The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: A Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus Author: E. Raymond Hall Walter Woelber Dalquest Release date: December 1, 2010 [eBook #34532] Language: English Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SYNOPSIS OF THE AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENUS PIPISTRELLUS *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net A Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus BY E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 1, No. 26, pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text January 20, 1950 University of Kansas LAWRENCE 1950 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 1, No. 26, pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text January 20, 1950 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1950 [Illustration: Union Label] 23-1546 A Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus By E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST Four nominal species of the genus _Pipistrellus_ are currently recognized in North America. They are _Pipistrellus subflavus_ (F. Cuvier) of eastern North America, _Pipistrellus hesperus_ (H. Allen) of western North America, _Pipistrellus veracrucis_ (Ward) from Veracruz, Mexico, and _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller from Tabasco, Mexico. In the past three years, specimens have been obtained in Veracruz (by Dalquest) of each of the southern species. One of these, _P. cinnamomeus_, previously was known from a single specimen; the other, _P. veracrucis_, was known only from six specimens which now are lost or misplaced. The results of our study of these recently acquired Mexican specimens constitute our principal contribution in this paper; we have done little more with the material from the United States and Canada than to codify the findings of other mammalogists with respect to the systematic status and geographic distribution. Study of the available specimens reveals that there are only two species, _Pipistrellus hesperus_ and _Pipistrellus subflavus_; _Pipistrellus veracrucis_ proves to be only a subspecies (geographic race) of _P. subflavus_, and _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ proves to be a species of another genus, _Myotis_ (see Hall and Dalquest, page 583 of this volume). Genus +Pipistrellus+ Kaup 1829. _Pipistrellus_ Kaup, Skizzirte Entw.-Gesch. u. natürl. Syst. europ. Thierw., Vol. 1, p. 98, Type, _Vespertilio pipistrellus_ Schreber (not seen by us, after Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:87, 1897). _Range in the New World._--In North America from southern Canada to Honduras (47 degrees to 5 degrees North Latitude) and from the Atlantic to the Pacific; not recorded from the West Indies or South America. _Characters._--Size small; tail approximately as long as outstretched leg; ears well developed with prominent tragus; dental formula: i.2/3; c.1/1; p.2/2; m.3/3; two upper incisors subequal and outer one lacking a concavity on surface facing canine; dentition otherwise essentially as in _Myotis_ Kaup except that third premolar is always, instead of rarely, absent. _Remarks._--There are two species in North America. Their geographic ranges, as now known, meet, but do not overlap. Certain differences between the two species are listed in the parallel columns below. Most of these differences in the skull and teeth are illustrated in figures 22 and 23 on page 92 of Miller's "Revision of the North American bats of the family Vespertilionidae (N. Amer. Fauna, 13, 1897)." ====================================================================== Structure | _P. hesperus_ | _P. subflavus_ ====================================================================== Color | Predominately gray | Predominately brown --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- Foot | Less than half as long | More than half as long | as tibia | as tibia --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- Thumb, length of | Less than 4.9 mm. | More than 4.9 mm. --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- Tragus | Blunt, terminal part | Narrow, straight | bent forward | --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- Skull | Nearly straight | Dish-faced (dorsal profile) | | --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- Braincase | Small | Large (viewed from above) | | --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- Palate | Extending far behind | Extending short | molars; spine short, | distance behind | | molars; spine long, | narrow at base | wide at base --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- I2 | Unicuspidate | Bicuspidate --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- I3 | Accessory cusp present | Accessory cusp absent | on anterointernal | on anterointernal | face | face --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- P1 (occlusal view) | Less than a seventh as | More than a seventh | large as canine | as large as canine --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- P1 (labial view) | Concealed by C1 and P4 | Not concealed --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- P4 | Touching canine | Not touching canine --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- i3 | Touching i2 and c1 | Separated by space | | from i2 and c1 --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- p3 | Lower than anterior | As high as anterior | cusp of canine | cusp of canine --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- Distance from c1 | Less than length of m2; | More than length of to m1 | premolars crowded | m2; premolars less | | crowded --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- +Pipistrellus hesperus+ (Synonomy under subspecies) _Range._--Arid Sonoran life-zones of western North America from Washington southward to Jalisco. _Characters._--Smoke Gray to Buff Brown (Capitalized color terms after Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912) dorsally; total length, 60 to 86; foot less than half as long as tibia; tragus blunt with terminal part bent forward; skull nearly straight in dorsal profile; inner upper incisor unicuspidate; outer upper incisor with accessory cusp on anterointernal face; P1, viewed from occlusal face, less than a seventh of area of canine, and from labial aspect concealed by canine and fourth premolar; lower, third premolar lower than anterior cusp of canine; lower premolars crowded, distance between canine and first molar less than length of second lower molar. _Remarks._--In the United States and in the northern part of Mexico, _P. hesperus_ is the smallest bat found. Little is known about its habits. It emerges earlier in the evening than other species of bats. The frequency with which it is seen near cliffs suggests that it finds concealment under rocks. In winter, in Nevada (Hall, Mammals of Nevada, p. 150, 1946), _P. hesperus_ has been found singly in crevices in the roofs of mine tunnels. In the United States National Museum in July, 1949, the specimen providing the easternmost record station of occurrence was examined by us. This is No. 23591, in alcohol, taken on August 24, 1890, by William Lloyd, original No. 88, at the mouth of the Pecos River in Texas. In the same collection there is a specimen of _Pipistrellus subflavus_ providing the westernmost record of occurrence of that species. This specimen, a skin with skull, is No. 126729, [Male], taken on May 3, 1903, by Jas. H. Gaut, original No. 1271, at Comstock, Texas. The two localities concerned are in the Valley of the Rio Grande, and are only about five miles apart. Nevertheless, the two specimens are clearly referable to their respective species and show no tendency toward intergradation. Consequently, confidence is felt in treating _Pipistrellus hesperus_ and _Pipistrellus subflavus_ as two distinct species. The most recent report upon geographic variation throughout the entire species, _Pipistrellus hesperus_, was that by Hatfield (Jour. Mamm., 17:257-262, August 14, 1936). Later, as explained below in the account of _P. h. australis_, Burt (Miscl. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 39:25, February 15, 1938) examined specimens from Sonora, Mexico, and for them and for specimens from southern Arizona proposed a different nomenclatural arrangement. [Illustration: FIG. 1. Map showing the geographic ranges of species and subspecies of _Pipistrellus_. 1. _Pipistrellus h. hesperus_ 2. _Pipistrellus h. merriami_ 3. _Pipistrellus h. australis_ 4. _Pipistrellus h. maximus_ 5. _Pipistrellus h. santarosae_ 6. _Pipistrellus s. subflavus_ 7. _Pipistrellus s. obscurus_ 8. _Pipistrellus s. veracrucis_ ] +Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus+ (H. Allen) _Scotophilus hesperus_ H. Allen, Smithsonian, Miscl. Coll., No. 165, Vol. 7 (art. 1): p. 43, June, 1864. _Vesperugo hesperus_ True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7:602, 1885. _Pipistrellus hesperus_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:88, October 16, 1897. _Type locality._--Old Fort Yuma, Imperial County, California, on right bank of Colorado River, opposite present town of Yuma, Arizona. _Range._--Intermontane region of the United States from south-central Washington south to Cataviñá, Baja California, and from southeastern California eastward to southeastern Utah. Marginal occurrences (unless otherwise indicated, after Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:258, 1936) are: _Washington_ (Dalquest, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:165, 1948): Maryhill; Vantage; Almota. _Oregon_: Watson. _Idaho_: 8 mi. W Rogerson (Davis, Mamms. Idaho, p. 120, 1939). _Nevada_: Middle Stormy Spring (Hall, Mamms. Nevada, p. 151, 1946). _Utah_: Goodridge. _Arizona_: 11 mi. NW Kayenta; Tinajas Altas. _Baja California_: Cataviñá; San José; Laguna Hanson. _California_: Dos Palmos Spring; Banning; Victorville; 12 mi. below (down river) Bodfish; Little Lake; 2 mi. S Benton Station. _Nevada_: 2 mi. NW Morgans Ranch; Deephole. _Oregon_: Princeton. _Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; total length, 71.8(66-74); tibia, 12.0(10.7-13.5); forearm, 29.4(27.8-31.8); greatest length of skull, 11.9(11.5-12.3); breadth of braincase, 6.3(6.1-6.4). Color between Drab Gray and Smoke Gray, dorsally; between Smoke Gray and Pale Smoke Gray, ventrally (after Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:257, 1936). +Pipistrellus hesperus merriami+ (Dobson) _Vesperugo merriami_ Dobson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 18(ser. 5): 124, August, 1896. _Pipistrellus hesperus merriami_ Grinnell, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 3(ser. 4):279, August 28, 1913. _Type locality._--Red Bluff, Tehama County, California. _Range._--California west of the Sierra Nevada; the Sacramento Valley, the San Joaquin Valley, and the Coast Range from San Francisco Bay south to San Diego County. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:260, 1936, unless otherwise noted) are: _California_: Dales on Paines Creek; Fyffe; Yosemite Valley; Shaver Ranger Station; Springville; Fort Tejon; Painted Gorge (P. H. Krutzsch, MS); Carrizo Creek; thence northward up the coast probably to San Francisco Bay; in the Sacramento Valley west to Rumsey. _Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; total length, 71.3(66-78); tibia, 11.2(10.6-11.7); forearm, 28.9(27.5-30.8); greatest length of skull, 11.8(11.3-12.2); breadth of braincase, 6.4(6.0-6.6). Color Buffy Brown to Army Brown, dorsally; Wood Brown to Buffy Brown, ventrally (after Hatfield, _op. cit._: 258, 260). +Pipistrellus hesperus australis+ Miller _Pipistrellus hesperus australis_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, October 16, 1897. _Pipistrellus hesperus apus_ Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., pub. 90, zool. ser., 3:269, March 8, 1904. Type from Providencia Mines, Sonora, Mexico. _Type locality._--Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco, Mexico. _Range._--Central Arizona south to Jalisco and including the southern half of Baja California. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, _op. cit._: 261, unless otherwise indicated) are: _Arizona_: Camp Verde; Fort Bowie. _Sonora_: Pilares (Burt, Miscl. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 39:24, 1938). _Jalisco_: Barranca Ibarra (Miller, orig. descr.). _Baja California_: Miraflores; San Ignacio. _Arizona_: Bates Well. _Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; total length, 67.1(60-72); tibia, 11.3(10.1-12.3); forearm, 28.4(26.3-30.0); greatest length of skull, 11.7(11.3-12.0); breadth of braincase, 6.1(5.9-6.3). Color: between Cinnamon Drab and Drab, dorsally; Wood Brown to Light Drab, ventrally (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:260). _Remarks._--Hatfield (_op. cit._) examined no specimens from Mexico (Baja California excepted) and Burt (_op. cit._) who did examine some specimens (from Sonora), referred one from northwestern Sonora to _P. h. hesperus_ and those from northeastern Sonora to _P. h. merriami_. Since our treatment of subspecies of _Pipistrellus_ (_P. s. veracrucis_ excepted) aims merely to reflect the latest systematic treatment accorded the animals, we would follow Burt (_op. cit._) were it not for the fact that he shows the geographic range of _P. h. merriami_ separated by the range of _P. h. hesperus_ into two parts. This is inconsistent with the ordinarily accepted concept of subspecies. Consequently, we have followed Hatfield (_op. cit._). Clearly, a critical study is needed of adequate material of _Pipistrellus hesperus_ of Mexico. +Pipistrellus hesperus maximus+ Hatfield _Pipistrellus hesperus maximus_ Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:261, August 14, 1936. _Type locality._--Dog Spring, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. _Range._--Southern New Mexico, western Texas and probably the adjoining parts of Mexico. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield [_op. cit._:261] except as otherwise indicated) are: _New Mexico_: Animas Valley; Florida Mountains; Carlsbad Cave. _Texas_: Mouth of Pecos River (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:210, 1905); Boquillas (Borell and Bryant, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:9, 1942); Glen Spring (Borell and Bryant, _loc. cit._). _Diagnosis._--Size large for the species; total length, 80.3(78-83); tibia, 12.3(11.7-13.1); forearm, 32.9(31.8-33.3); greatest length of skull, 12.7(12.3-12.9); breadth of braincase, 6.6(6.5-6.7). Color between Smoke Gray and Pale Drab (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:261). +Pipistrellus hesperus santarosae+ Hatfield _Pipistrellus hesperus santarosae_ Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:261, August 14, 1936. _Type locality._--Santa Rosa, Guadalupe County, New Mexico. _Range._--New Mexico (excepting southern part) and western Colorado. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:262) are: _Colorado_: Bedrock. _New Mexico_: Santa Rosa; Socorro; Laguna. _Diagnosis._--Size large for the species; total length, 82.0(80-86); tibia, 12.4(11.9-13.0); forearm, 32.8(31.7-34.1); greatest length of skull, 12.7(12.3-13.1); breadth of braincase, 6.6(6.3-6.8). Color between Buffy Brown and Wood Brown (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:261, 262). +Pipistrellus subflavus+ (Synonomy under subspecies) _Range._--Canadian to Tropical life-zones of eastern North America from Quebec southward to Honduras. _Characters._--Sayal Brown to darker than Mummy Brown, dorsally; total length, 73-89; foot more than half as long as tibia; tragus tapering and straight; dorsal profile of skull convex in interorbital region; inner upper incisor bicuspidate; outer upper incisor unicuspidate (lacking accessory cusp on anterointernal face); P1 viewed from occlusal face more than a seventh of area of canine and visible from labial aspect; lower, third premolar as high as anterior cusp of canine; lower premolars less crowded than in _P. hesperus_ and distance between canine and first molar less than length of second lower molar. _Remarks._--In winter this species hibernates in caves in clusters of fewer than fifty individuals, but in summer fewer of the bats live there and at this season some have been captured as far as thirty miles from any such retreat suggesting that the bats inhabit other types of shelter. The wide range of this species in respect to life-zones is noteworthy; it occurs in the Canadian Life-zone (Joliet, Quebec), the Tropical Life-zone (30 km. SSE Jesús Carranza, Veracruz) and in the intervening life-zones. The longer thumb of this species, in comparison with that of _Pipistrellus hesperus_, was verified by measuring the thumb including its claw and the pad at the base of the thumb in 12 _P. s. veracrucis_ and 10 _P. h. maximus_. In _veracrucis_ the mean was 5.9 millimeters and the extremes were 5.5 and 6.4. In _maximus_ the corresponding figures were 3.9, 3.6 and 4.3. +Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus+ (F. Cuvier) _V[espertilio]. subflavus_ F. Cuvier, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1: 17, 1832. _Vespertilio erythrodactylus_ Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm., II, 13me monogr., p. 238, 1835-1841 (not seen--after Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, October 16, 1897). _Scotophilus georgianus_ H. Allen, Smithsonian Miscl. Coll., No. 165, Vol. 7 (art. 1), p. 35, June, 1864. _Vesperugo carolinensis_ H. Allen, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 43:121, March 14, 1894. _Pipistrellus subflavus_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, figs. 22,23, October 16, 1897. _Type locality._--Eastern United States, probably Georgia. _Range._--From approximately 40 degrees North Latitude in Pennsylvania and Kansas southward to central Florida and at least to extreme southern Texas; from the Atlantic Coast westward to south-central Kansas and Val Verde County, Texas. Marginal occurrences are: _Kansas_ (K. U. Collection): 4-1/2 mi. SW Sun City; Ft. Leavenworth. _Illinois_ (Necker and Hatfield, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 6(3):45, 1941): Quincy; Urbana. _Indiana_ (Lyon, Amer. Midland Nat., 17:73, 1936): Monroe County; Franklin Co. _Ohio_ (Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(6):115, 1942: Hamilton Co.; Smoky Creek. _West Virginia_ (Kellogg, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84:449, 1937): Charleston; Smoke Hole Cave. _Pennsylvania_ (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., p. 211, 1903): Carlisle; Germantown. _New Jersey_: Haddonfield (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., p. 211, 1903). _Florida_: Tarpon Springs (Sherman., Proc. Florida Acad. Sci., p. 107, 1936). _Texas_: Brownsville (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:211, 1905); Comstock (Bailey, _loc. cit._); Kerr Co. (Taylor and Davis, Game, Fish and Oyster Comm. Bull., 50:17, 1947). _Oklahoma_: 10 mi. S and 2 mi. E Sulphur (Blair, Amer. Midland Nat., 22:100, 1939). _Diagnosis._--Size large; eight specimens from Barber and Butler counties, Kansas, measure in total length, 84(77-89); tibia, 14.8(14.5-15); forearm, 33.5(31.8-35.3); greatest length of skull (exclusive of incisors), 12.8(12.3-13.1); breadth of braincase immediately above roots of zygomatic arches, 6.5(6.4-6.7). Color ranging from Snuff Brown to Sayal Brown. +Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus+ Miller _Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:93, October 16, 1897. _Type locality._--Lake George, Warren County, New York. _Range._--From southern Quebec and southern Ontario south to southern Ohio and West Virginia; from the Atlantic Coast west into Wisconsin. Marginal occurrences are: _Minnesota_: St. Peter (Swanson and Evans, Jour. Mamm., 17:39, 1936); Marine (Swanson, Tech. Bull. No. 2, Minnesota Dept. Conservation, p. 60, 1945). _Wisconsin_: Hurley (Greeley and Beer, Jour. Mamm., 30:198, 1949). _Quebec_: Joliet (Anderson, Nat. Mus. Canada, Biol. ser. No. 31, Bull. 102:30, 1946). _Vermont_: Brandon (Osgood, Jour. Mamm., 19:436, 1938). _Maine_: No locality more precise than the state (Allen, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7(3):35, June, 1904). _New York_: Hastings on Hudson (Rowley, Abstr. of Proc. Linnean Soc. N. Y., for yr. ending March 11, 1902, p. 57). _Pennsylvania_: Beaver (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., 1903, p. 211). _West Virginia_: Cornwall's Cave (Frum, Jour. Mamm., 25:195, 1944). _Ohio_: Cat Run (Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(6):116, 1942); Symmes Creek (Bole and Moulthrop, _loc. cit._); Dry Cave (Bole and Moulthrop, _loc. cit._); "Union County" (Rausch, Jour. Mamm., 27:275, 1946). _Wisconsin_: Devils Lake (Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 1:38, 1919). _Diagnosis._--"... color duller and less yellow, and dark tips of shorter hairs on back more conspicuous" than in _P. subflavus subflavus_ according to the original description. _Remarks._--No one, as far as we know, has carefully studied the variation in _Pipistrellus subflavus_ of the United States and Canada since Miller named _P. s. obscurus_. With the more abundant material now available, such an appraisal would be worth-while. The occurrences cited above for Minnesota and Wisconsin were recorded in the literature under the specific name without indication of subspecific affinity. The reference of specimens from these states to the subspecies _P. s. obscurus_ is an arbitrary assignment on our part; we have not seen them. However, two specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History from Potosi (Snake Cave) Grant County, Wisconsin, are referable to _P. s. obscurus_. These provide the southwesternmost record station of occurrence in Wisconsin but are not shown on the distribution map because the specimens were received after figure 1 was prepared. It is noteworthy that the species _Pipistrellus subflavus_ has not yet, as far as we can ascertain, been recorded from Michigan, northern Indiana, northern Illinois, or Iowa. Probably the species occurs in these areas. +Pipistrellus subflavus veracrucis+ (Ward) _Vesperugo veracrucis_ Ward, Amer. Nat., 25:745, August, 1891. _Pipistrellus veracrucis_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:93, October 16, 1897. _Type locality._--Las Vigas, 8,500 ft., Veracruz. _Range._--Eastern Mexico, certainly from the type locality southward into Honduras. Records of occurrence are: _Veracruz_: Las Vigas (13 specimens from 4 km. E Las Vigas, 8,500 ft., K. U.); 30 km. SSE Jesús Carranza, 1 (K. U.). _Honduras_: Jilamo Farm, Tela District, 3 (Univ. Michigan). _Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; measurements of 13 near topotypes are: total length, 78(73-85); tibia, 12.9(11.8-14.7); forearm, 31.8(29.5-33.1); greatest length of skull (exclusive of incisors), 12.2(11.8-12.6); breadth of braincase immediately above roots of zygomatic arches, 6.3(6.0-6.7). Color darker than Mummy Brown above and below. _Remarks._--The specimen from thirty kilometers south-southeast of Jesús Carranza, Veracruz, and the three specimens from Honduras agree in all respects with topotypes. The color of _P. s. veracrucis_ is much darker than that of _P. s. obscurus_ and is between black and the darkest brown in Ridgway's (_op. cit._) color key. Rinker (Jour. Mamm., 29:179-180,1948) described the three specimens from Honduras without assigning a specific name to them because he lacked topotypes of _P. s. veracrucis_. We find nothing in his description to correct, but can add that the upper tooth-rows in many, but not in all, specimens of _P. s. veracrucis_ are straighter than in _P. s. subflavus_. Probably it was this feature to which Rinker referred when he said that in _veracrucis_ "The tooth rows tend to be more convergent posteriorly." Rinker did not refer the three specimens from Honduras to _P. veracrucis_ because Ward's original description states that _veracrucis_ has evenly spaced lower incisors and a basal cusp on the lower canine on only its forward edge. Rinker's specimens from Honduras have the first incisors in contact with each other, the second incisors in contact with the first incisors and the third incisor on each side of the lower jaw separated by a space from the second incisor and from the canine. The specimens from Honduras have a basal cusp on the hinder edge of the lower canine. In these two features they agree with the specimens from Veracruz and with specimens of _Pipistrellus subflavus_ from the United States and Canada. It is clear that Ward (Amer. Nat., 25:747,1891) was mistaken in stating that the lower incisors of _veracrucis_ were evenly spaced and that the canine had a basal cusp on only the forward edge. Ward (_loc. cit._) was correct in regarding his _Vesperugo veracrucis_ as "most closely related to _V. georgianus_ [= _Pipistrellus subflavus_]," but for want of actual specimens of _P. subflavus_ to use in comparison was incorrect in supposing that _P. subflavus_ had only two bands of color on the fur, more hair on the legs, and a larger area of hair on the interfemoral membrane. In these respects we perceive no difference between specimens from Veracruz and the United States. _Vesperugo veracrucis_ Ward, therefore, proves to be only a subspecies of _Pipistrellus subflavus_, but is well characterized by dark color and small size. _University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas._ _Transmitted October 31, 1949._ [] 23-1546 * * * * * Transcriber's Notes The text presented in this file is that contained in the original printed version. Only one typographical error was noted in the conversion of the printed document to digital format. Typographical Error Page 598: P.h. veracrucis => P. s. veracrucis Emphasis Notation In order to represent the emphasis styling displayed in the original, the following formatting has been employed: _Text_ = Italic +Text+ = Bold * * * * * *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SYNOPSIS OF THE AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENUS PIPISTRELLUS *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. 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