The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Civil War Centennial Handbook This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: The Civil War Centennial Handbook Author: William H. Price Release date: October 13, 2011 [eBook #37740] Language: English Credits: Produced by Mark C. Orton, Steve Klynsma and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK *** Produced by Mark C. Orton, Steve Klynsma and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK FIRST EDITION by William H. Price A Civil War Research Associate Series TABLE OF CONTENTS Page =THE CIVIL WAR= 2 =FACTS= The First Modern War 5 Brother Against Brother 6 They Also Served 9 The Soldier, The Battle, The Losses 11 The Cost of War 15 Numbers and Losses 17 =PICTURES= The American soldier of the 1860's 20 Camp life 23 Passing time between campaigns 25 Religion and the soldier 27 Correspondents at the front 28 Ships of the line 30 Transportation and supplies 41 Tools of modern warfare 45 Field fortifications and entrenchments 49 Communications 51 Aerial reconnaissance 52 Spies and secret agents 53 The battle's overture 54 Appalling aftermath 56 Marks of total war 62 After four years--Appomattox 64 Last review of the Union Army 65 A Nation re-united 66 =UNIFORMS= Union regulation uniforms 33 Union regimental uniforms 36 Confederate regimental uniforms 37 Confederate regulation uniforms 38 =DATES AND PLACES= Chronology of battles 67 Map of the major battlefields 70 =RECOMMENDED READING= 72 THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK by William H. Price 1861-1865 1961-1965 [Illustration] Published by Prince Lithograph Co., Inc. 4019 5th Rd. N., Arlington, Virginia Copyright 1961 Printed in U. S. A. THE CIVIL WAR _Here brothers fought for their principles Here heroes died to save their country And a united people will forever cherish the precious legacy of their noble manhood._ --_PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENT AT VICKSBURG_ The Civil War, which began in the 1830's as a cold war and moved toward the inevitable conflict somewhere between 1850 and 1860, was one of America's greatest emotional experiences. When the war finally broke in 1861, beliefs and political ideals had become so firm that they transcended family ties and bonds of friendship--brother was cast against brother. The story of this supreme test of our Nation, though one of tragedy, is also one of triumph, for it united a nation that had been divided for over a quarter century. Holding a place in history midway between the Revolutionary War of the 18th century and the First World War of the 20th, the American Civil War had far-reaching effects: by the many innovations and developments it stimulated, it became the forerunner of modern warfare; by the demands it made on technology and production, it hastened the industrial revolution in America. This conflict also provided the ferment from which great personalities arise. Qualities of true greatness were revealed in men like William Tecumseh Sherman, the most brilliant strategist of modern times; Nathan Bedford Forrest, one of the greatest of natural born leaders; Robert E. Lee, "one of the supremely gifted men produced by our Nation"; and Abraham Lincoln, who, like the other great men of that era, would be minor characters in our history had they not been called upon in this time of crisis. And emerging from such trying times were seven future Presidents of the United States, all officers of the Union Army. But the story of this sectional struggle is not only one of great leaders and events. It is the story of 18,000 men in Gen. Sedgwick's Corps who formed a marching column that stretched over ten miles of road, and in that hot month of July 1863, the story of how they marched steadily for eighteen hours, stopping only once to rest, until they reached Gettysburg where the crucial battle was raging. It is the story of more than two hundred young VMI Cadets, who without hesitation left their classrooms to fight alongside hardened veterans at the battle of New Market in 1864. Or it is the story of two brothers who followed different flags and then met under such tragic circumstances on the field of battle at Petersburg. It is also a story of the human toil and machinery that produced more than four million small arms for the Union Army and stamped from copper over one billion percussion caps for these weapons during the four years of war. Inside the Confederacy, it is the story of experiments with new weapons--the submarine, iron-clad rams, torpedoes, and landmines--in an attempt to overcome the North's numerical superiority. It is the purpose of _The Civil War Centennial Handbook_ to present this unusual story of the Civil War, a mosaic composed of fragments from the lesser-known and yet colorful facts that have survived a century but have been obscured by the voluminous battle narratives and campaign studies. Much of this material, when originally drafted, was selected by the National Civil War Centennial Commission for their informative and interesting _Facts About the Civil War_. This original material, revised and enlarged, has grown into _The Civil War Centennial Handbook_. The handbook is divided into five basic parts. The first is a presentation of little-known and unusual facts about participants, battles and losses, and the cost of war. The second is a graphic portrayal of both the men and machines that made the war of the 1860's. The special selection of photographs for this portion of the story were made available through the courtesy of the National Archives and the Library of Congress. Next are reproductions in color of Union and Confederate uniforms from the _Official Records Atlas_ and the famous paintings by H. A. Ogden. The fourth section is a reference table of battles and losses listed in chronological order, accompanied by a map showing the major engagements of the war. And primarily for the growing number of new Civil War buffs, there is a roster of Civil War Round Tables, as well as a recommended list of outstanding books on the Civil War. The material presented in The _Civil War Centennial Handbook_ has been selected from standard sources, the most outstanding of which are: the _Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies and Navies_, Moore's _Rebellion Record_, Cullum's _Biographical Register of West Point Graduates_, Phisterer's _Statistical Record_, Livermore's _Numbers and Losses in the Civil War_, Fox's _Regimental Losses_, the _Dictionary of American Biography_, Dyer's _Compendium of the War of the Rebellion_, the _Annual Reports of the Secretary of War_, and last but far from least, one of the richest sources of information available, my fellow members of the District of Columbia Civil War Round Table. [Illustration] THE FIRST MODERN WAR _In the arts of life, man invents nothing; but in the arts of death he outdoes Nature herself, and produces by chemistry and machinery all the slaughter of plague, pestilence and famine. --_GEORGE BERNARD SHAW_ The arts of tactics and strategy were revolutionized by the many developments introduced during the 1860's. Thus the Civil War ushered in a new era in warfare with the ... FIRST practical machine gun. FIRST repeating rifle used in combat. FIRST use of the railroads as a major means of transporting troops and supplies. FIRST mobile siege artillery mounted on rail cars. FIRST extensive use of trenches and field fortifications. FIRST large-scale use of land mines, known as "subterranean shells". FIRST naval mines or "torpedoes". FIRST ironclad ships engaged in combat. FIRST multi-manned submarine. FIRST organized and systematic care of the wounded on the battlefield. FIRST widespread use of rails for hospital trains. FIRST organized military signal service. FIRST visual signaling by flag and torch during combat. FIRST use of portable telegraph units on the battlefield. FIRST military reconnaissance from a manned balloon. FIRST draft in the United States. FIRST organized use of Negro troops in combat. FIRST voting in the field for a national election by servicemen. FIRST income tax--levied to finance the war. FIRST photograph taken in combat. FIRST Medal of Honor awarded an American soldier. BROTHER AGAINST BROTHER "_And why should we not accord them equal honor, for they were both Americans, imbued with those qualities which have made this country great._" _--BELL IRVIN WILEY_ PRESIDENT LINCOLN, the Commander-In-Chief of the Union Army, had four brothers-in-law in the Confederate Army, and three of his sisters-in-law were married to Confederate officers. JEFFERSON DAVIS, Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate Army, served the U.S. Army as a colonel during the Mexican War and held the post of Secretary of War in President Pierce's cabinet. Previously, as a senior United States Senator, he had been Chairman of the Senate Military Affairs Committee. Lincoln and Davis were born in Kentucky, the only state that has ever had two of its sons serve as President at the same time. JOHN TYLER, 10th President of the United States, was elected to the Confederate States Congress in 1862, but died before it convened. On March 4, 1861, Tyler's granddaughter unfurled the first flag of the Confederacy when it was raised over the Confederate Capitol at Montgomery, Alabama. The Battle of Lynchburg, Virginia, in June 1864 brought together two future Presidents of the United States--General RUTHERFORD B. HAYES and Major WILLIAM McKINLEY, U.S.A.--and a former Vice-President--General JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, C.S.A. Five other Union generals later rose to the Presidency: ANDREW JOHNSON, U.S. GRANT, JAMES A. GARFIELD, CHESTER A. ARTHUR, and BENJAMIN HARRISON. The four Secretaries of War during the eleven years prior to the Civil War were all from the South. All four later held office in the Confederate government. Fourteen of the 26 Confederate Senators had previously served in the United States Congress. In the Confederate House of Representatives, 33 members were former U.S. Congressmen. Confederate Generals ROBERT E. LEE and P.G.T. BEAUREGARD both ranked second in their graduating classes at West Point, and both officers later returned to hold the position of Superintendent of the Academy. Lee's appointment to the rank of full colonel in the United States Army was signed by President Lincoln. In 1859 WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was appointed the first president of what is today the Louisiana State University. Although his chief claim to fame was the destructive "March to the Sea", a portrait of the Union general occupies a prominent place in the Memorial Tower of this Southern university. Over one-fourth of the West Point graduates who fought during the Civil War were in the Confederate Army. Half of the 304 who served in Gray were on active duty in the United States Army when war broke out. Of the total number of West Pointers who went South, 148 were promoted to the rank of general officer. In all, 313 of the 1,098 officers in the United States Army joined the Confederacy. One fourth of the officers in the United States Navy resigned to cast their lot with the Confederate Navy. Of the 322 who resigned, 243 were line officers. When J.E.B. STUART raided Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in 1862, he was pursued by Federal cavalry under the command of his father-in-law, Brig. Gen. PHILIP ST. GEORGE COOKE, whose name is frequently confused with that of Confederate General PHILIP ST. GEORGE COCKE, both West Pointers. As if that weren't bad enough, there was a Union general by the name of JEFFERSON DAVIS. WILLIAM T. MAGRUDER (U.S.M.A. 1850) commanded a squadron of the 1st United States Cavalry at First Manassas and during the Peninsula Campaign. In August 1862 he was granted leave of absence, and two months later he switched loyalties to join the Confederate Army. On July 3, 1863, he fell during the famous charge at Gettysburg. The Virginia Military Institute graduated WILLIAM H. GILLESPIE in the special war class of 1862. While awaiting his appointment as an officer on "Stonewall" Jackson's staff, he deserted to the Union Army and became Adjutant of the 14th West Virginia Cavalry. If Blue and Gray didn't meet again at Gettysburg during the annual reunions, they at least met on the banks of the Nile. No less than 50 former Union and Confederate officers held the rank of colonel or above in the Army of the Khedive during the 1870's. Two ex-Confederate generals and three former Union officers attained the rank of general in the Egyptian Army, holding such positions as Chief of Staff, Chief of Engineers, and Chief Ordnance Officer. Only three Confederates ever held the rank of general in the United States Army following the Civil War--MATTHEW C. BUTLER, FITZHUGH LEE, and JOE WHEELER. Lee and Wheeler, though they served as generals in the Confederate Army as well as in the United States Army during the Spanish American War, both graduated at the bottom of their West Point classes. When Lee and Wheeler were promoted to major general in 1901, their commissions were signed by a former Yankee officer--President William McKinley. General GEORGE PICKETT, a native Virginian, was appointed to the United States Military Academy from the State of Illinois. John Todd Stuart obtained the appointment at the request of his law partner, Abraham Lincoln. The senior general in the Confederate Army, SAMUEL COOPER, hailed from New York. Before the war, he had been Adjutant General of the United States Army. From 1861 to 1865 he was the Adjutant and Inspector General of the Confederate Army. Fort Sumter was surrendered in 1861 by a Kentucky-born Union officer, Major ROBERT ANDERSON. Confederate General JOHN C. PEMBERTON, a Pennsylvanian by birth, surrendered Vicksburg in 1863. There was no collusion in either surrender; both men were loyal supporters of their respective causes. The first Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, Commodore FRANKLIN BUCHANAN, commanded the C.S.S. _Virginia_ (_Merrimac_) in its first engagement. On the first ship to surrender under the _Virginia's_ guns was Buchanan's brother, an officer of the U.S. Navy. Major CLIFTON PRENTISS of the 6th Maryland Infantry (Union) and his younger brother WILLIAM, of the 2nd Maryland Infantry (Confederate), were both mortally wounded when their regiments clashed at Petersburg on April 2, 1865--just seven days before hostilities ceased. Both were removed from the battlefield and after a separation of four years, they were taken to the same hospital in Washington. Each fought and each died for his cause. THEY ALSO SERVED _Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them to the world, save that the echo repeats only the last part, but fame relates all...._ --_FULLER_ Poet SIDNEY LANIER fought as a private in the 2nd Georgia Battalion during the Seven Days' Battles near Richmond. In November 1862 he was captured on a Confederate blockade-runner and imprisoned at Point Lookout, Maryland. Sixteen years after the war he died from tuberculosis contracted while in prison. New England poet ALBERT PIKE commanded the Confederate Department of Indian Territory. He wrote the stanzas of the popular Southern version of _Dixie_, a tune which originated not in the South, but in New York City during the 1850's. At the battle of the Monocacy in 1864 Union General LEW WALLACE, author of _Ben-Hur_, commanded the force defending Washington against General Jubal Early's attack. After the war he served as Governor of New Mexico and Minister to Turkey. When the Marion Rangers organized in 1861, SAMUEL CLEMENS (Mark Twain) joined as a lieutenant, but he left this Missouri Company before it was mustered into Confederate service, having fired only one hostile shot during the war. Confederate Private HENRY MORTON STANLEY, of "Doctor Livingstone, I presume" fame, survived a bloody charge at Shiloh only to be taken prisoner. Later he joined the Union ranks and finished the war in Yankee blue. ANDREW CARNEGIE was a young man in his mid-twenties when he left his position as superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division, Pennsylvania Railroad to pitch in with workers rebuilding the rail line from Annapolis to Washington. Later in 1861 he was given the position of superintendent of military railways and government telegraph. HENRY A. DUPONT, grandson of the DuPont industries founder, was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for gallantry at the battle of Cedar Creek in October 1864. Captain DuPont, who had graduated from West Point at the head of his class in 1861, went on to serve as United States Senator from Delaware. ELIAS HOWE presented each field and staff officer of the 5th Massachusetts Regiment with a stallion fully equipped for service. Later, he volunteered as a private, and when the State failed to pay his unit, he met the regimental payroll with his own money. At the age of 15 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE ran away from home and joined the Union Army. Neither he nor Elias Howe rose to officer rank, but both are today in the Hall of Fame for their achievements--the air brake and the sewing machine. In 1861 CORNELIUS VANDERBILT presented a high-speed side-wheel steamer to the United States Navy. At the time, there were less than 50 ships in active naval service. The cruiser, named the _Vanderbilt_, captured three blockade-runners during the war and in 1865 participated in the bombardment and amphibious assault on Fort Fisher. The Federal Navy at that time had grown to a fleet of more than 550 steam-powered ships. Admiral GEORGE DEWEY, of Manila Bay fame, served as a young lieutenant under Admiral Farragut during the attack on Port Hudson in 1863. His ship was the only one lost in the engagement. Colonel CHRISTOPHER C. ("Kit") CARSON commanded the 1st New Mexico Volunteers (Union), and campaigned against the Comanche, Navajo, and Apache Indians during the Civil War. In 1866 he was promoted to brigadier general. In his mid-teens JESSE JAMES joined the Confederate raiders led by William Quantrill. The famous "Dead or alive" reward for Jesse in 1882 was issued by an ex-Confederate officer, Governor Thomas T. Crittenden of Missouri. [Illustration] THE SOLDIER, THE BATTLE, THE LOSSES _"There's many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell."_ --_WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN_ Of the 2.3 million men enlisted in the Union Army, seventy per cent were under 23 years of age. Approximately 100,000 were 16 and an equal number 15. Three hundred lads were 13 or less, and the records show that there were 25 no older than 10 years. The average infantry regiment of 10 companies consisted of 30 line officers and 1300 men. However, by the time a new regiment reached the battlefield, it would often have less than 800 men available for combat duty. Sickness and details as cooks, teamsters, servants, and clerks accounted for the greatly reduced numbers. Actually, in many of the large battles the regimental fighting strength averaged no more than 480 men. In 1864 the basic daily ration for a Union soldier was (in ounces): 20--beef, 18--flour, 2.56--dry beans, 1.6--green coffee, 2.4--sugar, .64--salt, and smaller amounts of pepper, yeast powder, soap, candles, and vinegar. While campaigning, soldiers seldom obtained their full ration and many had to forage for subsistence. In the Army of Northern Virginia in 1863 the rations available for every 100 Confederate soldiers over a 30-day period consisted of 1/4 lb. of bacon, 18 oz. of flour, 10 lbs. of rice, and a small amount of peas and dried fruit--when they could be obtained. (It is little wonder that Lee elected to carry the war into Pennsylvania--if for no other reason than to obtain food for an undernourished army.) During the Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862 "Stonewall" Jackson marched his force of 16,000 men more than 600 miles in 35 days. Five major battles were fought and four separate Union armies, totaling 63,000, were defeated. In June 1864, the U.S.S. _Kearsarge_ sank the C.S.S. _Alabama_ in a fierce engagement in the English Channel off Cherbourg, France. Frenchmen gathered along the beach to witness the hour-long duel, which inspired a young French artist, Edouard Manet, to paint the battle scene that now hangs in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The Confederate cruiser _Shenandoah_ sailed completely around the world raiding Union commerce vessels and whalers. The ship and crew surrendered to British authorities at Liverpool in November 1865, seven months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox. The greatest naval bombardment during the war was on Christmas Eve, 1864, at Fort Fisher, North Carolina. Fifty-seven vessels, with a total of 670 guns, were engaged--the largest fleet ever assembled by the U.S. Navy up to that time. The Army, Navy, and Marines combined in a joint operation to reduce and capture the fort. In July, 1862 the first Negro troops of the Civil War were organized by General David Hunter. Known as the 1st South Carolina Regiment, they were later designated the 33rd Regiment United States Colored Troops. Some 186,000 Negro soldiers served in the Union Army, 4,300 of whom became battle casualties. At the battle of Fredericksburg in 1862, the line of Confederate trenches extended a distance of seven miles. The troop density in these defensive works was 11,000 per mile. Over 900 guns and mortars bristled from the 68 forts defending the Nation's Capital during the war. The fortifications, constructed by the Engineer Corps during the early part of the war, circled the city on a 37-mile perimeter. During Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, the Union Army of the Tennessee, in a period of four months, constructed over 300 miles of rifle pits, fired 149,670 artillery rounds and 22,137,132 rounds of small-arms ammunition. To fire a Civil War musket, eleven separate motions had to be made. The regulation in the 1860's specified that a soldier should fire three aimed shots per minute, allowing 20 seconds per shot and less than two seconds per motion. At the battle of Stone's River, Tennessee, in January, 1863, the Federal infantry in three days exhausted over 2,000,000 rounds of ammunition, and the artillery fired 20,307 rounds. The total weight of the projectiles was in excess of 375,000 pounds. At the Battle of First Bull Run or Manassas, it has been estimated that between 8,000 and 10,000 bullets were fired for every man killed and wounded. The campaign against Petersburg, the longest sustained operation of the war, began in the summer of 1864 and lasted for 10 months, until the spring of '65. The fighting covered an area of more than 170 square miles, with 35 miles of trenches and fortifications stretching from Richmond to the southwest of Petersburg. During September, 1864, nearly 175 field and siege guns poured forth a daily average of 7.8 tons of iron on the Confederate works. The greatest cavalry battle in the history of the western hemisphere was fought at Brandy Station, Virginia, on June 9, 1863. Nearly 20,000 cavalrymen were engaged for more than 12 hours. At the height of the battle, along Fleetwood Hill, charges and countercharges were made continuously for almost three hours. The greatest regimental loss of the entire war was borne by the 1st Maine Heavy Artillery. The unit saw no action until 1864, but in the short span of less than one year, over half of its 2,202 men engaged in battle were hit. In the assault on Petersburg in June, 1864, the regiment lost 604 men killed and wounded in less than 20 minutes. The largest regimental loss in a single battle was suffered by the 26th North Carolina Infantry at Gettysburg. The regiment went into battle with a little over 800 men, and by the end of the third day, 708 were dead, wounded, or missing. In one company of 84, every officer and man was hit. Of the 46 Confederate regiments that went into the famous charge at Gettysburg on July 3, 1863, 15 were commanded by General Pickett. Thirteen of his regiments were led by Virginia Military Institute graduates; only two of them survived the charge. The heaviest numerical loss during any single battle was at Gettysburg, where 40,322 Americans were killed or wounded. On the Union side 21 per cent of those engaged were killed or wounded, in the Confederate ranks 30 per cent--the largest percentage of Confederates hit in any battle. The largest percentage of Union soldiers hit in battle was at Port Hudson in May 1863, where 26.7 per cent of those engaged were killed or wounded. During May and June 1864 the Armies of the Potomac and the James lost 77,452 men--a greater number than Lee had in his entire army. Union Army hospitals treated over 6 million cases during the war. There were twice as many deaths from disease as from hostile bullets. Diarrhea and dysentery alone took the lives of 44,558 Union soldiers. From 1861-1865 the Quartermaster Corps of the Union Army made 116,148 burials. In the 79 National Civil War cemeteries, 54 per cent of the graves are those of unknown soldiers. The largest Civil War cemetery is at Vicksburg, where 16,000 soldiers rest; only 3,896 are known. At the Confederate prison site in Salisbury, North Carolina, where 12,126 Union soldiers are buried, 99 per cent are unknown. [Illustration] THE COST OF WAR _Nor deem the irrevocable Past As wholly wasted, wholly vain, If, rising on its wrecks, at last To something nobler we attain._ --_HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW_ From 1861-1865 it cost the United States Government approximately 2 million dollars a day to prosecute the war; the Second World War cost more than 113 million dollars a day. In 1880 the Secretary of the Treasury reported that the Civil War had cost the Federal Government 6.19 billion dollars. By 1910 the cost of the war, including pensions and other veterans benefits, had reached 11.5 billion dollars. World War II was three months shorter than the Civil War, but from 1942-1945 approximately 156 billion dollars was spent on the military establishment. The total cost of the war to the South has been estimated at 4 billion dollars. The public debt outstanding for an average population of 33 million rose from $2.80 to $75 per capita between 1861 and 1865. In mid-1958 the per capita debt stood at $1,493 for a population of 175.5 million. In 1958 the government was providing pensions for 3,042 widows of Union veterans. In June of that year, as a result of special legislation, 526 widows of Southern soldiers and the two surviving Confederate veterans became eligible for Federal pensions. The last Union veteran, Albert Woolson, had died in 1956, leaving the two Confederates, John Salling and Walter Williams, to draw the highest Civil War pensions paid by the United States Government. The last Civil War veteran, Walter Williams, died in December 1959 at the age of 117. Since then, William's claim as a veteran has been disputed in the newspapers, but sufficient evidence does not exist to positively prove or disprove his military status. The pursuit and capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinville, Georgia, cost the Federal Government $97,031.62. From 1861-1865 it cost the Federal government, in millions of dollars: $727--to clothe and feed the Army 18--to clothe and feed the Navy 339--for transportation of troops and supplies 127--for cavalry and artillery horses 76--for the purchase of arms 8--to maintain and provide for Confederate prisoners Soldiers and sailors of the United States received 1.34 billion dollars in pay during the war. In 1861 an infantry private was paid $13 per month--compared to a private's pay of $83 today. A Civil War colonel drew $95 per month and a brigadier general $124. Their counterparts today are paid a monthly base rate of $592 and $800. During the 1860's the average cost of a musket was $13 as compared to $105 for an M1 Garand in World War II. [Illustration] NUMBERS AND LOSSES North South[1] Population 22,400,000 9,103,000[2] Military Age Group (18-45) 4,600,000 985,000 Trained Militia 1827-1861 2,470,000 692,000 Regular Army January, 1861 16,400 0 Military Potential 1861 2,486,400 692,000 Total Individuals in Service 1861-1865 2,213,400 1,003,600 Total Strength July, 1861 219,400 114,000 Total Strength January, 1863 962,300 450,200 Peak Strength 1864-1865 1,044,660 484,800 Army 980,100 481,200 Navy 60,700 3,000 Marines 3,860 600 Total Hit in Battle 385,100 320,000 Total Battle Deaths 110,100 94,000 Killed in Battle 67,100 54,000 Died of Wounds 43,000 40,000 Wounded (not mortally)[3] 275,000 226,000 Missing in Action 6,750 --- Captured[4] 211,400 462,000 Died in Prison 30,200 26,000 Died of Disease 224,000 60,000 Other Deaths 34,800 --- Desertions[5] 199,000 83,400 Discharged 426,500 57,800 Surrendered 1865 174,223 [Footnote 1: Confederate figures are based upon the best information and estimates available.] [Footnote 2: Includes 3,760,000 slaves in the seceded states.] [Footnote 3: A number of these were returned to duty. In the Union Army, those who were not fit for combat were placed in the Veteran Reserve Corps and performed administrative duties.] [Footnote 4: An undetermined number were exchanged and returned to duty.] [Footnote 5: Many deserters returned to duty. In the Union Army, where $300 bounty was paid for a 3-year enlistment, it was not uncommon to find a soldier picking up his bounty in one regiment and then deserting to join another unit just for the additional bounty.] CIVIL WAR ROUND TABLES CALIFORNIA (3) La Jolla--Ezra J. Warner, P.O. Box 382. Los Angeles--(Southern California CWRT), Col. Paul "Reb" Benton, 466 South Bedford Drive, Beverly Hills, California. Torrance--Peter A. LaRosa, 4240 West 178th Street. COLORADO (1) Denver--(Colorado CWRT), Hubert Kaub, 740 Steele Street, Zone 6. CONNECTICUT (2) Hartford--W. J. Lowry, Hartford National Bank & Trust Company. Niantic--Norman B. Peck, Jr., Remagen Road. DELAWARE (1) Wilmington--Dr. Richard H. Myers, 34 Paschall Road, Zone 3. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (1) Washington--James M. Lazard, Box 38, Army & Navy Club, Zone 5. GEORGIA (1) Atlanta--Col. Allen P. Julian, 1753 Peachtree Street, N. E. KENTUCKY (1) Lexington--(Kentucky CWRT), Dr. Hambleton Tapp, University of Kentucky. ILLINOIS (8) Chicago--Gilbert Twiss, 18 West Chestnut Street. LaSalle--Dr. Russell C. Slater, 744 First Street. Lyons--(Gray and Blue CWRT), O. H. Felton, Box 106. Park Forest--Malcolm Macht, 495 Talala. Peoria--(National Blues CWRT), H. R. Sours, 2623 West Moss Avenue. Quad Cities--Mrs. Marilyn A. Hasselroth, Box 508, Milan, Illinois. Rockford--Timothy Hughes, 2208 Ridge Avenue. Springfield--George L. Cashman, Lincoln Lodge, Oak Ridge. INDIANA (6) Evansville--Col. Robert M. Leich, P.O. Box 869, Zone 1. Indianapolis--Donald Shaner, 3122 North Richardt, Zone 26. Mishawaka--H. O. Soencer, Mishawaka Public Library. New Albany--Elsa Strassweg, 201 East Spring Street. South Bend--Ben R. Violette, 2220 Berkley Place, Zone 16. Terre Haute--(Vigo County CWRT), Ira Campbell, 426 South 17th Street. IOWA (1) Cedar Rapids--Mrs. Robert A. Miller, 249 Blake Boulevard. LOUISIANA (1) New Orleans--David L. Markstein, 2232 Wirth Place, Zone 15. MARYLAND (2) Baltimore--Leonard Sandler, Nelmar Apartments 2-C, Zone 17. Hagerstown--Theron Rinehart, Box 1155. MASSACHUSETTS (2) Andover--Stanley E. Butcher, 4 Washington Avenue. Boston--Richard H. Fitzpatrick, 15 Hathway Road, Lexington, Zone 73. MICHIGAN (5) Battle Creek--Mrs. Pearl Foust, 150 Eldredge. Detroit--(Abraham Lincoln CWRT of Michigan), Lloyd C. Nyman, 951 South Oxford Road, Grosse Pointe Woods, Zone 36. Flint--Philip C. Chinn, 2933 Wyoming Street. Jackson--Edward J. Young, 2535 Kibby Street. Kalamazoo--Mrs. Wesley R. Burrell, Galesburg, Michigan. MINNESOTA (1) Twin Cities--William H. Rowe, 6040 James Avenue South, Minneapolis 19, Minnesota. MISSISSIPPI (1) Jackson--(Mississippi CWRT), Mrs. Genevieve Wilde Barksdale, 3405 Old Canton Road. MISSOURI (2) Kansas City--Charles W. Jones, 1016 Baltimore Avenue. St. Louis--Gale Johnston, Jr., Projected Planning Company, Room 200, 506 Olive Street, Zone 1. NEBRASKA (1) Omaha--Frank E. Gibson, Public Library. NEW JERSEY (2) Hackensack--(Bergen County CWRT), Miss Celeste Slauson, Johnson Free Public Library. Monmouth County--Mrs. Jeanne Marie Predham, 155 West Sylvania Avenue, Neptune City, New Jersey. NEW YORK (6) Binghampton--Theodore E. Mulford, Link Aviation Inc. Fayetteville--(Onondaga County CWRT), E. H. Hobbs, 206 Washington Building. Jamestown--E. J. Muzzy, 142 Prospect Street. Mayville--Robert Laughlin, Portage Street. New York City--Arnold Gates, 289 New Hyde Park Road, Garden City, N. Y. Rochester--William J. Welch, 80 Elaine Drive. Zone 23. NORTH CAROLINA (1) High Point--(North Carolina CWRT), John R(ebel) Peacock, Box 791. OHIO (8) Chillicothe--(Gen. Joshua W. Sill Chapter), Kent Castor, Box 273. Cincinnati--J. Louis Warm, 4165 Rose Hill Avenue, Zone 5. Cleveland--Edward T. Downer, 1105 Euclid Avenue, Zone 6. Dayton--Kathryn G. Crawford (Mrs. F. M.), 3438 East 5th Street, Zone 3. East Cleveland--James C. Pettit, 13905 Orinoco Avenue, Zone 12. Lancaster--(William T. Sherman Chapter), Dr. Robert H. Eyman, Sr., 137 West Mulberry Street. Toledo--Robert G. Morris, 2619 Powhatan Parkway, Zone 6. Wooster--Dr. A. B. Huff, 230 North Market Street. OKLAHOMA (2) Stillwater--(CWRT of Oklahoma State University) LeRoy H. Fischer, History Department. Tulsa--R. L. Summers, 1204 North Tacoma Place. PENNSYLVANIA (6) Bucks-Montgomery County--Edgar F. Hoskings, Jr., 31 East Park Avenue, Sellersville, Pennsylvania. Gettysburg--Jacob M. Sneads, 115 North Stratton Street. Philadelphia--(Lincoln Civil War Society), Arthur G. McDowell, 1500 North Broad Street, Zone 21. Pittsburgh--Bernd P. Rose, Chamber of Commerce Building. Susquehanna CWRT--W. N. Barto, 39 South 2nd Street, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Washington--James R. Braden, 755 East Main Street. TENNESSEE (2) LaFollette (Big Creek Gap CWRT), Guy Easterly, 139 North Tennessee Ave. Murfreesboro--(Nathan Bedford Forrest CWRT), Homer Pittard, Box 688, Middle Tennessee State College. TEXAS (2) Houston--Richard Colquette, 5589 Cedar Creek Drive, Zone 27. Waco--Lt. Col. H. G. Simpson, 2624 Austin Avenue. VIRGINIA (6) Alexandria--William B. Hurd, 219 South Royal Street. Franklin--S. W. Rawls, Jr., 503 North Main Street. Lynchburg--James B. Noell, 303 Madison Street. Harrisonburg--(Shenandoah Valley CWRT), Grimes Henenberger, 345 South Main Street. Richmond--John C. Stinson, 7202 Brigham Road. Winchester--Fred Y. Stotler, Sunnyside Station. WEST VIRGINIA (1) Moundsville--Delf Norona, 315 Seventh Street. WISCONSIN (2) Madison--Russ Spindler, Box 377, Zone 1. Milwaukee--H. P. Spangenberg, 203A South 77th Street. CANADA (1) Toronto--(Canadian Round Table), A. P. Colesbury, 518 Dovecourt Road. ENGLAND (1) London--(Confederate Research Club), Patrick C. Courtney, 34 Highclere Avenue, Leigh Park, Havant, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom. GERMANY (1) Wiesbaden--Lt. Col. Tom Nordan, Hdqs., USAFE, APO 633, N. Y., N. Y. [Illustration: _None too military in appearance, such ragged squads of men and boys developed into an army that marched an average of 16 miles a day._] [Illustration: _Smartly dressed amphibious soldiers. Some of the 3,000 U.S. Marines of the Civil War made landings on Southern coasts, but the majority served as gun crews aboard ship._] [Illustration: _Jack-tars of the old Navy saw plenty of action in clearing the Mississippi and chasing down Confederate raiders of the high seas. Because of the high bounties and pay, many foreign seafarers were attracted to both navies._] [Illustration: _Ill-clad and poorly equipped, Confederate volunteers at Pensacola, Florida, wait their turn for the smell of black powder._] [Illustration: _On the silent battlefield at Gettysburg, veterans of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia who survived the baptism by fire await their fate as prisoners of war._] [Illustration: _Regimental camp sites created sanitary problems that went unsolved. Typhoid fever, diarrhea, and dysentery took the lives of over 70,000 Union soldiers._] [Illustration: _Private residences like the Wallach House at Culpeper, Virginia, provided generals on both sides with comfortable quarters in the field. Staff officers were usually tented on the lawns._] [Illustration: _Log cabins often replaced tents during the winter months when campaigning slackened and the armies settled down. In some camps it was not uncommon to find visiting army wives._] [Illustration: _Soldiers turned to a variety of activities to break the long days and weeks of monotonous camplife. Even officers were not immune to the horseplay._] [Illustration: _When two or more Yanks or Rebs gathered together, a deck of cards often made its appearance. Fearful of an angry God, soldiers usually discarded such instruments of sin before entering battle._] [Illustration: _Chess, a favorite pastime in camp, finds Colonel Martin McMahon, General Sedgwick's adjutant, engaged in the contest that was a favorite of Napoleon and many other military leaders._] [Illustration: _A much disliked chore even in fair weather--a lone Union soldier walks his post in the bitter cold at Nashville._] [Illustration: _A forerunner of Father Francis Patrick Duffy, heroic Chaplain of the famous 69th New York Regiment in World War I, says Mass for the Shamrock Regiment of the 1860's. Most Civil War regiments had a chaplain._] [Illustration: _A contribution to camp religious life, the 50th New York Engineers constructed this church for their comrades at Petersburg._] [Illustration: _Newspaper correspondents like these from the_ New York Herald _kept the public well informed, though they often revealed valuable military information to the Confederacy. The New York paper usually reached the Confederate War Department on the day following publication._] [Illustration: _With the technique of photo-engraving yet to be developed, war scenes for newspapers and magazines had to be drawn and reproduced from woodcuts. Artists such as A. R. Waud, shown here at Gettysburg, vividly depicted the events for_ Harper's Weekly.] [Illustration: _The Civil War as it appeared back home. It was almost 40 years before the public saw the thousands of photographs taken by Mathew Brady and his contemporaries._] [Illustration: _In a desperate attempt to raise the Federal blockade of Southern ports, the Confederate Navy built the first ironclad. More than a dozen of these rams, all similar to the_ Albemarle _(pictured above), were constructed._] [Illustration: _At first, ironclads were scoffed at by Federal naval authorities, but the monitors, styled "iron coffins", proved their worth in battle with the river navies. By 1865 fifty-eight of the turreted vessels had been built, some of which became seagoing._] [Illustration: _With untiring vigilance, steam-powered gunboats like the_ Mendota _plied the Southern coastline to enforce the blockade against Confederate trade with England and France._] [Illustration: _The C.S.S._ Hunley_, a completely submersible craft, was hand-propelled by a crew of eight. The 25-foot submarine sank off Charleston along with her first and only victim, the U.S.S._ Housatonic.] [Illustration: _Steam-powered torpedo boats of the Confederate Navy were capable of partially submerging with only their stacks showing. These tiny "Davids", named after the Biblical warrior, could be either manned or remotely controlled from shore._] [Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (LIEUT. GENERAL U.S. ARMY. UNDRESS; BRIG. GENERAL U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; COLONEL OF INFANTRY U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; CAPTAIN OF ARTILLERY U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS)] [Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (MAJOR OF CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; LIEUT. COLONEL, SURG., U.S. ARMY. OFFICERS OVERCOAT AND STAFF TROWSERS; SERGEANT MAJOR, ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; SERGEANT, INFANTRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS)] [Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (PRIVATE, U.S. INFANTRY. FATIGUE MARCHING ORDER; CORPORAL, CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; PRIVATE, LIGHT ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; GREAT COAT FOR ALL MOUNTED MEN CAVALRY)] [Illustration: UNITED STATES UNIFORMS IN THE CIVIL WAR (REG. CAVALRY PRIVATE. GEN. GRANT'S UNIFORM. ARTILLERY LINE OFFICER. DURYEA'S ZOUAVE. HAWKIN'S ZOUAVE. REG. INFANTRY PRIVATE. DURYEA'S ZOUAVE LINE OFFICER. CAMPAIGN UNIFORM INFANTRY. REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE. INFANTRY OVERCOAT.)] [Illustration: CONFEDERATE UNIFORMS (NORTH CAROLINA MILITIA. REG. INFANTRY PRIVATE. WASHINGTON ARTILLERY. MONTGOMERY TRUE BLUE. FIELD OFFICER OF INFANTRY. GEN. LEE'S UNIFORM. REG. CAVALRY PRIVATE. LOUISIANA TIGER. LOUISIANA ZOUAVE. REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE.)] [Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (GENERAL, C.S. ARMY. COLONEL, INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. COLONEL, ENGINEERS, C.S. ARMY. MAJOR, CAVALRY, C.S. ARMY.)] [Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (SURGEON, MAJOR MED. DEPT., C.S. ARMY. CAPTAIN, ARTILLERY, C.S. ARMY. FIRST LIEUTENANT INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. SERGEANT, CAVALRY, C.S. ARMY.)] [Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (CORPORAL, ARTILLERY, C.S. ARMY. PRIVATE, INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. OVERCOAT; CAVALRY, C.S. ARMY. OVERCOAT)] [Illustration: _In 1864 nearly 4,000 wagons traveled with Meade's Army of the Potomac, each capable of carrying 2,500 pounds of supplies. During one year the Federal Army purchased 14,500 wagons and captured an additional 2,000._] [Illustration: _"The muscles of his brawny arms are strong as ironbands...." Union Army blacksmiths had to shoe nearly 500 new horses and mules daily._] [Illustration: _An old timer that traveled many miles of Virginia road with a busy and tireless man--General U. S. Grant._] [Illustration: _General Lee had hoped that Virginia's numerous streams and rivers would delay Grant's advance, but Federal engineers with portable pontoon bridges kept the army at Lee's heels._] [Illustration: _This "cornstalk" bridge over Potomac Creek near Fredericksburg was built by the Military Railroad construction corps from 204,000 feet of standing timber in nine days._] [Illustration: _In one year (1864-1865) the Federal Military Railroad, with 365 engines and 4,203 cars, delivered over 5 million tons of supplies to the armies in the field._] [Illustration: _Schooners piled high with cartridge boxes lie in the placid waters off Hampton Roads. In 1865 hundreds of Union troops and supplies were moved by ocean transports, chartered at a daily cost of $92,000._] [Illustration: _Federal ships crowd the magazine wharf at City Point with equipment and supplies for army wagons from Petersburg. Twenty per cent of the total supply tonnage was transported by water._] [Illustration: CIVIL WAR SMALL ARMS] [Illustration: CIVIL WAR ARTILLERY] _MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE IN YARDS_ _12-Pounder Howitzer 1,070_ _6 & 12-Pounder Field Guns 1,200_ _13-Inch Siege Mortar 3,520_ _10-Pounder Parrott Rifle 5,000_ _10-Inch Columbiad Siege Gun 5,650_ _30-Pounder Parrott Rifle 8,450_ _12-Pounder Whitworth Rifle 8,800_ _TYPICAL GUNNER'S TABLE_ _12-Pounder Field Gun_ _Powder Charge 2.5 lbs._ _Range (yards)_ _600_ _700_ _800_ _900_ _1,000_ _1,100_ _1,200_ _Muzzle Elevation_ _1°_ _1°45'_ _2°_ _2°15'_ _2°30'_ _3°_ _3°30'_ _Fuse Setting (sec.)_ _1.75_ _2.50_ _2.75_ _3.00_ _3.25_ _4.00_ _4.50_ [Illustration: _A 15-inch Rodman smoothbore, one of the largest guns mounted during the war, stands as a silent sentry guarding the Potomac at Alexandria, Virginia._] [Illustration: _The Parrott Rifle, recognizable by the wrought iron jacket reinforcing its breech, was one of the first rifled field guns used by the U.S. Army._] [Illustration: _Moved by special rail to the Petersburg front, the 13-inch mortar "Dictator" hurled 200-pound exploding shells at the Confederate earthworks over two miles away._] [Illustration: _Curious Federal soldiers inspect a Confederate armored gun, the earliest rail artillery on record. This "land ram", designed by Lt. John M. Brooke of the Confederate Navy, was first used at Savage Station, Virginia, in 1862._] [Illustration: _Gabions, open-end baskets filled with earth, proved as effective as masonary in defensive works. Thousands of these baskets were patiently made by hand for use in field and seacoast fortifications._] [Illustration: _Confederate sappers constructed a number of artillery emplacements covering the avenues of approach to Atlanta. The guns in this fortification overlook famous Peachtree Street._] [Illustration: _Chevaux-de-frise, made of logs pierced by sharp stakes, line the Georgia countryside. Confederate defensive measures such as this were effective in stopping cavalry and preventing surprise frontal attacks by infantry._] [Illustration: _The Union military telegraph corps strung more than 15,000 miles of wire during the war. In one year, the Northern armies kept the wires alive with nearly 1.8 million messages. Galvanic batteries transported by wagon furnished the electricity._] [Illustration: _Flag signals from natural elevations and signal towers could be seen as far as 20 miles on a clear day. Military information was often obtained by signalmen on both sides who copied each others flag messages and tapped telegraph lines._] [Illustration: _Balloon observation on the battlefield was made possible by the portable gas generator. Here Professor T.S.C. Lowe's balloon is inflated by mobile generators in front of Richmond in 1862._] [Illustration: _Dodging Confederate shells which whizzed dangerously close to the Intrepid, Professor Lowe telegraphed information on emplacements directly from his balloon and made sketches of the approach routes to Richmond._] [Illustration: _Faulty intelligence furnished by detective Allan Pinkerton (seated in rear) and his agents misled General George McClellan during the Peninsula Campaign. The Pinkerton organization was later replaced by a more efficient military intelligence bureau._] [Illustration: _A. D. Lytle, a Baton Rouge photographer, provided valuable intelligence to Confederate commanders. His photographs, like this one posed by the 1st Indiana Heavy Artillery, revealed the strength and condition of Union organizations._] [Illustration: _Artillerymen soften an objective for the infantry. Although field artillery was used extensively, it frightened and demoralized more men than it wounded. Only 20 per cent of the battle casualties can be attributed to the artillery._] [Illustration: _Assaults on fortified positions were costly, but here at Petersburg war-weary infantrymen await their turn for another charge against the Confederate works. Fourteen out of every hundred would fall._] [Illustration: _One of an estimated 584,000 Union and Confederate soldiers wounded during the war. Of this number, over 80,000 died._] [Illustration: _The Union ambulance corps provided one ambulance for every 150 men during the Wilderness Campaign. In one convoy of 813 ambulances, over 7,000 sick and wounded were transported to the hospital in Fredericksburg._] [Illustration: _Amputees, like these Union soldiers who survived the surgeon's scalpel, would never forget the traumatic ordeal. Most wounded went through surgery while fully conscious with but a little morphine, when available, to deaden the pain._] [Illustration: _A floating palace with bathrooms and laundry, the hospital ship_ Red Rover _gave many sick and wounded a better chance for life than they would have had in the crowded field hospitals._] [Illustration: _Carver Hospital, where thousands of stricken soldiers recovered. Walt Whitman and Louisa May Alcott nursed many sick and wounded in similar Washington hospitals._] [Illustration: _The much-publicized Andersonville prison. The declaration by Union authorities that medicine was a contraband of war and their unwillingness to exchange prisoners contributed to the deplorable prison deaths. Prisoners didn't fare better in the North. Camp Douglas, Illinois, had the highest death rate of all Civil war prisons--10 per cent of its prisoners died in one month._] [Illustration: _Unknown warriors at Cold Harbor awaited a soldier's burial that never came. Two years later the armies returned to the same field of battle to find those who were forgotten--still waiting._] [Illustration: _Boys volunteered for a man's job. This Confederate lad gave his last full measure._] [Illustration: _The muffled drum's sad roll has beat The soldier's last tattoo; No more on Life's parade shall meet The brave and fallen few. On Fame's eternal camping-ground Their silent tents are spread And Glory guards, with solemn round, The bivouac of the dead._" --_THEODORE O'HARA_] [Illustration: _Richmond 1865--Gaunt remains cast their shadow over the former Confederate capital. The rampaging fire, started during the evacuation, leveled the waterfront and the business district._] [Illustration: _Charleston, South Carolina, shows the scars of modern warfare. The concept of total war introduced during the 1860's carried destruction beyond the battlefield._] [Illustration: _The home of Wilmer McLean at Appomattox. Here the tragic drama closed at 3:45 on Palm Sunday afternoon, April 9, 1865._] [Illustration: THE SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX; BASED UPON THE LITHOGRAPH CALLED "THE DAWN OF PEACE." BY PERMISSION OF W. H. STELLE.] [Illustration: _Pennsylvania Avenue--host to the Armies of Grant and Sherman during the Grand Review._] [Illustration: _The last reunion of Blue and Gray at Gettysburg. The victories and the defeats ... they have become a common property and a common responsibility of the American people._] Losses in Killed, Wounded, and Missing in Engagements, Etc., WHERE THE TOTAL WAS FIVE HUNDRED OR MORE ON THE SIDE OF THE UNION TROOPS. CONFEDERATE LOSSES GIVEN ARE GENERALLY BASED ON ESTIMATES. ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+------- | | | |CONFED- | | | UNION LOSS. | ERATE | | | | LOSS. | | +------+-------+-------+------+------- NO.|DATE. | NAME. |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------- | 1861. | | | | | | 1|July 21 |Bull Run, Va. | 481| 1,011| 1,460| 2,952| 1,752 2|Aug 10 |Wilson's Creek, Mo. | 223| 721| 291| 1,235| 1,095 3|Sep 12-20|Lexington, Mo. | 42| 108| 1,624| 1,774| 100 4|Oct 21 |Ball's Bluff, Va. | 223| 226| 445| 894| 302 5|Nov 7 |Belmont, Mo. | 90| 173| 235| 498| 966 | | | | | | | | 1862. | | | | | | 6|Feb 14-16|Fort Donelson, Tenn. | 446| 1,735| 150| 2,331| 15,067 7|Mar 6-8 |Pea Ridge, Ark. | 203| 972| 174| 1,349| 5,200 8|Mar 14 |New-Berne, N. C. | 91| 466| ---| 557| 583 9|Mar 23 |Winchester, Va. | 103| 440| 24| 567| 691 10|Apr 6&7 |Shiloh, Tenn. | 1,735| 7,882| 3,956|13,573| 10,699 11|May 5 |Williamsburg, Va. | 456| 1,400| 372| 2,228| 1,000 12|May 23 |Front Royal, Va. | 32| 122| 750| 904| --- 13|May 25 |Winchester, Va. | 38| 155| 711| 904| --- 14|May 31- |Seven Pines and Fair | | | | | Jun 1 | Oaks, Va. | 890| 3,627| 1,222| 5,739| 7,997 15|Jun 8 |Cross Keys, Va. | 125| 500| ---| 625| 287 16|Jun 9 |Fort Republic, Va. | 67| 361| 574| 1,002| 657 17|Jun 16 |Secessionville, James | | | | | | | Island, S. C. | 85| 472| 128| 685| 204 18|Jun 25 |Oak Grove, Va. | 51| 401| 64| 516| 541 19|Jun 26- |Seven days' retreat; | | | | | | Jul 1 | includes Mechanics- | | | | | | | ville, Gaines' Mills,| | | | | | | Chickahominy, Peach | | | | | | | Orchard, Savage | | | | | | | Station, Charles City| | | | | | | Cross Roads, and | | | | | | | Malvern Hill | 1,582| 7,709| 5,958|15,249| 17,583 20|Jul 13 |Murfreesboro', Tenn. | 33| 62| 800| 895| 150 21|Aug 8 |Cedar Mountain, Va. | 450| 660| 290| 1,400| 1,307 22|Jul 20- |Guerrilla campaign in | | | | | | Sep 20 | Missouri; includes | | | | | | | Porter's and Poindex-| | | | | | | ter's Guerrillas | 77| 156| 347| 580| 2,866 23|Aug 28&29|Groveton and | | | | | | | Gainesville, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 7,000| 7,000 24|Aug 30 |Bull Run, Va. (2d) | 800| 4,000| 3,000| 7,800| 3,700 25|Aug 30 |Richmond Ky. | 200| 700| 4,000| 4,900| 750 26|Sep 1 |Chantilly, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 1,300| 800 27|Sep 12-15|Harper's Ferry, Va. | 80| 120| 11,583|11,783| 500 28|Sep 14 |Turner's and Crampton's| | | | | | | Gaps, South Mountain,| | | | | | | Md. | 443| 1,806| 76| 2,325| 4,343 29|Sep 14-16|Munfordsville Ky. | 50| ---| 3,566| 3,616| 714 30|Sep 17 |Antietam, Md. | 2,010| 9,416| 1,043|12,469| 25,899 31|Sep 19-20|Iuka, Miss. | 144| 598| 40| 782| 1,516 32|Oct 3&4 |Corinth, Miss. | 315| 1,812| 232| 2,359| 14,221 33|Oct 5 |Big Hatchie River, | | | | | | | Miss. | ---| ---| ---| 500| 400 34|Oct 8 |Perryville, Ky. | 916| 2,943| 489| 4,348| 7,000 35|Dec 7 |Prairie Grove, Ark. | 167| 798| 183| 1,148| 1,500 36|Dec 7 |Hartsville, Tenn. | 55| ---| 1,800| 1,855| 149 37|Dec 12-18|Foster's expedition to | | | | | | | Goldsboro', N.C. | 90| 478| 9| 577| 739 38|Dec 13 |Fredericksburg, Va. | 1,180| 9,028| 2,145|12,353| 4,576 39|Dec 20 |Holly Springs, Miss. | ---| ---| 1,000| 1,000| --- 40|Dec 27 |Elizabethtown, Ky. | ---| ---| 500| 500| --- 41|Dec 28&29|Chickasaw Bayou, | | | | | | | Vicksburg, Miss. | 191| 982| 756| 1,929| 207 42|Dec 31- |Stone's River, Tenn. | | | | | | Jan 2 | | 1,533| 7,245| 2,800|11,578| 25,560 | | | | | | | | 1863. | | | | | | 43|Jan 1 |Galveston, Texas | ---| ---| 600| 600| 50 44|Jan 11 |Fort Hindman, Arkansas | | | | | | | Post, Ark. | 129| 831| 17| 977| 5,500 45|Mar 4&5 |Thompson's Station, | | | | | | | Tenn. | 100| 300| 1,306| 1,706| 600 46|Apr 27- |Streight's raid from | | | | | | May 3 | Tuscumbia, Ala., to | | | | | | | Rome, Ga. | 12| 69| 1,466| 1,547| --- 47|May 1 |Port Gibson, Miss. | 130| 718| 5| 853| 1,650 48|May 1-4 |Chancellorsville, Va. | 1,512| 9,518| 5,000|16,030| 12,281 49|May 16 |Champion Mills, Miss. | 426| 1,842| 189| 2,457| 4,300 50|May 18- |Siege of Vicksburg, | | | | | | Jul 4 | Miss. | 545| 3,688| 303| 4,536| 31,277 51|May 27- |Siege of Port Hudson, | | | | | | Jul 9 | La. | 500| 2,500| ---| 3,000| 7,208 52|Jun 6-8 |Milliken's Bend, La. | 154| 223| 115| 492| 725 53|Jun 9 |Beverly Ford and Brandy| | | | | | | Station, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 500| 700 54|Jun 13-15|Winchester, Va. | ---| ---| 3,000| 3,000| 850 55|Jun 23-30|Rosecrans' campaign | | | | | | | from Murfreesboro' | | | | | | | to Tullahoma, Tenn. | 85| 462| 13| 560| 1,634 56|July 1-3 |Gettysburg, Pa. | 2,834| 13,709| 6,643|23,186| 31,621 57|July 9-16|Jackson, Miss. | 100| 800| 100| 1,000| 1,339 ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+------- | | | |CONFED- | | | UNION LOSS. | ERATE | | | | LOSS. | | +------+-------+-------+------+------- NO.|DATE. | NAME. |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------- 58|Jul 18 |Second assault on Fort | | | | | | | Wagner, S. C | ---| ---| ---| 1,500| 174 59|Sep 19-20|Chickamauga, Ga. | 1,644| 9,262| 4,945|15,851| 17,804 60|Nov 3 |Grand Coteau, La. | 26| 124| 576| 726| 445 61|Nov 6 |Rogersville, Tenn. | 5| 12| 650| 667| 30 62|Nov 23-25|Chattanooga, Tenn.; | | | | | | | includes Orchard | | | | | | | Knob, Lookout | | | | | | | Mountain, and | | | | | | | Missionary Ridge. | 757| 4,529| 330| 5,616| 8,684 63|Nov 26-28|Operations at Mine Run,| | | | | | | Va. | 100| 400| ---| 500| 500 64|Dec 14 |Bean's Station, Tenn. | ---| ---| ---| 700| 900 | | | | | | | | 1864. | | | | | | 65|Feb 20 |Olustee, Fla. | 193| 1,175| 460| 1,828| 500 66|Apr 8 |Sabine Cross Roads, La.| 200| 900| 1,800| 2,900| 1,500 67|Apr 9 |Pleasant Hills, La. | 100| 700| 300| 1,100| 2,000 68|Apr 12 |Fort Pillow, Tenn. | 350| 60| 164| 574| 80 69|Apr 17-20|Plymouth, N. C. | 20| 80| 1,500| 1,600| 500 70|Apr 30 |Jenkins' Ferry, Saline | | | | | | | River, Ark. | 200| 955| ---| 1,155| 1,100 71|May 5-7 |Wilderness, Va. | 5,597| 21,463| 10,677|37,737| 11,400 72|May 5-9 |Rocky Face Ridge, Ga.; | | | | | | | includes Tunnel Hill,| | | | | | | Mill Creek Gap, | | | | | | | Buzzard Roost, Snake | | | | | | | Creek Gap, and near | | | | | | | Dalton | 200| 637| --- | 837| 600 73|May 8-18 |Spottsylvania Court | | | | | | | House, Va.; includes | | | | | | | engagements on the | | | | | | | Fredericksburg Road, | | | | | | | Laurel Hill, and Nye | | | | | | | River | 4,177| 19,687| 2,577|26,461| 9,000 74|May 9-10 |Swift Creek, Va. | 90| 400| ---| 490| 500 75|May 9-10 |Cloyd's Mountain and | | | | | | |New River Bridge, Va. | 126| 585| 34| 745| 900 76|May 12-16|Fort Darling, Drewry's | | | | | | | Bluff, Va. | 422| 2,380| 210| 3,012| 2,500 77|May 13-16|Resaca, Ga. | 600| 2,147| ---| 2,747| 2,800 78|May 15 |New Market, Va. | 120| 560| 240| 920| 405 79|May 16-30|Bermuda Hundred, Va. | 200| 1,000| ---| 1,200| 3,000 80|May 23-27|North Anna River, Va. | 223| 1,460| 290| 1,973| 2,000 81|May 25- |Dallas, Ga. | | | | | | Jun 4 | | ---| ---| ---| 2,400| 3,000 82|Jun 1-12 |Cold Harbor, Va. | 1,905| 10,570| 2,456|14,931| 1,700 83|Jun 5 |Piedmont, Va. | 130| 650| ---| 780| 2,970 84|Jun 9-30 |Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.; | | | | | | | includes Pine | | | | | | | Mountain, Pine Knob, | | | | | | | Golgotha, Culp's | | | | | | | House, general | | | | | | | assault, Jun 27th: | | | | | | | McAfee's Cross Roads,| | | | | | | Lattemore's Mills | | | | | | | and Powder Springs | 1,370| 6,500| 800| 8,670| 4,600 85|Jun 10 |Brice's Cross Roads, | | | | | | | near Guntown, Miss. | 223| 394| 1,623| 2,240| 606 86|Jun 10 |Kellar's Bridge, | | | | | | | Licking River, Ky. | 13| 54| 700| 767| --- 87|Jun 11-12|Trevellian Station, | | | | | | | Central Railroad, Va.| 85| 490| 160| 735| 370 88|Jun 15-19|Petersburg, Va.; | | | | | | | includes Baylor's | | | | | | | Farm, Walthal, and | | | | | | | Weir Bottom Church | 1,298| 7,474| 1,814|10,586| --- 89|Jun 17&18|Lynchburg, Va. | 100| 500| 400| 700| 200 90|Jun 20-30|Trenches in front of | | | | | | | Petersburg, Va. | 112| 506| 800| 1,418| --- 91|Jun 22-30|Wilson's raid on the | | | | | | | Weldon Railroad, Va. | 76| 265| 700| 1,041| 300 92|Jun 22-23|Weldon Railroad, Va. | 604| 2,494| 2,217| 5,315| 500 93|Jun 27 |Kenesaw Mountain, | | | | | | | general assault. | | | | | | | See No. 2,345 | ---| ---| ---| 3,000| 608 94|Jul 1-31 |Front of Petersburg, | | | | | | | Va.; losses at the | | | | | | | Crater and Deep | | | | | | | Bottom not included | 419| 2,076| 1,200| 3,695| --- 95|Jul 6-10 |Chattahoochee River, | | | | | | | Ga. | 80| 450| 200| 730| 600 96|Jul 9 |Monocacy, Md. | 90| 579| 1,290| 1,959| 400 97|Jul 13-15|Tupelo, Miss.; includes| | | | | | | Harrisburg and Old | | | | | | | Town Creek | 85| 563| ---| 648| 700 98|Jul 20 |Peach Tree Creek, Ga. | 300| 1,410| ---| 1,710| 4,796 99|Jul 22 |Atlanta, Ga.; Hood's | | | | | | | first sortie | 500| 2,141| 1,000| 3,641| 8,499 100|Jul 24 |Winchester, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 1,200| 600 101|Jul 26-31|Stoneman's raid to | | | | | | | Macon, Ga. | ---| 100| 900| 1,000| --- 102|Jul 26-31|McCook's raid to | | | | | | | Lovejoy Station, Ga. | ---| 100| 500| 600| --- 103|Jul 28 |Ezra Chapel, Atlanta, | | | | | | | Ga.; second sortie. | 100| 600| ---| 700| 4,642 104|Jul 30 |Mine explosion at | | | | | | | Petersburg, Va. | 419| 1,679| 1,910| 4,008| 1,200 105|Aug 1-31 |Trenches before | | | | | | | Petersburg, Va. | 87| 484| ---| 571| --- 106|Aug 14-18|Strawberry Plains, Deep| | | | | | | Bottom Run, Va. | 400| 1,755| 1,400| 3,555| 1,100 107|Aug 18, |Six Mile House, Weldon | | | | | | 19&21 | Railroad, Va. | 212| 1,155| 3,176| 4,543| 4,000 108|Aug 21 |Summit Point, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 600| 400 109|Aug 25 |Ream's Station, Va. | 127| 546| 1,769| 2,442| 1,500 110|Aug 31- |Jonesboro', Ga. | | | | | | Sep 1 | | ---| 1,149| ---| 1,149| 2,000 111|May 5- |Campaign in Northern | | | | | | Sep 8 | Georgia, from | | | | | | | Chattanooga, Tenn., | | | | | | | to Atlanta, Ga. | 5,284| 26,129| 5,786|37,199| --- 112|Sep 1- |Trenches before | | | | | | Oct 30 | Petersburg, Va. | 170| 822| 812| 1,804| 1,000 113|Sep 19 |Opequan, Winchester, | | | | | | | Va. | 653| 3,719| 618| 4,990| 5,500 114|Sep 23 |Athens, Ala. | ---| ---| 950| 950| 30 115|Sep 24- |Price's invasion of | | | | | | Oct 28 | Missouri; includes a | | | | | | | number of engagements| 170| 336| ---| 506| --- 116|Sep 28-30|New Market Heights, Va.| 400| 2,029| ---| 2,429| 2,000 117|Sep 30- |Preble's Farm, Poplar | | | | | | Oct 1 |Springs Church, Va. | 141| 788| 1,756| 2,685| 900 ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+------- | | | |CONFED- | | | UNION LOSS. | ERATE | | | | LOSS. | | +------+-------+-------+------+------- NO.|DATE. | NAME. |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------- 118|Oct 5 |Allatoona, Ga. | 142| 352| 212| 706| 1,142 119|Oct 19 |Cedar Creek, Va. | 588| 3,516| 1,891| 5,995| 4,200 120|Oct 27 |Hatcher's Run, South | | | | | | | Side Railroad, Va. | 156| 1,047| 699| 1,902| 1,000 121|Oct 27&28|Fair Oaks, near | | | | | | | Richmond, Va. | 120| 783| 400| 1,303| 451 122|Nov 28 |Fort Kelly, New Creek, | | | | | | | West Va. | ---| ---| 700| 700| 5 123|Nov 30 |Franklin, Tenn. | 189| 1,033| 1,104| 2,326| 6,252 124|Nov 30 |Honey Hill, Broad | | | | | | | River, S. C. | 66| 645| ---| 711| --- 125|Dec 6-9 |Deveaux's Neck, S. C. | 39| 390| 200| 629| 400 126|Dec 15&16|Nashville, Tenn. | 400| 1,740| ---| 2,140| 15,000 | | | | | | | | 1865. | | | | | | 127|Jan 11 |Beverly, West Va. | 5| 20| 583| 608| --- 128|Jan 13-15|Fort Fisher, N. C. | 184| 749| 22| 955| 2,483 129|Feb 5-7 |Dabney's Mills, | | | | | | | Hatcher's Run, Va. | 232| 1,062| 186| 1,480| 1,200 130|Mar 8-10 |Wilcox's Bridge, Wise's| | | | | | | Fork, N. C. | 80| 421| 600| 1,101| 1,500 131|Mar 16 |Averysboro', N. C. | 77| 477| ---| 554| 865 132|Mar 19-21|Bentonville, N. C. | 191| 1,168| 287| 1,646| 2,825 133|Mar 25 |Fort Steedman, in front| | | | | | | of Petersburg, Va. | 68| 337| 506| 911| 2,681 134|Mar 25 |Petersburg, Va. | 103| 864| 209| 1,176| 834 135|Mar 26- |Spanish Fort, Ala. | | | | | | Apr 8 | | 100| 695| ---| 795| 552 136|Mar 22- |Wilson's raid from | 99| 598| 28| 725| 8,020 | Apr 24 | Chickasaw, Ala., to | | | | | | | Macon, Ga.; includes | | | | | | | a number of | | | | | | | engagements | | | | | 137|Mar 31 |Boydton and White Oak | | | | | | | Roads, Va. | 177| 1,134| 556| 1,867| 1,235 138|Apr 1 |Five Forks, Va. | 124| 706| 54| 884| 8,500 139|Apr 2 |Fall of Petersburg, Va.| 296| 2,565| 500| 3,361| 3,000 140|Apr 6 |Sailor's Creek, Va. | 166| 1,014| ---| 1,180| 7,000 141|Apr 6 |High Bridge, Appomattox| | | | | | | River, Va. | 10| 31| 1,000| 1,041| --- 142|Apr 7 |Farmville, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 655| --- 143|Apr 9 |Fort Blakely, Ala. | 113| 516| ---| 629| 2,900 144|Apr 9 |Surrender of Lee | ---| ---| ---| ---| 26,000 145|Apr 26 |Johnston surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 29,924 146|May 4 |Taylor surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 10,000 147|May 10 |Sam Jones surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 8,000 148|May 11 |Jeff Thompson | | | | | | | surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 7,454 149|May 26 |Kirby Smith surrendered| ---| ---| ---| ---| 20,000 ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------- Statement of the Number of Engagements IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES DURING EACH YEAR OF THE WAR. ------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------ STATES AND | | | | | | TERRITORIES. |=1861=|=1862=|=1863=|=1864=|=1865=| Total ------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------ New York | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1 Pennsylvania | ---| ---| 8| 1| ---| 9 Maryland | 3| 9| 10| 8| ---| 30 Dist. of Columbia | ---| ---| ---| 1| ---| 1 West Virginia | 29| 114| 17| 19| 1| 80 Virginia | 30| 40| 116| 205| 28| 519 North Carolina | 2| 27| 18| 10| 28| 85 South Carolina | 2| 10| 17| 9| 22| 60 Georgia | ---| 2| 8| 92| 6| 108 Florida | 3| 3| 4| 17| 5| 32 Alabama | ---| 10| 12| 32| 24| 78 Mississippi | ---| 42| 76| 67| 1| 186 Louisiana | 1| 11| 54| 50| 2| 118 Texas | 1| 2| 8| 1| 2| 14 Arkansas | 1| 42| 40| 78| 6| 167 Tennessee | 2| 82| 124| 89| 1| 298 Kentucky | 14| 59| 30| 31| 4| 138 Ohio | ---| ---| 3| ---| ---| 3 Indiana | ---| ---| 4| ---| ---| 4 Illinois | ---| ---| ---| 1| ---| 1 Missouri | 65| 95| 43| 41| ---| 244 Minnesota | ---| 5| 1| ---| ---| 6 California | ---| 1| 4| 1| ---| 6 Kansas | ---| ---| 2| 5| ---| 7 Oregon | ---| ---| ---| 3| 1| 4 Nevada | ---| ---| ---| 2| ---| 2 Washington Ter. | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1 Utah | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1 New Mexico | 3| 5| 7| 4| ---| 19 Nebraska | ---| ---| 2| ---| ---| 2 Colorado | ---| ---| ---| 4| ---| 4 Indian Territory | ---| 2| 9| 3| 3| 17 Dakota | ---| 2| 5| 4| ---| 11 Arizona | ---| 1| 1| 1| 1| 4 Idaho | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1 +------+------+------+------+------+------ | 156| 564| 627| 779| 135| 2,261 ------------------+------+------+---- -+------+------+------ [Illustration: BATTLE FIELDS OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR] RECOMMENDED READING Civil War in the Making: 1815-1860--_Avery O. Craven_ The Coming of the Civil War--_Avery O. Craven_ The Irrepressible Conflict--_Arthur C. Cole_ West Point Atlas of American Wars, 2 vols.--_Vincent J. Esposito_ The Story of the Confederacy--_Robert Selph Henry_ Storm Over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War--_Carl Sandburg_ The Confederate States of America--_E. Merton Coulter_ The Compact History of the Civil War--_R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy_ The Civil War and Reconstruction--_James G. Randall_ The Blue and the Gray--_Henry Steele Commager_ The Common Soldier in the Civil War--_Bell Irvin Wiley_ They Fought for the Union--_Francis A. Lord_ Spies for the Blue and Gray--_Harnett Kane_ Battles and Leaders, 4 vols.--_Robert Johnson and Clarence Buel, ed._ The Civil War at Sea--_Virgil Carrington Jones_ Lee's Lieutenants, 3 vols.--_Douglas Southall Freeman_ R.E. Lee, 4 vols.--_Douglas Southall Freeman_ Mr. Lincoln's Army--_Bruce Catton_ Glory Road--_Bruce Catton_ Stillness at Appomattox--_Bruce Catton_ This Hallowed Ground--_Bruce Catton_ The Generalship of U.S. Grant--_J.F.C. Fuller_ Sherman--Soldier, Realist, American--_B.H. Lidell Hart_ Stonewall Jackson: A Study in Command--_G.F.R. Henderson_ The Civil War: A Soldier's View--_Jay Luvaas, ed._ As They Saw Forrest--_Robert Selph Henry, ed._ The Army of the Tennessee--_Stanley Horne_ Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction--_William B. Hesseltine_ Lincoln's War Cabinet--_Burton J. Hendrick_ Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 2 vols.--_Frederick A. Shannon_ War Department 1861--_Alfred H. Meneely_ Rebel Brass: The Confederate Command System--_Frank E. Vandiver_ Jefferson Davis--_Hudson Strode_ Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 vols.--_Francis T. Miller and Robert Lanier, ed._ American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War--_Bruce Catton, ed._ Divided We Fought--_Hirst Milhollen, Milton Kaplan, Hulen Stuart_ Notes on U.S. Ordnance, 2 vols.--_James E. Hicks_ U.S. Muskets, Rifles, and Carbines--_Arcadi Gluckman_ Firearms of the Confederacy--_Claud Fuller and Richard Stuart_ CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL PROCLAMATION No. 3882 BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A PROCLAMATION The years 1961-1965 will mark the one hundredth anniversary of the American Civil War. That war was America's most tragic experience. But like all truly great tragedies, it carries with it an enduring lesson and a profound inspiration. It was a demonstration of heroism and sacrifice by men and women of both sides, who valued principle above life itself and whose devotion to duty is a proud part of our national inheritance. Both sections of our magnificently reunited country sent into their armies men who became soldiers as good as any who ever fought under any flag. Military history records nothing finer than the courage and spirit displayed at such battles as Chickamauga, Antietam, Kenesaw Mountain and Gettysburg. That America could produce men so valiant and so enduring is a matter for deep and abiding pride. The same spirit on the part of the people back home supported those soldiers through four years of great trial. That a Nation which contained hardly more than 30 million people, North and South together, could sustain 600,000 deaths without faltering is a lasting testimonial to something unconquerable in the American spirit. And that a transcending sense of unity and larger common purpose could, in the end, cause the men and women who had suffered so greatly to close ranks once the contest ended and to go on together to build a greater, freer and happier America must be a source of inspiration as long as our country may last. By a joint resolution approved on September 7, 1957, the Congress established the Civil War Centennial Commission to coordinate the nationwide observances of the one hundredth anniversary of the Civil War. This resolution authorized and requested the President to issue proclamations inviting the people of the United States to participate in those observances. NOW THEREFORE, I, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States of America, do hereby invite all of the people of our country to take a direct and active part in the Centennial of the Civil War. I request all units and agencies of government, Federal, State and local, and their officials, to encourage, foster and participate in Centennial observances. And I especially urge our Nation's schools and colleges, its libraries and museums, its churches and religious bodies, its civic, service and patriotic organizations, its learned and professional societies, its arts, sciences and industries, and its informational media, to plan and carry out their own appropriate Centennial observances during the years 1961 to 1965; all to the end of enriching our knowledge and appreciation of this great chapter in our Nation's history and of making this memorable period truly a Centennial for all Americans. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the United States of America to be affixed. DONE at the City of Washington this 6th day of December in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and sixty, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and eighty-fourth. By the President: Dwight D. Eisenhower ABOUT THE AUTHOR William H. Price is a pursuer of the lesser-known, but important, facts about the Civil War; an interest that is reflected throughout this unique handbook. Living in Northern Virginia, he has been over many square miles of the battlefields on foot and, often with a surveyor's transit, has plotted key sites and troop positions left obscure in the records of the armies. He specializes in the smaller, yet significant battles fought in Virginia--First Manassas, Cedar Mountain, Brandy Station--and in the operations of the signals services and topographical engineers. Modern data-processing techniques were applied to the Civil War for the first time when he devised a new method of cataloguing the war's battles, skirmishes, and engagements; this compilation, prepared by International Business Machines Corporation, is being used by the National and State Commissions in planning the numerous Civil War Centennial events. Virgil Carrington Jones, biographer of Ranger Mosby and author of "The Civil War at Sea", has best and most accurately described Mr. Price as "a walking encyclopedia of Civil War lore". A native of North Carolina, he has served on the staff of the American Military Institute and is a member of the Civil War Centennial Commission of the District of Columbia. * * * * * Transcriber's Notes: Research indicates that the copyright was not renewed. Page 18: Corrected Gary to Gray "Gray and Blue CWRT" Page 19: Changed WISCONSIN (1) to WISCONSIN (2) Page 20: Changed Shenanhoah to Shenandoah Page 27: Changed 1960s to 1860s "for the Shamrock Regiment of the 1860's" Page 32: Corrected spelling of "wariors" to "warriors" Page 67: Abbreviated dates to narrow the table Page 71: Corrected spelling of "Irrepressable" to "Irrepressible Conflict" Text uses both ironclad and iron-clad *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.