The Project Gutenberg eBook of Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus, by John A. White.

The differences in anatomy and color between many species of chipmunks are subtle, and refined techniques are required to discover them. When "measuring" chipmunks taxonomically, it is necessary to use a "chipmunk scale" and not, for example, a "pocket-gopher scale." In explanation, some species of pocket gophers closely allied to each other, and even some subspecies of the same species, differ markedly in color and in size and shape of parts of the skeleton; comparable differences are not so pronounced among many species of chipmunks.

Historical Summary

Merriam (1905) was the first to show clearly that Eutamias quadrivittatus is a distinct species, and pointed out that E. amoenus operarius (= E. minimus operarius ) is a small species which resembles, and is found in some areas together with, E. quadrivittatus .

Howell (1929) placed under E. quadrivittatus the following subspecies: E. q. quadrivittatus , E. q. hopiensis , E. q. inyoensis , E. q. frater , E. q. sequoiensis , and E. q. speciosus .

Hardy (1945) placed E. adsitus under E. quadrivittatus as E. q. adsitus , and Kelson (1951) placed E. umbrinus under E. quadrivittatus as E. q. umbrinus .

Johnson (1943) re-established E. speciosus as a separate species, and in California left only E. q. inyoensis in E. quadrivittatus .

Thus, since 1943 the recognized subspecies of E. quadrivittatus have been: E. q. quadrivittatus , E. q. hopiensis , E. q. inyoensis , E. q. nevadensis , E. q. umbrinus , and E. q. adsitus .

Methods, Materials, and Acknowledgments

Capitalized color terms, which are used in descriptions and comparisons, are of Ridgway, "Color Standards and Color Nomenclature," Washington, D. C., 1912.

In the synonymy of each subspecies there appears only the first usage of a name, second the first usage of the name combination now employed unless a new combination is proposed by me, and third pure synonyms. The last is recognizable as such because the type locality is appended to each.

Unless otherwise specified, all specimens are in the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. The various collections of institutions and of private persons are indicated by the following symbols:

AM—American Museum of Natural History.
BS—United States Biological Surveys Collection.
CM—Colorado Museum of Natural History.
DC—Collection of Donald R. Dickey (now the collection of the University of California at Los Angeles).
FC—Collection of James S. Findley.
KU—Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas.
MM—Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.
NM—United States National Museum.
UU—Museum of Zoology, University of Utah.
WC—Collection of Edward R. Warren, Colorado College.

Of the external measurements, only the total length and the length of the tail are recorded in table 1. Some field collectors measured the ear from the notch and others from the crown; most collectors measured the length of the hind foot to the nearest millimeter rather than in tenths of a millimeter, as would have been desired. Consequently, I decided against using the lengths of the ear and hind foot in the study here reported on.

The measurements of the skull were made as shown in figure 1.

Whenever two or more samples are stated to be significantly different, the meaning is that the difference is statistically significant.

The geographic distribution of each subspecies and the localities of specimens or series of specimens are plotted on the map (fig. 2).

When comparisons were made to ascertain specific and subspecific differences, only adults, or animals in which the enamel was worn through on the permanent P4 and p4 were used. Within this age range, only specimens in comparable pelage were used to ascertain differences in color.

Miss Viola S. Schantz of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Mr. Alfred Bailey of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, Dr. W. H. Burt of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, Dr. Stephen D. Durrant of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Utah, Dr. Robert M. Stabler, curator of the Warren Collection of Colorado College, and Mr. James S. Findley, generously loaned specimens for my use. Doctors E. Raymond Hall, Rollin H. Baker, Robert W. Wilson, Keith R. Kelson, E. Lendell Cockrum, and other friends and associates have given valued suggestions and assistance. My wife, Alice M. White, made the illustrations and helped me record and analyze the data.

Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University Endowment Association, the National Science Foundation, and the United States Navy, Office of Naval Research, through contract No. NR161 791.

Accounts of Species and Subspecies

Eutamias quadrivittatus (Say)

Diagnosis. —Size medium; general tone of upper parts tawny; cranial breadth averaging between 16.0 and 16.8 mm.; baculum distinguishable from that of any other species by the combination of width of base less than ¼ of length of shaft, shaft having a maximum diameter of more than ¼ mm., and height of keel ¼ of length of tip.

Sciurus quadrivittatus Say, in Jones, Long's Expedition to Rocky Mountains, 2:45, 1823.

Eutamias quadrivittatus , Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 30:43, December 27, 1901.

Tamias quadrivittatus gracilis J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:99, June 1890, Type from San Pedro, Santa Fe Co., New Mexico.

Eutamias quadrivittatus animosus Warren, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:105, June 25, 1909. Type from Irwin Ranch, Las Animas County, Colorado.

Type. —None designated; from along Arkansas River, about 26 mi. below Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado; obtained on July 18, 1820.

Diagnosis. —Size medium; dorsal dark stripes blackish; sides Cinnamon to Clay Color; crown Light Drab; baculum large.

Description. — Color pattern : Head Cinnamon, shaded on crown to Light Drab; ocular stripe Fuscous Black, with Cinnamon along margins; other facial stripes Fuscous mixed with Cinnamon; ears Fuscous Black, Ochraceous-Tawny on anterior margin, grayish white on posterior margin and on postauricular [Pg 568] patch; dark dorsal stripes black with Ochraceous-Tawny along margins; outer pair of dark stripes often mainly Tawny; light dorsal stripes grayish white, outer pair usually creamy white; sides Ochraceous-Tawny, shaded in the region of the shoulder with Cinnamon; rump and thighs Cinnamon-Buff mixed with Smoke Gray; antipalmar surfaces of forefeet Cinnamon-Buff; antiplantar surfaces of hind feet Pinkish Buff; dorsal surface of tail Fuscous Black, overlaid with Pinkish Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Tawny, Fuscous Black along margin, Pinkish Buff along outermost edge; underparts creamy white. Skull : Large; braincase well inflated; zygomatic arches strong and slightly appressed to skull. Baculum : Large; long and slender.

Comparisons. —From E. q. hopiensis , the only other subspecies in this species, E. q. quadrivittatus differs in: Dorsal dark stripes blackish; crown grayer; rump and thighs grayer; general tone of upper parts darker.

Remarks. —Specimens from the Chuska Mountains, Zuni Mountains, and Blanco, New Mexico, are intergrades between E. q. quadrivittatus and E. q. hopiensis , but are referable to E. q. quadrivittatus .

In north-central Colorado E. umbrinus occurs in the spruce and pine forests at higher altitudes, while to the south and east of this area E. q. quadrivittatus occurs in growths of piñon in lower, semiarid areas. In the northern half of New Mexico and in south-central Colorado, E. q. quadrivittatus occurs not only in semiarid habitats but also in the moist habitats of the forests of higher altitudes. Ecologically, E. umbrinus thus replaces E. q. quadrivittatus in north-central Colorado. This ecological replacement is comparable to the ecological replacement of Thomomys bottae by T. talpoides in Utah as shown by Durrant (1952:156).

Specimens examined. —Total number, 130.

Colorado : Larimer Co. : Arkins, 1 BS. Jefferson Co. : W spur Lookout Mountain, near Golden, 1 WC. Gunnison Co. : Sapinero, 3 BS. Saguache Co. : 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache 10,000 ft., 1; 21 mi. W and 3 mi. N Saguache, 1. Fremont Co. : 18 mi. S and 7 mi. W Colorado Springs, 1; Arkansas River, "about" 26 mi. below Canon City, 15 BS. San Juan Co. : Silverton, 1 BS. Mineral Co. : 3 mi. E Creede, 1. Alamosa Co. : Sangre de Cristo Range, 24 mi. E Hooper, 2 CM. La Plata Co. : 2 mi. NE Bondad 6,100 ft., 1; Bondad, 15 mi. S Durango 6,050 ft., 1. Archuleta Co. : Chromo, 1 CM. Las Animas Co. : Trinidad, 6 BS. Baca Co. : unspecified, 1.

New Mexico : San Juan Co. : Blanco, 1 BS; Chuska Mountains, 8 BS. Rio Arriba Co. : 8 mi. N El Rito, 1; 4 mi. N El Rito, 5; Rim Rock, El Rito, 2; 2 mi. E El Rito, 7,000 ft., 1; 2 mi. SE El Rito, 1; 6 mi. E and ½ mi. S Truchas, 8,500 ft., 1; 2 mi. S and 4 mi. W Coyote, 8,100 ft., 1; unspecified, 2. Taos Co. : 3 mi. N Taos Pueblo, 5 BS; 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E Taos, 8,750 ft., 2. Union Co. : Emery Peak, 1 BS; Folsom, 3 BS; Sierra Grande, 8 BS; unspecified, 2. McKinley Co. : Bear Ridge, Zuni Mountains, 9 BS. Sandoval Co. : Bear Canyon, W foothills, Sandia Mountains, 3 BS; W foothills, near S end, Sandia Mountains, 7 BS. Santa Fe Co. : San Pedro, 7 BS. San Miguel Co. : Canadian River, 4 mi. NW Tucumcari, 1 BS. Valencia Co. : Mount Taylor, San Mateo Mountains, 10 BS.

Oklahoma : Cimarron Co. : Kenton, 1 BS.

Description. — Color pattern : Head Drab-Gray, with Snuff Brown around margin of crown; facial stripes Sayal Brown with small blackish patches around eye; ears Ochraceous Tawny anteriorly and Pinkish Buff posteriorly; dorsal [Pg 570] stripes Tawny, median one sometimes blackish; median pair of dorsal light stripes grayish white, outer pair creamy white; sides Ochraceous Tawny; rump and thighs Cinnamon Buff washed with Pale Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet Pinkish Cinnamon; dorsal surface of tail Fuscous Black; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous Tawny, Fuscous Black along margin, Cinnamon Buff along outermost edge; underparts creamy white. Skull : As in E. q. quadrivittatus . Baculum : Same proportions as in E. q. quadrivittatus but smaller.

Comparisons. —See under the account of E. q. quadrivittatus .

Remarks. —Topotypes of this subspecies are intergrades between it and E. q. quadrivittatus .

In a large part of the geographic range of E. q. hopiensis there are numerous, massive outcrops of Mesozoic sandstones, which tend to form cliffs, that are brightly colored with many shades of red. The color which is characteristic of E. q. hopiensis seems to be helpful in adapting this subspecies to this habitat of red sandstone, for these chipmunks are generally found in the rubble and among the piñon at the base of the cliffs. At many places in Utah above these cliffs of red sandstone there are forests predominantly composed of yellow pine. Kelson (1951:42-43) states that "these two habitats are in immediate juxtaposition, the transition from one to the other often occurring in only a few feet ..." and again, "No one to my knowledge, has found any evidence in specimens from Utah of interbreeding of E. q. hopiensis with either E. q. adsitus [= E. umbrinus adsitus ] or E. q. umbrinus [= E. u. umbrinus ]." Benson (1935:449) states, "On Navajo Mountain these chipmunks [ E. q. hopiensis ] were most in evidence on rock outcrops surrounded by brush at the lower edge of the yellow pine zone. One was seen at about 9,500 feet in a south-facing rock outcrop near the spruce-fir forest, but no chipmunk of any kind was seen in the forest itself." This suggests that where only E. q. hopiensis occurs on a mountain this subspecies goes higher than on a mountain where E. u. adsitus also occurs. This same relationship between E. q. quadrivittatus and the subspecies of E. umbrinus that occurs in north-central Colorado was pointed out in the account of E. q. quadrivittatus .

Specimens examined. —Total number, 68.

Utah : Uintah Co. : E side of confluence of Green and White rivers, 1 mi. SE Ouray, 4,700 ft., 3 UU. Grand Co. : Colorado River above Moab, 1 UU; side canyon of Colorado River above Moab, 1 UU; Moab, up Colorado River, 1 UU; Moab, 4,500 ft., 4 UU; Moab Bridge over Colorado River, 3,995 ft., Moab, 1 UU; Colorado River, 5 mi. E Moab Bridge, 4,000 ft., 1 UU. Wayne Co. : Fruita, 1 UU.

[Pg 571] Colorado : Moffat Co. : 11 mi. W and 11 mi. N Rangely, 6,000 ft., 3. Rio Blanco Co. : White River, 5 BS. Eagle Co. : McCoy, 2 BS. Mesa Co. : 1½ mi. S Loma, 4,600 ft., 1. Gunnison Co. : 1 mi. E Somerset, 6,100 ft., 1. Montrose Co. : 1 mi. E Naturita, 5,900 ft., 1. Dolores Co. : 1 mi. N Cahone, 6,900 ft., 1. Montezuma Co. : 1 mi. S Cortez, 5,000 ft., 1; Mesa Verde, 25 mi. SW Mancos, 7,000 ft., 2 BS.

Arizona : Navajo Co. : Keams Canyon, 80 mi. N Holbrook, 15 BS. Apache Co. : Summit, 8,000 ft., Luka Chukai Mountains, 15 mi. E Luka Chukai Navajo School, 8 BS; Wheatfield Creek, W slope Tunicha Mountains, 7,000 ft., 3 BS.

Eutamias umbrinus (J. A. Allen)

Diagnosis. —Size medium; pelage dark; sides dark; narrow cranial breadth; baculum distinguishable from that of any other species (E. palmeri excepted) by the combination of width of base more than ⅓ of length of shaft, distal ½ of shaft laterally compressed, and keel ¼ of length of tip.

Tamias umbrinus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 3:96, June, 1890.

Eutamias umbrinus , Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 30:45, December 27, 1901.

Type. —Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 186463 U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Blacks Fork, about 9,500 ft., Uinta Mountains, Utah; obtained on September 19, 1888, by Vernon Bailey; original No. 228.

Diagnosis. —Size medium; general tone of upper parts dark and shadowy; skull relatively small.

Description. — Color pattern : Head Pale Smoke Gray; facial stripes Fuscous Black to Snuff Brown; ear Fuscous Black; posterior margin of ear and postauricular patch grayish white; median dorsal dark stripe black with Sayal Brown along margins; lateral pair of dorsal dark stripes Sayal Brown or Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost pair of dorsal dark stripes nearly absent; sides Sayal Brown mixed with Cinnamon; rump and thighs Sayal Brown mixed with Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous Tawny or Sayal Brown, with Fuscous Black around margin and Pinkish Buff around outermost edge; underparts creamy white with dark gray underfur. Skull : Large, with moderately inflated braincase and well developed zygomata. Baculum : One of the largest in the species.

Comparisons. —From Eutamias umbrinus adsitus , the subspecies to the south on the Wasatch Range, E. u. umbrinus differs in: Sides lighter; rump browner; hairs around outermost edge of tail tawnier (in freshly molted tails); shorter inner mandibular length.

From E. u. inyoensis , the subspecies to the west in central and northeastern Nevada and in northwestern Utah, E. u. umbrinus differs in: General tone of upper parts lighter; sides lighter; total length more; interorbital region broader.

For comparisons with E. u. sedulus , E. u. fremonti , and E. u. montanus , see the accounts of those subspecies.

Specimens examined. —Total number, 55.

Eutamias adsitus J. A. Allen, Brooklyn Institute Mus. Sci. Bull. 1:118, March 31, 1905.

Type. —Unsexed adult, skull and skin, No. 28728 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; from Briggs Meadow, 10,000 ft., Beaver Mountains, Utah; obtained on August 20, 1904, by George P. Engelhardt.

Diagnosis. —Size medium; sides dark; general tone of upper parts dark; dorsal light and dark stripes strongly contrasting.

Description. — Color pattern : Head Cinnamon mixed with grayish white; stripe on margin of crown Verona-Brown or Bister; ocular stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown; submalar stripe Sayal Brown; ear Fuscous, Sayal Brown along anterior margin and Smoke Gray along posterior margin and on postauricular patch; median dorsal stripe black; lateral dorsal dark stripes Fuscous Black mixed with Russet; outermost dorsal dark stripes slightly darker or indistinguishable from sides in color; dorsal light stripes grayish white with Mikado-Brown along margins; outermost pair of dorsal light stripes nearly pure white; sides Russet mixed with Cinnamon or Ochraceous-Tawny; rump and thighs Smoke Gray mixed with Cinnamon-Buff, with a larger or smaller number of Fuscous Black hairs; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; dorsal surface of tail black; ventral surface of tail Sayal Brown to Tawny; underparts white with dark underfur. Skull and Baculum : As in E. u. umbrinus .

Comparisons. —From E. u. inyoensis , the subspecies to the west, E. u. adsitus differs in: General tone of upper parts darker; sides darker; interorbital region wider; skull significantly deeper.

For comparison with E. u. umbrinus , E. u. sedulus , and E. u. montanus , see the accounts of those subspecies.

Remarks. —Specimens from West Rim, Zion National Park, 6,500 ft., Washington County, Utah, seem to be intergrades between E. u. adsitus and E. u. inyoensis , and are referable to E. u. adsitus .

Type. —Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 158181 U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Mount Ellen, Henry Mountains, Garfield County, Utah; obtained on October 13, 1908 by W. H. Osgood; original No. 3667.

Diagnosis. —Size medium; general tone of upper parts dark reddish-brown; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Orange; sides Mars Yellow.

Description. — Color pattern : Crown Drab-Gray mixed with Fuscous; upper facial stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sudan Brown; ocular stripe Sudan Brown mixed with black; submalar stripe Sudan Brown slightly mixed with black; anterior margin of ear Sudan Brown slightly mixed with black; hairs inside pinna, posteriorly, Warm Buff; posterior margin of ear and postauricular patch creamy white; median dorsal dark stripe black with Antique Brown along margins; lateral dorsal dark stripes black mixed with Antique Brown; outermost dorsal dark stripes Xanthine Orange slightly mixed with black; median dorsal light stripes Pale Smoke Gray; outermost dorsal light stripes white slightly mixed with gray; rump and thighs Smoke Gray; sides Mars Yellow; dorsal surface of tail black mixed with Warm Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Orange, with black around margin, and Warm Buff around outermost edge; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet Ochraceous-Buff; underparts creamy white with dark underfur. Skull : Large; braincase moderately inflated; zygomata strong. Baculum : As in E. u. umbrinus .

Comparisons. —From E. u. umbrinus , the subspecies from the Uinta and northern Wasatch Mountains of Utah, E. u. sedulus differs in: General tone of upper parts lighter; sides lighter.

From E. u. adsitus , the subspecies from the southern Wasatch Range in Utah and Kaibab Plateau in Arizona, E. u. sedulus differs in: Sides lighter; general tone of upper parts markedly lighter.

From E. u. inyoensis , the subspecies from central and northeastern Nevada, and western and northwestern Utah, E. u. sedulus differs in: Sides lighter (less grayish); general tone of upper parts tawnier.

For comparison with E. u. montanus , see the account of that subspecies.

Specimens examined. —Total number, 7 BS, all from the type locality.

Eutamias speciosus inyoensis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:202, 208, July 1, 1897.

Type. —Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 29387/41462 U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Black Canyon, 8,200 ft., White Mountains, Inyo County, California; obtained on July 7, 1891, by E. W. Nelson; original No. 1069.

Diagnosis. —Size medium; sides light; general tone of upper parts light; baculum one of largest in species.

Description. — Color pattern : Head Smoke Gray mixed with Pink-Cinnamon; upper two pairs of facial stripes Fuscous Black or black; submalar stripe Sayal Brown; ear Fuscous or Chaetura-Drab, posterior margin and postauricular patch buffy white; median dorsal dark stripe black with Sayal Brown along [Pg 574] margins; lateral dorsal dark stripes black mixed with Sayal Brown or Mikado Brown; outermost dorsal dark stripes Sayal Brown or Mikado Brown mixed with black; sides Ochraceous-Tawny or Tawny; thighs Cinnamon-Buff mixed with Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail Cinnamon-Buff or Ochraceous-Tawny with Fuscous Black around margin and Pinkish Buff around outermost edge; underparts creamy white. Skull : Large; zygomata strong; braincase moderately inflated. Baculum : One of largest in species.

Comparisons. —For comparisons with E. u. umbrinus , E. u. adsitus , E. u. sedulus , and E. u. nevadensis , see the accounts of those subspecies.

Specimens examined. —Total number, 46.

Nevada : Elko Co. : Head Ackler Creek, N end Ruby Mountains, 1; Steels Creek, N end Ruby Mountains, 1; Summit Secret Pass, 6,200 ft., Ruby Mountains, 2; Three Lakes, Ruby Mountains, 11; Long Creek, S fork, Ruby Mountains, 4; Harrison Pass R. S., Green Mountain Canyon, 1; W side Ruby Lake, 6 mi. N Elko Co. line, 3; W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. N Elko Co. line, 8. White Pine Co. : Willow Creek, 2 mi. S White Pine Co. line, Ruby Mountains, 6; W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. S White Pine Co. line, 5; Overland Pass, E slope Ruby Mountains, 8 mi. S White Pine Co. line, 2.

Utah : Boxelder Co. : Head of George Creek and Clear Creek, 5 mi. S Stanrod, Raft River Mountains, 8,500 ft., 2 UU.

Eutamias quadrivittatus nevadensis Burt, Jour. Mamm. 12:299, August 24, 1931.

Type. —Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 15884 Donald R. Dickey Collection; from Hidden Forest, Sheep Mountains, 8,500 ft., Clark County, Nevada; obtained on July 13, 1929, by W. H. Burt; original No. 2337.

Diagnosis. —Size medium; general tone of upper parts grayish; baculum one of the largest of species.

Description. —"General tone of upperparts grayish; median dorsal stripe, extending from crown between ears to rump, black faintly bordered with 'verona brown'; lateral dark dorsal stripes similar to median stripe, but with anterior one-third deeply suffused with 'verona brown'; central light dorsal stripes grayish, slightly lighter than head and rump; lateral stripes white; head and rump 'pale smoke gray'; postauricular patch grayish white, a narrow margin extending up posterior border of ear; anterior portion of ear 'fuscous black' mixed with 'verona brown' at base and bordered by light gray; ocular stripe black grading into 'verona brown' in front of ear; submalar stripe nearly obsolete, 'sayal brown'; sides of body grayish washed with 'verona brown'; feet grayish very faintly washed with 'pinkish buff'; dorsal surface of tail black overlaid with 'tilleul buff'; ventral surface of tail 'cinnamon buff' narrowly bordered by black then by 'tilleul buff'; ventral surface of body white." (Burt 1931:299.) Skull similar to that of E. u. inyoensis but differing as indicated below.

Comparisons. —From E. u. inyoensis , the subspecies to the north, E. u. nevadensis differs in: Paler and grayer throughout; tawny areas restricted; gray areas clearer and less suffused; dark facial markings narrower and less [Pg 575] distinct; ventral surface of tail distinctly paler; feet lighter, clearer gray; nasals extend farther posteriorly with respect to premaxillae (Burt loc. cit. ).

From E. u. adsitus , the subspecies to the northeast, E. u. nevadensis differs in: Narrower dorsal stripes and facial markings; paler coloration of head, rump, sides, feet, and ventral surface of tail (Burt op. cit. : 299-300).

Remarks. —The differences between E. umbrinus nevadensis and E. palmeri , as shown by Burt ( op. cit. ) and Hall (1946), are such that one might expect E. palmeri to be a subspecies of E. umbrinus . However, having only the structure of the baculum as evidence additional to that summarized by Hall ( op. cit. ), I follow him in according E. palmeri specific status.

Type. —Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 41790 Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; from 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 ft., Sublette County, Wyoming; obtained on July 8, 1951, by Rollin H. Baker; original No. 1596.

Diagnosis. —Size large; sides Capucine Yellow; antiplantar surface of hind feet Raw Sienna; postauricular patch grayish white; baculum as in E. u. umbrinus .

Description. — Color pattern : Crown Cinnamon-Buff mixed with gray; upper facial stripe Sepia; ocular stripe Chaetura-Drab; submalar stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown; ear black; anterior margin of ear Mars-Yellow, posterior margin grayish white; hairs inside posterior portion of pinna Dresden-Brown; postauricular patch Pale Smoke Gray; median dorsal dark stripe black; lateral dorsal dark stripe black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost dorsal dark stripe obsolete, Buckhorn-Brown mixed with black; median pair of dorsal light stripes grayish mixed with Buckhorn-Brown; outer pair of dorsal light stripes creamy white; sides Buckhorn-Brown; rump Pale Smoke Gray mixed with Saccardo's Umber; dorsal surface of tail black mixed with Buckhorn-Brown; ventral surface of tail Sayal Brown; outermost edge of tail Light Buff; antipalmar surface of forefeet Warm Buff; antiplantar surface of hind foot Ochraceous-Tawny; underparts creamy white with dark underfur. Skull : Large, with strong zygomata; braincase well inflated. Baculum : As in E. u. umbrinus .

Comparisons. —From E. u. umbrinus , the subspecies from the Uinta and northern Wasatch Mountains in Utah, E. u. fremonti differs in: Sides darker; antiplantar surfaces of feet darker; postauricular patch grayer; crown more grayish; skull slightly larger.

From E. ruficaudus ruficaudus , the species and subspecies from western Montana, E. u. fremonti differs in: General tone of upper parts, sides, underside of tail, and feet, all darker in coloration; baculum shorter and proportionally twice as wide at base.

For comparison with E. u. montanus , see the account of that subspecies.

Remarks. —The geographic ranges of E. umbrinus fremonti and E. ruficaudus ruficaudus are allopatric and no specimens have ever been taken in the intermediate area to indicate whether or not [Pg 576] these two species anywhere occur together. The bacula in the two species differ to the same degree as those of E. quadrivittatus and E. umbrinus . The differences between E. u. fremonti and E. r. ruficaudus are such that in my opinion, E. ruficaudus is a distinct species.

Specimens examined. —Total number, 58.

Montana : Park Co. : Beartooth Mountains, 2 BS.

Idaho : Bonneville Co. : Big Hole Mountains, 9,000 ft., near Irwin, 1 BS.

Wyoming : Yellowstone Park , 2. Park Co.: 16¼ mi. N and 17 mi. W Cody, 5,625 ft., 2. Teton Co. : 1 mi. E and ¼ mi. N Togwotee Pass, 9,800 ft., 2; Amphitheatre Lake, Teton Park, 1 MM; Flat Creek, 4 MM; head of Cache Creek, 4 MM; Jackson, Upper Arizona Creek, 2 MM; Flat Creek-Granite Creek divide, 6 MM; Flat Creek Pass, 1 MM; Flat Creek-Gravel Creek divide, 2 MM. Lincoln Co. : La Barge Creek, 9,000 ft., 2 BS. Fremont Co. : Togwotee Pass, 12; 12 mi. N and 3 mi. W Shoshoni, 4,650 ft., 1; Mosquito Park R. S., 9,500 ft., 17½ mi. W and 2½ mi. N Lander, 1; 17 mi. S and 6½ mi. W Lander, 8,450 ft., 3. Sublette Co. : 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 ft., 2; W side Barbara Lake, 10,300 ft., 8 mi. S and 3 mi. W Fremont Peak, 4; 19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 7,700 ft., 5.

Type. —Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 20105 Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; from ½ mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder County, Colorado; obtained on August 1, 1947, by E. L. Cockrum; original No. 721.

Diagnosis. —Size large; sides Clay Color; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; baculum as in E. u. umbrinus.

Description. — Color pattern : Crown Raw Sienna mixed with gray; upper facial stripe and ocular stripe black mixed with Sepia; submalar stripe Snuff Brown mixed with black; ear black or Sepia, anterior margin Ochraceous-Tawny, posterior margin and postauricular patch grayish white; hairs inside posterior part of pinna Cinnamon-Buff; median dorsal dark stripe black with Sayal Brown along margins; lateral dark stripes black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost dorsal dark stripes obsolete, Sayal Brown mixed with black; median pair of dorsal light stripes Pale Smoke Gray mixed with Clay Color; outer pair of dorsal light stripes creamy white; sides Clay Color; rump and thighs Neutral Gray; dorsal surface of tail black mixed with Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Tawny; hairs around margin of tail Cinnamon-Buff or Ochraceous-Tawny; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; underparts creamy white with dark underfur. Skull : Large; zygomata strong; braincase well inflated. Baculum : As in E. u. umbrinus .

Comparisons. —From E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus , the subspecies and species to the south, E. u. montanus differs in: General tone of upper parts darker; braincase significantly narrower; baculum shorter and markedly wider at base.

From E. u. umbrinus , the subspecies from the Uinta and northern Wasatch Mountains, E. u. montanus differs in: General tone of upper parts brighter (less tawny); sides more tawny; skull slightly larger.

Remarks. —Howell (1929:83) stated that the specimens of E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus (= E. umbrinus montanus ) from Estes Park, Long's Peak, and Gold Hill, all in Colorado, "average somewhat darker on the back and sides than typical quadrivittatus ; the light dorsal stripes are also somewhat duller and the dark stripes less blackish, thus showing an approach to the characters of umbrinus ." Now there are more specimens of E. u. montanus from the mountains of north-central Colorado than were available to Howell. He was not aware of the striking difference between the bacula of E. quadrivittatus and E. umbrinus , and the constancy of this difference between all the subspecies of one species and those of the other.

Although the geographic range of E. u. umbrinus is closer to the ranges of E. u. fremonti and E. u. montanus than to the geographic range of E. u. adsitus , E. u. umbrinus seems to be more closely related to E. u. adsitus than to E. u. fremonti or E. u. montanus . This observation may be explained by the presence of continuous habitat for E. umbrinus between the ranges of E. u. umbrinus and E. u. adsitus , whereas E. u. fremonti and E. u. montanus are each separated from E. u. umbrinus by areas unsuitable for occupancy by E. umbrinus . It must be noted, however, that no actual intergrades between E. u. umbrinus and E. u. adsitus are known.

Specimens examined. —Total number, 36.

Wyoming : Albany Co. : 3 mi. ESE Brown's Peak, 10,000 ft., 2; 3½ mi. S Wood's Landing, 1.

Utah : Uintah Co. : PR Springs, 7,950 ft., 43 mi. S Ouray, Uintah-Grand county line, 1 UU.

Colorado : Jackson Co. : Mount Zirkel, 10,000 ft., on trail, 2 WC; Buffalo Pass, 10,380 ft., 1 WC; Buffalo Pass road, 10,130 ft., 1 WC. Larimer Co. : 2 mi. E Log Cabin, 7,450 ft., 1 WC; Estes Park, 7,600 ft., 1; 1½ mi. SW Estes Park, 1; 2½ mi. SW Estes Park, 2; 3½ mi. SW Estes Park, 1; 12 mi. SW Estes Park, 1. Rio Blanco Co. : 1 mi. NW Pagoda Peak, 10,400 ft., 1. Boulder Co. : Long's Peak, 7 BS; 1 mi. NE Ward, 10,000 ft., 1; 3 mi. S Ward, 9,000 ft., 5; ½ mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., 1; 1 mi. S Gold Hill, 8,200 ft., 1. Clear Creek Co. : Davidson Mine, 3 mi. SW Idaho Springs, 1; Georgetown, 1 CM. Jefferson Co. : Silver Plume, 1 CM. Park Co. : Tarryall Creek Camp, 8,700 ft., 1 WC. Gunnison Co. : S side Crested Butte Mountain, 9,500 ft., 1 WC; mouth of Virginia Basin, Gothic, 1 FC.

Discussion

The chipmunks that heretofore have been assigned to the species Eutamias quadrivittatus are here assigned to two species, E. quadrivittatus and E. umbrinus, for the following reasons:

1. The baculum of E. quadrivittatus differs from that of E. umbrinus in having a narrow base (see figs. 3, 4). This difference permits any specimen which has an associated baculum to be readily identified to species.

2. The cranial breadth in the subspecies of E. quadrivittatus is significantly larger than in the subspecies of E. umbrinus .

3. Specimens of E. umbrinus are darker than any specimen of E. quadrivittatus .

4. Where the geographic ranges of E. quadrivittatus and E. umbrinus come close to one another (probably they meet at some places), E. umbrinus occupies a higher position in terms of life-zones. Wherever either of these two species, but not the other, occurs on a mountain the species occupies both the higher and lower life-zones.

[Pg 579] The differences between E. quadrivittatus and E. umbrinus are as great as, or greater than, between many species of chipmunks, such as between E. minimus and E. amoenus , and between E. quadrivittatus and E. cinereicollis .

Although I know of no ecological differences between E. umbrinus and E. ruficaudus , the morphological differences, as for example, differences in the structure of the baculum, and differences in color pattern, lead me to maintain E. ruficaudus and E. umbrinus as separate species.

The present distribution of these two species is attributable to the uplift of the Rocky Mountains in the Pleistocene. That the uplift of the Rocky Mountains and the erosion which produced the present-day relief took place in Pleistocene times is supported by the evidence found by several geologists such as Hunt and Sokoloff (1950:109-123).

The present geographic distribution of E. umbrinus and E. quadrivittatus conceivably came about as follows: E. umbrinus -like chipmunks were present, before the uplift of the major chains of mountains, on isolated, low mountain ranges that were not covered with glaciers (such as the laccolithic mountains that occur in Utah) in Pleistocene time, while E. quadrivittatus -like chipmunks were present in the central parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and southern Wyoming. With the advent of uplift, the habitats in the central parts of these states were changed from a plains-like habitat to a habitat that resembled the forest habitats that exist today. E. umbrinus -like chipmunks then invaded this newly formed habitat and displaced any E. quadrivittatus -like chipmunks that were less well adapted to live there. The Colorado River probably served as a barrier that kept the E. umbrinus -like chipmunks and E. quadrivittatus -like chipmunks separated up to this time. Invasion of the new forest-niche by E. umbrinus -like chipmunks may have taken place through the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah, after the glaciers disappeared from these mountains, since the Colorado River probably prevented any eastward migration farther south.

Table 1

Average and Extreme Measurements in Millimeters of Adult
Eutamias quadrivittatus and E. umbrinus

Literature Cited

24-8966

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TAXONOMY OF THE CHIPMUNKS, EUTAMIAS QUADRIVITTATUS AND EUTAMIAS UMBRINUS ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org . If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate .

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org .

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

	Greatest length of skull	Zygomatic breadth	Cranial breadth	Length of nasals	Total length	Length of tail	Length of lower tooth-row	Condylo-alveolar length of mandible
	E. q. quadrivittatus , Canon City, Fremont Co., Colorado.
Mean (7) Min ♂ Max Mean (3) Min ♀ Max	35.7 35.7 35.8 35.9 35.6 36.2	19.3 19.1 19.8 19.9 19.9 19.9	16.2 15.9 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.6	11.0 10.6 11.6 10.9 10.7 11.2	222 216 230 231 200 232	99.4 93.0 104.0 99.0 98.0 100.0	5.40 5.32 5.49 5.42 5.39 5.49	18.98 18.65 19.41 19.10 18.85 19.28
	E. q. hopiensis , Moab, Grand Co., Utah.
Mean (11) Min ♂ Max Mean (5) Min ♀ Max	34.4 33.5 35.4 34.9 34.2 35.7	19.4 19.2 20.0 19.6 19.3 20.1	16.3 15.9 16.8 16.4 15.9 16.6	10.0 9.3 10.5 10.5 10.1 10.7	212 208 220 219 210 228	90.7 85.0 96.0 94.4 85.0 104.0	5.19 4.92 5.38 5.16 5.13 5.20	18.36 17.80 18.96 18.58 18.00 19.19
	E. u. umbrinus , Mts. S Robertson, Uintah Co., Wyoming.
Mean (11) Min ♂ Max Mean (4) Min ♀ Max	34.7 34.3 35.2 35.1 34.9 35.4	18.9 18.3 19.4 19.2 18.6 20.0	15.7 15.6 16.0 15.9 15.7 16.2	10.9 10.3 11.7 11.0 10.3 11.8	218 215 228 224 204 234	96.2 81.0 112.0 96.4 90.0 100.0	5.13 4.79 5.42 5.17 5.11 5.22	18.04 17.57 18.59 18.46 18.31 18.98
	E. u. adsitus , Britts Meadow, Beaver Co., Utah.
Mean (6) Min ♂ Max Mean (6) Min ♀ Max	34.8 34.3 35.4 35.1 33.9 36.2	18.9 18.5 19.6 19.5 18.9 20.0	15.5 15.3 16.1 16.0 15.9 16.3	10.8 10.4 11.3 11.0 10.6 11.8	214 203 225 228 215 233	89.6 73.0 95.0 96.5 95.0 98.0	5.16 4.64 5.34 5.11 5.00 5.33	18.07 17.69 18.70 18.75 18.51 19.40
[Pg 581]	E. u. sedulus , Mt. Ellen, Henry Mts., Garfield Co., Utah.
Mean (5) Min ♂ Max Mean (2) Min ♀ Max	34.7 33.5 35.5 34.9 34.9 34.9	18.7 18.4 19.1 19.4 19.3 19.5	15.6 15.4 15.9 16.1 16.1 16.1	10.7 10.1 11.2 11.1 11.0 11.3	218 213 224 227 224 231	93.0 89.0 97.0 98.0 96.0 100.0	5.21 5.09 5.28 5.24 5.07 5.42	18.74 18.48 19.38 18.74 19.24 19.80
	E. u. inyoensis , Ruby Mts., Elko and White Pine Cos., Nev.
Mean (12) Min ♂ Max Mean (5) Min ♀ Max	34.4 33.5 35.4 34.9 34.4 35.2	19.0 18.6 19.6 19.4 19.1 19.7	15.7 15.2 16.1 15.7 15.4 16.0	10.5 10.0 11.5 10.5 10.4 10.7	208 196 220 215 204 226	89.5 85.0 100.0 92.8 86.0 102.0	5.15 5.01 5.37 5.19 5.04 5.33	18.12 17.32 18.81 18.63 18.50 18.80
	E. u. nevadensis , Measurements of the type (Burt 1931:300).
♂	34.8	19.3	16.2	11.0	205	89.0	...	...
	E. u. fremonti , Togwotee Pass, Fremont Co., Wyoming.
Mean (8) Min ♂ Max Mean (6) Min ♀ Max	35.6 35.2 36.5 35.3 34.5 36.0	19.3 18.9 19.7 19.6 19.3 20.0	15.9 15.8 16.1 15.9 15.7 16.5	11.4 11.1 11.8 11.3 10.9 12.0	223 216 243 229 223 239	99.0 95.0 111.0 101.0 92.0 110.0	5.34 5.22 5.57 5.40 5.35 5.44	19.17 18.72 19.78 19.02 18.37 19.51
	E. u. montanus , Boulder Co., Colorado.
Mean (5) Min ♂ Max Mean (6) Min ♀ Max	35.2 34.7 36.8 35.7 35.1 36.5	18.8 18.4 19.4 19.1 18.8 19.5	15.5 15.2 16.2 15.6 15.1 16.0	10.8 10.1 11.5 10.9 10.3 11.6	226 215 232 226 215 231	96.0 93.0 115.0 98.0 89.0 105.0	5.20 5.03 5.53 5.28 5.06 5.58	18.29 17.80 19.36 18.67 18.09 19.35