The Project Gutenberg eBook of How to Make a Shoe This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: How to Make a Shoe Author: John Parker Headley Release date: April 7, 2008 [eBook #25013] Language: English Credits: Produced by David Wilson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE A SHOE *** Produced by David Wilson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) HOW TO MAKE A SHOE. By JNO. P. HEADLEY, Jr. WASHINGTON, D. C. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GIBSON BROTHERS, PRINTERS. 1882. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1882, by Jno. P. Headley, Jr., in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. Shoemakers are known both far and wide, As men who always cut up _side_-- Horse sometimes, also cow leather, To meet the changes in the weather. Sheep and goats are often slain; Both unite to make it plain That sheep is used for lining nice, When goat alone would not suffice; Just so with calf as well as kid. Some use these linen-lined, And think it quite the best, for those Who feel themselves refined. Refined or not, we think it true Our feet need some protection; To do whate'er they have to do, We make our own selection. Select at all times the best we can, Both of shoemakers as well as shoes, This is much the better plan, And learns us how to choose. INTRODUCTION. The Author of the book in hand, having passed through the various scenes through which he would accompany his readers, was prompted to make this offering to the craft and the public in order to relieve his mind of the thoughts had upon the subject of making shoes, as well as to contribute something of a literary character which, in the broad range of possibilities, may become useful as a text-book, or family-book, for those who may feel interested in making or wearing shoes, and perhaps lead to something better. Realizing the imperfections and shortcomings of the human family, to some extent at least, no claim beyond that which you are disposed to put upon it is held, so that any communication will be gladly received and noted. This opportunity is also taken to express thanks for some valuable suggestions from the U. S. Bureau of Education, and others, concerning the publication of this little volume, and in its present shape you are invited to read and make the best use of it you can. Author. [Illustration] The subject, seated on a chair, One knee the other to rest, Has his measure taken fair, The foot at ease is best. The Artist views the foot, And straightway takes the length, By measuring it from heel to toe, His _size_ brings content. From twelve to eighteen inches long-- This _stick_ has many _sizes_; Three to the inch is now our song, Subject to compromises. Some feet have long toes behind-- In the language of the _craft_; These are not so hard to find, And oft to us been waft. Our Artist here will best succeed, If a little head he can measure, For out of that comes very much To make the feet a treasure. [Illustration] Next, around the heel a strap we bring, To the centre of the curve, A leather or linen _strap_ is used, And don't affect the nerve. The marks on this an inch represents, Also fractions of inch preserved; When made complete it then presents An appearance well deserved. Around the heel, I've already said, But that is not quite so; For around in part and through instead Will make it more the go. Now let us here make up our minds, If this trade we would study, That the _craft_ is subject to many fines If the subject gets very _muddy_. [Illustration] With strap in hand the _instep_ measure-- Be sure you get it right; For at this place some have a treasure, Which prompts them oft to fight. A little _lump_ we will it now call, Not knowing the exact name of it; Nor let our _strap_ the least bit fall, But measure just above it. When we've done this, and done quite well, Another move will follow, Which takes us nearly on the _ball_, And brings us from the _hollow_. [Illustration] From the _hollow_ now we've just come out, With strap in hand to take The measure neat, near on the _ball_, So that our _fits_ won't shake. If they should shake the remedy comes, A false sole we do make, To please our subjects at their homes The _soles_ we there do take. Onward now the way we press, And move along just so, Until we reach the part well known To be the toe, the toe. [Illustration] This is the place of which folks do talk, If there is any pressure, Because they cannot easy walk, The _shoey_ missed the measure. Just below the _ball_, across the toes, Is where we next are found; For there is nothing worn like _shoes_ When used upon the ground. From here we feel like soaring higher, And soon get at the ankle, Which must be fit to suit the buyer, Thus avoiding any wrangle. [Illustration] The _ankle_ reached, we then with care Measure neat and true; If anything is noticed there, 'Twill surely be the shoe. That notice is just what we want, From that we get our living; And if we make a miss on that, It might be past forgiving. From toe to ankle we have come, With an uncertain height, And with the measures we've put down Will now add that right. [Illustration] To have the height right is our aim; Some like shoes high, some low; But to have them fit is all the same, And this we try to show. Some in one way, some in another, These measures have been taken, Until we have them all together, We should not try to shapen. To work now by our measure marked Will be our constant aim; A pattern must be cut-- To start with that is plain. But plainer still the shoe will be From the pattern we shall cut, Because we think you'll all agree What's opened should be shut. [Illustration] Before our eyes the _patterns_ come, The shapes are clearly seen, A _vamp_ and _quarter_, with a _tongue_, Worked just in between. A stiffening of _sole_ has found its way, And asks that it be shown, In order, at some future day, Its use might be made known. The parts, you see, stand thus alone, But have a close relation; Because these parts must all be shown To keep their proper station. One part not seen, in shape the same, Is _cut_ and called the _lining_, Upon which each _quarter_ must be placed-- We'll not stop here defining-- [Illustration] But show in this cut, if you please, The lining a little larger, With the _quarter_ pasted on it smooth, If not there'll come a charger. The _vamp_, also, has been changed, Only one-half appears, The cause of which can be explained In less time than number years. When we the lower corners take, And match them well in fact, The _centre_ we at once do make, Which guides the following act-- [Illustration] The act of uniting _quarter_ and _vamp_, With _paste_ or _cement_ for sewing, Is done with care, as in this cut, The fitness of things is showing. The centre mark on the vamp we'll use, To get the quarters placed best, By putting the vamp upon the two, One-half inch above to rest. One _end_ is reached, but not the last; This _end_ from _flax_ or cotton Is made by some men very fast, If the _flax_ is not too rotten. [Illustration] The work which we have now passed through Could all be done by standing, Having a _board_ to cut upon, And _one_ the _paste_ commanding. But now we wish the scene to change, And begin the _ending_ act; Which comes first to him who would arrange The _threads_, indeed, intact. We roll the _thread_ upon our _knee_, To untwist and break with ease, And place the _cords_, one, two, and three, So that the points are formed, if you please. [Illustration] By having the _points_ one below the other, The _thread_ kept free from a knot, We will avoid whate'er there is to bother, While the past may be forgot. We will let that be just as it may, If wrong we'll try and mend it; For surely there will come a day When after _awl_ we'll send it. [Illustration] With the _thread_ arranged, as we've described, Twisting is quite in order; The figure now shows us a how To _twist_ it hard and harder. When one side is twisted hard enough, We simply take the other, And do the same thing over again, So that the threads are worked together. Before the ends are entirely free, One thing around us lingers, We take the thread, three or two in one, Around our left-hand fingers. [Illustration] A large round awl is just the thing, To do what we call _milling_; Two or three trips are sure to bring From fingers to foot the filling. Now our thread is very smooth, But we try to make it smoother, By using a piece of cloth to rub, When done, free all together. Something now is sought that _sticks_, Commonly known as _wax_; And often one gets in a fix When he finds it with the _tacks_. [Illustration] But _wax_, not _tacks_, is what we want, To make our _thread_ quite nice; We catch it in the middle, And to the end wax thrice. Each time _waxing_ briskly, Not stopping on the way, For if we do we'll miss it, And perhaps will have to stay. Our _wax_ should be in season, Soft wax in winter use-- Hard _wax_ in summer--reason, Holding together our _shoes_. [Illustration] A fine point now we're about to make; This part should be _waxed_ better, So that the _bristle_ we may take, Shall stick like the stamp of a letter. We'll stop here about the thread, To take a little whistle, Until we find a pair to suit, Then begin to _bristle_. [Illustration] The _bristles_ with care have been selected, In keeping with the thread, In this case we feel protected, Because the _hog_ is dead. From Russia, we are told, the best bristles come, But cannot tell you why, The _hairs_ upon our _hogs_ at home Are not so good to buy. [Illustration] The union of thread and bristle, now, Will keep us to our text, For from this you'll no doubt see What is coming next. The _bristle_ is _split_ a little o'er half way, In the left hand has its place, Between the finger and thumb to play An important part in the race. One-half over the forefinger you see, Held in place by the next, The _thread_ and _bristle_ both agree To be thus placed is best. Do not _split_ but roll it on, Some have said and done, By _waxing_ the _bristle_ where the other is split, And continued from sun to sun. [Illustration] Now either way to start will do, As much depends on _twisting_, The _hairy_ part is left for you To make sort of _whisting_. Back to the scene from whence we came, With our _end_ in place to hasten, Make a _hole_ quite through the thread, The _point_ pass through and fasten. [Illustration] So much about the bristle said, No doubt you'll think it strange That needles are not used instead-- Some have tried the change. They may be used with good effect, In sewing through and through; But when we use a _crooked awl_, The _bristle_ stands by true. [Illustration] One more remark about the _end_ We thus have kept in view, To find the middle is the thing Now left for us to do. Not very hard, but easy quite; In the left hand even joints-- The right hand holding the other end, This fills up all the points. [Illustration] Another change in things takes place, This time the clamps appear; Between the _knees_ they run their race, And hold the _upper_ dear. The _vamp_ and _quarters_ as they were pasted, Are seen now in their place; The vamp extending above the clamps, With the _quarters_ easy to trace. Begin to _sew_ at extreme end; Put left-hand _bristle_ first in; Across the _vamp_ our _sewing_ extend, Two _rows_ that may be seen. [Illustration] This nicely done, just change a little; The position is clearly seen When we have this _quarter_ stitched near the back, Say half inch in between, Pull through one thread and tie it tight, On the inside to be left; Begin to _sew_ the other quarter, Close at the _vamp_ is right. [Illustration] Sew to the _back_, and then begin Another row up the front; Sew to the _top_, 'twill be no sin, But the doing of what is wont. These rows, half an inch apart, Will serve the present state, Because now we have a splendid start, And getting on first rate. Then down the _front_ on the other side, To the _vamp_ be sure to go; Never allow your work to slide, But take it out just so. [Illustration] The _front_ is sewed, the back is not, But it will be very soon; This must never be forgot, As it takes up part the room. The _out-sides_ together at the back are seen, As we are about to sew A little _strip_, put in between, To make it stronger grow. Down to the bottom we'll sew the way, Until it is complete; Then _trim_ the _seam_, and rub it well With a _bone_ found on the _seat_. [Illustration] You will observe the _back_ is changed, The _linings_ are together; This can be quite well arranged By _whipping_ down this _leather_. Either whipping over and over, or through and through, Just as the case may be; Neither way is very new As we may clearly see. But we should do it, and _rub_ down _flat_, For now the time has come When we have had enough of that, And our _upper_ is near done. [Illustration] The _upper_ has now its right side out, "Right-side out with care;" A little stitching at the top of the back Will make it look quite fair. We stopped stitching, you remember well, Before we reached the back, When on the _quarters_ we did dwell, And left a vacant _track_. [Illustration] That track now is filled up well, Yet we do hold it fast, Knowing that a time will come To put it on the _last_. Before that time is reached, however, The _eyelets_, bear in mind, Should each be put in proper place, So that the _holes_ we find Will let the _strings_ pass easily through, When _punched_ and _set_ in straight; We have now the _upper_ for our _shoe_, Do try and make the _mate_. [Illustration] This _upper_ completed by the past, Has made it much a treasure, For we must also have a _last_, And fit it up to measure. Since we have kept our seat so long, A change may rest our back; So at the _bench_ we'll take our stand, Close by our friend, the _jack_. The Bailey jack is the name of this One, screwed down upon the _post_; For general use it will not miss, But serve our end the most. [Illustration] _Lasts_ are made of many woods, Of ash, of oak, and maple; Well seasoned is this stock of goods, Some kinds are very staple. Some are made with _iron plates_, To _clinch_ the screw or nail, But when we would a peg shoe make, To use these plates would fail. Made, also, for men and boys, Women and girls, for each Has on this _art_ a special claim, Their feet to train and teach. To dwell here longer would not do, The last we want's in the hand; We'll measure the same as we did the foot, And thus our _trade_ command. The length, you know, is measured first; Two _sizes_ added on Will make the toe so comfortable, We should like to sing a song. [Illustration] The heel we reach in perfect order, And leave the measure neat; Some shoes are made which look much broader When put upon the feet. [Illustration] The _instep_ now we see again, And measure as before, One-half inch off will answer us, No less, and not much more. For if we do we are apt to find The place where shoes do pinch; Across the _ball_ we're now inclined, Still measuring by the inch. [Illustration] This is at times a tender spot: Bunions develop there; And when they do 'tis not forgot, We may be e'er so fair. One-quarter _size_ we leave off here, As on our way we go, Travelling on, without a fear, Until we reach the toe. [Illustration] Another quarter we would say, At this point we may drop, For we are now quite far away From the ankle and the top. But further yet, we are bound to go, The _bottom_ must be reached, Where _soles_ are made and often _saved_, 'Though the _saver_ be _impeached_. The _last_ we put upon a _side_ Of white or red sole leather, And mark with knife, or pencil wide, The parts of _sole_ together. The parts are known, each one defined, _Inner_ and _outer sole_; A _middle_ one, when we are kind, _Lifts_ and _shank piece_ make the whole. [Illustration] The _inner_ sole on the _last_ is put, The _pegs_ just where you see Keep the sole where it belongs, In order to agree. The edge is bevelled from heel to heel; The mark across the breast Shows us when and where we may Take a little rest. [Illustration] The _upper_ straight upon the _last_, With the _seams_ appearing right, The stiffening smooth just at the back, Will draw upon our sight. This should be done when we begin To draw the upper over, So that the _last_ in all its parts Shall have a proper cover. [Illustration] Draw steady, until we have it close At the heel and at the toe; If these parts should be too loose It would nearly spoil the shoe. Draw steady, or you'll make a crack, Which will there remain; Perhaps may cause us to go back, And do it over again. [Illustration] The _upper_, in the way described, Drawn gently at the toe, We hold it down with our left thumb, While a _peg_ we try make go. On either side of the toe now work, And in the same way fasten The _upper_ down upon the _sole_; To the heel we now must hasten. [Illustration] Let the upper at the _seam_ Have now a secure tack; The stiffening, all straight in between The _lining_ and the _back_. Be sure you get the lining smooth, The part inside the shoe; If it is not, you may sometime Have a thing to make you blue. [Illustration] Now put the shoe upon the _bench_, In the way shown in the cut; And with a _string_ and _button_ Use care to close the front. We no doubt now do see the thing Taking on a shape, Which, in the end, will surely bring Us clear out of the scrape. [Illustration] The shoe is now placed on the _jack_; A _hole_, for the _pin_ in the _last_, Serves to keep the same intact, While the _toe piece_ holds it fast. Now at the _breast_, draw over outside, Close upon the _sole_; Take your time, for something's gained, While filling up the hole. The awl, you see, should not be large; In _lasting_ use small _pegs_; Just drive them through the _inner sole_, No danger of your legs. [Illustration] We will now note the difference: The inside _shank_ is longer; If we would last it very smooth, We must pull all the stronger. The thumbs at this are very clever, When their part is nicely played, Serving as a splendid lever, While working in the shade. [Illustration] We are now at the _inside ball_-- Be careful not to scratch it; When in position we are found We are more apt to catch it. When this we've caught, and feel safe to leave For the other side, We'll find the heel where the toe has been, By this we must abide. [Illustration] Everything quite in its place, The future for us yet; Let's _last_ the _upper_ all around, 'Till at the _toe_ we get. Still using _awl_ in _pincer_ hand, Alternating endly, For at this _post_ we've taken stand To grow up very friendly. [Illustration] The toe has _crimps_, some in the heel; The first is more important, Because the toe is always seen; If rough becomes discordant. These _crimps_ are made from left to right, And right to left we go; Then _scallop_ them, when to be _pegged_, Not so when it we sew. [Illustration] The _shank piece_ in, the bottom filled, With _crimps_ cut as was said, Already for the _middle sole_, Which forms an even bed, On which we lay the _outer sole_; The thing we look for next, Is moulded near the upper close, And comes quite near our text. [Illustration] The _middle sole_ will make us have A better understanding, And help protect our feet from frost, While we the trade commanding. A _strap_ is used around the _foot_, The _shoe_ upon the _knee_; To mould the _sole_, as we have said, These parts should all agree. [Illustration] When moulded good, edge full from last, Trim the sole prepared; Then make a line for pegs to go, For in this we have shared. We to our old friend _jack_ make haste, With our _awl_ and _hammer_ bright; Begin to _peg_ on the line we've marked-- Six to the inch is right. [Illustration] Two rows around, just in between, Each other they are put; Use them long enough to go clear through, But save them from the foot. The awl-hand picks up the pegs, The hammer-hand now takes, Between forefinger and the thumb, And for the hole it makes. By repeating this we soon shall have Our work ready for a _lift_; But first, smooth pegs and trim _heel-seat_, Or we'll move along too swift. [Illustration] The first _lift_ on, we'll leave it full, Making the centre level; With our knife in hand, not very dull, We are prepared to bevel. In this way the heel is built, One _lift_ upon the other; Pegging each will add no guilt, But save our subject bother. Piece by piece, until we stop At the proper height; A solid piece used for the top Will make it finish right. [Illustration] Nails are driven, both _iron_ and _steel_, Around the top, in mind, And on the _outside_ some prefer A few more nails to find. Hammer solid both _heel_ and _sole_ Level as it can be; Whittle the _heel_ down to a size Close to the nails you'll see. [Illustration] The heel-shave is a tool so good, To smooth the heel up nice; For when around it you have gone, Its work will here suffice. Cut down the _breast_, make it _square_, Sand-paper it, if you please; Then change position very fair, And done with perfect ease. [Illustration] Take out the _welt_ with a _knife_ to suit, Do not cut the upper; This same thing is done to the boot, And neither has to suffer. These tools are bought in stores, Known to the _craft_ as "finding;" Some are here from foreign shores, Which serve us a binding. [Illustration] A small _knife_ take, and _trim_ the edge From the heel, around the toe, Down to the heel on the other side-- Our shoe begins to show. The _bottom buffed_, all but the top, Sand-paper all, now, we think; Just mark a place across the _shank_ To be blackened well with the ink. [Illustration] The bottom in this shape has come, And looks as if we've parted; But that's not so, as we well know We are nearer than when we started. The ink when burnished with _hot kit_-- A little _heel ball_ is the thing To use, so that it will be fit To put upon a king. [Illustration] Our jack and company seen again, The last time for the present; To part, perhaps, will give us pain; Perhaps be very pleasant. A burnisher for the heel, behold! Use briskly when we finish, For this tale is nearly told, Its parts seem to diminish. Many parts have made the whole, Some parts are much effected; But when the parts are whole in one, They do become respected. [Illustration] The end is reached, we trust all safe, After quite a travel; Though the road was rough from place to place, The thread did not unravel. J. P. H., Jr. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE A SHOE *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.