The Project Gutenberg eBook of Kyphosis and other Variations in Soft-shelled Turtles This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Kyphosis and other Variations in Soft-shelled Turtles Author: Hobart M. Smith Release date: August 8, 2010 [eBook #33373] Most recently updated: January 6, 2021 Language: English Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KYPHOSIS AND OTHER VARIATIONS IN SOFT-SHELLED TURTLES *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. Kyphosis and other Variations in Soft-shelled Turtles BY HOBART M. SMITH University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 1, No. 6, pp. 117-124 July 7, 1947 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1947 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Donald S. Farner, Donald F. Hoffmeister Volume 1, No. 6, pp. 117-124 July 7, 1947 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1947 [Illustration] 21-6301 Kyphosis and other Variations in Soft-shelled Turtles By HOBART M. SMITH Kyphotic (hump-backed) soft-shelled turtles have been known for many years in Asia and America. Gressitt (Peking Natural History Bulletin, 2 (pt. 4): 413-415, figs. 1-5, 1937) has reviewed accounts of such turtles, and recorded the anomaly in _Amyda sinensis_ (Wiegmann) and _A. steindachneri_ (Siebenrock) of Asia and in unidentified species in the United States. Records of kyphosis in American species apparently are few. Three skeletons in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History demonstrate occurrence of the condition in at least 3 American species: _Amyda emoryi_ (Agassiz), _A. mutica_ (Le Sueur) and _A. spinifera_ (Le Sueur). The specimen of _A. emoryi_ (Catalog No. 2219) was taken at Phoenix, Maricopa Co., Arizona, by Victor H. Householder, on May 1, 1926. The second specimen, called to my attention by C. W. Hibbard, was taken in 1936 from the Kansas River at Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas, by Max Wheatley, to whom I am indebted for the accompanying photographs and permission to describe the specimen which he has added to the Museum's collections (No. 23230). The identity of No. 23230 is established as _A. mutica_ by the absence of spines (see fig. 3) and by a number of cranial characters. The specimen of _A. spinifera_ (No. 23026) is without locality data; its identification is verified by the presence of spines on the front of the carapace. In the specimen of _A. mutica_ (see figures) the hump forms a smooth, high curve, closely resembling the condition in Gressitt's specimens of _A. steindachneri_ (_op. cit._: fig. 1). In the other two the hump is lower and its apex forms a relatively sharp angle; in the specimen of _A. spinifera_ the posterior face of the hump is more nearly vertical than the anterior face. In _A. emoryi_ the rear edge of the apex is sharply inclined (at an angle of about 45°), whereas the remainder of the surface slants at an angle of about 35°. In the accompanying table of measurements of specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History the height is measured from the end of the rib opposite the highest elevation to the crest of the elevation, by projected lines. The length is measured from the anterior border of the nuchal plate to the posterior edge of the last costal plate. The width is measured from tip to tip of the longest ribs. Catalogue numbers of the specimens, with indication of the localities of capture are as follows: Nos. 2215-9, 2803, 2824, 2837, Phoenix, Maricopa Co., Arizona; Nos. 19459-60, Ozark, Franklin Co., Arkansas; Nos. 2225-9, Lewisville, Lafayette Co., Arkansas; Nos. 1867-70, 1874-6, 1879, 1881, 1930-1, 2666, 2761-2, 2826, 2838-42, Devalls Bluff, Prairie Co., Arkansas; No. 16528, Orange Co., Florida; Nos. 1872, 1878, 1943, 1964, Doniphan Lake, Doniphan Co., Kansas; No. 2220, Douglas Co., Kansas; No. 23230, Kansas River, Douglas Co., Kansas; No. 18159, Harper Co., Kansas; No. 2757, Smoky Hill River, Trego Co., Kansas; No. 23026, no data. The three abnormal specimens vary in width/height ratio from 1.83 to 3.14. In the 37 normal turtles measured, the corresponding ratio is 4.64 to 7.85. The ratio of 4.64 is possibly subject to correction since the shell tends to warp in some specimens, especially in those retaining the skin about the periphery of the shell. The warping does not produce a marked convexity in transverse section, but does so in longitudinal section. Accordingly the height as here measured is little effected, and the comparison with width rather than length of shell provides for the lesser error from warping. There appears to be no close correlation of proportions with either size or sex. It is of interest that _Amyda ferox_ is the most distinctive in proportions of the carapace. Its carapace is longer in relation to its width than that of any of the other species. The average relative length of the carapace of _A. emoryi_ is intermediate between that of _A. ferox_ and the averages of _A. spinifera_ and _A. mutica_, but the overlap in range with the latter two is complete. The cause for kyphotic anomalies is unknown. That it is accompanied by a greater degree of growth in the vertebral column than in the periphery of the costal plates is obvious. There seems to be no well-established accommodation for the difference in growth, since the hump produced by it varies considerably in form. There is no trend from small to large specimens in size of the hump; large and small humps occur in both large and small specimens. Accordingly it seems that the humped condition is developed in the late embryo or early post-embryonic life, and does not later change. An apparently reasonable hypothesis is that the costal plates ankylose distally with the ribs early enough in embryonic life so that any differential in growth rate between them and the vertebral column is translated into abnormal contortions of the body. Agassiz and others have shown that the costal plates normally do not fuse with the ribs by the time of hatching; the fusion then does not normally occur in the embryonic stage. Presumably, once fused, the costal plates and vertebral column normally have equal growth rates, since the height/width ratio does not change significantly with increased size. It is well known that fusion takes place in young specimens soon after hatching; in all skeletons examined of this genus, from the smallest (62 mm. in length) to the largest (295 mm.), the fusion has occurred. Therefore, the normal time of fusion must be approximately at the time of hatching. Although costal plates and the vertebral column grow in direct proportion to each other throughout life from a period shortly after hatching, the vertebral column apparently grows more rapidly than the costals shortly before and possibly also shortly after hatching, at least in kyphotic and probably also in normal specimens. An exceptionally early date of fusion of costal plates and ribs would thus result in a kyphotic condition, and it may well be assumed that the earlier the fusion, the greater the hypertrophy would be. Whether or not this hypothesis correctly accounts for kyphosis in turtles can be ascertained only by further study. Stejneger (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., 94: 12, 1944) regards the presence of 8 neurals as opposed to 7 as an important peculiarity of _A. mutica_. The 42 specimens for which the number of neurals is recorded reveals, however, that there is greater variation than previously supposed: in 16 _A. mutica_ more than half (9) have 7 neurals and the remainder (7) have 8. Eight neurals were recorded also in 2 of 18 _spinifera_, and in 1 of 7 _A. emoryi_. Seven neurals are present in the single specimen of _A. ferox_ examined. It is of interest also that the number of costals, which has been reported to be consistently 7 in New World species and 8 in Old World species, varies markedly. In New World specimens, one _A. mutica_ has 7 on one side, 8 on the other, and 8 occur on both sides of one other (of a total of 16 examined). One of twenty _A. spinifera_, and one of eight _A. emoryi_ have 8; the single _A. ferox_ (Schneider) has 7. Accordingly the suggestion by H. M. Smith (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zoöl. Ser., 23:19, 1939) that _Platypeltis_ Baur be resurrected for the American soft-shelled turtles on the basis of the occurrence of only 7 costals, is untenable. The generic allocation of American soft-shelled turtles has varied considerably in recent years: Smith (_loc. cit._) uses _Platypeltis_; Pope (Turtles of the United States and Canada, p. 343, 1939) uses _Trionyx_ Geoffroy; and Stejneger (_op. cit._, p. 8) uses _Amyda_ Geoffroy. As stated above, use of _Platypeltis_ at the present time is unwarranted, since no constant difference has been discovered that would support generic separation of Asiatic and American members of this group. New World turtles should be placed either in _Trionyx_ or in _Amyda_, depending upon the interpretation of type designation for the latter name. Malcolm Smith (Bull. Raffles Mus. 3:2, 1930) and others have considered that, as a part of the original description, Geoffroy (Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14:20, 1809) designated the type species of his new generic name _Trionyx_ as _aegypticus_ E. Geoffroy (= _triunguis_ Forskål a well-recognized species). Stejneger argues that Geoffroy did not adequately designate a type from among the many species he treated in his genus _Trionyx_, and that it remained for Fitzinger (Syst. Rept., p. 30, 1843) to select one of these as a type; he chose _coromandelicus_ Geoffroy, which is a synonym of _granosa_ Schöppff, a species belonging to a different genus (as now recognized) from that to which _triunguis_ belongs, although Geoffroy had made the mistake of considering both groups as members of his genus _Trionyx_. Now if Fitzinger's type designation is accepted, the name _Trionyx_ is to be applied to that group containing _granosa_ (only one other form is known in the genus, and both forms occur only in India and Burma), whereas the name _Amyda_ of Geoffroy (_op. cit._, p. 1) is applied to the genus (as now recognized) which includes _triunguis_ and some 20 other species of Asia and North America. The type of _Amyda_ is a typical member from Asia (_cartilagineus_ Boddaert). On the other hand, if Geoffroy's type designation is accepted, the American forms (and the others of that genus) would take the generic name _Trionyx_, of which _Amyda_ would be a synonym, and the genus to which _granosa_ belongs would take the name _Lissemys_ Malcolm Smith (Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Amph., 1:154, 1931). Stejneger discussed the various aspects of this problem (_op. cit._, pp. 6, 7), and I can add nothing to his discussion. His arguments for the acceptance of Fitzinger's type designation rather than that of Geoffroy are well founded upon the statement of the International Rules of Zoölogical Nomenclature, while those of Smith are not. In weighing these two alternatives, the practical value of maintenance of the "status quo" is not here important, for the whole system of nomenclature in this field is completely upset; _any_ conclusive decision would be of great practical value and one alternative holds no special, practical advantage over the other. Accordingly, it seems reasonable to consider the matter closed with Stejneger's analysis, retaining _Amyda_ for the American and related species of soft-shelled turtles. That this assemblage contains natural subgroups that may warrant subdivision into other genera is obvious, but to none of these will the name _Trionyx_ be applicable. Table of Data on _Amyda_ Transcriber's note: Legend has been created for the column headings to make the table fit. Column headings: A: Number B: Sex (M = male, F. = female) C: Width (mm.) D: Length (mm.) E: Ratio, width-length F: Height (mm.) G: Ratio, width-height H: Neurals I: Costals ================+==========+===+=====+=====+======+====+======+===+===== SPECIES | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I ----------------+----------+---+-----+-----+------+----+------+---+----- _emoryi_ | 2219[A] | | 81 | 62 | 1.30 | 34 | 2.38 | | 7 " | 2215 | M | | | | | | 7 | 7 " | 2216 | | 104 | 88 | 1.18 | 18 | 5.77 | 8 | 7 " | 2217 | | | | | | | 7 | 8 " | 2218 | | 106 | 93 | 1.14 | 21 | 5.04 | 7 | 7 " | 2803 | F | 150 | 132 | 1.13 | 28 | 5.35 | 7 | 7 " | 2824 | F | 204 | 198 | 1.03 | 32 | 6.37 | 7 | 7 " | 2837 | F | | | | | | 7 | 7 " | 19460 | | 97 | 77 | 1.26 | 14 | 6.93 | 8 | 7 | | | | | | | | | _ferox mutica_ | 16528 | F | 282 | 295 | 0.99 | 53 | 5.32| 7 | 7 " | 2841 | F | 99 | 75 | 1.32 | 16 | 6.18 | 7 | 7 " | 23230[A] | | 101 | 78 | 1.29 | 55 | 1.83 | 7 | 7 " | 2838 | F | 106 | 79 | 1.34 | 17 | 6.23 | 7 | 7 " | 1964 | M | 110 | 95 | 1.15 | 18 | 6.11 | 7 | 7 " | 2839 | F | 115 | 77 | 1.49 | 18 | 6.39 | 7 | 7 " | 2840 | F | 115 | 85 | 1.35 | 17 | 6.76 | 8 | 7-8 " | 19459 | | 131 | 106 | 1.23 | 20 | 6.55 | 7 | 7 " | 2220 | F | 144 | 116 | 1.24 | 22 | 6.54 | 7 | 7 " | 1874 | | 162 | 137 | 1.18 | 32 | 5.06 | 7 | 7 " | 1930 | F | 180 | 138 | 1.30 | 33 | 5.45 | 8 | 7 " | 1875 | | 181 | 164 | 1.10 | 39 | 4.64 | 8 | 8 " | 1881 | F | | | | | | 8 | 7 " | 1868 | M | 185 | 167 | 1.10 | 39 | 4.74 | 7 | 7 " | 1876 | F | 190 | 177 | 1.07 | 33 | 5.75 | 8 | 7 " | 1870 | F | 194 | 166 | 1.27 | 35 | 5.54 | 8 | 7 " | 1943 | | 98 | 76 | 1.29 | 18 | 5.44 | ? | 7 | | | | | | | | | _spinifera_ | 1872 | | 129 | 101 | 1.27 | 17 | 7.59 | 7 | 7 " | 1931 | M | 148 | 102 | 1.45 | 26 | 5.69 | 7 | 7 " | 18159 | F | 151 | 129 | 1.17 | 26 | 5.80 | ? | 7 " | 1878 | F | 163 | 132 | 1.23 | 25 | 6.52 | 8 | 7 " | 2225 | F | 165 | 131 | 1.17 | 21 | 7.85 | 7 | 7 " | 23026[A] | F | 170 | 133 | 1.27 | 54 | 3.14 | 7 | 7 " | 2227 | F | 191 | 175 | 1.09 | 39 | 4.89 | 7 | 7 " | 2228 | F | 196 | 167 | 1.17 | | | 7 | 7 " | 1867 | M | 207 | 164 | 1.26 | 26 | 7.58 | 7 | 7 " | 2757 | | 213 | 196 | 1.08 | 30 | 7.10 | 7 | 8 " | 2229 | | 215 | 178 | 1.20 | 28 | 6.78 | 7 | 7 " | 2762 | F | 219 | 184 | 1.19 | 40 | 5.47 | 7 | 7 " | 1879 | | 223 | 187 | 1.19 | 38 | 5.87 | 7 | 7 " | 2761 | F | 233 | 182 | 1.28 | 43 | 5.41 | 7 | 7 " | 2666 | | 234 | 208 | 1.12 | 42 | 5.57 | 8 | 7 " | 2226 | F | 239 | 215 | 1.11 | 38 | 6.29 | 7 | 7 " | 1869 | | 245 | 211 | 1.16 | 44 | 5.55 | 7 | 7 " | 2842 | | 245 | 219 | 1.12 | 45 | 5.44 | 7 | 7 " | 2826 | F | 245 | 237 | 1.03 | 45 | 5.44 | 7 | 7 ----------------+----------+---+-----+-----+------+----+------+---+----- [Footnote A: Kyphotic] _University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas._ [Illustration: FIGS. 1-3. _Amyda mutica_, Univ. Kans., Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 23230, Lawrence, Kansas. All views approximately half natural size. 1, Frontal view. 2, Lateral view. 3, Dorsal view.] *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KYPHOSIS AND OTHER VARIATIONS IN SOFT-SHELLED TURTLES *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. 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