hard, each crevice choked with particles
of white chaff; so that even the couch can hardly grow except close
under the low hedge where the pink flower of the pimpernel opens to the
sky. White stone staddles—short conical pillars with broad
capitals—stand awaiting the load of sheaves that will shortly press on
them. Every now and then a rustling in the heaps of straw indicates the
presence of mice. From straw and stone and bare earth heat seems to
rise up. The glare of the sunlight pours from above. The black pitched
wooden walls of the barn and sheds prevent the circulation of air.
There are no trees for shadow—nothing but a few elder bushes, which are
crowded at intervals of a few minutes with sparrows rushing with a
whirr of wings up from the standing corn.

But the high pitched roof of the barn and of the lesser sheds has a
beauty of its own—the minute vegetation that has covered the tiles
having changed the original dull red to an orange hue. From ridge to
eaves, from end to end, it is a wide expanse of colour, only varying so
much in shade as to save it from monotony. It stands out glowing,
distinct against the deep blue of the sky. The “cheep” of fledgeling
sparrows comes from the crevices above; but swallows do not frequent
solitary buildings so much as those by dwelling-houses, being
especially fond of cattle-sheds where cows are milked.

The proximity of animals apparently attracts them: perhaps in the more
exposed places there may be dangers from birds of prey. As for the
sparrows, they are innumerable. Some are marked with white patches—a
few so much so as to make quite a show when they fly. One handsome cock
bird has a white ring half round his neck, and his wings are a
beautiful partridge-brown. He looks larger than the common sort; and
there are several more here that likewise appear to exceed in size, and
to have the same peculiar brown.

After a while there came the sound of footsteps and a low but cheerful
whistle. The keeper having slaked a thirst very natural on such a
sultry day returned, and re-entered the wood. I had decided that it
would be the best plan to follow in his rear, because then there would
be little chance of crossing his course haphazard, and the dogs would
not sniff any strange footsteps, since the footsteps would not be there
till they had gone by. To hide from the eyes of a man is comparatively
easy; but a dog will detect an unwonted presence in the thickest bush,
and run in and set up a yelping, especially if it is a puppy.

It was not more than forty yards from the barn to the wood: there was
no mound or hedge, but a narrow, deep, and dry watercourse, a surface
drain, ran across. Stooping a little and taking off my hat, I walked in
this, so that the wheat each side rose above me and gave a perfect
shelter. This precaution was necessary, because on the right there rose
a steep Down, from whose summit the level wheat-fields could be easily
surveyed. So near was it that I could distinguish the tracks of the
hares worn in the short grass. But if you take off your hat no one can
distinguish you in a wheat-field, more particularly if your hair is
light: nor even in a hedge.

Where the drain or furrow entered the wood was a wire-netting firmly
fixed, and over it tall pitched palings, sharp at the top. The wood was
enclosed with a thick hawthorn hedge that looked impassable; but the
keeper’s footsteps, treading down the hedge-parsley and brushing aside
the “gicks,” guided me behind a bush where was a very convenient gap.
These signs and the smooth-worn bark of an ash against which it was
needful to push proved that this quiet path was used somewhat
frequently.

Inside the wood the grass and the bluebell leaves—the bloom past and
ripening to seed—so hung over the trail that it was difficult to
follow. It wound about the ash stoles in the most circuitous manner—now
to avoid the thistles, now a bramble thicket, or a hollow filled with
nettles. Then the ash poles were clothed with the glory of the
woodbine—one mass of white and yellow wax-like flowers to a height of
eight or nine feet, and forming a curtain of bloom from branch to
branch.

After awhile I became aware that the trail was approaching the hill. At
the foot it branched; and the question arose whether to follow the fork
that zig-zagged up among the thickets or that which seemed to plunge
into the recesses beneath. I had never been in this wood before—the
time was selected because it was probable that the keeper would be
extremely occupied with his pheasant chicks. Though the earth was so
hard in the exposed rick-yard, here the clayey ground was still moist
under the shadow of the leaves. Examining the path more closely, I
easily distinguished the impression of the keeper’s boot: the iron
toe-plate has left an almost perfect impression, and there were the
deep grooves formed by the claws of his dog as it had scrambled up the
declivity and the pad slipped on the clay.

As he had taken the upward path, no doubt it led direct to the
pheasants, which was sure to be on the hill itself, or a dry and
healthy slope. I therefore took the other trail, since I must otherwise
have overtaken him; for he would stay long among his chicks: just as an
old-fashioned farmer lingers at a gate, gazing on his sheep. Advancing
along the lower path, after some fifteen minutes it turned sharply to
the right, and I stood under the precipitous cliff-like edge of the
hill in a narrow coombe. The earth at the top hung over the verge, and
beech-trees stood as it seemed in the act to topple, their exposed
roots twisting to and fro before they re-entered the face of the
precipice. Large masses of chalky rubble had actually fallen, and
others were all but detached. The coombe, of course, could be
overlooked from thence; but a moment’s reflection convinced me there
was no risk, for who would dare to go near enough to the edge to look
down?

The coombe was full of fir-trees; and by them stood a long narrow
shed—the roof ruinous, but the plank walls intact. It had originally
been erected in a field, since planted for covers. This long shed, a
greenish grey from age and mouldering wood, became a place of much
interest. Along the back there were three rows of weasels and stoats
nailed through the head or neck to the planks. There had been a hundred
in each row—about three hundred altogether. The lapse of time had
entirely dissipated the substance of many on the upper row; nothing
remained but the grim and rusty nail. Further along there hung small
strips without shape. Beyond these the nails supported something that
had a rough outline still of the animal. In the second row the dried
and shrivelled creatures were closely wrapped in nature’s mummy-cloth
of green; in the third, some of those last exposed still retained a
dull brown colour. None were recent. Above, under the eaves, the
spiders’ webs had thickly gathered; beneath, the nettles flourished.

But the end of the shed was the place where the more distinguished
offenders were gibbeted. A footpath, well worn and evidently much used,
went by this end, and, as I afterwards ascertained, communicated with
the mansion above and the keeper’s cottage some distance below. Every
passenger between must pass the gallows where the show of more noble
traitors gave proof of the keeper’s loyal activity. Four shorter rows
rose in tiers. To the nails at the top strong beaks and black feathers
adhered, much bedraggled and ruffled by weather. These crows had long
been dead; the keeper when he shot a crow did not trouble to have it
carried home, unless a nail was conspicuously vacant. The ignoble bird
was left where he fell.

On the next row the black and white of magpies and the blue of jays
alternated. Many of the magpies had been despoiled of their tails, and
some of their wings, the feathers being saleable. The jays were more
numerous, and untouched; they were slain in such numbers that the
market for their plumage was glutted. Though the bodies were shrunken,
the feathers were in fair condition. Magpies’ nests are so large that
in winter, when the leaves are off the trees, they cannot but be seen,
and, the spot being marked, in the summer old and young are easily
destroyed. Hawks filled the third row. The kestrels were the most
numerous, but there were many sparrow-hawks. These made a great show,
and were stuck so closely that a feather could hardly be thrust between
them. In the midst, quite smothered under their larger wings, were the
remains of a smaller bird—probably a merlin. But the last and lowest
row, that was also nearest, or on a level with the face of a person
looking at the gallows, was the most striking.

This grand tier was crowded with owls—not arranged in any order, but
haphazard, causing a fine mixture of colour. Clearly this gallery was
constantly renewed. The white owl gave the prevalent tint, side by side
with the brown wood owls, and scattered among the rest, a few long
horned owls—a mingling of white, yellowish brown, and tawny feathers.
Though numerous here, yet trap and gun have so reduced the wood owls
that you may listen half the night by a cover and never hear the
“Who-hoo” that seems to demand your name.

The barn owls are more liable to be shot, because they are more
conspicuous; but, on the other hand, as they often breed and reside
away from covers, they seem to escape. For months past one of these has
sailed by my window every evening uttering a hissing “skir-r-r.” Here,
some were nailed with their backs to the wall, that they might not hide
their guilty faces.

The delicate texture of the owl’s feathers is very remarkable: these
birds remind me of a huge moth. The owls were more showy than the
hawks, though it is commonly said that without sunlight there is no
colour—as in the case of plants grown in darkness. Yet the hawks are
day birds, while the owls fly by night. There came the sound of
footsteps; and I retreated, casting one glance backward at the black
and white, the blue and brown colours that streaked the wall, while the
dull green weasels were in perpetual shadow. By night the bats would
flit round and about that gloomy place. It would not do to return by
the same path, lest another keeper might be coming up it; so I stepped
into the wood itself. To those who walk only in the roads, hawks and
owls seem almost rare. But a wood is a place to which they all flock;
and any wanderer from the north or west naturally tends thither. This
wood is of large extent; but even to the smaller plantations of the
Downs it is wonderful what a number come in the course of a year.
Besides the shed just visited, there would be certain to be another
more or less ornamented near the keeper’s cottage, and probably others
scattered about, where the commoner vermin could be nailed without the
trouble of carrying them far away. Only the owls and hawks, magpies,
and such more striking evidences of slaughter were collected here, and
almost daily renewed.

To get into the wood was much easier than to get out, on account of the
thick hedge, palings, and high sharp-sparred gates; but I found a dry
ditch where it was possible to creep under the bushes into a meadow
where was a footpath.




CHAPTER VI
LURCHER-LAND: “THE PARK”


The time of the apple-bloom is the most delicious season in Sarsen
village. It is scarcely possible to obtain a view of the place,
although it is built on the last slope of the Downs, because just where
the ground drops and the eye expects an open space, plantations of fir
and the tops of tall poplars and elms intercept the glance. In
ascending from the level meadows of the vale thick double mounds,
heavily timbered with elm, hide the houses until you are actually in
their midst.

Those only know a country who are acquainted with its footpaths. By the
roads, indeed, the outside may be seen; but the footpaths go through
the heart of the land. There are routes by which mile after mile may be
travelled without leaving the sward. So you may pass from village to
village; now crossing green meads, now cornfields, over brooks, past
woods, through farmyard and rick “barken.” But such tracks are not
mapped, and a stranger misses them altogether unless under the guidance
of an old inhabitant.

At Sarsen the dusty road enters the more modern part of the village at
once, where the broad signs hang from the taverns at the cross-ways and
where the loafers steadily gaze at the new comer. The Lower Path, after
stile and hedge and elm, and grass that glows with golden buttercups,
quietly leaves the side of the double mounds and goes straight through
the orchards. There are fewer flowers under the trees, and the grass
grows so long and rank that it has already fallen aslant of its own
weight. It is choked, too, by masses of clog-weed, that springs up
profusely over the site of old foundations; so that here ancient
masonry may be hidden under the earth. Indeed, these orchards are a
survival from the days when the monks laboured in vineyard and garden,
and mayhap even of earlier times. When once a locality has got into the
habit of growing a certain crop it continues to produce it for century
after century; and thus there are villages famous for apple or pear or
cherry, while the district at large is not at all given to such
culture.

The trunks of the trees succeed each other in endless ranks, like
columns that support the most beautiful roof of pink and white. Here
the bloom is rosy, there white prevails: the young green is hidden
under the petals that are far more numerous than leaves, or even than
leaves will be. Though the path really is in shadow as the branches
shut out the sun, yet it seems brighter here than in the open, as if
the place were illuminated by a million tiny lamps shedding the softest
lustre. The light is reflected and apparently increased by the
countless flowers overhead.

The forest of bloom extends acre after acre, and only ceases where
hedges divide, to commence again beyond the boundary. A wicket gate,
all green with a film of vegetation over the decaying wood, opens under
the very eaves of a cottage, and the path goes by the door—across a
narrow meadow where deep and broad trenches, green now, show where
ancient stews or fishponds existed, and then through a farmyard into a
lane. Tall poplars rise on either hand, but there seem to be no houses;
they stand, in fact, a field’s breadth back from the lane, and are
approached by footpaths that every few yards necessitate a stile in the
hedge.

When a low thatched farmhouse does abut upon the way, the blank white
wall of the rear part faces the road, and the front door opens on
precisely the other side. Hard by is a row of beehives. Though the
modern hives are at once more economical and humane, they have not the
old associations that cling about the straw domes topped with broken
earthenware to shoot off the heavy downfall of a thunderstorm.

Everywhere the apple-bloom; the hum of bees; children sitting on the
green beside the road, their laps full of flowers; the song of finches;
and the low murmur of water that glides over flint and stone so
shadowed by plants and grasses that the sunbeams cannot reach and
glisten on it. Thus the straggling flower-strewn village stretches
along beneath the hill and rises up the slope, and the swallows wheel
and twitter over the gables where are their hereditary nesting-places.
The lane ends on a broad dusty road, and, opposite, a quiet thatched
house of the larger sort stands, endways to the street, with an open
pitching before the windows. There, too, the swallows’ nests are
crowded under the eaves, flowers are trained against the wall, and in
the garden stand the same beautiful apple-trees. But within, the lower
part of the windows—that have recess seats—are guarded by horizontal
rods of iron, polished by the backs of many men. It is an inn, and the
rods are to save the panes from the impact of an excited toper’s arm.

The talk to-day, as the brown brandy, which the paler cognac has not
yet superseded, is consumed, and the fumes of coarse tobacco and the
smell of spilt beer and the faint sickly odour of evaporating spirits
overpower the flowers, is of horses. The stable lads from the training
stables far up on the Downs drop in or call at the door without
dismounting. Once or twice in the day a tout calls and takes his
“grub,” and scribbles a report in the little back parlour. Sporting
papers, beer-stained and thumb-marked, lie on the tables; framed
portraits of racers hang on the walls. Burly men, who certainly cannot
ride a race, but who have horse in every feature, puff cigars and chat
in jerky monosyllables that to an outsider are perfectly
incomprehensible. But the glib way in which heavy sums of money are
spoken of conveys the impression that they dabble in enormous wealth.

There are dogs under the tables and chairs; dogs in the window-seat;
dogs panting on the stone flags of the passage, after a sharp trot
behind a trap, choosing the coolest spot to loll their red tongues out;
dogs outside in the road; dogs standing on hind legs, and painfully
lapping the water in the horse-trough; and there is a yapping of
puppies in the distance. The cushions of the sofa are strewn with dogs’
hairs, and once now and then a dog leisurely hops up the staircase.

Customers are served by the landlady, a decent body enough in her way:
her son, the man of the house, is up in the “orchut” at the rear,
feeding his dogs. Where the “orchut” ends in a paddock stands a small
shed: in places the thatch on the roof has fallen through in the course
of years and revealed the bare rafters. The bottom part of the door has
decayed, and the long nose of a greyhound is thrust out sniffing
through a hole. Dickon, the said son, is delighted to undo the padlock
for a visitor who is “square.” In an instant the long hounds leap up,
half a dozen at a time, and I stagger backwards, forced by the sheer
vigour of their caresses against the doorpost. Dickon cannot quell the
uproarious pack: he kicks the door open, and away they scamper round
and round the paddock at headlong speed.

What a joy it is to them to stretch their limbs! I forget the squalor
of the kennel in watching their happy gambols. I cannot drink more than
one tumbler of brown brandy and water; but Dickon overlooks that
weakness, feeling that I admire his greyhounds. It is arranged that I
am to see them work in the autumn.

The months pass, and in his trap with the famous trotter in the shafts
we roll up the village street. Apple-bloom and golden fruit too are
gone, and the houses show more now among the bare trees; but as the rim
of the ruddy November sun comes forth from the edge of a cloud there
appears a buff tint everywhere in the background. When elm and ash are
bare the oaks retain their leaves, and these are illumined by the
autumn beams. Over-topped by tall elms and hidden by the orchards, the
oaks were hardly seen in summer; now they are found to be numerous and
give the prevailing hue to the place.

Dickon taps the dashboard as the mare at last tops the hill, and away
she speeds along the level plateau for the Downs. Two greyhounds are
with us; two more have gone on under charge of a boy. Skirting the
hills a mile or two, we presently leave the road and drive over the
turf: there is no track, but Dickon knows his way. The rendezvous is a
small fir plantation, the young trees in which are but shoulder-high.
Below is a plain entirely surrounded by the hills, and partly green
with root crops: more than one flock of sheep is down there, and two
teams ploughing the stubble. Neither the ploughmen nor the shepherds
take the least heed of us, except to watch for the sport. The spare
couple are fastened in the trap; the boy jumps up and takes the reins.
Dickon puts the slip on the couple that are to run first, and we begin
to range.

Just at the foot of the hill the grass is tall and grey; there, too,
are the dead dry stalks of many plants that cultivation has driven from
the ploughed fields and that find a refuge at the edge. A hare starts
from the very verge and makes up the Downs. Dickon slips the hounds,
and a faint halloo comes from the shepherds and the ploughmen. It is a
beautiful sight to see the hounds bound over the sward; the sinewy back
bends like a bow, but a bow that, instead of an arrow, shoots itself;
the deep chests drink the air. Is there any moment so joyful in life as
the second when the chase begins? As we gaze, before we even step
forward, the hare is over the ridge and out of sight. Then we race and
tear up the slope; then the boy in the trap flaps the reins and away
goes the mare out of sight too.

Dickon is long and rawboned, a powerful fellow, strong of limb, and
twice my build; but he sips too often at the brown brandy, and after
the first burst I can head him. But he knows the hills and the route
the hare will take, so that I have but to keep pace. In five minutes as
we cross a ridge we see the game again; the hare is circling back—she
passes under us not fifty yards away, as we stand panting on the hill.
The youngest hound gains, and runs right over her; she doubles, the
older hound picks up the running. By a furze-bush she doubles again;
but the young one turns her—the next moment she is in the jaws of the
old dog.

Again and again the hounds are slipped, now one couple, now the other:
we pant, and can scarcely speak with running, but the wild excitement
of the hour and the sweet pure air of the Downs supply fresh strength.
The little lad brings the mare anywhere: through the furze, among the
flint-pits, jolting over the ruts, she rattles along with sure
alacrity. There are five hares in the sack under the straw when at last
we get up and slowly drive down to the highway, reaching it some two
miles from where we left it. Dickon sends the dogs home by the boy on
foot; we drive round and return to the village by a different route,
entering it from the opposite direction.

The reason of these things is that Sarsen has no great landlord. There
are fifty small proprietors, and not a single resident magistrate.
Besides the small farmers, there are scores of cottage owners, every
one of whom is perfectly independent. Nobody cares for anybody. It is a
republic, without even the semblance of a Government. It is liberty,
equality, and swearing. As it is just within the limit of a borough,
almost all the cottagers have votes, and are not to be trifled with.
The proximity of horse-racing establishments adds to the general
atmosphere of dissipation. Betting, card-playing, ferret-breeding and
dog-fancying, poaching and politics, are the occupations of the
populace. A little illicit badger-baiting is varied by a little
vicar-baiting; the mass of the inhabitants are the reddest of Reds. Que
voulez-vous?

The edges of some large estates come up near, but the owners would
hardly like to institute a persecution of these turbulent folk. If they
did, where would be their influence at the next election? If a landlord
makes himself unpopular, his own personal value depreciates. He is a
nonentity in the committee-room, and his help rather deprecated by the
party than desired. The Sarsen fellows are not such fools as to break
pheasant preserves in the vale; as they are resident, that would not
answer. They keep outside the _sanctum sanctorum_ of the pheasant
coverts. But with ferret, dog, and gun, and now and then a partridge
net along the edge of the standing barley, they excel. So, too, with
the wire; and the broad open Downs are their happy hunting grounds,
especially in misty weather.

This is the village of the apple-bloom, the loveliest spot imaginable.
After all, they are not such desperately bad fellows if you deduct
their sins against the game laws. They are a jovial lot, and free with
their money; they stand by one another—a great virtue in these
cold-blooded days. If one gets in trouble with the law the rest
subscribe the fine. They are full of knowledge of a certain sort, and
you may learn anything, from the best way to hang a dog upwards.

When we reach the inn, and Dickon calls for the brown brandy, there in
the bar sits a gamekeeper, whose rubicund countenance beams with good
humour. He is never called upon to pay his score. Good fellow! in
addition he is popular, and every one asks him to drink: besides which,
a tip for a race now and then makes this world wear a smiling aspect to
him.

Dickon’s “unconscious education”—absorbed rather than learnt in
boyhood—had not been acquired under conditions likely to lead him to
admire scenery. But, rough as he was, he was a good-natured fellow, and
it was through him that I became acquainted with a very beautiful
place.

The footpath to The Park went for about half a mile under the shadow of
elm trees, and in spring time there was a continual noise of young
rooks in the nests above. Occasionally dead twigs, either dislodged
from the nests or broken off by the motions of the old birds, came
rustling down. One or two nests that had been blown out strewed the
sward with half a bushel of dead sticks. After the rookery the path
passed a lonely dairy, where the polished brazen vessels in the
skilling glittered like gold in the sunshine. Farther on came wide open
meadows with numerous oak-trees scattered in the midst—the outposts of
the great wood at hand. The elms were flourishing and vigorous; but
these detached oaks were decaying, and some dead, their hoar antiquity
contrasting with the green grass and flowers of the mead.

The mansion was hidden by elm and chestnut, pines and sombre cedars.
From the edge of the lawn the steep slope of the Down rose, planted
with all manner of shrubs, the walks through which were inches deep in
dead leaves, needles, and fir-cones. Long neglect had permitted these
to accumulate, and the yew hedges had almost grown together and covered
the walk they bordered.

The woods and preserves extended along the Downs, between the hills and
the meadows beneath. There was one path through these woods that led
into a narrow steep-sided coombe, one side of which was planted with
firs. On the other was a little grass, but so thin as scarcely to cover
the chalk. This side jutted out from the general line of the hills, and
formed a bold bluff, whose white precipitous cliff was a landmark for
many miles. In climbing the coombe, it was sometimes necessary to grasp
the bunches of grass; for it would have been impossible to recover from
a slip till, bruised and shaken, you rolled to the bottom, and perhaps
into the little streamlet flowing through the hollow.

The summit was of small extent, but the view beautiful. A low fence of
withy had long since decayed, nothing but a few rotten stakes remaining
at the very verge of the precipice. Steep as it was, there were some
ledges that the rabbits frequented, making their homes in mid-air.
Further along, the slope, a little less perpendicular, was covered with
nut-tree bushes, where you could scramble down by holding to the
boughs. There was a tradition of a fox-hunter, in the excitement of the
chase, forcing his horse to descend through these bushes and actually
reaching the level meadows below in safety.

Impossible as it seemed, yet when the hounds were in full cry beneath
it was easy to understand that in the eagerness of the moment a
horseman at the top might feel tempted to join the stirring scene at
any risk: for the fox frequently ran just below, making along the line
of coverts; and from that narrow perch on the cliff the whole field
came into sight at once. There was Reynard slipping ahead, and two or
more fields behind the foremost of the pack, while the rest, rushing
after, made the hills resound with their chiding. The leaders taking
the hedges, the main squadron splashing through a marshy place, the
outsiders straining to come up, and the last man behind, who rode
harder than any—all could be seen at the same time.

It was a lovely spot, too, for dreaming on a summer’s day, reclining on
the turf, with the harebells swinging in the faint breeze. The extreme
solitude was its charm: no lanes or tracks other than those purely
pastoral came near. There were woods on either hand; in the fir
plantations the jays chattered unceasingly. The broad landscape
stretched out to the illimitable distance, till the power of the eye
failed and could trace it no farther. But if the gaze was lifted it
looked into blue space—the azure heaven not only overhead, but, as it
seemed, all around.

Dickon was always to and fro the mansion here, and took me with him.
His object was ostensibly business: now it was a horse to buy, now a
fat bullock or sheep; now it was an acre or two of wood that was to be
cut. The people of the mansion were so much from home that their
existence was almost forgotten, and they were spoken of vaguely as “on
the Continent.” There was, in fact, a lack of ready-money, perhaps from
the accumulation of settlements, that reduced the nominal income of the
head to a tithe of what it should have been.

Yet they were too proud to have in the modern builder, the modern
upholsterer, and, most dreadful of all, the modern “gardener,” to put
in French sashes, gilding and mirrors, and to root up the fine old yew
hedges and level the grand old trees. Such is the usual preparation
before an advertisement appears that a mansion of “historic
association,” and “replete with every modern convenience,” is to let,
with some thousand of acres of shooting, &c.

They still kept up an establishment of servants—after a fashion—who did
much as they pleased. Dickon was a great favourite. As for myself, a
mere dreamy lad, I could go into the woods and wander as I liked, which
was sufficient. But I recollect the immense kitchen very well, and the
polished relics of the ancient turnspit machinery. There was a door
from it opening on a square stone-flagged court with a vertical
sun-dial on the wall; and beyond that ranges of disused
coach-houses—all cloudy, as it were, with cobwebs hanging on
old-fashioned post-chaises. Dickon was in love with one of the maids, a
remarkably handsome girl.

She showed me the famous mantelpiece, a vast carved work, under which
you could stand upright. The legend was that once a year on a certain
night a sable horse and cloaked horseman rode across that great
apartment, flames snorting from the horse’s nostrils, and into the
fireplace, disappearing with a clap of thunder. She brought me, too, an
owl from the coach-houses, holding the bird by the legs firmly, her
hand defended by her apron from the claws.

The butler was a little merry fellow, extremely fond of a gun, and
expert in using it. He seemed to have nothing to do but tell tales and
sing, except at the rare intervals when some of the family returned
unexpectedly. The keeper was always up there in the kitchen; he was as
pleasant and jovial as a man could well be, though full of oaths on
occasion. He was a man of one tale—of a somewhat enigmatical character.
He would ask a stranger if they had ever heard of such-and-such a
village where water set fire to a barn, ducks were drowned, and pigs
cut their own throats, all in a single day.

It seemed that some lime had been stored in the barn, when the brook
rose and flooded the place; this slaked the lime and fired the straw,
and so the barn. Something of the same kind happens occasionally on the
river barges. The ducks were in a coop fastened down, so that they
could not swim on the surface of the flood, which passed over and
drowned them. The pigs were floated out of the sty, and in swimming
their sharp-edged hoofs struck their fat jowls just behind the ear at
every stroke till they cut into the artery, and so bled to death. Where
he got this history from I do not know.

One bright October morning (towards the end of the month) Dickon drove
me over to the old place with his fast trotter—our double-barrels
hidden under some sacks in the trap. The keeper was already waiting in
the kitchen, sipping a glass of hot purl; the butler was filling every
pocket with cartridges. After some comparison of their betting-books,
for Dickon, on account of his acquaintance with the training
establishments, was up to most moves, we started. The keeper had to
send a certain number of pheasants and other game to the absent family
and their friends every now and then, and this duty was his pretext.
There was plenty of shooting to be got elsewhere, but the spice of
naughtiness about this was alluring. To reach that part of the wood
where it was proposed to shoot the shortest way led across some arable
fields.

Fieldfares and redwings rose out of the hedges and flew away in their
peculiarly scattered manner—their flocks, though proceeding in the same
direction, seeming all loose and disordered. Where the ploughs had been
at work already the deep furrows were full of elm leaves, wafted as
they fell from the trees in such quantities as to make the groove left
by the share level with the ridges. A flock of lapwings were on the
clods in an adjacent field, near enough to be seen, but far beyond
gunshot. There might perhaps have been fifty birds, all facing one way
and all perfectly motionless. They were, in fact, watching us intently,
although not apparently looking towards us: they act so much in concert
as to seem drilled. So soon as the possibility of danger had gone by
each would begin to feed, moving ahead.

The path then passed through the little meadows that joined the wood:
and the sunlight glistened on the dew, or rather on the hoar frost that
had melted and clung in heavy drops to the grass. Here one flashed
emerald; there ruby; another a pure brilliance like a diamond. Under
foot by the stiles the fallen acorns crunched as they split into halves
beneath the sudden pressure.

The leaves still left on the sycamores were marked with large black
spots: the horse-chestnuts were quite bare; and already the tips of the
branches carried the varnish-coloured sheaths of the buds that were to
appear the following spring. These stuck to the finger if touched, as
if they really had been varnished. Through the long months of winter
they would remain, till under April showers and sunshine the sheath
fell back and the green leaflets pushed up, the two forming together a
rude cross for a short time.

The day was perfectly still, and the colours of the leaves still left
glowed in the sunbeams. Beneath, the dank bronzed fern that must soon
shrivel was wet, and hung with spiders’ webs that like a slender
netting upheld the dew. The keeper swore a good deal about a certain
gentleman farmer whose lands adjoined the estate, but who held under a
different proprietor. Between these two there was a constant
bickering—the tenant angry about the damage done to his crops by the
hares and rabbits, and the keeper bitterly resenting the tenant’s watch
on his movements, and warnings to his employer that all was not quite
as it should be.

The tenant had the right to shoot, and he was always about in the
turnips—a terrible thorn in the side of Dickon’s friend. The tenant
roundly declared the keeper a rascal, and told his master so in written
communications. The keeper declared the tenant set gins by the wood, in
which the pheasants stepped and had their legs smashed. Then the tenant
charged the keeper with trespassing; the other retorted that he decoyed
the pheasants by leaving peas till they dropped out of the pods. In
short, their hatred was always showing itself in some act of guerrilla
warfare. As we approached the part of the woods fixed on, two of the
keeper’s assistants, carrying thick sticks, stepped from behind a
hedge, and reported that they had kept a good watch, and the old fox
(the tenant) had not been seen that morning. So these fellows went
round to beat, and the guns were got ready.

Sometimes you could hear the pheasants running before they reached the
low-cropped hawthorn hedge at the side of the plantation; sometimes
they came so quietly as to appear suddenly out from the ditch, having
crept through. Others came with a tremendous rush through the painted
leaves, rising just before the hedge; and now and then one flew
screaming high over the tops of the firs and ash-poles, his glossy neck
glowing in the sunlight and his long tail floating behind. These last
pleased me most, for when the shot struck the great bird going at that
rate even death could not at once arrest his progress. The impetus
carried him yards, gradually slanting downwards till he rolled in the
green rush bunches.

Then a hare slipped out and ran the gauntlet, and filled the hollow
with his cries when the shot broke his hindquarters, till the dog had
him. Jays came in couples, and green woodpeckers singly: the magpies
cunningly flew aside instead of straight ahead; they never could do
anything straightforward. A stoat peeped out, but went back directly
when a rabbit whose retreat had been cut off bolted over his most
insidious enemy. Every now and then Dickon’s shot when he fired high
cut the twigs out of the ash by me. Then came the distant noise of the
beaters’ sticks, and the pheasants, at last thoroughly disturbed, flew
out in twos and threes at a time. Now the firing grew fierce, and the
roll of the volleys ceaseless. It was impossible to jam the cartridges
fast enough in the breech.

A subtle flavour of sulphur filled the mouth, and the lips became dry.
Sunshine and gleaming leaves and sky and grass seemed to all disappear
in the fever of the moment. The gun burned the hands, all blackened by
the powder; the metal got hotter and hotter; the sward was poached and
trampled and dotted with cases; shot hissed through the air and
pattered in showers on the opposite plantation; the eyes, bleared and
bloodshot with the smoke, could scarce see to point the tube. Pheasants
fell, and no one heeded; pheasants escaped, and none noticed it;
pheasants were but just winged and ran wounded into the distant hedges;
pheasants were blown out of all living shape and could hardly be
gathered up. Not a word spoken: a breathless haste to load and blaze; a
storm of shot and smoke and slaughter.




CHAPTER VII
OBY AND HIS SYSTEM: THE MOUCHER’S CALENDAR


One dark night, as I was walking on a lonely road, I kicked against
something, and but just saved myself from a fall. It was an intoxicated
man lying at full length. As a rule, it is best to let such people
alone; but it occurred to me that the mail-cart was due; with two
horses harnessed tandem-fashion, and travelling at full speed, the mail
would probably go over him. So I seized the fellow by the collar and
dragged him out of the way. Then he sat up, and asked in a very
threatening tone who I was. I mentioned my name: he grunted, and fell
back on the turf, where I left him.

The incident passed out of my mind, when one afternoon a labourer
called, asking for me in a mysterious manner, and refusing to
communicate his business to any one else. When admitted, he produced a
couple of cock pheasants from under his coat, the tail feathers much
crumpled, but otherwise in fine condition. These he placed on the
table, remarking, “I ain’t forgot as you drawed I out of the raud thuck
night.” I made him understand that such presents were too embarrassing;
but he seemed anxious to do “summat,” so I asked him to find me a few
ferns and rare plants.

This he did from time to time; and thus a species of acquaintanceship
grew up, and I learned all about him. He was always called “Oby”
(_i.e._ Obadiah), and was the most determined poacher of a neighbouring
district—a notorious fighting man—hardened against shame, an Ishmaelite
openly contemning authority and yet not insensible to kindness. I give
his history in his own language—softening only the pronunciation, that
would otherwise be unintelligible.

“I lives with my granny in Thorney-lane: it be outside the village. My
mother be married agen, you see, to the smith: her have got a cottage
as belongs to her. My brother have got a van and travels the country;
and sometimes I and my wife goes with him. I larned to set up a wire
when I went to plough when I were a boy, but never took to it regular
till I went a-navigating [navvying] and seed what a spree it were.

“There ain’t no such chaps for poaching as they navigators in all
England: I means where there be a railway a-making. I’ve knowed forty
of ’em go out together on a Sunday, and every man had a dog, and some
two; and good dogs too—lots of ’em as you wouldn’t buy for ten quid.
They used to spread out like, and sweep the fields as clean as the
crownd of your hat. Keepers weren’t no good at all, and besides they
never knowed which place us was going to make for. One of the chaps
gave I a puppy, and he growed into the finest greyhound as you’d find
in a day’s walk. The first time I was took up before the bench I had to
go to gaol, because the contractor had broke and the works was stopped,
so that my mates hadn’t no money to pay the fine.

“The dog was took away home to granny by my butty [comrade], but one of
the gentlemen as seed it in the court sent his groom over and got it
off the old woman for five pound. She thought if I hadn’t the hound I
should give it up, and she come and paid me out of gaol. It was a
wonder as I didn’t break her neck; only her was a good woman, you see,
to I. But I wouldn’t have parted with that hound for a quart-full of
sovereigns. Many’s a time I’ve seed his name—they changed his name, of
course—in the papers for winning coursing matches. But we let that gent
as bought him have it warm; we harried his pheasants and killed the
most of ’em.

“After that I came home, and took to it regular. It ain’t no use unless
you do it regular. If a man goes out into the fields now and then
chance-like he don’t get much, and is most sure to be caught—very
likely in the place of somebody else the keepers were waiting for and
as didn’t come. I goes to work every day the same as the rest, only I
always take piece-work, which I can come to when I fancy, and stay as
late in the evening as suits me with a good excuse. As I knows
navigating, I do a main bit of draining and water-furrowing, and I gets
good wages all the year round, and never wants for a job. You see, I
knows more than the fellows as have never been at nothing but plough.

“The reason I gets on so well poaching is because I’m always at work
out in the fields, except when I goes with the van. I watches
everything as goes on, and marks the hare’s tracks and the rabbit
buries, and the double mounds and little copses as the pheasants
wanders off to in the autumn. I keeps a nation good look-out after the
keeper and his men, and sees their dodges—which way they walks, and how
they comes back sudden and unexpected on purpose. There’s mostly one
about with his eyes on me—when they sees me working on a farm they puts
a man special to look after me. I never does nothing close round where
I’m at work, so he waits about a main bit for nothing.

“You see by going out piece-work I visits every farm in the parish. The
other men they works for one farmer for two or three or maybe twenty
years; but I goes very nigh all round the place—a fortnight here and a
week there, and then a month somewhere else. So I knows every hare in
the parish, and all his runs and all the double mounds and copses, and
the little covers in the corners of the fields. When I be at work on
one place I sets my wires about half a mile away on a farm as I ain’t
been working on for a month, and where the keeper don’t keep no special
look-out now I be gone. As I goes all round, I knows the ways of all
the farmers, and them as bides out late at night at their friends’, and
they as goes to bed early; and so I knows what paths to follow and what
fields I can walk about in and never meet nobody.

“The dodge is always to be in the fields and to know everybody’s ways.
Then you may do just as you be a-mind. All of ’em knows I be
a-poaching; but that don’t make no difference for work; I can use my
tools, and do it as well as any man in the country, and they be glad to
get me on for ’em. They farmers as have got their shooting be sharper
than the keepers, and you can’t do much there; but they as haven’t got
the shooting don’t take no notice. They sees my wires in the grass, and
just looks the other way. If they sees I with a gun I puts un in ditch
till they be gone by, and they don’t look among the nettles.

“Some of them as got land by the wood would like I to be there all day
and night. You see, their clover and corn feeds the hares and
pheasants; and then some day when they goes into the market and passes
the poultry-shop there be four or five score pheasants a-hanging up
with their long tails a-sweeping in the faces of them as fed ’em. The
same with the hares and the rabbits; and so they’d just as soon as I
had ’em—and a dalled deal sooner—out of spite. Lord bless you! if I was
to walk through their courtyards at night with a sack over my shoulders
full of you knows what, and met one of ’em, he’d tell his dog to stop
that yowling, and go in doors rather than see me. As for the rabbits,
they hates they worse than poison. They knocks a hare over now and then
themselves on the quiet—bless you! I could tell tales on a main few,
but I bean’t such a fellow as that.

“But, you see I don’t run no risk except from the keeper hisself, the
men as helps un, and two or three lickspittles as be always messing
round after a ferreting job or some wood-cutting, and the Christmas
charities. It be enough to make a man sick to see they. This yer parish
be a very big un, and a be preserved very high, and I can do three
times as much in he as in the next un, as ain’t much preserved. So I
sticks to this un.

“Of course they tried to drive I out of un, and wanted the cottage; but
granny had all the receipts for the quit-rent, and my lard and all the
lawyers couldn’t shove us out, and there we means to bide. You have
seed that row of oaks as grows in the hedge behind our house. One of
’em leaned over the roof, and one of the limbs was like to fall; but
they wouldn’t cut him, just to spite us, and the rain dripping spoilt
the thatch. So I just had another chimney built at that end for an
oven, and kept up the smoke till all the tree that side died. I’ve had
more than one pheasant through them oaks, as draws ’em: I had one in a
gin as I put in the ditch by my garden.

“They started a tale as ’twas I as stole the lambs a year or two ago,
and they had me up for it; but they couldn’t prove nothing agen me.
Then they had me for unhinging the gates and drowning ’em in the water,
but when they was going to try the case they two young farmers as you
know of come and said as they did it when they was tight, and so I got
off. They said as ’twas I that put the poison for the hounds when three
on ’em took it and died while the hunt was on. It were the dalledest
lie! I wouldn’t hurt a dog not for nothing. The keeper hisself put that
poison, I knows, ’cause he couldn’t bear the pack coming to upset the
pheasants. Yes, they been down upon I a main bit, but I means to bide.
All the farmers knows as I never touched no lamb, nor even pulled a
turmot, and they never couldn’t get no witnesses.

“After a bit I catched the keeper hisself and the policeman at it; and
there be another as knows it, and who do you think that be? It be the
man in town as got the licence to sell game as haves most of my hares;
the keeper selled he a lot as the money never got to my lard’s pocket
and the steward never knowed of. Look at that now! So now he shuts his
eye and axes me to drink, and give me the ferreting job in Longlands
Mound; but, Lord bless ’ee, I bean’t so soft as he thinks for.

“They used to try and get me to fight the keeper when they did catch me
with a wire, but I knowed as hitting is transporting, and just put my
hands in my pockets and let ’em do as they liked. _They_ knows I bean’t
afraid of ’em in the road; I’ve threshed more than one of ’em, but I
ain’t going to jump into _that_ trap. I’ve been before the bench, at
one place and t’other, heaps of times, and paid the fine for trespass.
Last time the chairman said to I, ‘So you be here again, Oby; we hear a
good deal about you.’ I says, ‘Yes, my lard, I be here agen, but people
never don’t hear nothing about _you_.’ That shut the old duffer up.
Nobody never heard nothing of he, except at rent-audit.

“However, they all knows me now—my lard and the steward, and the keeper
and the bailies, and the farmers; and they don’t take half the notice
of I as they used to. The keeper he don’t dare, nor the policeman as I
telled you, and the rest be got used to me and my ways. And I does very
well one week with t’other. One week I don’t take nothing, and the next
I haves a good haul, chiefly hares and rabbits; ’cause of course I
never goes into the wood, nor the plantations. It wants eight or ten
with crape masks on for that job.

“I sets up about four wires, sometimes only two; if you haves so many
it is a job to look after ’em. I stops the hare’s other runs, so that
she is sure to come along mine where I’ve got the turnpike up: the
trick is to rub your hand along the runs as you want to stop, or spit
on ’em, or summat like that; for a hare won’t pass nothing of that
sort. So pussy goes back and comes by the run as I’ve chose: if she
comes quick she don’t holler; if she comes slow she squeals a bit
sometimes before the wire hangs her. Very often I bean’t fur off and
stops the squealing. That’s why I can’t use a gin—it makes ’em holler
so. I ferrets a goodish few rabbits on bright nights in winter.

“As for the pheasants, I gets them mostly about acorn-time; they comes
out of the plantations then. I keeps clear of the plantations, because,
besides the men a-watching, they have got dogs chained up, and
alarm-guns as goes off if you steps on the spring; and some have got a
string stretched along as you be pretty sure to kick against, and then,
bang! and all the dogs sets up a yowling. Of course it’s only powder,
but it brings the keepers along. But when the acorns and the berries be
ripe, the pheasants comes out along the hedges after ’em, and gets up
at the haws and such like. They wanders for miles, and as they don’t
care to go all the way back to roost they bides in the little copses as
I told you of. They come to the same copses every year, which is
curious, as most of them as will come this year will be shot before
next.

“If I can’t get ’em the fust night, I just throws a handful or two of
peas about the place, and they’ll be sure to stay, and likely enough
bring two or three more. I mostly shoots ’em with just a little puff of
powder as you wouldn’t hear across one field, especially if it’s a
windy night. I had a air-gun, as was took from me, but he weren’t much
go: I likes a gun as throws the shot wide, but I never shoots any but
roosters, unless I catch ’em standing still.

“All as I can tell you is as the dodge is this: you watch everybody,
and be always in the fields, and always work one parish till you knows
every hare in un, and always work by yourself and don’t have no mates.”

There were several other curious characters whom we frequently saw at
work. The mouchers were about all the year round, and seemed to live
in, or by the hedges, as much as the mice. These men probably see more
than the most careful observer, without giving it a thought.

In January the ice that freezes in the ditches appears of a dark
colour, because it lies without intervening water on the dead brown
leaves. Their tint shows through the translucent crystal, but near the
edge of the ice three white lines or bands run round. If by any chance
the ice gets broken or upturned, these white bands are seen to be
caused by flanges projecting from the under surface, almost like
stands. They are sometimes connected in such a way that the parallel
flanges appear like the letter “h” with the two down-strokes much
prolonged. In the morning the chalky rubble brought from the pits upon
the Downs and used for mending gateways leading into the fields
glistens brightly. Upon the surface of each piece of rubble there
adheres a thin coating of ice: if this be lightly struck it falls off,
and with it a flake of the chalk. As it melts, too, the chalk splits
and crumbles; and thus in an ordinary gateway the same process may be
seen that disintegrates the most majestic cliff.

The stubbles—those that still remain—are full of linnets, upon which
the mouching fowler preys in the late autumn. And when at the end of
January the occasional sunbeams give some faint hope of spring, he
wanders through the lanes carrying a decoy bird in a darkened cage, and
a few boughs of privet studded with black berries and bound round with
rushes for the convenience of handling.

The female yellow-hammers, whose hues are not so brilliant as those of
the male birds, seem as winter approaches to flock together, and roam
the hedges and stubble fields in bevies. Where loads of corn have
passed through gates the bushes often catch some straws, and the tops
of the gateposts, being decayed and ragged, hold others. These are
neglected while the seeds among the stubble, the charlock, and the
autumn dandelion are plentiful and while the ears left by the gleaners
may still be found. But in the shadowless winter days, hard and cold,
each scattered straw is sought for.

A few days before the new year [1879] opened I saw a yellow-hammer
attacking, in a very ingenious manner, a straw that hung pendent, the
ear downwards, from the post of a windy gateway. She fluttered up from
the ground, clung to the ear, and outspread her wings, keeping them
rigid. The draught acted on the wings, just as the breeze does on a
paper kite, and there the bird remained supported without an effort
while the ear was picked. Now and then the balance was lost, but she
was soon up again, and again used the wind to maintain her position.
The brilliant cockbirds return in the early spring, or at least appear
to do so, for the habits of birds are sometimes quite local.

It is probable that in severe and continued frost many hedgehogs die.
On January 19 [1879], in the midst of the sharp weather, a hedgehog
came to the door opening on the garden at night, and was taken in.
Though carefully tended, the poor creature died next day: it was so
weak it could scarcely roll itself into a ball. As the vital heat
declined the fleas deserted their host and issued from among the
spines. In February, unless it be a mild season, the mounds are still
bare; and then under the bushes the ground may be sometimes seen strewn
with bulbous roots, apparently of the blue-bell, lying thickly together
and entirely exposed.

The moucher now carries a bill-hook, and as he shambles along the road
keeps a sharp look-out for briars. When he sees one the roots of which
are not difficult to get at, and whose tall upright stem is green—if
dark it is too old—he hacks it off with as much of the root as
possible. The lesser branches are cut, and the stem generally trimmed;
it is then sold to the gardeners as the stock on which to graft
standard roses. In a few hours as he travels he will get together quite
a bundle of such briars. He also collects moss, which is sold for the
purpose of placing in flowerpots to hide the earth. The moss preferred
is that growing on and round stoles.

The melting of the snow and the rains in February cause the ditches to
overflow and form shallow pools in the level meadows. Into these
sometimes the rooks wade as far as the length of their legs allows
them, till the discoloured yellow water almost touches the lower part
of the breast. The moucher searches for small shell snails, of which
quantities are sold as food for cage birds, and cuts small “turfs” a
few inches square from the green by the roadside. These are in great
request for larks, especially at this time of the year, when they begin
to sing with all their might.

Large flocks of woodpigeons are now in every field where the tender
swede and turnip tops are sprouting green and succulent. These “tops”
are the moucher’s first great crop of the year. The time that they
appear varies with the weather: in a mild winter some may be found
early in January; if the frost has been severe there may be none till
March. These the moucher gathers by stealth; he speedily fills a sack,
and goes off with it to the nearest town. Turnip tops are much more in
demand now than formerly, and the stealing of them a more serious
matter. This trade lasts some time, till the tops become too large and
garden greens take their place.

In going to and fro the fields the moucher searches the banks and digs
out primrose “mars,” and ferns with the root attached, which he hawks
from door to door in the town. He also gathers quantities of spring
flowers, as violets. This spring [1879], owing to the severity of the
season, there were practically none to gather, and when the weather
moderated the garden flowers preceded those of the hedge. Till the 10th
of March not a spot of colour was to be seen. About that time bright
yellow flowers appeared suddenly on the clayey banks and waste places,
and among the hard clay lumps of fields ploughed but not sown.

The brilliant yellow formed a striking contrast to the dull brown of
the clods, there being no green leaf to moderate the extremes of tint.
These were the blossoms of the coltsfoot, that sends up a stalk
surrounded with faintly rosy scales. Several such stalks often spring
from a single clod: lift the heavy clod, and you have half a dozen
flowers, a whole bunch, without a single leaf. Usually the young
grasses and the seed-leaves of plants have risen up and supply a
general green; but this year the coltsfoot bloomed unsupported,
studding the dark ground with gold.

Now the frogs are busy, and the land lizards come forth. Even these the
moucher sometimes captures; for there is nothing so strange but that
some one selects it for a pet. The mad March hares scamper about in
broad daylight over the corn, whose pale green blades rise in straight
lines a few inches above the soil. They are chasing their skittish
loves, instead of soberly dreaming the day away in a bunch of grass.
The ploughman walks in the furrow his share has made, and presently
stops to measure the “lands” with the spud. His horses halt dead in the
tenth of a second at the sound of his voice, glad to rest for a minute
from their toil. Work there is in plenty now, for stone-picking,
hoeing, and other matters must be attended to; but the moucher lounges
in the road decoying chaffinches, or perhaps earns a shilling by
driving some dealer’s cattle home from fair and market.

By April his second great crop is ready—the watercress; the precise
time of course varies very much, and at first the quantities are small.
The hedges are now fast putting on the robe of green that gradually
hides the wreck of last year’s growth. The withered head of the teazle,
black from the rain, falls and disappears. Great burdock stems lie
prostrate. Thick and hard as they are while the sap is still in them,
in winter the wet ground rots the lower part till the blast overthrows
the stalk. The hollow “gicks” too, that lately stood almost to the
shoulder, is down, or slanting, temporarily supported by some branch.
Just between the root and the stalk it has decayed till nothing but a
narrow strip connects the dry upper part with the earth. The moucher
sells the nests and eggs of small birds to townsfolk who cannot
themselves wander among the fields, but who love to see something that
reminds them of the green meadows.

As the season advances and the summer comes he gathers vast quantities
of dandelion leaves, parsley, sowthistle, clover, and so forth, as food
for the tame rabbits kept in towns. If his haunt be not far from a
river, he spends hours collecting bait—worm and grub and fly—for the
boatmen, who sell them again to the anglers.

Again there is work in the meadows—the haymaking is about, and the
farmers are anxious for men. But the moucher passes by and looks for
quaking grass, bunches of which have a ready sale. Fledgeling
goldfinches and linnets, young rabbits, young squirrels, even the nest
of the harvest-trow mouse, and occasionally a snake, bring him in a
little money. He picks the forget-me-nots from the streams and the
“blue-bottle” from the corn: bunches of the latter are sometimes sold
in London at a price that seems extravagant to those who have seen
whole fields tinted with its beautiful azure. By-and-by the golden
wheat calls for an army of workers; but the moucher passes on and
gathers groundsel.

Then come the mushrooms: he knows the best places, and soon fills a
basket full of “buttons” picking them very early in the morning. These
are then put in “punnets” by the greengrocers and retailed at a high
price. Later the blackberries ripen and form his third great crop; the
quantity he brings in to the town is astonishing, and still there is
always a customer. The blackberry harvest lasts for several weeks, as
the berries do not all ripen at once, but successively, and is
supplemented by elderberries and sloes. The moucher sometimes sleeps on
the heaps of disused tan in a tanyard; tanyards are generally on the
banks of small rivers. The tan is said to possess the property of
preserving those who sleep on it from chills and cold, though they may
lie quite exposed to the weather.

There is generally at least one such a man as this about the outskirts
of market towns, and he is an “original” best defined by negatives. He
is not a tramp, for he never enters the casual wards and never
begs—that is, of strangers; though there are certain farmhouses where
he calls once now and then and gets a slice of bread and cheese and a
pint of ale. He brings to the farmhouse a duck’s egg that has been
dropped in the brook by some negligent bird, or carries intelligence of
the nest made by some roaming goose in a distant withy-bed. Or once,
perhaps, he found a sheep on its back in a narrow furrow, unable to get
up and likely to die if not assisted, and by helping the animal to gain
its legs earned a title to the owner’s gratitude.

He is not a thief; apples and plums and so on are quite safe, though
the turnip-tops are not: there is a subtle casuistry involved here—the
distinction between the quasi-wild and the garden product. He is not a
poacher in the sense of entering coverts, or even snaring a rabbit. If
the pheasants are so numerous and so tame that passing carters have to
whip them out of the way of the horses, it is hardly wonderful if one
should disappear now and then. Nor is he like the Running Jack that
used to accompany the more famous packs of fox-hounds, opening gates,
holding horses, and a hundred other little services, and who kept up
with the hunt by sheer fleetness of foot.

Yet he is fleet of foot in his way, though never seen to run; he _pads_
along on naked feet like an animal, never straightening the leg, but
always keeping the knee a little bent. With a basket of watercress
slung at his back by a piece of tar-cord, he travels rapidly in this
way; his feet go “pad, pad” on the thick white dust, and he easily
overtakes a good walker and keeps up the pace for miles without
exertion. The watercress is a great staple, because it lasts for so
many months. Seeing the nimble way in which he gathers it, thrusting
aside the brook-lime, breaking off the coarser sprays, snipping away
pieces of root, sorting and washing, and thinking of the amount of work
to be got through before a shilling is earned, one would imagine that
the slow, idling life of the labourer, with his regular wages, would be
far more enticing.

Near the stream the ground is perhaps peaty: little black pools appear
between tufts of grass, some of them streaked with a reddish or
yellowish slime that glistens on the surface of the dark water; and as
you step there is a hissing sound as the spongy earth yields, and a
tiny spout is forced forth several yards distant. Some of the drier
part of the soil the moucher takes to sell for use in gardens and
flower-pots as peat.

The years roll on, and he grows old. But no feebleness of body or mind
can induce him to enter the workhouse; he cannot quit his old haunts.
Let it rain or sleet, or let the furious gale drive broken boughs
across the road, he still sleeps in some shed or under a straw-rick. In
sheer pity he is committed every now and then to prison for
vagabondage—not for punishment, but in order to save him from himself.
It is in vain: the moment he is out he returns to his habits. All he
wants is a little beer—he is not a drunkard—and a little tobacco, and
the hedges. Some chilly evening, as the shadows thicken, he shambles
out of the town, and seeks the limekiln in the ploughed field, where,
the substratum being limestone, the farmer burns it. Near the top of
the kiln the ground is warm; there he reclines and sleeps.

The night goes on. Out from the broken blocks of stone now and again
there rises a lambent flame, to shine like a meteor for a moment and
then disappear. The rain falls. The moucher moves uneasily in his
sleep; instinctively he rolls or crawls towards the warmth, and
presently lies extended on the top of the kiln. The wings of the
water-fowl hurtle in the air as they go over; by-and-by the heron
utters his loud call.

Very early in the morning the quarryman comes to tend his fire, and
starts to see on the now redhot and glowing stones, sunk below the rim,
the presentment of a skeleton formed of the purest white ashes—a
ghastly spectacle in the grey of the dawn, as the mist rises and the
peewit plaintively whistles over the marshy meadow.




CHAPTER VIII
CHURCHYARD PHEASANTS: BEFORE THE BENCH


The tower of the church at Essant Hill was so low that it scarcely
seemed to rise above the maples in the hedges. It could not be seen
until the last stile in the footpath across the meadows was passed.
Church and tower then came into view together on the opposite side of a
large open field. A few aged hawthorn trees dotted the sward, and
beyond the church the outskirts of a wood were visible, but no
dwellings could be seen. Upon a second and more careful glance,
however, the chimney of a cottage appeared above a hedge, so covered
with ivy as hardly to be separated from the green of the boughs.

There were houses of course somewhere in Essant, but they were so
scattered that a stranger might doubt the existence of the village. A
few farmsteads long distances apart, and some cottages standing in
green lanes and at the corners of the fields, were nearly all; there
was nothing resembling a “street”—not so much as a row. The church was
in effect the village, and the church was simply the mausoleum of the
Dessant family, the owners of the place. Essant Hill as a name had been
rather a problem to the archæologists, there being no hill: the ground
was quite level. The explanation at last admitted was that Essant Hill
was a corruption of D’Essantville.

It seemed probable that the population had greatly diminished; because,
although the church was of great antiquity, there was space still for
interments in the yard. A yew tree of immense size stood in one corner,
and was by tradition associated with the fortunes of the family. Though
the old trunk was much decayed, yet there were still green and
flourishing shoots; so that the superstitious elders said the luck of
the house was returning.

Within, the walls of the church were covered with marble slabs, and the
space was reduced by the tombs of the Dessants, one with a recumbent
figure; there were two brasses level with the pavement, and in the
chancel hung the faded hatchments of the dead. For the pedigree went
back to the Battle of Hastings, and there was scarce room for more
heraldry. From week’s end to week’s end the silent nave and aisles
remained empty; the chirp of the sparrows was the only sound to be
heard there. There being no house attached to the living, the holder
could not reside; so the old church slumbered in the midst of the
meadows, the hedges, and woods, day after day, year after year.

You could sit on the low churchyard wall in early summer under the
shade of the elms in the hedge, whose bushes and briars came right
over, and listen to the whistling of the blackbirds or the varied note
of the thrush; you might see the whitethroat rise and sing just over
the hedge, or look upwards and watch the swallows and swifts wheeling,
wheeling, wheeling in the sky. No one would pass to disturb your
meditations, whether simply dreaming of nothing in the genial summer
warmth, or thinking over the course of history since the prows of the
Norman ships grounded on the beach. If we suppose the time, instead of
June, to be August or September, there would not even be the singing of
the birds. But as you sat on the wall, by-and-by the pheasants, tame as
chickens, would come up the hedge and over into the churchyard.

Leaving the church to stroll by the footpath across the meadow towards
the wood, at the first gateway half-a-dozen more pheasants scatter
aside, just far enough to let you pass. In the short dusty lane more
pheasants; and again at the edge of the cornfield. None of these show
any signs of alarm, and only move just far enough to avoid being
trodden on. Approaching the wood there are yet more pheasants,
especially near the fir plantations that come up to the keeper’s
cottage and form one side of the enclosure of his garden. The pheasants
come up to the door to pick up what they can—not long since they were
fed there—and then wander away between the slender fir trunks, and
beyond them out into the fields.

The path leads presently into a beautiful park, the only defect of
which is that it is without undulation. It is quite level; but still
the clumps of noble timber are pleasant to gaze upon. In one spot there
still stands the grey wall and buttress of some ancient building,
doubtless the relic of an ecclesiastical foundation. The present
mansion is not far distant; it is of large size, but lacks elegance.
Inside, nothing that modern skill can supply to render a residence
comfortable, convenient, and (as art is understood in furniture)
artistic has been neglected.

Behind the fir plantations there is an extensive range of stabling,
recently erected, with all the latest improvements. A telegraph wire
connects the house with the stable, so that carriage or horse may be
instantly summoned. Another wire has been carried to the nearest
junction with the general telegraphic system; so that the resident in
this retired spot may communicate his wishes without a moment’s delay
to any part of the world.

In the gardens and pleasure-grounds near the house all manner of
ornamental shrubs are planted. There are conservatories, vineries,
pineries; all the refinements of horticulture. The pheasants stray
about the gravel walks and across the close-mown lawn where no daisy
dares to lift its head. Yet, with all this precision of luxury, one
thing is lacking—_the_ one thing, the keystone of English country
life—_i.e._ a master whose heart is in the land.

The estate is in process of “nursing” for a minor. The revenues had
become practically sequestrated to a considerable extent in consequence
of careless living when the minor nominally succeeded. It happened that
the steward appointed was not only a lawyer of keen intelligence, but a
conscientious man. He did his duty thoroughly. Every penny was got out
of the estate that could be got, and every penny was saved.

First, the rents were raised to the modern standard, many of them not
having been increased for years. Then the tenants were in effect
ordered to farm to the highest pitch, and to improve the soil itself by
liberal investment. Buildings, drains, and so forth were provided for
them; they only had to pay a small percentage upon the money expended
in construction. In this there was nothing that could be complained of;
but the hard, mechanical, unbending spirit in which it was done—the
absence of all kind of sympathy—caused a certain amount of discontent.
The steward next proceeded to turn the mansion, the park, home farm,
and preserves into revenue.

Everything was prepared to attract the wealthy man who wanted the
temporary use of a good country house, first-class shooting and
hunting. He succeeded in doing what few gentlemen have accomplished: he
made the pheasants pay. One reason, of course, was that gentlemen have
expenses outside and beyond breeding and keeping: the shooting party
itself is expensive; whereas here the shooting party paid hard cash for
their amusement. The steward had no knowledge of pheasants; but he had
a wide experience of one side of human nature, and he understood
accounts.

The keepers were checked by figures at every turn, finding it
impossible to elude the businesslike arrangements that were made. In
revenue the result was highly successful. The mansion with the
first-class shooting, hunting, and lovely woodlands—every modern
convenience and comfort in the midst of the most rural scenery—let at a
high price to good tenants. There was an income from what had
previously been profitless. Under this shrewd management the estate was
fast recovering.

At the same time the whole parish groaned in spirit. The farmers
grumbled at the moral pressure which forced them to progress in spite
of themselves. They grumbled at the strange people who took up their
residence in their midst and suddenly claimed all the loyalty which was
the due of the old family. These people hunted over their fields,
jumped over the hedges, glanced at them superciliously, and seemed
astonished if every hat was not raised when they came in sight. The
farmers felt that they were regarded as ignorant barbarians, and
resented the town-bred insolence of people who aped the country
gentleman.

They grumbled about the over-preservation of game, and they grumbled
about the rabbits. The hunt had its grumble too because some of the
finest coverts were closed to the hounds, and because they wanted to
know what became of the foxes that formerly lived in those coverts.
Here was a beautiful place—a place that one might dream life away
in—filled with all manner of discontent.

Everything was done with the best intention. But the keystone was
wanting—the landlord, the master, who had grown up in the traditions of
the spot, and between whom and the people there would have been, even
despite of grievances, a certain amount of sympathy. So true is it that
in England, under the existing system of land tenure, an estate cannot
be worked like the machinery of a factory.

At first, when the pheasant-preserving began to reach such a height,
there was a great deal of poaching by the resident labourers. The
temptation was thrust so closely before their faces they could not
resist it. When pheasants came wandering into the cottage gardens, and
could even be enticed into the sheds and so secured by simply shutting
the door, men who would not have gone out of their way to poach were
led to commit themselves.

There followed a succession of prosecutions and fines, till the place
began to get a reputation for that sort of thing. It was at last
intimated to the steward by certain gentlemen that this course of
prosecution was extremely injudicious. For it is a fact—a fact
carefully ignored sometimes—that resident gentlemen object to
prosecutions, and, so far from being anxious to fine or imprison
poachers, would very much rather not. The steward took the hint, and
instead increased his watchers. But by this time the novelty of
pheasants roaming about like fowls had begun to wear off, and their
services were hardly needed. Men went by pheasants with as much
indifference as they would pass a tame duck by the roadside.

Such poachers as visited the woods came from a distance. Two determined
raids were carried out by strangers, who escaped. Every now and then
wires were found that had been abandoned, but the poaching ceased to be
more than is usual on most properties. So far as the inhabitants of the
parish were concerned it almost ceased altogether; but every now and
then the strollers, gipsies, and similar characters carried off a
pheasant or a hare, or half a dozen rabbits. These offenders when
detected were usually charged before the Bench at a market town not
many miles distant. Let us follow one there.

The little town of L——, which has not even a branch railway, mainly
consists of a long street. In one part this street widens out, so that
the houses are some forty yards or more apart, and it then again
contracts. This irregularly shaped opening is the market-place, and
here in the centre stands a rude-looking building. It is supported upon
thick short pillars, and was perhaps preceded by a wooden structure.
Under these pillars there is usually a shabby chaise or two run in for
cover, and the spot is the general rendezvous of all the dogs in the
town.

This morning there are a few loafers hanging round the place; and the
tame town pigeons have fluttered down, and walk with nodding heads
almost up to them. These pigeons always come to the edge of a group of
people, mindful of the stray grain and peas that fall from the hands of
farmers and dealers examining samples on market days. Presently, two
constables come across carrying a heavy, clumsy box between them. They
unlock a door, and take the box upstairs into the hall over the
pillars. After them saunters a seedy man, evidently a clerk, with a
rusty black bag; and after him again—for the magistrates’ Clerk’s clerk
must have _his_ clerk—a boy with some leather-bound books.

Some of the loafers touch their hats as a gentleman—a magistrate—rides
up the street. But although the church clock is striking the hour fixed
for the sessions to begin he does not come over to the hall upon
dismounting in the inn-yard, but quietly strolls away to transact some
business with the wine-merchant or the saddler. There really is not the
least hurry. The Clerk stands in the inn porch calmly enjoying the
September sunshine, and chatting with the landlord. Two or three more
magistrates drive up; presently the chairman strolls over on foot from
his house, which is almost in the town, to the inn, and joins in the
pleasant gossip going on there, of course in a private apartment.

Up in the justice-room the seedy Clerk’s clerk is leaning out of the
window and conversing with a man below who has come along with a
barrow-load of vegetables from his allotment. Some boys are spinning
tops under the pillars. On the stone steps that lead up to the hall a
young mother sits nursing her infant; she is waiting to “swear” the
child. In the room itself several gipsy-looking men and women lounge in
a corner. At one end is a broad table and some comfortable chairs
behind it. In front of each chair, on the table, two sheets of clean
foolscap have been placed on a sheet of blotting-paper. These and a
variety of printed forms were taken from the clumsy box that is now
open.

At last there is a slight stir as a group is seen to emerge from the
inn, and the magistrates take their seats. An elderly man who sits by
the chair cocks his felt hat on the back of his head: the clerical
magistrate very tenderly places his beaver in safety on the broad
mantelpiece, that no irreverent sleeve may ruffle its gloss: several
others who rarely do more than nod assent range themselves on the
flanks; one younger man who looks as if he understood horses pulls out
his toothpick. The chairman, stout and gouty, seizes a quill and
sternly looks over the list of cases.

Half a dozen summonses for non-payment of rates come first; then a
dispute between a farmer and his man. After this the young mother
“swears” her child; and, indeed, there is some very hard swearing here
on both sides. A wrangle between two women—neighbours—who accuse each
other of assault, and scream and chatter their loudest, comes next.
Before they decide it, the Bench retire, and are absent a long time.

By degrees a buzz arises, till the justice-room is as noisy as a
market. Suddenly the door of the private room opens, and the Clerk
comes out; instantly the buzz subsides, and in the silence those who
are nearest catch something about the odds and the St. Leger, and an
anything but magisterial roar of laughter. The chairman appears,
rigidly compressing his features, and begins to deliver his sentence
before he can sit down, but the solemn effect is much marred by the
passing of a steam ploughing engine. The audience, too, tend away
towards the windows to see whose engine it is.

“Silence!” cries the Clerk, who has himself been looking out of window;
the shuffling of feet ceases, and it is found that after this long
consultation the Bench have dismissed both charges. The next case on
the list is poaching; and at the call of his name one of the
gipsy-looking men advances, and is ordered to stand before that part of
the table which by consent represents the bar.

“Oby Bottleton,” says the Clerk, half reading, half extemporizing, and
shuffling his papers to conceal certain slips of technicality; “you are
charged with trespassing in pursuit of game at Essant Hill—that you did
use a wire on the estate—on land in the occupation of Johnson.”—“It’s a
lie!” cries a good-looking, dark-complexioned woman, who has come up
behind the defendant (the whilome navvy), and carries a child so
wrapped in a shawl as to be invisible. “Silence! or you’ll have to go
outside the court. Mr. Dalton Dessant will leave the Bench during the
hearing of this case.” Mr. Dalton Dessant, one of the silent
magistrates already alluded to, bows to the chairman, and wriggles his
chair back about two feet from the table. There he gazes at the
ceiling. He is one of the trustees of the Essant Hill property; and the
Bench are very careful to consult public opinion in L—— borough.

The first witness is an assistant keeper: the head keeper stands behind
him—a fine man, still upright and hearty-looking, but evidently at the
beginning of the vale of years; he holds his hat in his hand; the
sunlight falls through the casement on his worn velveteen jacket. The
assistant, with the aid of a few questions from the Clerk, gives his
evidence very clear and fairly. “I saw the defendant’s van go down the
lane,” he says:

“It bean’t my van,” interrupts the defendant; “it’s my brother’s.”

“You’ll have an opportunity of speaking presently,” says the Clerk. “Go
on” (to the witness).

“After the van went down the lane, it stopped by the highway-road, and
the horse was taken out. The women left the van with baskets, and went
towards the village.”

“Yes, yes; come to the point. Did you hide yourself by order of the
head keeper?”

“I did—in the nutwood hedge by Three Corner Piece; after a bit I saw
the defendant.”

“Had you any reason for watching there?”

“There was a wire and a rabbit in it.”

“Well, what happened?”

“I waited a long time, and presently the defendant got over the gate.
He was very particular not to step on the soft mud by the gate—he kind
of leaped over it, not to leave the mark of his boots. He had a lurcher
with him, and I was afraid the dog would scent me in the hedge.”

“You rascal!” (from the defendant’s wife).

“But he didn’t, and, after looking carefully round, the defendant
picked up the rabbit, and put it and the wire in his pocket.”

“What did you do then?”

“I got out of the hedge and came towards him. Directly he saw me he ran
across the field; I whistled as loud as I could, and he” (jerking a
thumb back towards the head keeper) “came out of the firs into the lane
and stopped him. We found the wire and the rabbit in his pocket, and
two more wires. I produce the wires.”

This was the sum of the evidence; the head keeper simply confirmed the
latter part of it. Oby replied that it was all false from beginning to
end. He had not got corduroy trousers on that day, as stated. He was
not there at all: he was in the village, and he could call witnesses to
prove it. The Clerk reminded the audience that there was such a thing
as imprisonment for perjury.

Then the defendant turned savagely on the first witness, and admitted
the truth of his statement by asking what he said when collared in the
lane. “You said you had had a good lot lately, and didn’t care if you
was nailed this time.”

“Oh, what awful lies!” cried the wife. “It’s a wonder you don’t fall
dead!”

“You were not there,” the Clerk remarked quietly. “Now, Oby, what is
your defence? Have you got any witnesses?”

“No; I ain’t got no witnesses. All as I did, I know I walked up the
hedge to look for mushrooms. I saw one of them things”—meaning the
wires on the table—“and I just stooped down to see what it was, ’cos I
didn’t know. I never seed one afore; and I was just going to pick it up
and look at it” (the magistrates glance at each other, and cannot
suppress a smile at this profound innocence), “when this fellow jumped
out and frightened me. I never seed no rabbit.”

“Why, you put the rabbit in your pocket,” interrupts the first witness.

“Never mind,” said the Clerk to the witness; “let him go on.”

“That’s all as I got to say,” continues the defendant. “I never seed no
such things afore; and if he hadn’t come I should have put it down
again.”

“But you were trespassing,” said the Clerk.

“I didn’t know it. There wasn’t no notice-board.”

“Now, Oby,” cried the head keeper, “you know you’ve been along that
lane this ten years.”

“That will do” (from the chairman); “is there any more evidence?”

As none was forthcoming, the Bench turned a little aside and spoke in
low tones. The defendant’s wife immediately set up a sobbing, varied
occasionally by a shriek; the infant woke up and cried, and two or
three women of the same party behind began to talk in excited tones
about “Shame.” The sentence was 2_l_. and costs—an announcement that
caused a perfect storm of howling and crying.

The defendant put his hands in his pockets with the complacent
expression of a martyr. “I must go to gaol a’ spose; none of ourn ever
went thur afore: a’ spose _I_ must go.” “Come,” said the Clerk, “why,
you or your brother bought a piece of land and a cottage not long
ago,”—then to the Bench, “They’re not real gipsies: he is a grandson of
old Bottleton who had the tollgate; you recollect, Sir.”

But the defendant declares he has no money; his friends shake their
heads gloomily; and amid the shrieking of his wife and the crying of
the child he is removed in the custody of two constables, to be
presently conveyed to gaol. With ferocious glances at the Bench, as if
they would like to tear the chairman’s eyes out, the women leave the
court.

“Next case,” calls the Clerk. The court sits about two hours longer,
having taken some five hours to get through six cases. Just as the
chairman rises the poacher’s wife returns to the table, without her
child, angrily pulls out a dirty canvas bag, and throws down three or
four sovereigns before the seedy Clerk’s clerk. The canvas bag is
evidently half-full of money—the gleam of silver and gold is visible
within it. The Bench stay to note this proceeding with an amused
expression on their features. The woman looks at them as bold as brass,
and stalks off with her man.

Half an hour afterwards, two of the magistrates riding away from the
town pass a small tavern on the outskirts. A travelling van is outside,
and from the chimney on its roof thin smoke arises. There is a little
group at the doorway, and among them stands the late prisoner. Oby
holds a foaming tankard in one hand, and touches his battered hat, as
the magistrates go by, with a gesture of sly humility.




CHAPTER IX
LUKE, THE RABBIT CONTRACTOR: THE BROOK-PATH


The waggon-track leading to the Upper Woods almost always presented
something of interest, and often of beauty. The solitude of the place
seemed to have attracted flowers and ferns as well as wild animals and
birds. For though flowers have no power of motion, yet seeds have a
negative choice and lie dormant where they do not find a kindly
welcome. But those carried hither by the birds or winds took root and
flourished, secure from the rude ploughshare or the sharp scythe.

The slow rumble of waggon-wheels seldom disturbed the dreamy silence,
or interrupted the song of the birds; so seldom that large docks and
thistles grew calmly beside the ruts untouched by hoofs. From the thick
hedges on either side trailing brambles and briars stretched far out,
and here and there was a fallen branch, broken off by the winds, whose
leaves had turned brown and withered while all else was green. Round
sarsen stones had been laid down in the marshy places to form a firm
road, but the turf had long since covered most of them. Where the
smooth brown surfaces did project mosses had lined the base, and rushes
leaned over and hid the rest.

In the ditches, under the shade of the brambles, the hart’s-tongue fern
extended its long blade of dark glossy green. By the decaying stoles
the hardy fern flourished, under the trees on the mounds the lady fern
could be found, and farther up nearer the wood the tall brake almost
supplanted the bushes. Oak and ash boughs reached across: in the ash
the wood-pigeons lingered. Every now and then the bright colours of the
green woodpeckers flashed to and fro their nest in a tree hard by. They
would not have chosen it had not the place been nearly as quiet as the
wood itself.

Blackthorn bushes jealously encroached on the narrow stile that entered
the lane from a meadow—a mere rail thrust across a gap. The gates, set
in deep recesses—short lanes themselves cut through the mounds—were
rotten and decayed, so as to scarcely hold together, and not to be
moved without care. Hawthorn branches on each side pushed forward and
lessened the opening; on the ground, where the gateposts had rotted
nearly off, fungi came up in thick bunches.

The little meadows to which they led were rich in oaks, growing on the
“shore” of the ditches, tree after tree. The grass in them was not
plentiful, but the flowers were many; in the spring the orchis sent up
its beautiful purple, and in the heat of summer the bird’s-foot lotus
flourished in the sunny places. Farther up, nearer the wood, the lane
became hollow—worn down between high banks, at first clothed with fern,
and then, as the hill got steeper, with fir trees.

Where firs are tall and thick together the sunbeams that fall aslant
between them seem to be made more visible than under other trees, by
the motes or wood dust in the air. Still farther the banks became even
steeper, till nothing but scanty ash stoles could grow upon them, the
fir plantations skirting along the summit. Then suddenly, at a turn,
the ground sank into a deep hollow, where in spring the eye rested with
relief and pleasure on the tops of young firs, acre after acre, just
freshly tinted with the most delicate green. From thence the track went
into the wood.

By day all through the summer months there was always something to be
seen in the lane—a squirrel, a stoat; always a song-bird to listen to,
a flower or fern to gather. By night the goatsucker visited it, and the
bat, and the white owl gliding down the slope. In winter when the
clouds hung low the darkness in the hollow between the high banks,
where the light was shut out by the fir trees, was like that of a
cavern. It was then that night after night a strange procession wended
down it.

First came an old man, walking stiffly—not so much from age as
rheumatism—and helping his unsteady steps on the slippery sarsen stones
with a stout ground-ash staff. Behind him followed a younger man, and
in the rear a boy. Sometimes there was an extra assistant, making four;
sometimes there was only the old man and one companion. Each had a long
and strong ash stick across his shoulder, on which a load of rabbits
was slung, an equal number in front and behind, to balance. The old
fellow, who was dressed shabbily even for a labourer, was the
contractor for the rabbits shot or ferreted in these woods.

He took the whole number at a certain fixed price all round, and made
what he could out of them. Every evening in the season he went to the
woods to fetch those that had been captured during the day, conveying
them to his cottage on the outskirts of the village. From thence they
went by carrier’s cart to the railway. Old Luke’s books, such as they
were, were quite beyond the understanding of any one but himself and
his wife; nor could even they themselves tell you exactly how many
dozen he purchased in the year. But in his cups the wicked old
hypocrite had often been known to boast that he paid the lord of the
manor as much money as the rent of a small farm.

One of Luke’s eyes was closed with a kind of watery rheum, and was
never opened except when he thought a rabbit was about to jump into a
net. The other was but half open, and so overhung with a thick grey
eyebrow as to be barely visible. His cheeks were the hue of clay, his
chin scrubby, and a lanky black forelock depended over one temple. A
battered felt hat, a ragged discoloured slop, and corduroys stained
with the clay of the banks completed his squalid costume.

A more miserable object or one apparently more deserving of pity it
would be hard to imagine. To see him crawl with slow and feeble steps
across the fields in winter, gradually working his way in the teeth of
a driving rain, was enough to arouse compassion in the hardest heart:
there was something so utterly woebegone in his whole aspect—so
weather-beaten, as if he had been rained upon ever since childhood. He
seemed humbled to the ground—crushed and spiritless.

Now and then Luke was employed by some of the farmers to do their
ferreting for them and to catch the rabbits in the banks by the
roadside. More than once benevolent people driving by in their cosy
cushioned carriages, and seeing this lonely wretch in the bitter wind
watching a rabbit’s hole as if he were a dog well beaten and thrashed,
had been known to stop and call the poor old fellow to the carriage
door. Then Luke would lay his hand on his knee, shake his head, and
sorrowfully state his pains and miseries: “Aw, I be ter-rable bad, I
be,” he would say; “I be most terrable bad: I can’t but just drag my
leg out of this yer ditch. It be a dull job, bless ’ee, this yer.” The
tone, the look of the man, the dreary winter landscape all so
thoroughly agreed together that a few small silver coins would drop
into his hand, and Luke, with a deep groaning sigh of thankfulness,
would bow and scrape and go back to his “dull job.”

Luke, indeed, somehow or other was always in favour with the “quality.”
He was as firmly fixed in his business as if he had been the most
clever courtier. It was not of the least use for any one else to offer
to take the rabbits, even if they would give more money. No, Luke was
the trusty man; Luke, and nobody else, was worthy. So he grovelled on
from year to year, blinking about the place. When some tenant found a
gin in the turnip field, or a wire by the clover, and quietly waited
till Luke came fumbling by and picked up the hare or rabbit, it did not
make the slightest difference though he went straight to the keeper and
made a formal statement.

Luke had an answer always ready: he had not set the wire, but had
stumbled on it unawares, and was going to take it to the keeper; or he
had noticed a colony of rats about, and had put the gin for them. Now,
the same excuse might have been made by any other poacher; the
difference lay in this—that Luke was believed. At all events, such
little trifles were forgotten, and Luke went on as before. He did a
good deal of the ferreting in the hedges outside the woods himself: if
he took home three dozen from the mound and only paid for two dozen,
that scarcely concerned the world at large.

If in coming down the dark and slippery lane at night somebody with a
heavy sack stepped out from the shadow at the stile, and if the
contents of the sack were rapidly transferred to the shoulder-sticks,
or the bag itself bodily taken along—why, there was nobody there to
see. As for the young man and the boy who helped, those discreet
persons had always a rabbit for their own pot, or even for a friend;
and indeed it was often remarked that old Luke could always get plenty
of men to work for him. No one ever hinted at searching the dirty shed
at the side of his cottage that was always locked by day, or looking
inside the disused oven that it covered. But if fur or feathers had
been found there, was not he the contractor? And clearly if a pheasant
_was_ there he could not be held responsible for the unauthorised acts
of his assistants.

The truth was that Luke was the most thorough-paced poacher in the
place—or, rather, he was a wholesale receiver. His success lay in
making it pleasant for everybody all round. It was pleasant for the
keeper, who could always dispose of a few hares or pheasants if he
wanted a little money. The keeper, in ways known to himself, made it
pleasant for the bailiff. It was equally pleasant for the
under-keepers, who had what they wanted (in reason), and enjoyed a
little by-play on their own account. It was pleasant for his men; and
it was pleasant—specially pleasant—at a little wayside inn kept by
Luke’s nephew, and, as was believed, with Luke’s money. Everybody
concerned in the business could always procure refreshment there,
including the policeman.

There was only one class of persons whom Luke could not conciliate; and
they were the tenants. These very inconsiderate folk argued that it was
the keepers’ and Luke’s interest to maintain a very large stock of
rabbits, which meant great inroads on their crops. There seemed to be
even something like truth in their complaints; and once or twice the
more independent carried their grievances to headquarters so
effectually as to elicit an order for the destruction of the rabbits
forthwith on their farms. But of what avail was such an order when the
execution of it was entrusted to Luke himself?

In time the tenants got to put up with Luke; and the wiser of them
turned round and tried to make it still more pleasant for _him_: they
spoke a good word for him; they gave him a quart of ale, and put little
things in his way, such as a chance to buy and sell faggots at a small
profit. Not to be ungrateful, Luke kept their rabbits within reasonable
bounds; and he had this great recommendation—that whether they bullied
him or whether they gave him ale and bread-and-cheese, Luke was always
humble and always touched his hat.

His wife kept a small shop for the sale of the coarser groceries and a
little bacon. He had also rather extensive gardens, from which he sold
quantities of vegetables. It was more than suspected that the carrier’s
cart was really Luke’s—that is, he found the money for horsing it, and
could take possession if he liked. The carrier’s cart took his rabbits,
and the game he purchased of poachers, to the railway, and the
vegetables from the gardens to the customers in town.

At least one cottage besides his own belonged to him; and some would
have it that this was one of the reasons of his success with the
“quality.” The people at the great house, anxious to increase their
influence, wished to buy every cottage and spare piece of land. This
was well known, and many small owners prided themselves upon spiting
the big people at the great house by refusing to sell, or selling to
another person. The great house was believed to have secured the first
“refuse” of Luke’s property, if ever he thought of selling. Luke, in
fact, among the lower classes was looked upon as a capitalist—a miser
with an unknown hoard. The old man used to sit of a winter’s evening,
after he had brought down the rabbits, by the hearth, making
rabbit-nets of twine. Almost everybody who came along the road, home
from the market town, stopped, lifted the latch without knocking, and
looked in to tell the news or hear it. But Luke’s favourite manoeuvre
was to take out his snuff-box, tap it, and offer it to the person
addressing him. This he would do to a farmer, even though it were the
largest tenant of all. For this snuff-box was a present from the lady
at the great house, who took an interest in poor old Luke’s
infirmities, and gave him the snuff-box, a really good piece of
workmanship, well filled with the finest snuff, to console his
wretchedness.

Of this box Luke was as proud as if it had been the insignia of the
Legion of Honour, and never lost an opportunity of showing it to every
one of standing. When the village heard of this kindly present it ran
over in its mind all that it knew about the stile, and the sacks, and
the disused oven. Then the village very quietly shrugged its shoulders,
and though it knew not the word irony, well understood what that term
conveys.

At the foot of the hill on which the Upper Woods were situate there
extended a level tract of meadows with some cornfields. Through these
there flowed a large slow brook, often flooded in winter by the water
rushing down from the higher lands. It was pleasant in the early year
to walk now and then along the footpath that followed the brook, noting
the gradual changes in the hedges.

When the first swallow of the spring wheels over the watery places the
dry sedges of last year still stand as they grew. They are supported by
the bushes beside the meadow ditch where it widens to join the brook,
and the water it brings down from the furrows scarcely moves through
the belt of willow lining the larger stream. As the soft west wind runs
along the hedge it draws a sigh from the dead dry stalks and leaves
that will no more feel the rising sap.

By the wet furrows the ground has still a brownish tint, for there the
floods lingered and discoloured the grass. Near the ditch pointed flags
are springing up, and the thick stems of the marsh marigold. From
bunches of dark green leaves slender stalks arise and bear the golden
petals of the marsh buttercups, the lesser celandine. If the wind blows
cold and rainy they will close, and open again to the sunshine.

At the outside of the withies, where the earth is drier, stand tall
horse-chestnut trees, aspen, and beech. The leaflets of the
horse-chestnut are already opening; but on the ground, half-hidden
under beech leaves not yet decayed, and sycamore leaves reduced to
imperfect grey skeletons, there lies a chestnut shell. It is sodden,
and has lost its original green—the prickles, too, have decayed and
disappeared; yet at a touch it falls apart, and discloses two
chestnuts, still of a rich, deep polished brown.

On the very bank of the brook there grows a beech whose bare boughs
droop over, almost dipping in the water, where it comes with a swift
rush from the narrow arches of a small bridge whose bricks are green
with moss. The current is still slightly turbid, for the floods have
not long subsided, and the soaked meadows and ploughed fields send
their rills to swell the brook and stain it with sand and earth. On the
surface float down twigs and small branches forced from the trees by
the gales: sometimes an entangled mass of aquatic weeds—long, slender
green filaments twisted and matted together—comes more slowly because
heavy and deep in the water.

A little bird comes flitting silently from the willows and perches on
the drooping beech branch. It is a delicate little creature, the breast
of a faint and dull yellowy green, the wings the lightest brown, and
there is a pencilled streak over the eye. The beak is so slender it
scarce seems capable of the work it should do, the legs and feet so
tiny that they are barely visible. Hardly has he perched than the keen
eyes detect a small black speck that has just issued from the arch,
floating fast on the surface of the stream and borne round and round in
a tiny whirlpool.

He darts from the branch, hovers just above the water, and in a second
has seized the black speck and returned to the branch. A moment or two
passes, and again he darts and takes something—this time invisible—from
the water. A third time he hovers, and on this occasion just brushes
the surface. Then, suddenly finding that these movements are watched,
he flits—all too soon—up high into the beech and away into the narrow
copse. The general tint and shape of the bird are those of the willow
wren, but it is difficult to identify the species in so brief a glance
and without hearing its note.

The path now trends somewhat away from the stream and skirts a ploughed
field, where the hedges are cropped close and the elms stripped of the
lesser boughs about the trunks, that the sparrows may not find shelter.
But all the same there are birds here too—one in the thick low hedge,
two or three farther on, another in the ditch perching on the dead
white stems of last year’s plants that can hardly support an ounce
weight, and all calling to each other. It is six marsh tits, as busy as
they can well be.

One rises from the ditch to the trunk of an elm where the thick bark is
green with lichen: he goes up the tree like a woodpecker, and peers
into every crevice. His little beak strikes, peck, peck, at a place
where something is hidden: then he proceeds farther up the trunk: next
he descends a few steps in a sidelong way, and finally hops down some
three inches head foremost, and alights again on the all but
perpendicular bark. But his tail does not touch the tree, and in
another minute down he flies again to the ditch.

A shrill and yet low note that sounds something like “skeek-skeek”
comes from a birch, and another “skeek-skeek” answers from an elm. It
is like the friction of iron against iron without oil on the bearings.
This is the tree-climber calling to his mate. He creeps over the boles
of the birch, and where the larger limbs join the trunk, trailing his
tail along the bark, and clinging so closely that but for the sharp
note he would be passed. Even when that has called attention, the
colour of his back so little differs from the colour of bark that if he
is some height up the tree it is not easy to detect him.

The days go on and the hedges become green—the sun shines, and the
blackbirds whistle in the trees. They leave the hedge, and mount into
the elm or ash to deliver their song; then, after a pause, dive down
again to the bushes. Up from the pale green corn that is yet but a few
inches high rises a little brown bird, mounting till he has attained to
the elevation of the adjacent oak. Then, beginning his song, he extends
his wings, lifts his tail, and gradually descends slanting
forward—slowly, like a parachute—sing, sing, singing all the while till
the little legs, that can be seen against the sky somewhat depending,
touch the earth and the wheat hides him. Still from the clod comes the
finishing bar of his music.

In a short time up he rises again, and this time from the summit of his
flight sinks in a similar manner singing to a branch of the oak. There
he sings again; and, again rising, comes back almost to the same bough
singing as he descends. But he is not alone: from an elm hard by come
the same notes, and from yet another tree they are also repeated. They
cannot rest—now one flits from the topmost bough of an elm to another
topmost bough; now a second comes up from feeding, and cries from the
branches. They are tree-pipits; and though the call is monotonous, yet
it is so cheerful and pleasing that one cannot choose but stay and
listen.

Suddenly, two that have been vigorously calling start forward together
and meet in mid-air. They buffet each other with their wings; their
little beaks fiercely strike; their necks are extended; they manoeuvre
round each other, trying for an advantage. They descend, heedless in
the rage of their tiny hearts, within a few yards of the watcher, and
then in alarm separate. But one flies to the oak branch and defiantly
calls immediately.

Over the meadows comes the distant note of the cuckoo. When he first
calls his voice is short and somewhat rough, but in a few days it gains
power. Then the second syllable has a mellow ring: and as he cries from
the tree, the note, swiftly repeated and echoed by the wood, dwells on
the ear something like the “hum” or vibration of a beautiful bell.

As the hedges become green the ivy leaves turn brown at the edge and
fall; the wild ivy is often curiously variegated. At the foot of the
tree up which it climbs the leaves are five-angled, higher up they lose
the angles and become rounded, though growing on the same plant.
Sometimes they have a grey tint, especially those that trail along the
bank; sometimes the leaves are a reddish brown with pale green ribs.

By the brook now the meadow has become of a rich bright green, the
stream has sunk and is clear, and the sunlight dances on the ripples.
The grasses at the edge—the turf—curl over and begin to grow down the
steep side that a little while since was washed by the current. Where
there is a ledge of mud and sand the yellow wagtail runs; he stands on
a stone and jerks his tail.

The ploughed field that comes down almost to the brook—a mere strip of
meadow between—is green too with rising wheat, high enough now to hide
the partridges. Before it got so tall it was pleasant to watch the pair
that frequent it; they were so confident that they did not even trouble
to cower. At any other time of year they would have run, or flown; but
then, though scarcely forty yards away and perfectly visible, they
simply ceased feeding but showed no further alarm.

Upon the plough birds in general should look as their best friend, for
it provides them with the staff of life as much as it does man. The
earth turned up under the share yields them grubs and insects and
worms: the seed is sown and the clods harrowed, and they take a second
toll; the weeds are hoed or pulled up, and at their roots there are
more insects; from the stalk and ears and the bloom of the rising corn
they seize caterpillars; when it is ripe they enjoy the grain; when it
is cut and carried there are ears in the stubble, and they can then
feast on the seeds of the innumerable plants that flowered among it;
finally comes the plough again. It is as if the men and horses worked
for the birds.

The horse-chestnut trees in the narrow copse bloom; the bees are
humming everywhere and summer is at hand. Presently the brown
cockchafers will come almost like an army of locusts, as suddenly
appearing without a sign. They seem to be particularly numerous where
there is much maple in the hedges.

Resting now on the sward by the stream—contracted in seeming by the
weeds and flags and fresh sedges—there comes the distant murmur of
voices and the musical laugh of girls. The ear tries to distinguish the
words and gather the meaning; but the syllables are intertangled—it is
like listening to a low sweet song in a language all unknown. This is
the water falling gently over the mossy hatch and splashing faintly on
the stones beneath; the blue dragon-flies dart over the smooth surface
or alight on a broad leaf—these blue dragon-flies when thus resting
curl the tail upwards.

Farther up above the mere there is a spot where the pool itself ends,
or rather imperceptibly disappears among a vast mass of aquatic weeds.
To these on the soft oozy mud succeed acres of sedge and rush and great
turfs of greyish grass. Low willows are scattered about, and alder at
the edge and where the ground is firmer. This is the home of the
dragon-flies, of the coots, whose white bald foreheads distinguish them
at a distance, and of the moorhens.

A narrow lane crosses it on a low bank or causeway but just raised
above the level of the floods. It is bordered on either side by thick
hawthorn hedges, and these again are further rendered more impassable
by the rankest growth of hemlocks, “gicks,” nettles, hedge-parsley, and
similar coarse plants. In these the nettle-creeper (white-throat) hides
her nest, and they have so encroached that the footpath is almost
threatened. This lane leads from the Upper Woods across the marshy
level to the cornfields, being a branch from that down which Luke the
contractor carried his rabbits.

Now a hare coming from the uplands beyond the woods, or from the woods,
and desirous of visiting the cornfields of the level grounds below,
found it difficult to pass the water. For besides the marsh itself, the
mere, and the brook, another slow, stagnant stream, quite choked with
sedges and flags, uncut for years, ran into it, or rather joined it,
and before doing so meandered along the very foot of the hill-side over
which the woods grew. To a hare or a rabbit, therefore, there was but
one path or exit without taking to the water in this direction for
nearly a mile, and that was across this narrow raised causeway. The
pheasants frequently used it, as if preferring to walk than to fly.
Partridges came too, to seat themselves in the dry dust—a thing they do
daily in warm weather.

Hares were constantly passing from the cornfields to the wood, and the
wood to the cornfields; and they had another reason for using this
track, because so many herbs and plants, whose leaves they like better
than grass, flourished at the sides of the hedges. No scythe cuts them
down, as it does by the hedges in the meadows; nor was a man sent round
with a reaping hook to chop them off, as is often done round the arable
fields. There was, therefore, always a feast here, to which, also, the
rabbits came.

The poachers were perfectly well aware of all this, and as a
consequence this narrow lane became a most favourite haunt of theirs. A
wire set in the runs that led to the causeway, or in the causeway
itself, was almost certain to be thrown. At one time it was
occasionally netted; and now and then a bolder fellow hid himself in
the bushes with a gun, and took his choice of pheasant, partridge,
hare, or rabbit. These practices were possible, because although so
secluded, there was a public right-of-way along the lane.

But of recent years, as game became more valued and the keepers were
increased, a check was put upon it, though even now wires are
frequently found which poachers have been obliged to abandon. They are
loth to give up a place that has a kind of poaching reputation. As if
in revenge for the interference, they have so ransacked the marsh every
spring for the eggs of the waterfowl that the wild duck will not lay
there, but seek spots safer from such enemies. The marsh is left to the
coots and moorhens that from thence stock the brooks.




CHAPTER X
FARMER WILLUM’S PLACE: SNIPE SHOOTING


One October morning towards the end of the month, Orion and I started
to beat over Redcote Farm upon the standing invitation of the occupier.
There was a certainty of sport of some kind, because the place had
remained almost unchanged for the last century. It is “improvement”
that drives away game and necessitates the pheasant preserve.

The low whitewashed walls of the house were of a dull yellowish hue
from the beating of the weather. They supported a vast breadth of
thatched roof drilled by sparrows and starlings. Under the eaves the
swallows’ nests adhered, and projecting shelves were fixed to prevent
any inconvenience from them. Some of the narrow windows were still
darkened with the black boarding put up in the days of the window tax.

In the courtyard a number of stout forked stakes were used for putting
the dairy buckets on, after being cleaned, to dry. No attempt was made
to separate the business from the inner life of the house. Here in
front these oaken buckets, scoured till nearly white, their iron
handles polished like silver, were close under the eyes of any one
looking out. By the front door a besom leaned against the wall that
every comer might clean the mud from his boots; and you stepped at once
from the threshold into the sitting-room. A lane led past the garden,
if that could be called a lane which widened into a field and after
rain was flooded so deeply as to be impassable to foot passengers.

The morning we had chosen was fine; and after shaking hands with old
Farmer “Willum,” whose shooting days were over, we entered the lane,
and by it the fields. The meadows were small, enclosed with
double-mounds, and thickly timbered, so that as the ground was level
you could not see beyond the field in which you stood, and upon looking
over the gate might surprise a flock of pigeons, a covey of partridges,
or a rabbit out feeding. Though the tinted leaves were fast falling,
the hedges were still full of plants and vegetation that prevented
seeing through them. The “kuck-kuck” of the redwings came from the
bushes—the first note of approaching winter—and the tips of the rushes
were dead. Red haws on the hawthorn and hips on the briar sprinkled the
hedge with bright spots of colour.

The two spaniels went with such an eager rush into a thick
double-mound, dashing heedlessly through the nettles and under the
brambles, that we hastened to get one on each side of the hedge. A
rustling—a short bark; another, then a movement among the rushes in the
ditch, evidently not made by the dogs; then a silence. But the dogs
come back, and as they give tongue the rabbit rushes past a bare spot
on the slope of the bank. I fire—a snap shot—and cut out some fur, but
do no further harm; the pellets bury themselves in the earth. But,
startled and perhaps just stung by a stray shot, the rabbit bolts
fairly at last twenty yards in front of Orion, the spaniel tearing at
his heels.

Up goes the double-barrel with a bright gleam as the sunlight glances
on it. A second of suspense: then from the black muzzle darts a
cylinder of tawny flame and an opening cone of white smoke: a sharp
report rings on the ear. The rabbit rolls over and over, and is dead
before the dog can seize him. After harling the rabbit, Orion hangs him
high on a projecting branch, so that the man who is following us at a
distance may easily find the game. He is a labourer, and we object to
have him with us, as we know he would be certain to get in the way.

We then tried a corner where two of these large mounds, meeting, formed
a small copse in which grew a quantity of withy and the thick grasses
that always border the stoles. A hare bolted almost directly the dogs
went in: hares trust in their speed, rabbits in doubling for cover. I
fired right and left, and missed: fairly missed with both barrels.
Orion jumped upon the mound from the other side, and from that
elevation sent a third cartridge after her.

It was a long, a very long shot, but the hare perceptibly winced.
Still, she drew easily away from the dogs, going straight for a distant
gateway. But before it was reached the pace slackened; she made
ineffectual attempts to double as the slow spaniels overtook her, but
her strength was ebbing, and they quickly ran in. Reloading, and in
none of the best of tempers, I followed the mound. The miss was of
course the gun’s fault—it was foul; or the cartridges, or the bad
quality of the powder.

We passed the well-remembered hollow ash pollard, whence, years before,
we had taken the young owls, and in which we had hidden the old
single-barrel gun one sultry afternoon when it suddenly came on to
thunder. The flashes were so vivid and the discharges seemingly so near
that we became afraid to hold the gun, knowing that metal attracted
electricity. So it was put in the hollow tree out of the wet, and with
it the powder-flask, while we crouched under an adjacent hawthorn till
the storm ceased.

Then by the much-patched and heavy gate where I shot my first snipe,
that rose out of the little stream and went straight up over the top
bar. The emotion, for it was more than excitement, of that moment will
never pass from memory. It was the bird of all others that I longed to
kill, and certainly to a lad the most difficult. Day after day I went
down into the water-meadows; first thinking over the problem of the
snipe’s peculiar twisting flight. At one time I determined that I would
control the almost irresistible desire to fire till the bird had
completed his burst of zig-zag and settled to something like a straight
line. At another I as firmly resolved to shoot the moment the snipe
rose before he could begin to twist. But some unforeseen circumstance
always interfered with the execution of these resolutions.

Now the snipe got up unexpectedly right under foot; now one rose thirty
yards ahead; now he towered straight up, forced to do so by the tall
willows; and occasionally four or five rising together and calling
“sceap, sceap” in as many different directions, made me hesitate at
which to aim. The continual dwelling upon the problem rendered me
nervous, so that I scarcely knew when I pulled the trigger.

But one day, in passing this gateway, which was a long distance from
the particular water-meadows where I had practised, and not thinking of
snipes, suddenly one got up, and with a loud “sceap” darted over the
gate. The long slender gun—the old single-barrel—came to the shoulder
instinctively, without premeditation, and the snipe fell.

Coming now to the brook, which was broad and bordered by a hedge on the
opposite side, I held Orion’s gun while he leaped over. The bank was
steep and awkward, but he had planned his leap so as to alight just
where he could at once grasp an ash branch and so save himself from
falling back into the water. He could not, however, stay suspended
there, but had to scramble over the hedge, and then called for his gun.
I leaned mine against a hollow withy pollard, and called “ready.”

Taking his gun a few inches above the trigger guard (and with the guard
towards his side), holding it lightly just where it seemed to balance
in a perpendicular position, I gave it a slow heave rather than a
throw, and it rose into the air. This peculiar _feeling_ hoist, as it
were, caused it to retain the perpendicular position as it passed over
brook and hedge in a low curve. As it descended it did indeed slope a
little, and Orion caught it with one hand easily. The hedge being low
he could see it coming; but guns are sometimes heaved in this way over
hedges that have not been cropped for years. Then the gun suddenly
appears in the air, perhaps fifteen feet high, while the catch depends
not only upon the dexterity of the hand but the ear—to judge correctly
where the person who throws it is standing, as he is invisible.

The spaniels plunged in the brook among the flags, but though they made
a great splashing nothing came of it till we approached a marshy place
where was a pond. A moorhen then rose and scuttled down the brook, her
legs dragging along the surface some distance before she could get up,
and the sunshine sparkling on the water that dropped from her. I fired
and knocked her over: at the sound of the discharge a bird rose from
the low mound by the pond some forty yards ahead. My second barrel was
empty in an instant.

Both Orion’s followed; but the distance, the intervening pollard
willows, or our excitement spoilt the aim. The woodcock flew off
untouched, and made straight away from the territories we could beat
into those that were jealously guarded by a certain keeper with whom
Farmer “Willum” had waged war for years. “Come on!” shouted Orion as
soon as he had marked the cock down in a mound two fields away.
Throwing him my gun, I leaped the brook; and we at first raced, but on
second thoughts walked slowly, for the mound. Running disturbs accuracy
of fire, and a woodcock was much too rare a visitor for the slightest
chance to be lost.

As we approached we considered that very probably the cock would either
lie close till we had walked past, and get up behind, or he would rise
out of gunshot. What we were afraid of was his making for the
preserves, which were not far off. So we tossed for the best position,
and I lost. I had therefore to get over on the side of the hedge
towards the preserves and to walk down somewhat faster than Orion, who
was to keep (on his side) about thirty yards behind. The object was to
flush the cock on his side, so that if missed the bird might return
towards our territories. In a double-mound like this it is impossible
to tell what a woodcock will do, but this was the best thing we could
think of.

About half-way down the hedge I heard Orion fire both barrels in quick
succession—the mound was so thick I could not see through. The next
instant the cock came over the top of the hedge just above my head.
Startled at seeing me so close, he flew straight down along the summit
of the bushes—a splendid chance to look at from a distance; but in
throwing up the gun a projecting briar caught the barrels, and before I
could recover it the bird came down at the side of the hedge.

It was another magnificent chance; but again three pollard willows
interfered, and as I fired the bark flew off one of them in small
strips. Quickened by the whistling pellets, the cock suddenly lifted
himself again to the top of the hedge to go over, and for a moment came
full in view, and quite fifty yards away. I fired a snap shot as a
forlorn hope, and lost sight of him; but the next instant I heard Orion
call, “He’s down!” One single chance pellet had dropped the cock—he
fell on the other side just under the hedge.

We hastened back to the brook, thinking that the shooting would attract
the keepers, and did not stay to look at the bird till safe over the
water. The long beak, the plumage that seems painted almost in the
exact tints of the dead brown leaves he loves so well, the eyes large
by comparison and so curiously placed towards the poll of the head as
if to see behind him—there was not a point that did not receive its
share of admiration. We shot about half a dozen rabbits, two more
hares, and a woodpigeon afterwards; but all these were nothing compared
with the woodcock.

How Farmer “Willum” chuckled over it—especially to think that we had
cut out the game from the very batteries of the enemy! It was the one
speck of bitterness in the old man’s character—his hatred of this
keeper. Disabled himself by age and rheumatism from walking far, he
heard daily reports from his men of this fellow coming over the
boundary to shoot, or drive pheasant or partridge away. It was a sight
to see Farmer “Willum” stretch his bulky length in his old armchair,
right before the middle of the great fire of logs on the hearth,
twiddling his huge thumbs, and every now and then indulging in a hearty
laugh, followed by a sip at the “straight-cup.”

There was a stag’s horn over the staircase: “Willum” loved to tell how
it came there. One severe winter long since, the deer in the forest
many miles away broke cover, forced by hunger, and came into the
rickyards and even the gardens. Most of them were got back, but one or
two wandered beyond trace. Those who had guns were naturally on the
look-out; indeed, a regular hunt was got up—“Willum,” then young and
active, in it of course. This chase was not successful; but early one
morning, going to look for wild geese in the water-meadow with his
long-barrelled gun, he saw something in a lonely rickyard. Creeping
cautiously up, he rested the heavy gun on an ash stole, and the big
duck-shot tore its way into the stag’s shoulder. Those days were gone,
but still his interest in shooting was unabated.

Nothing had been altered on the place since he was a boy: the rent even
was the same. But all that is now changed—swept away before modern
improvements; and the rare old man is gone too, and I think his only
enemy also.

There was nothing I used to look forward to, as the summer waned, with
so much delight as the snipe shooting. Regularly as the swallow to the
eaves in spring, the snipe comes back with the early frosts of autumn
to the same well-known spots—to the bend of the brook or the boggy
corner in the ploughed field—but in most uncertain numbers. Sometimes
flocks of ten or twenty, sometimes only twos and threes are seen, but
always haunting particular places.

They have a special affection for peaty ground, black and spongy, where
every footstep seems to squeeze water out of the soil with a slight
hissing sound, and the boot cuts through the soft turf. There, where a
slow stream winds in and out, unmarked by willow or bush, but fringed
with green aquatic grasses growing on a margin of ooze, the snipe finds
tempting food; or in the meadows where a little spring breaks forth in
the ditch and does not freeze—for water which has just bubbled out of
the earth possesses this peculiarity, and is therefore favourable to
low forms of insect or slug life in winter—the snipe may be found when
the ponds are bound with ice.

Some of the old country folk used to make as much mystery about this
bird as the cuckoo. Because it was seldom seen till the first fogs the
belief was that it had lost its way in the mist at sea, and come inland
by mistake.

Just as in the early part of the year green buds and opening flowers
welcome swallow and cuckoo, so the colours of the dying leaf prepare
the way for the second feathered immigration in autumn. Once now and
then the tints of autumn are so beautiful that the artist can hardly
convey what he sees to canvas. The maples are aglow with orange, the
oaks one mass of buff, the limes light gold, the elms a soft yellow. In
the hawthorn thickets bronze spots abound; here and there a bramble
leaf has turned a brilliant crimson (though many bramble leaves will
remain a dull green all the winter through); the edible chestnut sheds
leaves of a dark fawn hue, but all, scattered by the winds, presently
resolve into a black pulp upon the earth. Noting these signs the
sportsman gets out his dust-shot for the snipe, and the farmer, as he
sees the fieldfare flying over after a voyage from Norway,
congratulates himself that last month was reasonably dry, and enabled
him to sow his winter seed.

“Sceap—sceap!” and very often the snipe successfully carries out the
intention expressed in his odd-sounding cry, and does escape in
reality. Although I could not at first put my theory into practice, yet
I found by experience that it was correct. He is the exception to the
golden rule that the safest way lies in the middle, and that therefore
you should fire not too soon nor too late, but half-way between. But
the snipe must either be knocked over the instant he rises from the
ground, and before he has time to commence his puzzling zig-zag flight,
or else you must wait till he has finished his corkscrew burst.

Then there is a moment just before he passes out of range when he
glides in a straight line and may be hit. This singular zig-zag flight
so deceives the eye as almost to produce the idea of a spiral movement.
No barrel can ever be jerked from side to side swiftly enough, no
hair-trigger is fine enough, to catch him then, except by the chance of
a vast scattering over-charge, which has nothing to do with sport. If
he rises at some little distance, then fire instantly, because by the
time the zig-zag is done the range will be too great; if he starts up
under your feet, out of a bunch of rushes, as is often the case, then
give him law till his eccentric twist is finished.

When the smoke has cleared away in the crisp air, there he lies, the
yet warm breast on the frozen ground, to be lifted up not without a
passing pity and admiration. The brown feathers are exquisitely shaded,
and so exactly resemble the hue of the rough dead aquatic grass out of
which he sprang that if you cast the bird among it you will have some
trouble to find it again. To discover a living snipe on the ground is
indeed a test of good eyesight; for as he slips in and out among the
brown withered flags and the grey grass it requires not only a quick
eye but the inbred sportsman’s instinct of perception (if such a phrase
is permissible) to mark him out.

If your shot has missed and merely splashed up the water or rattled
against bare branches, then step swiftly behind a tree-trunk, and stay
in ambuscade, keeping a sharp watch on him as he circles round high up
in the air. Very often in a few minutes he will come back in a wide
sweep, and drop scarcely a gun-shot distant in the same watercourse,
when a second shot may be obtained. The little jack snipe, when
flushed, will never fly far, if shot at several times in succession,
still settling fifty or sixty yards farther on, and is easily bagged.

Coming silently as possible round a corner, treading gently on the
grass still white with hoar-frost in the shadow of the bushes, you may
chance to spring a stray woodcock, which bird, if you lose a moment,
will put the hedge between him and you. Artists used to seek for
certain feathers which he carries, one in each wing, thinking to make
of them a more delicate brush than the finest camel’s hair.

In the evening I used to hide in the osier-beds on the edge of a great
water-meadow; for now that the marshes are drained, and the black earth
of the fens yields a harvest of yellow corn, the broad level meads
which are irrigated to fertilise them are among the chief inland
resorts of wild fowl. When the bright moon is rising, you walk in among
the tapering osier-wands, the rustling sedges, and dead dry hemlock
stems, and wait behind an aspen tree.

In the thick blackthorn bush a round dark ball indicates the blackbird,
who has puffed out his feathers to shield him from the frost, and who
will sit so close and quiet that you may see the moonlight glitter on
his eye. Presently comes a whistling noise of wings, and a loud “quack,
quack!” as a string of ducks, their long necks stretched out, pass over
not twenty yards high, slowly slanting downwards to the water. This is
the favourable moment for the gun, because their big bodies are well
defined against the sky, and aim can be taken; but to shoot anything on
the ground at night, even a rabbit, whose white tail as he hops away is
fairly visible, is most difficult.

The baffling shadows and the moonbeams on the barrel, and the faint
reflection from the dew or hoar-frost on the grass, prevent more than a
general direction being given to the gun, even with the tiny piece of
white paper which some affix to the muzzle-sight as a guide. From a
punt with a swivel gun it is different, because the game is swimming
and visible as black dots on the surface, and half a pound of shot is
sure to hit something. But in the water-meadows the ducks get among the
grass, and the larger water-carriers where they can swim usually have
small raised banks, so that at a distance only the heads of the birds
appear above them.

So that the best time to shoot a duck is just as he slopes down to
settle—first, because he is distinctly visible against the sky; next,
because he is within easy range; and lastly, his flight is steady. If
you attempt to have ducks driven towards you, though they may go right
overhead, yet it will often be too high—for they rise at a sharp angle
when frightened; and men who are excellent judges of distance when it
is a hare running across the fallow, find themselves all at fault
trying to shoot at any elevation. Perhaps this arises from the
peculiarity of the human eye which draughtsmen are fond of illustrating
by asking a tyro to correctly bisect a vertical line: a thing that
looks easy, and is really only to be done by long practice.

To make certain of selecting the right spot in the osiers over which
the ducks will pass, for one or two evenings previously a look-out
should be kept and their usual course observed; for all birds and
animals, even the wildest wild fowl, are creatures of habit and custom,
and having once followed a particular path will continue to use it
until seriously disturbed. Evening after evening the ducks will rise
above the horizon at the same place and almost at the same time, and
fly straight to their favourite feeding place.

If hit, the mallard falls with a thud on the earth, for he is a heavy
bird; and few are more worthy of powder and shot either for his savoury
flavour, far surpassing the tame duck, or the beauty of his burnished
neck. With the ducks come teal and widgeon and moorhen, till the swampy
meadow resounds with their strange cries. When ponds and lakes are
frozen hard is the best time for sport in these irrigated fields. All
day long the ducks will stand or waddle to and fro on the ice in the
centre of the lake or mere, far out of reach and ready to rise at the
slightest alarm. But at night they seek the meadow where the water,
running swiftly in the carriers, never entirely freezes, and where, if
the shallow spots become ice, the rising current flows over it and
floods another place.

There is, moreover, never any difficulty in getting the game when hit,
because the water, except in the main carriers, which you can leap
across, hardly rises to the ankle, and ordinary water-tight boots will
enable you to wade wherever necessary. This is a great advantage with
wild fowl, which are sometimes shot and lost in deep ooze and strong
currents and eddies, and on thin ice where men cannot go and even good
dogs are puzzled.




CHAPTER XI
FERRETING: A RABBIT-HUNTER


The ferreting season commences when the frosts have caused the leaves
to drop, and the rabbits grow fat from feeding on bark. Early one
December morning, Orion and I started, with our man Little John, to
ferret a double-mound for our old friend Farmer “Willum” at Redcote.

Little John was a labourer—one of those frequently working at odd times
for Luke, the Rabbit-Contractor. We had nicknamed him Little John
because of his great size and unwieldy proportions. He was the most
useful man we knew for such work; his heart was so thoroughly in it.

He was waiting for us before we had finished breakfast, with his tools
and implements, having carefully prepared these while yet it was dark
at home in his cottage. The nets require looking to before starting, as
they are apt to get into a tangle, and there is nothing so annoying as
to have to unravel strings with chilled fingers in a ditch. Some have
to be mended, having been torn; some are cast aside altogether because
weak and rotten. The twine having been frequently saturated with water
has decayed. All the nets are of a light yellow colour from the clay
and sand that has worked into the string.

These nets almost filled a sack, into which he also cast a pair of
“owl-catchers,” gloves of stout white leather, thick enough to turn a
thorn while handling bushes, or to withstand the claws of an owl
furiously resisting capture. His ferrets cost him much thought, which
to take and which to leave behind. He had also to be particular how he
fed them—they must be eager for prey, and yet they must not be starved,
else they would gorge on the blood of the first rabbit, and become
useless for hunting.

Two had to be muzzled—an operation of some difficulty that generally
results in a scratched hand. A small piece of small but strong twine is
passed through the jaws behind the tusk-like teeth, and tightly tied
round, so tightly as almost to cut into the skin. This is the old way
of muzzling a ferret, handed down from generations: Little John scorns
the muzzles that can be bought at shops, and still more despises the
tiny bells to hang round the neck. The first he says often come off,
and the second embarrass the ferret and sometimes catch in projecting
rootlets and hold it fast. He has, too, a line—many yards of stout
twine wound about a short stick—to line a ferret if necessary.

The ferrets are placed in a smaller bag, tightly tied at the top—for
they will work through and get out if any aperture be left. Inside the
bag is a little hay for them to lay on. He prefers the fitchew ferret
as he calls it; that is the sort that are coloured like a polecat. He
says they are fiercer, larger of make and more powerful. But he has
also a couple of white ones with pink eyes. Besides the sack of nets,
the bag of ferrets, and a small bundle in a knotted handkerchief—his
“nuncheon”—which in themselves make a tolerable load, he has brought a
billhook, and a “navigator,” or draining-tool.

This is a narrow spade of specially stout make; the blade is hollow and
resembles an exaggerated gouge, and the advantage is that in digging
out a rabbit the tool is very apt to catch under a root, when an
ordinary spade may bend and become useless. The “navigator” will stand
anything, and being narrow is also more handy. All these implements
Little John has prepared by the dim light of a horn lantern in the shed
at the back of his cottage. A mug of ale while we get our guns greatly
cheers him, and unlooses his tongue.

All the way to Redcote he impresses on us the absolute necessity of
silence while ferreting, and congratulates us on having a nearly still
day. He is a little doubtful about Orion’s spaniel and whether it will
keep quiet or not.

When we reach the double-mound, his talk entirely ceases: he is as
silent and as rugged as a pollard oak. By the top of the mound the sack
of nets is thrown down on the sward and opened. As there are more holes
on the other side of the hedge Orion goes over with Little John, and I
proceed to set up the nets on mine.

I found some difficulty in getting at the bank, the bushes being so
thick, and had to use the billhook and chop a way in: I heard Little
John growling about this in a whisper to Orion. Very often before going
with the ferrets, people send a man or two a few hours previously to
chop and clear the bushes. The effect is that the rabbits will not bolt
freely. They hear the men chopping, and the vibration of the earth as
they clumsily climb over the banks, and will not come out till
absolutely forced. If it is done at all, it should be done a week
beforehand. That was why Little John grumbled at my chopping though he
knew it was necessary.

To set up a rabbit net you must arrange it so that it covers the whole
of the mouth of the hole, for if there is any opening between it and
the bank the rabbit will slip through. He will not face the net unless
obliged to. Along the upper part, if the bank is steep, so that the net
will not lie on it of itself, two or three little twigs should be
thrust through the meshes into the earth to suspend it.

These twigs should be no larger than are used by birds in constructing
their nests; just strong enough to hold the net in place and no more.
On the other hand, care must be taken that no stout projecting root
catches a corner of the net, else it will not draw up properly and the
rabbit will escape.

Little John, not satisfied with my assurance that I had netted all the
holes my side, now came over—crawling on hands and knees that he might
not jar the bank—to examine for himself. His practised eye detected two
holes that I had missed: one on the top of the mound much overhung by
dead grass, and one under a stole. These he attended to. He then
crawled up on the mound two or three yards below the end of the bury,
and with his own hands stretched a larger net right across the top of
the bank, so that if a rabbit did escape he would run into this. To be
still more sure he stretched another similar net across the whole width
of the mound at the other end of the bury.

He then undid the mouth of the ferret-bag, holding it between his
knees—the ferrets immediately attempted to struggle out: he selected
two and then tied it up again. With both these in his own hands, for he
would trust nothing to another, he slipped quietly back to Orion’s
side, and so soon as he saw I was standing well back placed them in
different holes.

Almost the next instant one came out my side disarranging a net. I got
into the ditch, hastily reset the net, and put the ferret to an
adjacent hole, lifting up the corner of the net there for it to creep
in. Unlike the weasel, a ferret once outside a hole seems at a loss,
and wanders slowly about, till chance brings him to a second. The
weasel used to hunting is no sooner out of one hole than he darts away
to the next. But this power the ferret has partially lost from
confinement.

For a moment the ferret hesitated inside the hole, as if undecided
which of two passages to take: then he started, and I lost sight of his
tail. Hardly had I got back to my stand than I heard Little John leap
into the ditch his side: the next minute I saw the body of the rabbit
which he had killed thrown out into the field.

I stood behind a somewhat advanced bush that came out into the meadow
like a buttress, and kept an eye on the holes along the bank. It is
essential to stand well back from the holes, and, if possible, out of
sight. In a few moments something moved, and I saw the head of a rabbit
at the mouth of a hole just behind the net. He looked through the
meshes as through a lattice, and I could see his nostrils work, as he
considered within himself how to pass this thing. It was but for a
moment; the ferret came behind, and wild with hereditary fear, the
rabbit leaped into the net.

The force of the spring not only drew the net together, but dragged out
the peg, and rabbit and net inextricably entangled rolled down the bank
to the bottom of the ditch. I jumped into the ditch and seized the net;
when there came a hoarse whisper: “Look sharp you, measter: put up
another net fust—_he_ can’t get out; hould un under your arm, _or in
your teeth_.”

I looked up, and saw Little John’s face peering over the mound. He had
thrust himself up under the bushes; his hat was off; his weather-beaten
face bleeding from a briar, but he could not feel the scratch so
anxious was he that nothing should escape. I pulled another net from my
pocket, and spread it roughly over the hole; then more slowly took the
rabbit from the other net.

You should never hold a rabbit up till you have got fast hold of his
hind legs; he will so twist and work himself as to get free from any
other grasp. But when held by the hind legs and lifted from the ground
he can do nothing. I now returned to my buttress of bushes and waited.
The rabbits did not bolt my side again for a while. Every now and then
I saw, or heard, Orion or Little John leap into their ditch, and well
knew what it meant before the dead rabbit was cast out to fall with a
helpless thud upon the sward.

Once I saw a rabbit’s head at the mouth of a hole, and momentarily
expected him to dart forth driven by the same panic fear. But either
the ferret passed, or there was another side-tunnel—the rabbit went
back. Some few minutes afterwards Little John exclaimed: “Look out,
you; ferret’s out!” One of the ferrets had come out of a hole and was
aimlessly—as it appeared—roaming along the bank.

As he came nearest my side, I got quietly into the ditch and seized
him, and put him into a hole. To my surprise he refused to go in—I
pushed him: he returned and continued to try to come out till I gave
him a sharp fillip with the finger, when he shook the dust and
particles of dry earth from his fur with a shiver, as if in protest,
and slowly disappeared inside the hole.

As I was creeping out of the deep ditch on hands and knees, I heard
Orion call angrily to the spaniel to come to heel. Hitherto the spaniel
had sat on his haunches behind Orion fairly quiet and still, though not
without an occasional restless movement. But now he broke suddenly from
all control, and disregarding Orion’s anger—though with hanging
tail—rushed into the hedge, and along the top of the mound where there
was a thick mass of dead grass. Little John hurled a clod of clay at
him, but before I was quite out of the ditch the spaniel gave tongue,
and at the same moment I saw a rabbit come from the ditch and run like
mad across the field.

The dog gave chase—I rushed for my gun, which was some yards off,
placed against a hollow withy tree. The haste disconcerted the aim—the
rabbit too was almost fifty yards away when I fired. But the shot broke
one hind leg—it trailed behind—and the spaniel had him instantly. “Look
at yer nets,” said Little John in a tone of suppressed indignation, for
he disliked the noise of a gun, as all other noises.

I did look, and found that one net had been partly pushed aside; yet to
so small an extent that I should hardly have believed it possible for
the rabbit to have crept through. He must have slipped out without the
slightest sound and quietly got on the top of the mound without being
seen. But there, alas! he found a wide net stretched right across the
bank so that to slip down the mound on the top was impossible. This
would certainly have been his course had not the net been there.

It was now doubtless that the spaniel caught wind of him, and the scent
was so strong that it overcame his obedience. The moment the dog got on
the bank, the rabbit slipped down into the rushes in the ditch—I did
not see him because my back was turned in the act to scramble out.
Then, directly the spaniel gave tongue the rabbit darted for the open,
hoping to reach the buries in the hedge on the opposite side of the
meadow.

This incident explained why the ferret seemed so loth to go back into
the hole. He had crept out some few moments behind the rabbit and in
his aimless uncertain manner was trying to follow the scent along the
bank. He did not like being compelled to give up this scent and to
search again for another. “Us must be main careful how us fixes our
nets, you,” said Little John, going as far as he could in reproof of my
negligence.

The noise of the gun, the barking, and talking was of course heard by
the rabbits still in the bury, and as if to show that Little John was
right, for a while they ceased to bolt. Standing behind the
bushes—against which I now placed the gun to be nearer at hand—I
watched the nets till my eye was caught by the motions of the
ferret-bag. It lay on the grass and had hitherto been inert. But now
the bag reared itself up, and then rolled over, to again rise and again
tumble. The ferrets left in it in reserve were eager to get out—sharp
set on account of a scanty breakfast—and their motions caused the bag
to roll along a short distance.

I could see Orion on the other side of the mound tolerably well because
he was standing up and the leaves had fallen from the upper part of the
bushes. Little John was crouched in the ditch: the dead grasses,
“gicks,” withered vines of bryony, the thistles, and dark shrivelled
fern concealed him.

There was a round black sloe on the blackthorn beside me, the beautiful
gloss, or bloom, on it made it look like a tiny plum. It tasted not
only sour, but seemed to positively fill the mouth with a rough acid.
Overhead light grey clouds, closely packed but not rainy, drifted very
slowly before a N.E. upper current. Occasionally a brief puff of wind
came through the bushes rustling the dead leaves that still remained on
the oaks.

Despite the cold, something of Little John’s intense concentration
communicated itself to us: we waited and watched with eager patience.
After a while he got out of the ditch where he had been listening with
his ear close against the bank, and asked me to pass him the
ferret-bag. He took out another ferret and lined it—that is, attached
one end of a long string to its neck, and then sent it in.

He watched which way the ferret turned, and then again placed his head
upon the hard clay to listen. Orion had to come and hold the line,
while he went two or three yards farther down, got into the ditch and
once more listened carefully. “He be about the middle of the mound
you,” he said to me; “he be between you and I. Lor! look out.”

There was a low rumbling sound—I expected to see a rabbit bolt into one
of my nets, I heard Little John moving some leaves, and then he
shouted, “Give I a net, you—quick. Lor! here be another hole: he’s
coming!” I looked over the mound and saw Little John, his teeth set and
staring at a hole which had no net, his great hands open ready to
pounce instantly like some wild animal on its prey. In an instant the
rabbit bolted—he clutched it and clasped it tight to his chest. There
was a moment of struggling, the next the rabbit was held up for a
moment and then cast across his knee.

It was always a sight to see Little John’s keen delight in “wristing”
their necks. He affected utter unconsciousness of what he was doing,
looked you in the face, and spoke about some indifferent subject. But
all the while he was feeling the rabbit’s muscles stretch before the
terrible grasp of his hands, and an expression of complacent
satisfaction flitted over his features as the neck gave with a sudden
looseness, and in a moment what had been a living straining creature
became limp.

The ferret came out after the rabbit; he immediately caught it and
thrust it into his pocket. There were still two ferrets in—one that was
suspected to be gorging on a rabbit in a _cul de sac_, and the other
lined, and which had gone to join that sanguinary feast. The use of the
line was to trace where the loose ferret lay. “Chuck I the show’l,
measter,” said Little John.

I gave the “navigator” tool a heave over the hedge; it fell and stuck
upright in the sward. Orion handed it to him. He first filled up the
hole from which a rabbit had just bolted with a couple of “spits,”
_i.e._ spadefuls, and then began to dig on the top of the mound.

This digging was very tedious. The roots of the thorn bushes and trees
constantly impeded it, and had to be cut. Then upon at last getting
down to the hole, it was found that the right place had not been hit by
several feet. Here was the line and the lined ferret—he had got hitched
in a projecting root, and was furiously struggling to go forward to the
feast of blood.

Another spell of digging—this time still slower because Little John was
afraid lest the edge of his tool should suddenly slip through and cut
his ferret on the head, and perhaps kill it. At last the place was
reached and the ferret drawn forth still clinging to its victim. The
rabbit was almost beyond recognition as a rabbit. The poor creature had
been stopped by a _cul de sac_, and the ferret came upon him from
behind.

As the hole was small the rabbit’s body completely filled it, and the
ferret could not scramble past to get at the spot behind the ear where
it usually seizes. The ferret had therefore deliberately gnawn away the
hindquarters and so bored a passage. The ferret being so gorged was
useless for further hunting and was replaced in the bag. But Little
John gave him a drink of water first from the bottom of the ditch.

Orion and I, wearied with the digging, now insisted on removing to the
next bury, for we felt sure that the remaining rabbits in this one
would not bolt. Little John had no choice but to comply, but he did so
with much reluctance and many rueful glances back at the holes from
which he took the nets. He was sure, he said, that there were at least
half-a-dozen still in the bury: he only wished he might have all that
he could get out of it. But we imperiously ordered a removal.

We went some thirty yards down the mound, passing many smaller buries,
and chose a spot perfectly drilled with holes. While Little John was in
the ditch putting up nets, we slily undid the ferret-bag and turned
three ferrets at once loose into the holes. “Lor! measter, measter,
what be you at?” cried Little John, quite beside himself. “You’ll spoil
all on it. Lor!”

A sharp report as Orion fired at a rabbit that bolted almost under
Little John’s fingers drowned his remonstrances, and he had to scramble
out of the way quick. Bang! bang! right and left: the firing became
rapid. There being no nets to alarm the rabbits and three ferrets
hunting them, they tumbled out in all directions as fast as we could
load. Now the cartridges struck branches and shattered them. Now the
shot flattened itself against sarsen stones imbedded in the mound. The
rabbits had scarce a yard to bolt from one hole to another, so that it
was sharp work.

Little John now gave up all hope, and only pleaded piteously for his
ferrets. “Mind as you doan’t hit ’em, measter; doant’ee shoot into a
hole, you.” For half an hour we had some really good shooting: then it
began to slacken, and we told him to catch his ferrets and go on to the
next bury. I am not sure that he would not have rebelled outright but
just then a boy came up carrying a basket of provisions, and a large
earthenware jar with a bung cork, full of humming ale. Farmer Willum
had sent this, and the strong liquor quite restored Little John’s good
humour. It really was ale—such as is not to be got for money.

The boy said that he had seen Farmer Willum’s hereditary enemy, the
keeper, watching us from his side of the boundary, doubtless attracted
by the sound of the firing. He said also that there was a pheasant in a
little copse beside the brook. We sent him out again to reconnoitre: he
returned and repeated that the keeper had gone, and that he thought he
saw him enter the distant fir plantations. So we left the boy to help
Little John at the next bury—a commission that made him grin with
delight, and suited the other very well, since the noisy guns were
going away, and he could use his nets.

We took the lined ferret with us, and started after the pheasant. Just
as we approached the copse, the spaniel gave tongue on the other side
of the hedge. Orion had tied him up to a bush, wishing to leave him
with Little John. But the spaniel tore and twisted till he got loose
and had followed us—keeping out of sight—till now crossing the scent of
a rabbit he set up his bark. We called him to heel, and I am afraid he
got a kick. But the pheasant was alarmed, and rose before we could
properly enfilade the little copse, where we should most certainly have
had him. He flew high and straight for the fir plantations, where it
was useless to follow.

However, we leaped the brook and entered the keeper’s territory under
shelter of a thick double-mound. We slipped the lined ferret into a
small bury, and succeeded in knocking over a couple of rabbits. The
object of using the lined ferret was because we could easily recover
it. This was pure mischief, for there were scores of rabbits on our own
side. But then there was just a little spice of risk in this, and we
knew Willum would gloat over it.

After firing these two shots we got back again as speedily as possible,
and once more assisted Little John. We could not, however, quite resist
the pleasure of shooting a rabbit occasionally and so tormenting him.
We left one hole each side without a net, and insisted on the removal
of the net that stretched across the top of the bank. This gave us a
shot now and then, and the removal of the cross net allowed the rabbit
some little law.

Notwithstanding these drawbacks—to him—Little John succeeded in making
a good bag. He stayed till it was quite dark to dig out a ferret that
had killed a rabbit in the hole. He took his money for his day’s work
with indifference: but when we presented him with two couple of clean
rabbits his gratitude was too much for him to express. The gnawn and
“blown” rabbits [by shot] were his perquisite, the clean rabbits an
unexpected gift. It was not their monetary value; it was the fact that
they were rabbits.

The man’s instinct for hunting was so strong that it seemed to overcome
everything else. He would walk miles—after a long day’s farm work—just
to help old Luke, the rabbit contractor, bring home the rabbits in the
evening from the Upper Woods. He worked regularly for one farmer, and
did his work well: he was a sober man too as men go, that is he did not
get drunk more than once a month. A strong man must drink now and then:
but he was not a sot, and took nine-tenths of his money faithfully home
to his wife and children.

In the winter when farm work is not so pressing he was allowed a week
off now and then, which he spent in ferreting for the farmers, and
sometimes for Luke, and of course he was only too glad to get such an
engagement as we gave him. Sometimes he made a good thing of his
ferreting: sometimes when the weather was bad it was a failure. But
although a few shillings were of consequence to him, it really did not
seem to be the money-value but the sport that he loved. To him that
sport was all-absorbing.

His ferrets were well looked after, and he sometimes sold one for a
good price to keepers. As a rule a man who keeps ferrets is suspected:
but Little John was too well understood, and he had no difficulty in
begging a little milk for them.

His tenacity in pursuit of a rabbit was always a source of wonder to
me. In rain, in wind, in frost; his feet up to the ankle in the
ice-cold slush at the bottom of a ditch: no matter what the weather or
how rough, he patiently stood to his nets. I have known him stand the
whole day long in a snowstorm—the snow on the ground and in the holes,
the flakes drifting against his face—and never once show impatience.
All he disliked was wind—not on account of discomfort, but because the
creaking of the branches and the howling of the blast made such a noise
that it was impossible to tell where the rabbit would bolt.

He congratulated himself that evening because he had recovered all his
ferrets. Sometimes one will lie in and defy all efforts to bring it
out. One plan is to place a dead fresh rabbit at the mouth of the hole
which may tempt the ferret to come and seize it. In large woods there
are generally one or more ferrets wandering loose in the season, that
have escaped from the keepers or poachers.

If the keeper sees one he tries to catch it; failing that, he puts a
charge of shot into it. Some keepers think nothing of shooting their
own ferrets if they will not come when called by the chirrup with the
lips, or displease them in other ways. They do not care, because they
can have as many as they like. Little John made pets of his: they
obeyed him very well as a rule.

Poaching men are sometimes charged with stealing ferrets, _i.e._ with
picking up and carrying off those that keepers have lost. A ferret is,
however, a difficult thing to identify and swear to.

Those who go poaching with ferrets choose a moonlight night: if it is
dark it is difficult to find the holes. Small buries are best because
so much more easily managed, and the ferret is usually lined. If a
large bury is attempted, they take the first half-dozen that bolt and
then move on to another. The first rabbits come out rapidly; the rest
linger as if warned by the fate of their companions. Instead of wasting
time over them it is best to move to another place.

Unless a keeper should chance to pass up the hedgerow there is
comparatively little risk, for the men are in the ditch and invisible
ten yards away under the bushes and make no noise. It is more difficult
to get home with the game: but it is managed. Very small buries with
not more than four or five holes may be ferreted even on the darkest
nights by carefully observing beforehand where the holes are situate.




CHAPTER XII.
A WINTER NIGHT: OLD TRICKS: PHEASANT-STALKING: MATCHLOCK _versus_
BREECH-LOADER: CONCLUSION


When the moon is full and nearly at the zenith it seems to move so
slowly that the shadows scarcely change their position. In winter, when
the branches are bare, a light that is nearly vertical over a tree can
cast but little shadow, and that falls immediately around the trunk. So
that the smallness of the shadow itself and the slowness of its motion
together tend to conceal it.

The snow on the ground increases the sense of light, and in approaching
the wood the scene is even more distinct than during the gloomy day.
The tips of the short stubble that has not yet been ploughed in places
just protrude above the surface, and the snow, frozen hard, crunches
with a low sound under foot. But for that all is perfectly still. The
level upland cornfields stretch away white and vacant to the
hills—white, too, and clear against the sky. The plain is silent, and
nothing that can be seen moves upon its surface.

On the verge of the wood which occupies the sloping ground there stands
a great oak tree, and down one side of its trunk is a narrow white
streak of snow. Leaning against the oak and looking upwards, every
branch and twig is visible, lit up by the moon. Overhead the stars are
dimmed, but they shine more brightly yonder above the hills. Such
leaves as have not yet fallen hang motionless: those that are lying on
the ground are covered by the snow, and thus held fast from rustling
even were the wind to blow. But there is not the least breath—a great
frost is always quiet, profoundly quiet—and the silence is undisturbed
even by the fall of a leaf. The frost that kills them holds the leaves
till it melts, and then they drop.

The tall ash poles behind in the wood stand stark and straight,
pointing upwards, and it is possible to see for some distance between
them. No lesser bats flit to and fro outside the fence under the
branches; no larger ones pass above the tops _of_ the trees. There
seems, indeed, a total absence of life. The pheasants are at roost in
the warmer covers; and the woodpigeons are also perched—some in the
detached oaks of the hedgerows, particularly those that are thickly
grown with ivy about the upper branches. Up in the great beeches the
rooks are still and silent; sometimes the boughs are encrusted with
rime about their very claws.

Leaving the oak now and skirting the wood, after a while the meadows on
the lower ground are reached; and here perhaps the slight scampering
sound of a rabbit may be heard. But as they can see and hear you so far
in the bright light and silence, they will most likely be gone before
you can get near. They are restless—very restless; first because of the
snow, and next because of the moonlight. The hares, unable to find
anything on the hills or the level white plain above, have come down
here and search along the sheltered hedgerows for leaf and blade.
To-night the rabbits will run almost like the hares, to and fro, hither
and thither.

In the thickest hawthorns the blackbirds and lesser feathered creatures
are roosting, preferring the hedgerow to the more open wood. Some of
the lesser birds have crept into the ivy around the elms, and which
crowns the tops of the withy pollards. Wrens and sparrows have gone to
the hayricks, roosting in little holes in the sides under the slightly
projecting thatch. They have taken refuge too in the nest-holes made in
the thatched eaves of the sheds: tits are there also; and sometimes two
or three of the latter are captured at once in such holes.

A dark line across the lower meadows marks the course of the brook; it
is dark because the snow falling on the water melted. Even now there is
a narrow stream unfrozen; though the banks against which it chafes are
hard, and will not take the impression of the moorhen’s foot. The
water-rats that in summertime played and fed along the margin among the
flags are rarely seen in winter. In walking in daylight by the brook
now their plunge into the water will not be heard, nor can they be seen
travelling at the bottom.

They lay up a store of food in a hole away from the stream, generally
choosing the banks or higher ground in the withy-beds—places that are
not often flooded. Their ordinary holes, which are half, and sometimes
quite, under water, will not do for winter; they would be frozen in
them, and perhaps their store of food would be spoiled; besides which
the floods cause the stream to rise above its banks, and they could not
exist under water for weeks together.

Still further down, where the wood ends in scattered bushes and
withy-beds, the level shore of the shallow mere succeeds. The once
soft, oozy ground is now firm; the rushes are frozen stiff, and the ice
for some distance out is darkened by the aquatic weeds frozen in it.
From here the wood, rising up the slope, comes into view at once—the
dark trees, the ash poles, the distant beeches, the white crest of the
hill—all still and calm under the moonlight. The level white plain of
ice behind stretches away, its real extent concealed by the islands of
withy and the dark pines along the distant shore; while elsewhere the
ice is not distinguishable from the almost equally level fields that
join it. Looking now more closely on the snow, the tracks of hares and
rabbits that have crossed and recrossed the ice are visible.

In passing close to the withy-beds to return to the wood some branches
have to be pushed aside and cause a slight noise. Immediately a crowd
of birds rise out of the withies, where they have been roosting, and
scatter into the night. They are redwings and thrushes; every withy-bed
is full of them. After wheeling about in the air they will presently
return—first one, then three or four, and finally the flock, to their
roosting-place.

It is easy now to walk through the wood without making a noise: there
is room to pass between the stoles of ash; and the dead sticks that
would have cracked under foot are covered with snow. But be careful how
you step; for in some places the snow has fallen upon a mass of leaves
filling a swampy hollow. Above there is a thin crust of snow, but under
the leaves the oozy ground is still soft.

Upon the dark pines the snow has lodged, making the boughs bend
downwards. Where the slope becomes a hill the ash stoles and nut-tree
bushes are far apart and thinner, so that there are wide white spaces
around them. Regaining now the top of the hill where the plain comes to
the verge of the wood, there is a clear view down across the ash poles
to the withies, the white mere, and the meadows below. Everywhere
silence, stillness, sleep.

In the high trees slumbering creatures; in the hedgerows, in the
bushes, and the withies birds with feathers puffed out, slumbering; in
the banks, under the very ground, dormant animals. A quiet cold that at
first does not seem cold because it is so quiet, but which gradually
seizes on and stills the sap of plants and the blood of living things.
A ruthless frost, still, subtle, and irresistible, that will slay the
bird on its perch and weaken the swift hare.

The most cruel of all things this snow and frost, because of the
torture of hunger which the birds must feel even in their sleep. But
how beautiful the round full moon, the brilliant light, the white
landscape, the graceful lines of the pine brought out by the snow, the
hills yonder, and the stars rising above them!

It was on just such a night as this that some years since a most
successful raid was made upon this wood by a band of poachers coming
from a distance. The pheasants had been kept later than usual to be
shot by a Christmas party, and perhaps this had caused a relaxation of
vigilance. The band came in a cart of some kind; the marks of the
wheels were found on the snow where it had been driven off the highway
and across a field to some ricks. There, no doubt, the horse and cart
were kept out of sight behind the ricks, while the men, who were
believed to have worn smock-frocks, entered the wood.

The bright moonlight made it easy to find the pheasants, and they were
potted in plenty. Finding that there was no opposition, the gang
crossed from the wood to some outlying plantations and continued their
work there. The keeper never heard a sound. He was an old man—a man who
had been on the estate all his life—and had come in late in the evening
after a long round. He sat by the fire of split logs and enjoyed the
warmth after the bitter cold and frost; and, as he himself confessed,
took an extra glass in consideration of the severity of the weather.

His wife was old and deaf. Neither of them heard the guns nor the dogs.
Those in the kennels close to the cottage, and very likely one or more
indoors, must have barked at the noise of the shooting. But if any dim
sense of the uproar did reach the keeper’s ear he put it down to the
moon, at which dogs will bay. As for his assistants, they had quietly
gone home, so soon as they felt sure that the keeper was housed for the
night. Long immunity from attack had bred over-confidence; the staff
also was too small for the extent of the place, and this had doubtless
become known. No one sleeps so soundly as an agricultural labourer; and
as the nearest hamlet was at some distance it is not surprising that
they did not wake.

In the early morning a fogger going to fodder his cattle came across a
pheasant lying dead on the path, the snow stained with its blood. He
picked it up, and put it under his smock-frock, and carried it to the
pen, where he hid it under some litter, intending to take it home. But
afterwards, as he crossed the fields towards the farm, he passed near
the wood and observed the tracks of many feet and a gap in the fence.
He looked through the gap and saw that the track went into the
preserves. On second thoughts he went back for the pheasant and took it
to his master.

The farmer, who was sitting down to table, quietly ate his breakfast,
and then strolled over to the keeper’s cottage with the bird. This was
the first intimation: the keeper could hardly believe it, till he
himself went down and followed the trail of foot-marks. There was not
the least difficulty in tracing the course of the poachers through the
wood; the feathers were lying about; the scorched paper (for they used
muzzle-loaders), broken boughs, and shot-marks were all too plain. But
by this time the gang were well away, and none were captured or
identified.

The extreme severity of the frost naturally caused people to stay
indoors, so that no one noticed the cart going through the village; nor
could the track of its wheels be discerned from others on the snow of
the highway beaten down firm. Even had the poachers been disturbed, it
is doubtful if so small a staff of keepers could have done anything to
stop them. As it was, they not only made a good haul—the largest made
for years in that locality—but quite spoiled the shooting.

There are no white figures passing through the peaceful wood to-night
and firing up into the trees. It is perfectly still. The broad moon
moves slow, and the bright rays light up tree and bush, so that it is
easy to see through, except where the brambles retain their leaves and
are fringed with the dead ferns.

The poaching of the present day is carried on with a few appliances
only. An old-fashioned poacher could employ a variety of “engines,” but
the modern has scarcely any choice. There was, for instance, a very
effective mode of setting a wire with a springe or bow. A stout stick
was thrust into the ground, and then bent over into an arch. When the
wire was thrown it instantly released the springe, which sprang up and
drew it fast round the neck of the hare or rabbit, whose fore feet were
lifted from the earth. Sometimes a growing sapling was bent down for
the bow if it chanced to stand conveniently near a run. The hare no
sooner put her head into the noose than she was suspended and
strangled.

I tried the springe several times for rabbits, and found it answer; but
the poacher cannot use it because it is so conspicuous. The stick
itself, rising above the grass, is visible at some distance, and when
thrown it holds the hare or rabbit up for any one to see that passes
by. With a wire set in the present manner the captured animal lies
extended, and often rolls into a furrow and is further hidden.

The springe was probably last employed by the mole-catchers. Their
wooden traps were in the shape of a small tunnel, with a wire in the
middle which, when the mole passed through, set free a bent stick. This
stick pulled the wire and hung the mole. Such mole-catchers’ bows or
springes used to be seen in every meadow, but are now superseded by the
iron trap.

Springes with horsehair nooses on the ground were also set for
woodcocks and for wild ducks. It is said that a springe of somewhat
similar construction was used for pheasants. Horsehair nooses are still
applied for capturing woodpeckers and the owls that spend the day in
hollow trees, being set round the hole by which they leave the tree. A
more delicate horsehair noose is sometimes set for finches and small
birds. I tried it for bullfinches, but did not succeed from lack of the
dexterity required. The modes of using bird-lime were numerous, and
many of them are in use for taking song-birds.

But the enclosure of open lands, the strict definition of footpaths,
closer cultivation, and the increased value of game have so checked the
poacher’s operations with nets that in many districts the net may be
said to be extinct. It is no longer necessary to bush the stubbles
immediately after reaping. Brambles are said to have been the best for
hindering the net, which frequently swept away an entire covey, old
birds and young together. Stubbles are now so short that no birds will
lie in them, and the net would not be successful there if it were
tried.

The net used to be so favourite an “engine” because partridges and
pheasants will run rather than fly. In the case of partridges the
poacher had first to ascertain the haunt of the covey, which he could
do by looking for where they roost at night: the spot is often worn
almost bare of grass and easily found. Or he could listen in the
evening for the calling of the birds as they run together. The net
being set, he walked very slowly down the wind towards the covey. It
could not be done too quietly or gently, because if one got up all the
rest would immediately take wing; for partridges act in concert. If he
took his time and let them run in front of him he secured the whole
number. That was the principle; but the nets were of many kinds: the
partridges were sometimes driven in by a dog. The partridges that
appear in the market on the morning of the 1st of September are said to
be netted, though probably by those who have a right to do so. These
birds by nature lend themselves to such tricks, being so timid. It is
said that if continually driven to and fro they will at last cower, and
can be taken by hand or knocked over with a stick.

The sight of a paper kite in the air makes them motionless till forced
to rise; and there was an old dodge of ringing a bell at night, which
so alarmed the covey that they remained still till the net was ready,
when a sudden flash of light drove them into it. Imagine a poacher
ringing a bell nowadays! Then, partridges were peculiarly liable to be
taken; now, perhaps, they escape better than any other kind of game.
Except with a gun the poacher can hardly touch them, and after the
coveys have been broken up it is not worth his while to risk a shot
very often. If only their eggs could be protected there should be
little difficulty with partridges.

Pheasants are more individual in their ways, and act less together; but
they have the same habit of running instead of flying, and if a poacher
did but dare he could take them with nets as easily as possible. They
form runs through the woods—just as fowls will wander day after day
down a hedge, till they have made quite a path. So that, having found
the run and knowing the position of the birds, the rest is simplicity
itself. The net being stretched, the pheasants were driven in. A cur
dog was sometimes sent round to disturb the birds. Being a cur, he did
not bark, for which reason a strain of cur is preferred to this day by
the mouchers who keep dogs. Now that the woods are regularly watched
such a plan has become impracticable. It might indeed be done once, but
surely not twice where competent keepers were about.

Nets were also used for hares and rabbits, which were driven in by a
dog; but, the scent of these animals being so good, it was necessary to
work in such a manner that the wind might not blow from the net,
meeting them as they approached it. Pheasants, as every one knows,
roost on trees, but often do not ascend very high; and, indeed, before
the leaves are off they are said to be sometimes taken by hand—sliding
it along the bough till the legs are grasped, just as you might fowls
perched at night on a rail across the beams of a shed.

The spot where they roost is easily found out, because of the peculiar
noise they make upon flying up; and with a little precaution the trees
may be approached without startling them. Years ago the poacher carried
a sulphur match and lit it under the tree, when the fumes, ascending,
stupefied the birds, which fell to the ground. The process strongly
resembled the way in which old-fashioned folk stifled their bees by
placing the hive at night, when the insects were still, over a piece of
brown paper dipped in molten brimstone and ignited. The apparently dead
bees were afterwards shaken out and buried; but upon moving the earth
with a spade some of them would crawl out, even after two or three
days.

Sulphur fumes were likewise used for compelling rabbits to bolt from
their buries without a ferret. I tried an experiment in a bury once
with a mixture the chief component of which was gunpowder, so managed
as to burn slowly and give a great smoke. The rabbits did, indeed, just
hop out and hop in again; but it is a most clumsy expedient, because
the fire must be lit on the windward side, and the rabbits will only
come out to leeward. The smoke hangs, and does not penetrate into half
the tunnels; or else it blows through quickly, when you must stop half
the holes with a spade. It is a wretched substitute for a ferret.

When cock-fighting was common the bellicose inclinations of the
cock-pheasants were sometimes excited to their destruction. A gamecock
was first armed with the sharp spur made from the best razors, and then
put down near where a pheasant-cock had been observed to crow. The
pheasant cock is so thoroughly game that he will not allow any rival
crowing in his locality, and the two quickly met in battle. Like a keen
poniard the game-cock’s spur either slew the pheasant outright or got
fixed in the pheasant’s feathers, when he was captured.

A pheasant, too, as he ran deeper into the wood upon an alarm,
occasionally found his neck in a noose suspended across his path. For
rabbiting, the lurcher was and is the dog of all others. He is as
cunning and wily in approaching his game as if he had a cross of feline
nature in his character. Other dogs trust to speed; but the lurcher
steals on his prey without a sound. He enters into the purpose of his
master, and if any one appears in sight remains quietly in the hedge
with the rabbit or leveret in his mouth till a sign bids him approach.
If half the stories told of the docility and intelligence of the
lurcher are true, the poacher needs no other help than one of these
dogs for ground game. But the dogs called lurchers nowadays are mostly
of degenerate and impure breed; still, even these are capable of a good
deal.

There is a way of fishing with rod and line, but without a bait. The
rod should be in one piece, or else a stout one—the line also very
strong and short, the hook of large size. When the fish is discovered
the hook is quietly dropped into the water and allowed to float, in
seeming, along, till close under it. The rod is then jerked up, and the
barb enters the body of the fish and drags it out.

This plan requires, of course, that the fish should be visible, and if
stationary is more easily practised; but it is also effective even
against small fish that swim together in large shoals, for if the hook
misses one it strikes another. The most fatal time for fish is when
they spawn: roach, jack, and trout alike are then within reach, and if
the poacher dares to visit the water he is certain of a haul.

Even in the present day and in the south a fawn is now and then stolen
from parks and forests where deer are kept. Being small, it is not much
more difficult to hide than a couple of hares; and once in the
carrier’s cart and at a little distance no one asks any questions. Such
game always finds a ready sale; and when a savoury dish is on the table
those who are about to eat it do not inquire whence it came any more
than the old folk did centuries ago. A nod and a wink are the best
sauce. As the keepers are allowed to sell a certain number of fawns (or
say they are), it is not possible for any one at a distance to know
whether the game was poached or not. An ordinary single-barrel
muzzle-loader of the commonest kind with a charge of common shot will
kill a fawn.

I once started to stalk a pheasant that was feeding in the corner of a
meadow. Beyond the meadow there was a cornfield which extended across
to a preserved wood. But the open stubble afforded no cover—any one
walking in it could be seen—so that the pheasant had to be got at from
one side only. It was necessary also that he should be shot dead
without fluttering of wings, the wood being so near.

The afternoon sun, shining in a cloudless sky—it was a still October
day—beat hot against the western side of the hedge as I noiselessly
walked beside it. In the aftermath, green but flowerless, a small flock
of sheep were feeding—one with a long briar clinging to his wool. They
moved slowly before me; a thing I wanted; for behind sheep almost any
game can be approached.

I have also frequently shot rabbits that were out feeding, by the aid
of a herd of cows. It does not seem to be so much the actual cover as
the scent of the animals; for a man of course can be seen over sheep,
and under the legs of cattle. But the breath and odour of sheep or cows
prevent the game from scenting him, and, what is equally effective, the
cattle, to which they are accustomed, throw them off their guard.

The cart-horses in the fields do not answer so well: if you try to use
one for stalking, unless he knows you he will sheer off and set up a
clumsy gallop, being afraid of capture and a return to work. But cows
will feed steadily in front, and a flock of sheep, very slowly driven,
move on with a gentle “tinkle, tinkle.” Wild creatures show no fear of
what they are accustomed to, and the use of which they understand.

If a solitary hurdle be set up in a meadow as a hiding-place from
behind which to shoot the rabbits of a burrow, not one will come out
within gun-shot that evening. They know-that it is something strange,
the use of which they do not understand and therefore avoid. When I
first began to shoot, the difficulty was to judge the distances, and to
know how far a rabbit was from a favourite hiding-place. I once
carefully dropped small green boughs, just broken off, at twenty,
thirty, and forty yards, measuring by paces. This was in the morning.

In the evening not a rabbit would come out anywhere near these boughs;
they were shy of them even when the leaves had withered and turned
brown; so that I took them away. Yet of the green boughs blown off by a
gale, or the dead grey branches that fall of their own weight, they
take no notice.

First, then, they must have heard me in their burrows pacing by;
secondly, they scented the boughs as having been handled, and connected
the two circumstances together; and, thirdly, though aware that the
boughs themselves were harmless, they felt that harm was intended. The
pheasant had been walking about in the corner where the hedges met, but
now he went in; still, as he entered the hedge in a quiet way, he did
not appear to be alarmed. The sheep, tired of being constantly driven
from their food, now sheered out from the hedge, and allowed me to go
by.

As I passed I gathered a few haws and ate them. The reason why birds do
not care much for berries before they are forced to take to them by
frost is because of the stone within, so that the food afforded by the
berries is really small. Yew-berries are an exception; they have a
stone, but the covering to it is sweet, succulent, and thick, and
dearly loved by thrushes. In the ditch the tall grasses, having escaped
the scythe, bowed low with the weight of their own awn-like seeds.

The corner was not far off now; and I waited awhile behind a large
hawthorn bush growing on the “shore” of the ditch, thinking that I
might see the pheasant on the mound, or that at least he would recover
confidence if he had previously heard anything. Inside the bush was a
nest already partly filled with fallen leaves, like a little basket.

A rabbit had been feeding on the other side, but now, suspicious, came
over the bank, and, seeing me, suddenly stopped and lifted himself up.
In that moment I could have shot him, being so near, without putting
the gun to the shoulder, by the sense of direction in the hands; the
next he dived into a burrow. Looking round the bush, I now saw the
pheasant in the hedge, that crossed at right angles in front; this was
fortunate, because through that hedge there was another meadow. It was
full of nut-tree bushes, very tall and thick at the top, but lower down
thin, as is usually the case when poles grow high. To fill the space a
fence had been made of stakes and bushes woven between them, and on
this the pheasant stood.

It was too far for a safe shot; in a minute he went down into the
meadow on the other side. I then crept on hands and knees towards the
nut-bushes: as I got nearer there was a slight rustle and a low hiss in
the grass, and I had to pause while a snake went by hastening for the
ditch. A few moments afterwards, being close to the hedge, I rose
partly up, and looked carefully over the fence between the hazel wands.
There was the pheasant not fifteen yards away, his back somewhat
towards me, and quietly questing about.

In lifting the gun I had to push aside a bough—the empty hoods, from
which a bunch of brown nuts had fallen, rested against the barrel as I
looked along it. I aimed at the head—knowing that it would mean instant
death, and would also avoid shattering the bird at so short a range;
besides which there would be fewer scattered feathers to collect and
thrust out of sight into a rabbit bury. A reason why people frequently
miss pheasants in cover-shooting, despite of their size, is because
they look at the body, the wings, and the tail. But if they looked only
at the head, and thought of that, very few would escape. My finger felt
the trigger, and the least increase of pressure would have been fatal;
but in the act I hesitated, dropped the barrel, and watched the
beautiful bird.

That watching so often stayed the shot that at last it grew to be a
habit: the mere simple pleasure of seeing birds and animals, when they
were quite unconscious that they were observed, being too great to be
spoilt by the discharge. After carefully getting a wire over a jack;
after waiting in a tree till a hare came along; after sitting in a
mound till the partridges began to run together to roost; in the end
the wire or gun remained unused. The same feeling has equally checked
my hand in legitimate shooting: time after time I have flushed
partridges without firing, and have let the hare bound over the furrow
free.

I have entered many woods just for the pleasure of creeping through the
brake and the thickets. Destruction in itself was not the motive; it
was an overpowering instinct for woods and fields. Yet woods and fields
lose half their interest without a gun—I like the power to shoot, even
though I may not use it. The very perfection of our modern guns is to
me one of their drawbacks: the use of them is so easy and so certain of
effect that it takes away the romance of sport.

There could be no greater pleasure to me than to wander with a
matchlock through one of the great forests or wild tracts that still
remain in England. A hare a day, a brace of partridges, or a wild duck
would be ample in the way of actual shooting. The weapon itself,
whether matchlock, wheel-lock, or even a cross-bow, would be a delight.
Some of the antique wheel-lock guns are really beautiful specimens of
design. The old powder-horns are often gems of workmanship—hunting
scenes cut out in ivory, and the minutest detail of hoof or antler
rendered with life-like accuracy. How pleasant these carvings feel to
the fingers! It is delightful to handle such weapons and such
implements.

The matchlocks, too, are inlaid or the stocks carved. There is
slaughter in every line of our modern guns—mechanical slaughter. But
were I offered participation in the bloodiest battue ever arranged, or
the freedom of an English forest or mountain tract, to go forth at any
time untrammelled by attendant, but only to shoot with matchlock,
wheel-lock, or cross-bow, my choice would be unhesitating.

There would be pleasure in winding up the lock with the spanner;
pleasure in adjusting the priming; or with the matchlock in lighting
the match. To wander out into the brake, to creep from tree to tree so
noiselessly that the woodpecker should not cease to tap—in that there
is joy. The consciousness that everything depends upon your own
personal skill, and that you have no second resource if that fails you,
gives the real zest to sport.

If the wheel did not knock a spark out quickly; if the priming had not
been kept dry or the match not properly blown, or the cross-bow set
exactly accurate, then the care of approach would be lost. You must
hold the gun steady, too, while the slow priming ignites the charge.

An imperfect weapon—yes; but the imperfect weapon would accord with the
great oaks, the beech trees full of knot-holes, the mysterious
thickets, the tall fern, the silence and the solitude. The chase would
become a real chase: not, as now, a foregone conclusion. And there
would be time for pondering and dreaming.

Let us be always out of doors among trees and grass, and rain and wind
and sun. There the breeze comes and strikes the cheek and sets it
aglow: the gale increases and the trees creak and roar, but it is only
a ruder music. A calm follows, the sun shines in the sky, and it is the
time to sit under an oak, leaning against the bark, while the birds
sing and the air is soft and sweet. By night the stars shine, and there
is no fathoming the dark spaces between those brilliant points, nor the
thoughts that come as it were between the fixed stars and landmarks of
the mind.

Or it is the morning on the hills, when hope is as wide as the world;
or it is the evening on the shore. A red sun sinks, and the foam-tipped
waves are crested with crimson; the booming surge breaks, and the spray
flies afar, sprinkling the face watching under the pale cliffs. Let us
get out of these indoor narrow modern days, whose twelve hours somehow
have become shortened, into the sunlight and the pure wind. A something
that the ancients called divine can be found and felt there still.

THE END






*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMATEUR POACHER ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.