The Project Gutenberg eBook of Abbreviations and Signs This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Abbreviations and Signs Author: Frederick W. Hamilton Release date: October 1, 2010 [eBook #33828] Language: English Credits: Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS *** Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they are listed at the end of the text. * * * * * TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES--PART VI, NO. 37 ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS A PRIMER OF INFORMATION ABOUT ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, WITH CLASSIFIED LISTS OF THOSE IN MOST COMMON USE BY FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL. D. EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR UNITED TYPOTHETÆ OF AMERICA [Illustration] PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA 1918 * * * * * COPYRIGHT, 1918 UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA CHICAGO, ILL. * * * * * PREFACE The use of abbreviations and signs is often a convenience and sometimes a temptation. It is a saving of time and labor which is entirely justifiable under certain conditions, one of which is that all such short cuts should be sufficiently conventional and familiar to be intelligible to any person likely to read the printed matter in which they occur. Scientific and technical signs and abbreviations are part of the nomenclature of the subject to which they belong and must be learned by students of it. General readers are not particularly concerned with them. The use of abbreviations and signs is partly a matter of office style and partly a matter of author's preference. Certain fairly well established rules have, however, emerged from the varieties of usage in vogue. An attempt has been made in the following pages to state these rules clearly and concisely and to illustrate their application. Classified lists of the most common abbreviations and signs have been inserted and will be found useful for reference and practice. Sources of further information on these points will be found under the head of Supplementary Reading. * * * * * CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 GENERAL RULES FOR THE USE OF ABBREVIATIONS 3 DATES 3 TIME 5 OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING NUMERALS 5 GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS, WITH LIST 7 ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES, WITH LIST 10 ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES, WITH LIST 12 SIZES OF BOOKS 18 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 19 FOOTNOTES 19 SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS 23 COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS 24 MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS 25 MONETARY SIGNS 35 MATHEMATICAL SIGNS 35 MEDICAL SIGNS 36 ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS 37 ECCLESIASTICAL SIGNS 37 PROOFREADER'S SIGNS 38 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 40 SUPPLEMENTARY READING 41 REVIEW QUESTIONS 42 * * * * * {1} ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS INTRODUCTION The use of abbreviations is as old as the use of alphabets. In inscriptions and on coins and in other places where room is limited they have always been used in order to save space. The words GUILIELMUS QUARTUS DEI GRATIA REX BRITANNIARUM FIDEI DEFENSOR would hardly go around the circumference of a sixpence, three quarters of an inch in diameter. Therefore, we find them written GUILIELMUS IIII D: G: BRITANNIAR: REX F: D: In the manuscript period abbreviations were very extensively used. This was done partly to lighten the great labor of hand copying and partly to effect a double saving of expense, in labor and in costly material. Certain of these abbreviations were in common use and perfectly intelligible. Unfortunately the copyists did not limit their abbreviations to these, but devised others for their own use much to the discomfort of their readers, especially after the lapse of centuries. The introduction of printing removed the pressing necessity for the extensive use of abbreviations, but the actual use continued much longer than one would think. The early printed books were reproductions of manuscripts. In some cases the earliest were almost forgeries, and were probably intended to be sold as manuscripts. The types were cut in imitation of the handwriting of some well-known scribe and all his mannerisms and peculiarities were faithfully copied. An incidental result was the expansion of fonts of type by the inclusion of a great number of ligatures and of characters indicating the omission or combination of letters. Habit dies hard, and even after the type founders had freed themselves from the tyranny of manuscript printers continued to follow the habits of the copyist. The saving of material and labor still continued to be considered. The {2} methods of abbreviation in use in written matter continued to be followed in print even down to the first quarter of the last century. The result of all this abbreviation was serious and well-founded complaint about the difficulty of reading books thus printed. De Vinne gives the following astonishing example, said to be taken practically at random from a Latin copy of the Logic of Ockham printed at Paris in 1488. "Sic his e fal sm qd ad simplr a e pducibile a Deo g a e silr hic a n e g a n e pducibile a Deo." These are the abbreviations for Sicut his est fallacia secundum quid ad simpliciter. A est producibile a Deo. Ergo A est. Et similiter hic. A non est. Ergo A non est producibile a Deo. The best present usage is to use abbreviations very sparingly. Certain recognized abbreviations are used under certain conditions, but generally only under constraint of limited space. * * * * * {3} RULES FOR THE USE OF ABBREVIATIONS I. GENERAL RULES. Use no contractions or abbreviations in any place where there is room to print the words in full. All legitimate words should be spelled out in full in text matter, but abbreviations are often needed in book work for footnotes and tables and in commercial work, where many brief forms and signs are used which are commonly understood and are as intelligible as words. Certain special forms of printing such as market and stock reports, sporting news, price lists, directories, telephone directories, and the like make extensive use of abbreviations and signs. These abbreviations are of very limited use and often of only temporary life. They are not intelligible to general readers and should never be used outside the particular form of composition to which they pertain. De Vinne suggests that in the absence of printed authority (many of these abbreviations not appearing in the dictionary lists) every proofreader would do well to keep a manuscript book of unlisted abbreviations which he has to use repeatedly as a means of securing uniformity of form. II. DATES. Dates are not generally abbreviated in regular text matter; _The Declaration of Independence was signed on July the fourth, 1776._ The word _the_ is sometimes omitted. The date might be written _July fourth_ but never _July four_. The abbreviations _ult._ _inst._ and _prox._ with a numeral (meaning _the 25th of last month_, _the 25th of this month_, _the 25th of next month_) are often used in letters, but should not be used in print unless the literal reproduction of a letter is intended. {4} Do not use _st_, _d_, _rd_, or _th_ after a date given in figures; _August the sixth_, not _August 6th_. The accepted abbreviations for the months are: _Jan._ _Apr._ _July_ _Oct._ _Feb._ _May_ _Aug._ _Nov._ _Mar._ _June_ _Sept._ _Dec._ The accepted abbreviations for the days of the week are: _Sun._ _Tues._ _Thurs._ _Sat._ _Mon._ _Wed._ _Fri._ The accepted abbreviations may be used for the months when the day is given, but not when the month and year alone are given; _Jan. 15, 1916_, but _January 1916_. Some good authorities prefer the order day, month, year; _15 Jan., 1916_, but this is a matter of office style. Generally speaking the more common order is the better quite regardless of the logical character because it requires less mental effort on the part of the reader. For example in writing addresses English speaking people put the number before the street, _59 Wall St._, while others put the number after the street, _Wall St., 59_. This is the logical order, because one goes to the street and then finds the number, but it gives to the American reader a curious sensation of mentally standing on one's head. There is another set of abbreviations, known as the Dewey dates, as follows: Months Days of Week _Ja._ _Apr._ _Ju._ _O._ _Su._ _W._ _S._ _F._ _My._ _Ag._ _N._ _M._ _Th._ _Mr._ _Je._ _S._ _D._ _Tu._ _F._ These may be used in tables and in other places where very great condensation is necessary, but not elsewhere. In general, much greater abbreviation is permissible in the tables, notes, and other condensed matter than in the body of the text. {5} III. TIME. Statements of time should not be abbreviated in ordinary reading matter; _at half past two o'clock in the afternoon_. If the context makes it clear whether forenoon or afternoon is meant one may write: _at three, at seven o' clock_. This form is used statistically, in enumerations, in tables, and the like. IV. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING THE USE OF NUMERALS. The use of numerals and the spelling of numbers in full will be found treated at length in the Printer's Manual of Style (No. 42). As the use of the numeral is in a sense an abbreviation a few general rules may properly be given here. 1. Spell out ages; _eighty-two years and four months old_. _in his eighty-third year_. _children between the ages of six and fourteen_. 2. Spell out references to decades; _in the early eighties_. The form _in the '80s_, is very objectionable. 3. Spell out numbers of centuries, of sessions of Congress, of military bodies, of political divisions, of Egyptian Dynasties, of streets, and the like unless lack of space renders the abbreviation absolutely necessary. _Twentieth century_. _Forty-second Congress_. _One hundred and first Pennsylvania Infantry_. _Eighteenth Dynasty_. _Ninth Ward_. _Fifth Avenue_. In case numerals are used, Egyptian Dynasties are always designated by Roman numerals. Writers on Egypt usually use this form: XVIII_th Dynasty_. {6} 4. Spell out sums of money when occurring in ordinary reading matter in isolated cases: _That press cost five thousand dollars._ When several such numbers occur close together, and in all statistical matter, use figures. _Those three presses cost $2,500, $3,600, and $5,000._ 5. Spell out round numbers, that is, approximate numbers in units of 100 in numbers of less than 1000 and in units of 1000 if the numbers are more. _An army corps numbers forty thousand men._ _The Fifth Corps numbers 37,462._ _There are about five hundred officers._ Write _fifteen hundred_ and the like when the phrase is in common use, not _one thousand five hundred_. 6. Spell out all numbers, no matter how high, when they begin a sentence. _Four thousand nine hundred and sixty-four soldiers, 109 officers, and 10,000 civilians were surrendered with the fort._ 7. Spell out in ordinary reading matter all numbers of less than three digits, unless they are of a statistical or technical character or occur in groups of six or more in close connection. _There are sixty cities in the United States with a population of 100,000 or over._ _a ninety-ton engine_. _five pounds of butter_. _He lived only two years, one month, and twenty days._ _He spent 137 days in prison._ _A ratio of 16 to 1_. _The death rate varies from 1 in 15 to 1 in 65._ _Send home:_ _2 pounds of butter_ _1 pound of sugar_ _½ pound of coffee_ _¼ pound of tea_ _2 pecks of potatoes_ _1 pound of salt pork_ _2 pounds of lard_ _1 quart of milk_ {7} Treat all numbers in collected groups alike if possible, that is use either the long or the short form for all. If the largest contains three or more digits use figures for all. _They came in groups of 50, 80, 100, and even 200._ 8. Express in figures as a rule decimals, degrees, dimensions, distances, enumerations, money, (but see 4 above), percentage, weights, and the like. _.542, 98°_, _9 cubic yards_, _37 miles_, _24 pages_, _$1000_, _6 per cent_ (_or 6% but never six %_), _175 pounds_. V. GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS. Geographical names are ordinarily not abbreviated in text matter. The abbreviations in the subjoined lists are commonly recognized and may be used in lists, bibliographical matter, and elsewhere where condensation is desired. UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES Ala. Alabama N. D. North Dakota Alaska Alaska Neb. Nebraska Ariz. Arizona Nev. Nevada Ark. Arkansas N. H. New Hampshire Cal. California N. J. New Jersey Colo. Colorado N. M. New Mexico Conn. Connecticut N. Y. New York D. C. District of Columbia Ohio Ohio Del. Delaware Okla. Oklahoma Fla. Florida Ore. Oregon Ga. Georgia Pa. Pennsylvania H. I. Hawaiian Islands P. I. Philippine Islands Idaho Idaho P. R. Porto Rico Ill. Illinois R. I. Rhode Island Ind. Indiana Samoa Samoa Ia. Iowa S. C. South Carolina Kan. Kansas S. D. South Dakota Ky. Kentucky Tenn. Tennessee La. Louisiana Tex. Texas Me. Maine T. H. Territory of Hawaii Mass. Massachusetts Utah Utah Md. Maryland Vt. Vermont Mich. Michigan Va. Virginia Minn. Minnesota Wash. Washington Mo. Missouri Wis. Wisconsin Mont. Montana W. Va. West Virginia N. C. North Carolina Wyo. Wyoming {8} FOREIGN COUNTRIES Aus. Austria Austral. Australasia B. A. British America Br. Col. British Columbia Can. Canada C. B. Cape Breton C. W. Canada West (Ontario) Den. Denmark E. East (London Postal District) East Isl. Eastern Islands E. C. East Central (London Postal District) E. I. East Indies Eng. England, English Fin. Finland G. B. Great Britain Glas. Glasgow Ire. Ireland It. Italy Jam. Jamaica Jap. Japan L. C. Lower Canada Man. Manitoba Mex. Mexico N. North (London Postal District) N. A. North America {9} N. B. New Brunswick, North Britain N. E. New England, Northeast (London Postal District) Neth. Netherlands N. F. Newfoundland Norw. Norway N. S. Nova Scotia N. W. Northwest (London Postal District) N. Zeal. New Zealand Ont. Ontario Pal. Palestine P. D. Postal District (London) P. E. I. Prince Edward Island Per. Persia Port. Portugal Prus. Prussia Que. Quebec Russ. Russia S. South (London Postal District) S. A. South America Scot. Scotland Sc. Pen. Scandinavian Peninsula S. E. Southeast (London Postal District) Sic. Sicily S. Isl. Sandwich Islands Soc. Isl. Society Islands S. Lat. South Latitude Sp. Spain Sw. Sweden Switz. Switzerland Syr. Syria U. C. Upper Canada (Ontario) U. K. United Kingdom V. Victoria W. Welsh, West. West (London Postal District) W. C. West Central (London Postal District) W. I. West Indies W. lon. West longitude {10} VI. NAMES. 1. Abbreviate _Saint_ in names of persons, cities, streets, churches, etc. _St. John Chrysostom_, _St. Paul_, _St. Botolph Street_, _The Church of SS_ (_Saints_) _Peter and Paul_. The word _Saint_ is now omitted in speaking of the evangelists, the apostles, or the church fathers. _The Gospel according to Luke_. _Paul's doctrine of salvation_. _Augustine's_ "_City of God_." 2. In technical matter (footnotes, references etc.) use _Co._, _Bros._, and _ampersand_ (_&_) in firm names and names of corporations. _The Rand-McNalley Co._ _Macmillan & Co._ _Harper Bros._ _New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad_. In text matter not of a technical character it is better not to abbreviate. _Harper Brothers have published._ _It was printed by the Rand-McNalley Company._ _The romantic history of the East India Company_. Do not use _ampersand_ except with names of persons. _John Brown & Co._ _The Brown Printing and Publishing Co._ When railroad names or other long names are abbreviated, use no spaces between the letters. _N.Y.N.H. & H.R.R._ _U.T. & F.C. of A._ 3. Do not abbreviate _United States_ except: (_a_) in immediate connection with the name of an officer in the army or navy. _Capt. John Smith, U.S.A._ _Lieut. William Brown, U.S.N._ (_b_) When it is part of the name of an organization. _First Regiment, U.S.V._ {11} (_c_) When preceding the name of a ship. _U.S.S. Texas_. 4. Christian names should be spelled in full in text matter, except in an original signature or when following copy in a quotation. The following is a list of the accepted abbreviations of the more common Christian names. Alex. Alexander Fred. Frederick And. Andrew Geo. George Anth. Anthony Herbt. Herbert Ap. Appius Hos. Hosea Arch. Archibald Jas. James Aug. August, Augustus Jona. Jonathan Benj. Benjamin Jos. Joseph C. Cæsar Josh. Joshua Cæs. Aug. Cæsar Augustus Matt. Matthew Cath. Catherine Nath. Nathaniel Chas. Charles Pet. Peter Dan. Daniel Phil. Philip, Philander Eben. Ebenezer Phile. Philemon Edm. Edmund Reg. Reginald Edw. Edward Richd. Richard Eliz. Elizabeth Robt. Robert Esd. Esdras Sam. Samuel Esth. Esther Theo. Theodore Ez. Ezra Thos. Thomas Ezek. Ezekiel Tim. Timothy Ferd. Ferdinand Wm. William Fran. Francis _Alex_, _Ben_, _Ed_, _Fred_, _Sam_, and _Tom_ are not always abbreviations and copy should be followed as regards the period. Any unusual abbreviations used by an individual should be followed in giving an original signature. _G^o. Washington_. {12} VII. TITLES. 1. As a rule titles prefixed to a name should not be abbreviated except _Mr._, _Messrs._, _Mrs._ (French _M._, _MM._, _Mme._, _Mlle._), _Dr._, _Rev._, and _Hon._ _Professor_, _Colonel_, _General_ and some others may be abbreviated when the initials of the name are used; _Professor Smith_ _Prof. J. T. Smith_ _General Grant_ _Gen. U. S. Grant_ _Hon._ and _Rev._, which are similarly used, need special attention as they are often used wrongly. The following is the correct use; _The Reverend John Smith_ (formal reference) _The Rev. John Smith_ (quotation or correspondence) _Rev. Mr. Smith_ _Rev. John Smith_ _Rev. Smith_ is wrong and should never be used except as any illiterate form may be used in a quotation. When the names of sovereigns are mentioned only occasionally such names may be given in full. _George the Fifth_, _William the Second_. When such names occur frequently, as in historical writing, they may be printed with Roman numerals without a period; _George V_, _William II_ Other titles following a name are abbreviated in accordance with the following list. A.B. or B.A. (_Artium Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Arts Abp. Archbishop A.C. Archchancellor A.D. Archduke A.D.C. Aide-de-camp Adjt. Adjutant Adm. Admiral Admr. Administrator {13} Admx., Admrx. Administratrix Adv. Advocate Agt. Agent Aldm. Alderman A.M. or M.A. (_Artium Magister_) Master of Arts Amb. Ambassador A.P.A. American Protective Association Asst. Assistant A.T. Archtreasurer Atty. Attorney B.A. or A.B. Bachelor of Arts Bart. Baronet B.C.L. Bachelor of Civil Law B.D. (_Baccalaureus Divinitatis_) Bachelor of Divinity B.LL. (_Baccalaureus Legum_) Bachelor of Laws B.M. (_Baccalaureus Medicinæ_) Bachelor of Medicine Bp. Bishop B.R. (_Banco Regis_ or _Reginæ_) The King's or Queen's Bench Brig.-Gen. Brigadier-General Bro(s). Brother(s) B.S. Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Surgery B.V. (_Beata Virgo_) Blessed Virgin Cantab. (_Cantabrigia_) Cambridge Capt. Captain Capt.-Gen. Captain-General Cash. Cashier C.B. Companion of the Bath C.C.P. Court of Common Pleas C.E. Civil Engineer C.J. Chief Justice C.M.G. Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George Col. Colonel Com. Commander, Commodore Corp. Corporal Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary {14} C.S. Court of Sessions C.S. (_Custos Sigilli_) Keeper of the Seal D.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law D. D. Doctor of Divinity D.D.S. Doctor of Dental Surgery Dea. Deacon Dep. Deputy D. F. Defender of the Faith D.M. Doctor of Music Dr. Doctor D.Sc. Doctor of Science D.T. (_Doctor Theologiæ_) Doctor of Divinity D.V.M or M.D.V. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine E. (_after titles_) Edinburgh Esq. Esquire F.D. (_Fidei Defensor_) Defender of the Faith F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society Fr. Father F.R.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society F.R.S.A. Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of Arts G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath G.C.H. Knight of the Grand Cross of Hanover G.C.M.G. Knight of the Grand Cross, Order of St. Michael and St. George Gen. General Gov. Governor Govt. Government G.R. (_Georgius Rex_) King George H.B.M. His or Her Britannic Majesty H.M. His or Her Majesty H.M.S. His or Her Majesty's Service Hon. Honorable H.R. House of Representatives H.R.E. Holy Roman Emperor H.R.H. His or Her Royal Highness H.S.H. His or Her Serene Highness {15} I.N.R.I (_Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum_) Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews Insp. Inspector Insp. Gen. Inspector General I.O.O.F. Independent Order of Odd Fellows J.A. Judge-Advocate J.P. Justice of the Peace J. Prob. Judge of the Probate Jr. or Jun. Junior K. King K.A. Knight of St. Andrew, in Russia K.A.N. Knight of Alexander Newski, in Russia K.B. King's Bench; Knight of the Bath K.B.A. Knight of St. Bento d'Avis, in Portugal K.B.E. Knight of the Black Eagle, in Prussia K.C. Knight of the Crescent, in Turkey; King's Council K.C.B. Knight Commander of the Bath K.C.H. Knight Commander of Hanover K.C.M.G. Knight Commander, Order of St. Michael and St. George K.C.S. Knight of Charles III, in Spain K.E. Knight of the Elephant, in Denmark K.F. Knight of Ferdinand of Spain K.F.M. Knight of Ferdinand and Merit, in Sicily K.G. Knight of the Garter K.G.C. Knight of the Grand Cross K.G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath K.G.F Knight of the Golden Fleece K.G.H. Knight of the Guelph of Hanover K.G.V. Knight of Gustavus Vasa of Sweden K.H. Knight of Hanover K.J. Knight of St. Joachim K.L.H. Knight of the Legion of Honor K.M. Knight of Malta K. Mess. King's Messenger K.M.H. Knight of Merit, in Holstein K.M.J. Knight of Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria K.M.T. Knight of Maria Theresa of Austria {16} K.N.S. Knight of the Royal North Star, in Sweden K.P. Knight of St. Patrick K.R.E. Knight of the Red Eagle, in Prussia K.S. Knight of the Sword, in Sweden K.S.A. Knight of St. Anne of Russia K.S.E. Knight of St. Esprit, in France K.S.F. Knight of St. Fernando of Spain K.S.F.M. Knight of St. Ferdinand and Merit, in Naples K.S.G. Knight of St. George of Russia K.S.H. Knight of St. Hubert of Bavaria K.S.J. Knight of St. Januarius of Naples K.S.L. Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Persia K.S.M. & S.G. Knight of St. Michael and St. George, in the Ionian Isles K.S.P. Knight of St. Stanislaus of Poland K.S.S. Knight of the Southern Star of the Brazils, Knight of the Sword, in Sweden K.S.W. Knight of St. Wladimir of Russia Kt. Knight K.T. Knight of the Thistle K.T.S. Knight of the Tower and Sword, in Portugal K.W. Knight of William of the Netherlands K.W.E. Knight of the White Eagle, in Poland L. (_after titles_) London L.C. Lord Chancellor L.C.J. Lord Chief Justice Leg. Legate Legis. Legislature Lieut. Lieutenant Lieut.-Col. Lieutenant-Colonel Lieut.-Gen. Lieutenant-General Litt. D. (_Litterarum Doctor_) Doctor of Literature LL.B. (_Legum Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Laws LL.D. (_Legum Doctor_) Doctor of Laws M. Monsieur M.A. Master of Arts Maj. Major {17} Maj.-Gen. Major-General M.B. (_Medicinæ Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Medicine; (_Musicæ Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Music M. C. Member of Congress M. D. (_Medicinæ Doctor_) Doctor of Medicine Messrs. Messieurs Mgr. Manager; Monsignor Min. Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary Mlle. Mademoiselle Mme. Madame M.P. Member of Parliament M.R. Master of the Rolls Mr. Mister or Master Mrs. Mistress Mus. Doc. Doctor of Music Oxon. (_Oxoniensis_) Oxford P.C. (_Patres Conscripti_, Conscript Fathers) Senators; Privy Counsellor Ph. D. Doctor of Philosophy Ph. G. Graduate in Pharmacy P.M. Postmaster P.M.G. Postmaster-General P.R.A. President of the Royal Academy Pres. President Prov. Provost P.R.S. President of the Royal Society Q. Queen Q.M. Quartermaster R.A. Royal Academician R.E. Royal Engineers Reg. Prof. Regius Professor Rev. Reverend R.M. Royal Marines R.N. Royal Navy R.N.O. (_Riddare of Nordstjerneorden_) Knight of the Order of Polar Star R.S.S. (_Regiæ Societatis Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society {18} Rt. Hon. Right Honorable Rt. Rev. Right Reverend Rt. Wpful. Right Worshipful R.W. Right Worthy R.W.O. (_Riddare of Wasa Order_) Knight of the Order of Wasa Sec. Secretary Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation Serg. Sergeant Serg.-Maj. Sergeant-Major S.J. Society of Jesus S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court Sol. Solicitor Sol. Gen. Solicitor-General Sr., Sen. Senior S.R.S. (_Societatis Regiæ Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society S.T.D. (_Sacræ Theologiæ Doctor_) Doctor of Divinity S.T.P. (_Sacræ Theologiæ Professor_) Professor of Divinity St. Saint, Street Supt. Superintendent Tr(s). Trustee(s) Treas. Treasurer U.J.C. (_Utriusque Juris Doctor_) Doctor of both Laws V.C. Vice-Chancellor V.D.M. (_Verbi Dei Minister_) Preacher of the Word Vice-Pres. Vice-President Visc. Viscount W.S. Writer to the Signet VIII. SIZES OF BOOKS. The shorter names for book sizes are usually written out; _folio_, _quarto_, _octavo_. Beyond that they are usually abbreviated by using the Arabic numeral and _mo_, but without a period; _12 mo_, _16 mo_, etc. {19} IX. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Abbreviate the common designations of weights and measures in the metric system, as well as other symbols of measurement in common use when following a numeral; _1 m._, _5 dm._, _4 cm._, _2 mm._, _c.m._ (_cubic meter_), _c.d._, _min._ (_minute_), _sec._ (_second_), _lb._ (_pound_), _oz._ (_ounce_), _yd._, _ft._, _in._, _A._ (_Anglestrom units_), _H.P._ (_Horse power_), _C._ (_Centigrade_ [_Thermometer_]). X. FOOTNOTES. Authorities cited in footnotes should be specified in the following order: 1. The best known name of the author. Give initials only when necessary to distinguish between several authors of the same name. Set in roman lower-case unless otherwise ordered. 2. The name of the book in roman lower-case. If there is a Bibliography, or list of authorities attached to the book the names of all works referred to should there appear in full, but should be abbreviated in the notes. Otherwise, the name is sometimes written in full the first time it is referred to in a footnote and afterward abbreviated. If the book has but few references to authorities the names may be given in full in the footnotes especially when the reference is to the book as a whole and not to a particular paragraph. In such a case as this last the name is often printed in italics. Always abbreviate uniformly in the same book. 3. The number of the volume in roman numerals of capital letters. No period. 4. The numbers of the pages in Arabic figures. If there are several editions varying in subject matter and paging the edition used should be specified. If the edition has been specified in the Bibliography this information should not be repeated in the footnotes. {20} In books like the Bible, Shakespeare, Blackstone, or Milton, which have been printed in innumerable editions book, chapter and verse; act, scene and line; section and paragraph, or canto, stanza, and line must be specified. Number of paragraph only No. 68 Stanza only st. 18 Page only P. 213 Line only l. 384 Paragraph only ¶ 34 Section only § 5 Chapter only } xiv Canto only } Book only iii Book and chapter } Part and chapter } iii 2 Book and line } Act and scene } Act, scene, and line iv. 3. 45 Chapter and verse } Number and page } II 34 Volume and page } Volume and chapter IV. iv. Part, book, and chapter } II. iv. 12 Part, canto, and stanza } Chapter, section, paragraph vii. § 3, ¶ 4 Volume, part, section, paragraph } I. i. § 2, ¶ 6 Book, chapter, section, paragraph } In abbreviated references to the Bible or to the plays of Shakespeare use Arabic figures prefixed to the name to indicate part of succession of the book, play, or letter. 2 Kings II: 5 3 John 11 1 Henry VI, iii. 2. 14 {21} The following excellently chosen illustrations of good methods in handling numerous footnotes in learned works are taken from De Vinne's "Correct Composition." _From English Past and Present, by R. C. Trench_ ^1 Guest, Hist. of English Rhythms, vol. I. p. 280. ^2 Hooker, Eccles. Pol. i. 3, 5. ^3 Craik, On the English of Shakespeare, 2nd edit. p. 97. ^4 Marsh, Manual of the English Language, Engl. edit. p. 278. _From Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Murray's edition of 1881 (8 vols. 8 vo)_ ^1 Orosius, I. ii. c. 19, p. 143. ^2 Heineccius, Antiquitat. Juris Roman, tom. i, p. 96. ^3 Jornandes, de Reb. Get. c. 30, p. 654 [p. 87, ed. Lugd. B. 1597]. ^4 Ausonius (de Claris Urbibus. p. 257-262 [No. 14]). ^5 A. Thierry, Lettres sur l'Histoire de France, p. 90. ^6 Procopius, de Bell. Vanda., I. i. c. 7, p. 194 [tom. I. p. 341, ed. Bonn]. _From Hume's History of England, Cadell's edition of 1841 (6 vols. 8 vo)_ ^1 Herbert, p. 431, 432. ^4 Burnet, p. 322. ^2 Collier, vol. ii. p. 176. ^5 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. i. ^3 Stowe, p. 575. ^6 Mémoires du Bellay, lib. x. The comma is often omitted after the period in footnotes. The abbreviation _ch_, _p_, and _pp_, may be made in notes, but not in text matter. In lower-case text do not use _&c_, use _etc._ By-laws are often printed with side-headings _Art. 1_, _Sec. 2_, _etc._ It is better to print the words, _article_ and _section_ in full in the paragraph where they first appear and to omit the word in subsequent paragraphs, using the proper figure only. Figures used in illustrations to facilitate their understanding and explained in small text below the illustration or in the text matter itself do not have No. before them either in the illustration or in the explanation. {22} Figures and letters used as references to footnotes do not take a period. Where two or more pages are specified in the text set them thus: _Pages 24, 25, 57_ not _pp. 24-5, 57_ nor _25-57_. When the reference is to several pages continually set _pages 24 to 32_. When a period of time is expressed by the dates of two or more consecutive years, set thus: _1846-7_, _1861-5_, when there is a lapse of a year or more, set thus: _1866-7-1869-70_. Do not abbreviate into _'66-'7-'69-'70_. * * * * * {23} LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS The following lists of abbreviations will be found useful. SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS Old Testament (O.T.) Gen. Esth. Joel Exod. Job Amos Lev. Ps. (Pss.) Obad. Num. Prov. Jonah Deut. Eccles. Mic. Josh. Song of Sol. Nah. Judg. (or Cant.) Hab. Ruth Isa. Zeph. I and II Sam. Jer. Hag. I and II Kings Lam. Zech. I and II Chron. Ezek. Mal. Ezra Dan. Neh. Hos. New Testament (N.T.) Matt. Gal. Philem. Mark Eph. Heb. Luke Phil. Jas. John Col. I and II Pet. Acts I and II Thess. I, II and III John Rom. I and II Tim. Jude I and II Cor. Titus Rev. Apocrypha I and II Esd. Eccles. Bel and Dragon Tob. Bar. Pr. of Man Jud. Song of Three I, II, III and IV Rest of Esther Children Macc. Wisd. of Sol. Sus. {24} COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS A1 Highest class or grade Acct. Account Advt., Ad. Advertisement Agt. Agent Amt. Amount Anon. Anonymous Ans. Answer Art. Article Av., Ave. Avenue Bal. Balance Bd. Bound Bdl. Bundle Bds. Boards Bldg. Building B.O. Buyer's Option Bro(s). Brother; Brothers Chap. Chapter C.I.F. Cost, insurance, freight Co. Company C.O.D. Cash on delivery Cr. Creditor Dept. Department Do. Ditto, the same Dr. Debtor E.E. Errors excepted E.O.D. Every other day E. & O.E. Errors and omissions excepted Etc. (_Et cætera_) and so forth Ex., Exch. Exchange Exp. Express Fgt. Freight F.O.B. Free on Board H. Hour H.P. Half pay, horse power Incor. Incorporated Ins. Insurance K.D. Knock down (_of furniture, etc._) {25} L.P. Large Paper Memo. Memorandum Mfg. Manufacturing Mfr. Manufacturer Min. Minute No. (_numero_) number O.K. All right Payt. Payment Pd. Paid Per an. (_Per annum_) by the year Per cent (_Per centum_) by the hundred Pkg. Package Pl. Plate, plates Pref. Preface Rd. Road Rem. Remarks Rep. Reports R.R. Railroad Ry. Railway Ser. Series Sq. Square S.S. Steamship, steamer T.F. Till forbidden MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS A.C. (_Ante Christum_) before Christ A.D. (_Anno Domini_) in the year of our Lord Ad lib. (_Ad libitum_) at pleasure Adj. Adjective Adv. Adverb Æt (_Ætatis_) of age, aged A.H. (_Anno Hegiræ_) in the year of the Hegira Alt. Altitude A.M. (_Anno Mundi_) in the year of the world An. (_Anno_) in the year {26} An. A. C. (_Anno ante Christum_) in the year before Christ Anat. Anatomy Anc. Ancient Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon Anom. Anomalous Anon. Anonymous Ap. Apostle Apo. Apogee Apoc. Apocalypse, Apocrypha A.R. (_Anno regni_) in the year of the reign Arch. Architecture A.R.R. (_Anno regni regis_) in the year of the reign of the king Arr. Arrival Art. Article Assoc., Assn. Association Astrol. Astrology Astron. Astronomy A.U.C. (_Anno urbis Conditæ_) in the year of the building of the city of Rome Auth. Ver. } Authorized Version of the Bible or A.V. } Av. Average Ave. Avenue B. (_Basso_) Bass; bay; born B.C. Before Christ Boul. Boulevard B.V. (_Bene Vale_) Farewell C. Cape Cæt. par. (_Cæteris paribus_) other things being equal Cap. (_caput_) Chapter C. or Cent. Centigrade Cf. (_conferre_) compare Ch. Child or children C.H. Court House Chap. Chapter {27} Circ. Circle(s) Cit. Citizen Col. Column Coll. College Comp. Companion, comparative Cong. Congress C.Q.D. Marconi Distress signal D.B. Domesday Book D.C. (_Da Capo_) From the beginning; again Dec. Declination Deg. Degree(s) Del. (_Delineavit_) he drew it Dem. Democrat D.G. (_Dei gratia_) by the grace of God; (_Deo gratias_) thanks to God D.V. (_Deo volente_) God willing E. East, Eagle(s) Ea. Each E.B. English Bible (common) Ed. Editor, Edition E.E. Errors excepted E.G. (_Exempli gratia_) by way of example Elec. Electricity E.N.E. East-northeast Ent. Entomology E.S.E. East-southeast Etal. (_Et alibi_) and elsewhere; (_et alii_) and others Etc. (_Et cætera_) and so forth Et seq. (_Et sequentia_) the following Ex. Example Exc. Exception F., Fahr. Fahrenheit (thermometer) Fec. (_Fecit_) he made it Fem. or f. Feminine Fig(s). Figure(s) Finn. Finnish {28} Fol. or f., ff. Folio(s) For. Foreign Ft. Fort Gent. Gentleman Ger. German Goth. Gothic Gr. Greek H. Husband Hdkf. Handkerchief H.e. (_Hoc est_) that is, or, this is Hist. History, Historical H.J.S. (_Hic jacet sepultus_) here lies buried H.M.P. (_Hoc monumentum posuit_) erected this monument H.R.I.P. (_Hic requiescit in pace_) here lies in peace H.S. (_Hic situs_) here lies Ibid. Ib. (_Ibidem_) in the same place Id. (_Idem_) the same I.e. (_Id est_) that is I.H.S. First letters of [Greek: IÊSOUS], Greek for _Jesus_, or _Iesus hominum salvator_, Jesus the Savior of Mankind Illus. Illustrated Imp. Imperative (mood) Incog. (_Incognito_) Unknown Indef. Indefinite Indic. Indicative (mood) Infin. Infinitive (mood) In lim. (_In limine_) at the outset In loc. (_In loco_) in the place Inst. (_instante_) the current month Int. Interest Interj. Interjection In trans. (_In transit_) On the passage Ion. Ionic Ir. Irish Irreg. Irregular {29} Isl. Island Ital. Italic Itin. Itinerary J.H.S. See I.H.S. Jour. Journal Lat. Latin, latitude L.c. (_Loco citato_) in the place cited L.l. (_Loco laudato_) in the place quoted Long. or long. Longitude L.S. (_Locus sigilli_) place of the seal LXX The Septuagint M. (_Meridies_) noon M. Married Mem. Memorandum, Memoranda Mgr. Manager Misc. Miscellaneous Mo(s). Month, months M.S. (_Memoriæ sacrum_) sacred to the memory MS. (_Manuscriptum_) manuscript MSS. Manuscripts Mt. Mount, Mont Myth. Mythology N. Noun, note(s) Nat. National Naut. Nautical N.B. (_Nota Bene_) note well Nem. con or } (_Nemine contradicente_ or _nemine dissentiente_) none nem. diss. } opposing N.L. (_Non liquet_) It does not appear N. lat. North latitude N.N.E. North-northeast N.N.W. North-northwest Nom. Nominative Nol. Pros. (_Nol prosequi_) indicates in law that a complaint will not be prosecuted N.S. New Style (After 1752) N.T. New Testament {30} N.u. Name(s) unknown N.V.M. Nativity of the Virgin Mary N.W. Northwest Ob. (_Obiit_) he or she died Obj. Objective (case) Obs. Obsolete O.F. Odd Fellow(s) O.H.M.S. On His Majesty's Service Olym. Olympiad Op. Opposite O.S. Old Style (before 1752) O.T. Old Testament P. or pp. Page or pages Par. Paragraph Par. pas. Parallel passage(s) Parl. Parliament Part. Participle Partic. Particle Pass. Passive (voice) Pen. Peninsula Pent. Pentecost Perf. Perfect (tense) Pers. Person Pers. pron. Personal pronoun Persp. Perspective Phil. Philosophy Pinx. (_Pinxit_) he painted it Pl. Plate(s) Plff. Plaintiff Plup. Pluperfect Plur. Plural P.M. (_Post Meridiem_) afternoon to midnight P.O. Post-office Pop. Population Posit. Positive P.p. Past participle P.P.C. (_Pour prendre congé_) to take leave {31} P. pr. Participle present P.R. (_Populus Romanus_) the Roman people Pref. Preface Pret. Preterite tense Pron. Pronoun Pro tem. (_Pro tempore_) for the time being Pr. p. Present participle P.S. Privy Seal P.T.O. Please turn over Pt. Point Pub. Publisher Pub. Doc. Public Documents Q. Question Q.B. Queen's Bench Q.C. Queen's College, Queen's Council Q.d. (_Quasi dicat_) as if he should say; (_Quasi dictum_) as if said; (_Quasi dixisset_) as if he had said Q.E. (_Quod est_) which is Q.E.D. (_Quod erat demonstrandum_) which was to be proved Q.E.F. (_Quod erat faciendum_) which was to be done Q.l. (_Quantum libet_) as much as you please Q. Mess. Queen's Messenger Qm. (_Quomodo_) by what means, how Q.p. or q. pl. (_Quantum placet_) as much as you please Qr. Quarter Q.S. (_Quantum sufficit_) a sufficient quantity Q.v. (_Quantum vis_) as much as you will Q.v. (_Quod vide_) which see Qy. Query R., Reaum. Reaumur (_thermometer_) R.A. Royal Academy; Royal Academician; Royal Artillery R.E. Royal Engineers Recd. Received Rect. Rector {32} Ref. Reformation, reformed Ref. Ch. Reformed Church Ref. Reference Regr. Registrar Regt. Regiment Rel. pron. Relative pronoun Rep. Representative Repub. Republican R.M. Royal Marines R.N. Royal Navy Ro. (_Recto_) Right-hand page Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic R.P. (_Res Publica_) Republic Ru. Runic S. Solo (_In Italian Music_); South S. SS. Section(s), Saint(s) S.a. (_Secundum artem_) According to Art Sax. Saxon S.C. (_Senatus Consultum_) A decree of the Senate S.C. (_In Law_) same case Sch. Schooner(s) Schol. (_Scholium_) a note Sci. Science Sculp. (_Sculpsit_) he engraved S.E. Southeast Sen. Senate, Senator Seq. or sq. (_Sequente_) and in what follows Seqq. or sqq. (_Sequentibus_) and in the following (places) Ser. Series Shak. Shakespeare Sing. Singular (number) S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court S. lat. South latitude S.O.S. Marconi Distress Signal S.P. (_Sine prole_) without issue Sp. gr. Specific gravity {33} S.P.Q.R. (_Senatus Populusque Romanus_) the Senate and the Roman people S.R.I. (_Sacrum Romanum Imperium_) The Holy Roman Empire S.R.S. (_Societatis Regiæ Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society S.S. Sunday School S.S.E. South-southeast S.S.W. South-southwest St. Saint, Street Stat. Statute(s) Ster. Sterling Subj. Subjunctive Subst. Substantive Su.-Goth. Suio-Gothic Super. Superfine Superl. Superlative S.W. Southwest T. Tenor (_in music_); (_Tutti_) the whole orchestra after a solo Ter. Territory Term. Termination Theor. Theorem Tr. Translator, transpose Um. Unmarried Univ. University U.S.A. United States Army U.S.M. United States Mail U.S.N. United States Navy U.S.S. United States Ship U.s. (_Ut supra_) as above Vat. Vatican V.a. Verb active V. aux. Verb auxiliary V. def. Verb defective V. dep. Verb deponent Ven. Venerable {34} V.g. (_Verbi gratia_) for example V. imp. Verb impersonal V. in. Verb intransitive V. irr. Verb irregular V.n. Verb neuter Vo. (_verso_) left-hand page Voc. Vocative Vol. Volume V.r. Verb reflexive V. tr. Verb transitive V. Vulgate (Version) W. West, wife W. lon. West longitude W.N.W. West-northwest W.S.W. West-southwest Xmas Christmas Zool. Zoology * * * * * {35} SIGNS In addition to the abbreviations, strictly so called, there are many signs used in various kinds of composition. The most common are included in the following lists. MONETARY SIGNS $ Dollar or dollars cts. Cents Gn. Guinea £ (_English_) Pound or pounds / or s Shilling or shillings d. (_Denarius_) penny or pence fr. Franc or francs c. (_French_) Centime or centimes m. (_German_) Mark or marks Pf. (_German_) Pfennig or pfennigs cr. (_Austrian_) Crown or crowns hr. (_Austrian_) Heller or hellers rub. (_Russian_) Ruble or rubles kop. (_Russian_) Kopec or kopecs kr. (_Danish_) Crown or crowns öro, öre Oro or öre £ (_Italian_) Lira or lire c. (_Italian_) Centesimo or centesimi MATHEMATICAL SIGNS + Plus - Minus ± Plus or minus [**] Minus or plus × Multiplied by {36} ÷ Divided by = Equal to [**] Not equal to [**] Identical with [**] Congruent to > Greater than < Less than [**] The difference between [**] Is equivalent to : and :: Proportion [**] Varies as [**] Approaches as a limit [**] Infinity [**] Therefore [**] Because . . . Continuation [**] The radical sign [**] Perpendicular to [**] Parallel [**] Arc of circle [**] Degree of circle [**] Minute of circle [**] Second of circle [**] Angle [**] Right angle [**] Square [**] Rectangle [**] Triangle MEDICAL SIGNS ãã (_ava_) of each [**] (_Recipe_) take [**], [**]i Ounce, one ounce [**]ss Half an ounce [**]iss One ounce and a half [**]ij Two ounces [**] Drachm [**] Scruple O (_Octarius_) Pint [**] Fluid ounce [**] Fluid Drachm _m_ Minim or drop {37} ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS Planets [**] Sun [**] Earth [**] Saturn [**] Mercury [**] Mars [**] Uranus [**] Venus [**] Jupiter [**] Neptune Phases [**] New moon [**] first quarter [**] full moon [**] last quarter Zodiacal [**] Aries, the ram [**] Libra, the scales [**] Taurus, the bull [**] Scorpio, scorpion [**] Gemini, the twins [**] Sagittarius, archer [**] Cancer, the crab [**] Capricornus, goat [**] Leo, the lion [**] Aquarius, waterman [**] Virgo, the virgin [**] Pisces, the fishes Aspects and Nodes [**] Conjunction [**] opposition [**] Quadrature [**] or [**] quintile [**] Ascending node [**] sextile [**] Descending node [**] trine ECCLESIASTICAL SIGNS [**] The Maltese cross is used before their signatures by certain dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church. It is also used in the service-books of that church to notify the reader when to make the sign of the cross. The ordinary reference mark [dagger] (the dagger) should not be used as a substitute. [**] Response in service-books. The apothecaries' sign [**] is not an entirely acceptable substitute. [**] Versicle in service-books. [**] indicates the words intoned by the celebrant. {38} PROOFREADER'S SIGNS No ¶ No new paragraph. Run in Let there be no break in the reading. ¶ Make a new paragraph. [**] Correct uneven spacing of words. [**] Strike out the marked type, word, or sentence. [**] Reverse this type. # More space where caret is marked, [**] Contract the spacing. [**] Take out all spacing. [ Move this to the left. ] Move this to the right. [**] Raise this line or letter. [**] Depress this line or letter. || Make parallel at the side with other lines. [**] Indent line an em. [**] Push down a space that blackens the proof. x Change this bruised type. w.f. Change this faulty type of wrong font. tr. Transpose words or letters underlined. l.c. Put in lower-case, or small letters. s.c. Put in small capitals. caps. Put in capitals. [**] Insert apostrophe. Superior characters are put over an inverted caret, as, [**] [**] etc.; for inferior characters the caret is put in its usual position, as in [**]. rom. Change from italic to roman. ital. Change from roman to italic. [**] Insert period. ,/ Insert comma. ;/ Insert semicolon. :/ Insert colon. =/ Insert hyphen. /--/ One-em dash. /-²-/ Two-em dash. [**] Take out cancelled character and close up. {39} Qu. or? Is this right? See to it. ^ Insert letter or word marked in margin. |||| Hair-space letters as marked. Stet Restore crossed-out word or letter. . . . . Dots put below the crossed word mean: Cancel the correction first made, and let the types stand as they were. [**] Over two or three letters. Change for the diphthong or for a logotype, as _æ_, _ffi_. [**] Straighten lines. ///// Diagonal lines crossing the text indicate that the composition is out of square. Out, see Copy Here is an omission; see copy. Corrections or textual improvements suggested to the author should be accompanied by the interrogation-point and be enclosed in parentheses or "ringed." Corrections should always be made in the margin, and never in the text: faults in the types or text to be indicated only by light pen marks. * * * * * {40} GENERAL OBSERVATIONS There are many other signs and abbreviations used in works on the various sciences. Approved modern text-books are the only safe guides to the proper use of these. In printing dialect, slang, and colloquialisms the only general rule is to follow copy. Such abbreviations as _I've_, _you'll_, _'t'was_, _'t'is n't_, and the like are more clearly expressed when a thin space is put between the words. Old Style contractions should follow the original even if special sorts have to be obtained for the purpose. Abbreviations like _dept_, _dep't_, _gov't_, _sec_, _sec'y_, _sect'y_, _pres't_, and _treas._ are indefensible. Even in letter heads and the like it is better to spell out the words in two lines. * * * * * {41} SUPPLEMENTARY READING Correct Composition. By Theodore Low De Vinne. Oswald Publishing Co., New York. The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt. The list of abbreviations and signs in many of the principal dictionaries may be studied with profit. Scientific text-books may be profitably used to study the abbreviations and signs used in mathematics and the sciences. * * * * * {42} QUESTIONS 1. How and why were abbreviations used before typography? 2. How did the early printers use abbreviations? 3. What is the best usage with regard to abbreviations? 4. What is the general rule for the use of abbreviations? 5. What is the difference in usage between book work and some other kinds of printing? 6. What use of abbreviations do we find in certain special work and what may be done to make their use easier? 7. What are the rules for the use of abbreviations in dates? 8. What are the common abbreviations for the names of the months and the days of the week? 9. Give the Dewey dates. 10. What is the rule for ages? 11. How do we treat references to decades? 12. How do we treat numbers of centuries and the like? 13. What is the rule for sums of money? 14. What is the rule for round numbers? 15. How do we treat numbers when they begin a sentence? 16. What is the rule about numbers of less than three digits? 17. What classes of numbers are ordinarily expressed in figures? 18. What is the usage with regard to geographical names? 19. What are the rules for names? 20. What is the usage in printing titles? 21. How do we treat names of book sizes? 22. How do we treat weights and measures? 23. Give the order of specification in footnotes. 24. Where is &c not used? 25. How are by-laws treated? {43} 26. How are figures used with illustrations? 27. What is said of the use of the period in footnotes? 28. How do we treat page references in the text? 29. How do we treat references to series of years? 30. How do we print dialect, slang, and the like? 31. How do we print such abbreviations as _I've_, _you've_, and the like? 32. What is said of certain improper abbreviations and how to avoid them? The teacher should give frequent drills in the application of these rules. Sentences containing matter which involves the use of abbreviations and signs should be given out orally and the pupil required to write them out and set them up. The pupil should be required to explain by reference to the rules the use and the omission of abbreviations and the work should be criticised by the class or by the instructor with reference to the rules. * * * * * {i} TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES The following list of publications, comprising the TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES, has been prepared under the supervision of the Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals. Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of the United States--employers, journeymen, and apprentices--with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable, up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study. The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5 × 8 inches. Their general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list. Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text. In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter. A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books. These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America. Address all orders and inquiries to COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U. S. A. {ii} PART I--_Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials_ 1. TYPE: A PRIMER OF INFORMATION By A. A. Stewart Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes, font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. 44 pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary. 2. COMPOSITORS' TOOLS AND MATERIALS By A. A. Stewart A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, brass rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; illustrated; 50 review questions; glossary. 3. TYPE CASES, COMPOSING ROOM FURNITURE By A. A. Stewart A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, case racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; illustrated; 33 review questions; glossary. 4. IMPOSING TABLES AND LOCK-UP APPLIANCES By A. A. Stewart Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 pp.; illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary. 5. PROOF PRESSES By A. A. Stewart A primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review questions; glossary. 6. PLATEN PRINTING PRESSES By Daniel Baker A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand press to the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review questions; glossary. 7. CYLINDER PRINTING PRESSES By Herbert L. Baker Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review questions; glossary. 8. MECHANICAL FEEDERS AND FOLDERS By William E. Spurrier The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; with hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. 9. POWER FOR MACHINERY IN PRINTING HOUSES By Carl F. Scott A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 pp.; illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary. 10. PAPER CUTTING MACHINES By Niel Gray, Jr. A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting paper. 70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary. 11. PRINTERS' ROLLERS By A. A. Stewart A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and care of inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions; glossary. 12. PRINTING INKS By Philip Ruxton Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by permission from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of Standards); together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review questions; glossary. {iii} 13. HOW PAPER IS MADE By William Bond Wheelwright A primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; 62 review questions; glossary. 14. RELIEF ENGRAVINGS By Joseph P. Donovan Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for reproduction; things to remember when ordering engravings. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. 15. ELECTROTYPING AND STEROTYPING By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. Stewart A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; glossaries. PART II--_Hand and Machine Composition_ 16. TYPESETTING By A. A. Stewart A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying, spacing, correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. 17. PRINTERS' PROOFS By A. A. Stewart The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. 18. FIRST STEPS IN JOB COMPOSITION By Camille DeVéze Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs, especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions; glossary. 19. GENERAL JOB COMPOSITION How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. 20. BOOK COMPOSITION By J. W. Bothwell Chapters from DeVinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition," revised and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell of The DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part II: Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review questions; glossary. 21. TABULAR COMPOSITION By Robert Seaver A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples of more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review questions. 22. APPLIED ARITHMETIC By E. E. Sheldon Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade, calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard tables and rules for computation, each subject amplified with examples and exercises. 159 pp. 23. TYPECASTING AND COMPOSING MACHINES A. W. Finlay, Editor Section I--The Linotype By L. A. Hornstein Section II--The Monotype By Joseph Hays Section III--The Intertype By Henry W. Cozzens Section IV--Other Typecasting and Typesetting By Frank H. Smith Machines A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. {iv} PART III--_Imposition and Stonework_ 24. LOCKING FORMS FOR THE JOB PRESS By Frank S. Henry Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. 25. PREPARING FORMS FOR THE CYLINDER PRESS By Frank S. Henry Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. PART IV--_Presswork_ 26. MAKING READY ON PLATEN PRESSES By T. G. McGrew The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, regulating the impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting gauges, and other details explained. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. 27. CYLINDER PRESSWORK By T. G. McGrew Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, ink fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and overlaying; modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. 28. PRESSROOM HINTS AND HELPS By Charles L. Dunton Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems. 87 pp.; 176 review questions. 29. REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES OF THE GRAPHIC ARTS By A. W. Elson A primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief, the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. 84 pp.; illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary. PART V--_Pamphlet and Book Binding_ 30. PAMPHLET BINDING By Bancroft L. Goodwin A primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. 31. BOOK BINDING By John J. Pleger Practical information about the usual operations in binding books; folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case making and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and blank-book binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. PART VI--_Correct Literary Composition_ 32. WORD STUDY AND ENGLISH GRAMMAR By F. W. Hamilton A primer of information about words, their relations, and their uses. 68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary. 33. PUNCTUATION By F. W. Hamilton A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use, both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review questions; glossary. {v} 34. CAPITALS By F. W. Hamilton A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review questions; glossary. 35. DIVISION OF WORDS By F. W. Hamilton Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks on spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review questions. 36. COMPOUND WORDS By F. W. Hamilton A study of the principles of compounding, the components of compounds, and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions. 37. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS By F. W. Hamilton A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review questions. 38. THE USES OF ITALIC By F. W. Hamilton A primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters. 31 pp.; 37 review questions. 39. PROOFREADING By Arnold Levitas The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking, revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary. 40. PREPARATION OF PRINTERS' COPY By F. W. Hamilton Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions. 41. PRINTERS' MANUAL OF STYLE A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, numerals, and kindred features of composition. 42. THE PRINTER'S DICTIONARY By A. A. Stewart A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical terms explained. Illustrated. PART VII--_Design, Color, and Lettering_ 43. APPLIED DESIGN FOR PRINTERS By Harry L. Gage A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing Treats of harmony, balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and variety; ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 review questions; glossary; bibliography. 44. ELEMENTS OF TYPOGRAPHIC DESIGN By Harry L. Gage Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building material of typography: paper, types, ink, decorations and illustrations. Handling of shapes. Design of complete book, treating each part. Design of commercial forms and single units. Illustrations; review questions, glossary; bibliography. {vi} 45. RUDIMENTS OF COLOR IN PRINTING By Harry L. Gage Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with process engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and chemical. Terms in which color may be discussed: hue, value, intensity. Diagrams in color, scales and combinations. Color theory of process engraving. Experiments with color. Illustrations in full color, and on various papers. Review questions; glossary; bibliography. 46. LETTERING IN TYPOGRAPHY By Harry L. Gage Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect. Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design. Classification of general forms in lettering. Application of design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully illustrated; review questions; glossary; bibliography. 47. TYPOGRAPHIC DESIGN IN ADVERTISING By Harry L. Gage The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which advertising is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis, legibility, attention, color. Method of studying advertising typography. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography. 48. MAKING DUMMIES AND LAYOUTS By Harry L. Gage A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a proposed final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. Function of layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy envelopes. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography. PART VIII--_History of Printing_ 49. BOOKS BEFORE TYPOGRAPHY By F. W. Hamilton A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.; illustrated; 64 review questions. 50. THE INVENTION OF TYPOGRAPHY By F. W. Hamilton A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about. 64 pp.; 62 review questions. 51. HISTORY OF PRINTING--Part I By F. W. Hamilton A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the development of the book, the development of printers' materials, and the work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions. 52. HISTORY OF PRINTING--Part II By F. W. Hamilton A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from 1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, internal conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review questions. 53. PRINTING IN ENGLAND By F. W. Hamilton A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present time. 89 pp.; 65 review questions. 54. PRINTING IN AMERICA By F. W. Hamilton A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes on publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.; 84 review questions. 55. TYPE AND PRESSES IN AMERICA By F. W. Hamilton A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions. {vii} PART IX--_Cost Finding and Accounting_ 56. ELEMENTS OF COST IN PRINTING By Henry P. Porter The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. Glossary. 57. USE OF A COST SYSTEM By Henry P. Porter The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show. How to utilize the information they give Review questions. Glossary. 58. THE PRINTER AS A MERCHANT By Henry P. Porter The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing. The relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished product. Review questions. Glossary. 59. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ESTIMATING By Henry P. Porter The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for estimating. Review questions. Glossary. 60. ESTIMATING AND SELLING By Henry P. Porter An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary. 61. ACCOUNTING FOR PRINTERS By Henry P. Porter A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary books and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary. PART X--_Miscellaneous_ 62. HEALTH, SANITATION, AND SAFETY By Henry P. Porter Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new; practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and rules for safety. 63. TOPICAL INDEX By F. W. Hamilton A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic Technical Series, alphabetically arranged. 64. COURSES OF STUDY By F. W. Hamilton A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for classroom and shop work. {viii} ACKNOWLEDGMENT This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the splendid co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the printing business and its allied industries in the United States of America. The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America, under whose auspices the books have been prepared and published, acknowledges its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors, printers, and others identified with this work. While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless felt that a group list of co-operating firms would be of interest. The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who have co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes, constituting the first printing. As soon as the entire list of books comprising the Typographic Technical Series has been completed (which the Committee hopes will be at an early date), the full list will be printed in each volume. The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its publication. COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA. HENRY P. PORTER, _Chairman_, E. LAWRENCE FELL, A. M. GLOSSBRENNER, J. CLYDE OSWALD, TOBY RUBOVITS. FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, _Education Director_. {ix} CONTRIBUTORS FOR COMPOSITION AND ELECTROTYPES ISAAC H. BLANCHARD COMPANY, New York, N. Y. S. H. BURBANK & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. J. S. CUSHING & CO., Norwood, Mass. THE DEVINNE PRESS, New York, N. Y. R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., Chicago, Ill. GEO. H. ELLIS CO., Boston, Mass. EVANS-WINTER-HEBB, Detroit, Mich. FRANKLIN PRINTING COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. F. H. GILSON COMPANY, Boston, Mass. STEPHEN GREENE & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. W. F. HALL PRINTING CO., Chicago, Ill. J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia, Pa. MCCALLA & CO. INC., Philadelphia, Pa. THE PATTESON PRESS, New York, New York THE PLIMPTON PRESS, Norwood, Mass. POOLE BROS., Chicago, Ill. EDWARD STERN & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. THE STONE PRINTING & MFG. CO., Roanoke, Va. C. D. TRAPHAGEN, Lincoln, Neb. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Cambridge, Mass. FOR COMPOSITION BOSTON TYPOTHETAE SCHOOL OF PRINTING, Boston, Mass. WILLIAM F. FELL CO., Philadelphia, Pa. THE KALKHOFF COMPANY, New York, N. Y. OXFORD-PRINT, Boston, Mass. TOBY RUBOVITS, Chicago, Ill. FOR ELECTROTYPES BLOMGREN BROTHERS CO., Chicago, Ill. FLOWER STEEL ELECTROTYPING CO., New York, N. Y. C. J. PETERS & SON CO., Boston, Mass. ROYAL ELECTROTYPE CO., Philadelphia, Pa. H. C. WHITCOMB & CO., Boston, Mass. FOR ENGRAVINGS AMERICAN TYPE FOUNDERS CO., Boston, Mass. C. B. COTTRELL & SONS CO., Westerly, R. I. GOLDING MANUFACTURING CO., Franklin, Mass. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass. INLAND PRINTER CO., Chicago, Ill. LANSTON MONOTYPE MACHINE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY, New York, N. Y. GEO. H. MORRILL CO., Norwood, Mass. OSWALD PUBLISHING CO., New York, N. Y. THE PRINTING ART, Cambridge, Mass. B. D. RISING PAPER COMPANY, Housatonic, Mass. THE VANDERCOOK PRESS, Chicago, Ill. FOR BOOK PAPER AMERICAN WRITING PAPER CO., Holyoke, Mass. WEST VIRGINIA PULP & PAPER CO., Mechanicville, N. Y. End of Project Gutenberg's Abbreviations and Signs, by Frederick W. 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