* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows:

Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950.

*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.

Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. June 12, 1951.

*2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951.

3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.

4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951.

Index. Pp. 651-681.

*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.

Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.

*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution . By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952.

Vol. 7. Nos. 1-15 and index. Pp. 1-651, 1952-1955.

Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956.

Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp. 1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955.

2. Additional records and extension of ranges of mammals from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80. December 10, 1955.

3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955.

4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Wyoming. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10, 1956.

5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, 6 figures in text. May 19, 1956.

6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956.

7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75 figures in text. June 15, 1956.

8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with description of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956.

9. Extension of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 347-351. August 15, 1956.

10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard J. Stains. Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957.

11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957.

12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text. February 21, 1958.

13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958.

14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958.

15. New subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958.

16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 405-414, 1 figure in text. May 20, 1959.

17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole, Microtus montanus. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 415-511, 12 figures in text, 2 tables. August 1, 1959.

18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani and P. artus. By E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Pp. 513-518, 1 map. January 14, 1960.

19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with description of a new subspecies from Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 519-529. January 14, 1960.

20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo León, México. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960.

21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960.

22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and David H. Johnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960.

23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in text. June 16, 1960.

Index. Pp. 671-690.

( Continued on inside of back cover)

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University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History

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Volume 14, No. 15, pp. 363-473, 5 figs.
May 20, 1963

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The Recent Mammals of Tamaulipas, México

BY

TICUL ALVAREZ


University of Kansas
Lawrence
1963

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University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.

Volume 14, No. 15, pp. 363-473, 5 figs.
Published May 20, 1963


University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas


PRINTED BY
JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1963

29-4228

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[Pg 365]

The Recent Mammals of Tamaulipas, México

BY
TICUL ALVAREZ

CONTENTS

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INTRODUCTION

From Tamaulipas, the northeasternmost state in the Mexican Republic, 146 kinds of mammals, belonging to 72 genera, are here reported. Mammals that are strictly marine in habit are not included. The state is crossed in its middle by the Tropic of Cancer. Elevations vary from sea level on the Golfo de México to more than 2700 meters in the Sierra Madre Oriental; most of the state is below 300 meters in elevation. Its area is 79,602 square kilometers (30,732 square miles).

Tamaulipas, meaning "lugar en que hay montes altos" (place of high mountains), was explored in 1516 by the Spaniard Francisco Fernández de Córdoba, but it was not until the 18th century that José de Escandón established several villages in the new province of Nueva Santender from which, in the time of Iturbide's Empire, Tamaulipas was separated as a distinct political entity, with about the same boundaries that it now has.

My first contact with the state of Tamaulipas, as a mammalogist, was in 1957, when in company with Dr. Bernardo Villa R. I visited the Cueva del Abra in the southern part of the state. On several [Pg 366] occasions since then I have been in the state, especially when employed by the Dirección General de Caza of the Mexican Government. In 1960-1962 I had the opportunity of studying the mammalian fauna of Tamaulipas at the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. The approximately 2000 specimens there represent many critical localities, but are not sufficient to make this report as complete as could be desired. Consequently the following account should be considered as a contribution to the knowledge of the mammals of México and is offered in the hope that it will stimulate future studies of the Mexican fauna, especially that of the eastern region.

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PHYSIOGRAPHY

Tamaulipas can be divided into three physiographic regions, which from east to west are Gulf Coastal Plain, Sierra Madre Oriental, and Central Plateau or Mexican Plateau ( Fig. 1 ).

Gulf Coastal Plain

This physiographic region covers most of the state and extends northward into Texas and a short distance southward into Veracruz.

According to Tamayo (1949) and Vivo (1953), the Gulf Coastal Plain is formed by sedimentary rocks from Mesozoic to Pleistocene in age. The most common type of soil is Rendzin, especially in the coastal area. Elevations range from sea level to 300 meters. The area is in general a flat plain inclined to the sea but this plain is broken by several small sierras. The more important of these are the Sierra de Tamaulipas, which rises to more than 1000 meters, and the Sierra San Carlos, which has a maximum elevation of approximately 1670 meters. The Sierra de San José de las Rucias is smaller.

Sierra Madre Oriental

This physiographic region is represented in Tamaulipas by a small part of the long Sierra Madre Oriental that extends from the Big Bend area in Texas southward to the Trans-volcanic Belt of central México. The Sierra Madre Oriental is in the southwestern part of Tamaulipas. The Sierra was formed by folding of the Middle and Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits that now are 400 to 2700 meters in elevation. In general, the soils are Chernozems.

This physiographic region is situated between the other two physiographic regions in Tamaulipas and represents a barrier to the distribution of some tropical mammals on the one hand and to those from the Mexican Plateau on the other.

[Pg 367]

[Pg 368]

Central Plateau

This physiographic region, commonly termed the Mexican Plateau, occupies only a small area of Tamaulipas in its southwesternmost part. The plateau is approximately 900 meters above sea level. In general, the Mexican Plateau was formed by Cretaceous sediments. The most common type of soil is Chestnut.

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CLIMATE

Owing to the differences in elevations and varying distances from the sea, the climate of Tamaulipas is varied. Tamayo (1949), following the Koeppen System, assigned to Tamaulipas 10 different climate types that result principally from differences in temperature, precipitation, and humidity.

Temperature

The annual mean temperature for the lands less than 1000 meters in elevation, which make up most of the state, is between 20° and 25° C.; and the difference in monthly means is 5° C.

In the areas above 1000 meters, the annual mean is between 15° and 20° C., and the difference in the monthly means is 15° C.

The maximum temperature recorded in the state is 45° C. in the region of Ciudad Victoria, between the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Sierra San Carlos, and the Sierra de Tamaulipas. Minima recorded are between O° and 5° C. on the southeastern coast, O° to -5° C. between 98° 20´ long. and 99° 00´ long., and -5° to -10° C. in the Sierra Madre Oriental.

Precipitation

Rainfall varies seasonally and can be described as follows: In January it amounts to 25 to 50 mm. in the coastal region and 10 to 25 mm. in the rest of the state. In April there is more than 25 mm. to the north of about 23° north latitude, 10 to 25 mm. in the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Sierra Madre Oriental, and less than 10 mm. in the extreme southwestern part of the state.

In July rainfall amounts to less than 25 mm. in Nuevo Laredo and San Fernando, is from 25 to 50 mm. in the northeastern and central parts of the state, 50 to 100 mm. in the Sierra San Carlos and Sierra Madre Oriental, and 100 to 200 mm. in the area south of Soto la Marina and east of the Sierra Madre Oriental. In October rainfall [Pg 369] is less than 50 mm. in the northern half of the state, including the Sierra de Tamaulipas, and 50 to 100 mm. in the rest of the state, except on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental and in the area near Tampico, which receive between 100 and 200 mm.

The number of rainy days per year varies from 60 to 90 at Sierra San Carlos, Sierra Madre Oriental, and in the lowlands south of 23° north latitude; the rest of the state has about 60 rainy days, excepting the Mexican Plateau, which has fewer than 60.

Although Tamayo (1949) followed the Koeppen System in classifying types of climate and thereby recognized 10 different kinds of climate in Tamaulipas, these can be grouped into three major categories as follows:

Steppe Dry Climate (Clima Seco de Estepa)

This kind of climate can be divided into two categories based on the average annual temperature.

Warm

The average annual temperature exceeds 18° C. but the mean of the coolest month is less than 18° C. This sub-climate is characterized by a short rainy season in summer and occurs on the west side of the southern part of the Sierra Madre Oriental and on the Mexican Plateau; it occurs also in the area northwest of Reynosa and on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental but in these areas the rainfall is irregularly distributed in the year.

Cool

The average annual temperature is less than 18° C. but the mean of the warmest month exceeds 18° C. This sub-climate occurs only on the west side of the northern part of the Sierra Madre Oriental.

Moderate Rainy Temperature Climate
(Clima Templado Moderato Lluvioso)

This type of climate is characterized by the coolest month having a temperature of between -3° and 18° C. In the northeastern and central parts of Tamaulipas, including the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Gómez Farías, Rancho Pano Ayuctle, and Llera, the average temperature of the warmest month is less than 22° C.; the winters are dry and not rigorous, and the wettest month has ten times as much rain as the driest. In the Sierra San Carlos the average temperature of the warmest month is less than 22° C., and the rainy season is in the autumn.

[Pg 370]

Tropical Rainy Climate (Clima Tropical Lluvioso)

This climate is characterized by the average temperature of all months being above 18° C. and the mean-annual rainfall being above 75 cm. According to the distribution of precipitation this type of climate can be divided into: (1) areas having periodic rain and wet winters (southeastern Tamaulipas, south of 22° north latitude and east of 99° west longitude), and (2) areas having an irregular rainy season and dry winters (area around Ciudad Mante, between 99° 30´ and 98° 30´ west longitude and south of 22° 30´ north latitude).

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AFFINITIES OF TAMAULIPAN MAMMALS

Owing to the differences in climate from one region to another, the flora and fauna also differ, especially in the southern part of the state as compared with the northern part.

Table 1.—Number of Genera and Species of Non-introduced Land Mammals in Three States.

[Pg 371]

On the whole, the fauna of Tamaulipas resembles faunas of both the Brazilian Subregion and the North American part of the Nearctic Subregion (see Hershkovitz, 1958:611). Considering the 48 genera of non-flying land mammals of Tamaulipas, 24 genera occur in habitats from the North American part through habitats of northern México into the Brazilian Subregion. Of the remaining 24 genera, 16 occur in the North American part of the Nearctic Subregion or in it and the part of northern México north of the Brazilian boundary, whereas eight occur in the Brazilian Subregion or in it and the northern part of México. None occurs only in Tamaulipas or only in northern México.

The non-flying fauna of the coastal plain east of the Sierra Madre Oriental and south of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Soto la Marina is mainly tropical in affinities; only 27 per cent of that fauna (at the subspecific level) resembles the fauna north of Soto la Marina, which is Nearctic in its affinities. The fauna of the Sierra de Tamaulipas has a greater taxonomic resemblance (20.4 per cent at subspecific level) to that of the Sierra Madre Oriental, than does the fauna of the Sierra San Carlos (17.6 per cent). Taxonomic resemblance between the faunas from the Sierra San Carlos and the Sierra de Tamaulipas amounts to only 16.1 per cent. Therefore, the faunas of these two Sierras (both are included in the same zoogeographic unit) resemble each other less than either resembles the fauna of the Sierra Madre Oriental (in another zoogeographic unit). Of the three sierran faunas, those of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra de Tamaulipas have most in common. Migration from one to the other in relative recent time may account for the resemblance. The Sierra San Carlos may have been isolated for a long time and interchange between its fauna and those of the other two sierras, therefore, may have been slight.

Study of the taxonomic resemblance shows that the dividing line, in eastern México, between Nearctic and Neotropical faunas is along the eastern base of the Sierra Madre Oriental, the southern base of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and thence to the coast at or near Soto la Marina.

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PLANT-MAMMAL RELATIONSHIPS

Merriam (1898) assigned to Tamaulipas four Life-zones. There were: Transitional on the highest elevations of the Sierra Madre; [Pg 372] Upper Austral at lower elevations on the Sierra Madre; Lower Austral over most of the state; and Tropical in the coastal areas.

Dice (1943) outlined Biotic Provinces on a map of North America and in the northern part of Tamaulipas showed two Biotic Provinces, Tamaulipan and Potosian. He did not show the southeastern limits of the Chihuahuan Biotic Province nor any of the limits of the Veracruzian Biotic Province and in text mentioned nothing about the limits of these two provinces with reference to Tamaulipas. Later, Goldman and Moore (1946) divided Tamaulipas in three Biotic Provinces: Tamaulipas, Sierra Madre, and Veracruz. Still later (1949), Smith published a map of Mexican Biotic Provinces based on the herpetofauna of the Republic. He divided Tamaulipas among four Provinces. Two were Nearctic (Austro-oriental and Tamaulipan) and the other two were Neotropical (Veracruzian and Cordoban).

Leopold (1950 and 1959) recognized five principal vegetational types in Tamaulipas as follows: Mesquite-grassland; Pine-oak Forest; Thorn Forest; Tropical Deciduous Forest; and Desert.

For dealing with the mammals of Tamaulipas in the following accounts the four Biotic Provinces (Tamaulipan, Potosian, Veracruzian, and Chihuahuan) of Dice are the most useful. For dealing with types of vegetation in the accounts that follow, Leopold's (1950) system is employed although reference is made to other associations and formations that have been reported in Tamaulipas.

Tamaulipan Biotic Province

This Province is recognized by most authors who have written about the zoogeography of México. It is the most extensive in the state and includes the northern part of the Coastal Plain (see Fig. 2 ).

The vegetation of the Tamaulipan Biotic Province is in general Mesquite-grassland but in the Sierra San Carlos and Sierra de Tamaulipas other types of vegetation are found.

[Pg 373]

[Pg 374]

Potosian Biotic Province

This Province occupies all of the Sierra Madre Oriental and, therefore, the southwestern part of the state.

The vegetation in general is Pine-oak Forest, in which the most common trees are Abies religiosa , Pinus flexilis , P. patula , P. montezumae , [Pg 375] P. teocote , Populus tremuloides , Juniperus flaccida , Quercus arizonica , Q. clivicola and Q. polymorpha .

Chihuahuan Biotic Province

This Province occurs in Tamaulipas only in a small portion of the Central Plateau physiographic region and occupies the southwesternmost part of the state.

Veracruzian Biotic Province

This Province includes the southern part of the Coastal Plain physiographic region, south of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Soto la Marina. But the exact line between this Province and the Tamaulipan Province to the north is difficult to draw. The northern boundary of the Veracruzian Province is the line between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions in eastern México.

Vegetation of most of the Veracruzian Biotic Province is Tropical Deciduous Forest. This Forest is made up of Tabebuia , Ipomea , Bombax , and Conzattia , along with some Ceiba , Bursera , and Psidium .

[Pg 376]

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BARRIERS AND ROUTES OF MOVEMENT

The distributional patterns and affinities of the mammalian fauna of Tamaulipas suggest possible routes of migration and barriers that limited or controlled movements of the mammals.

Mammals may have reached Tamaulipas by way of a Northern route, a Trans-plateau route, a Montane route, or a Tropical route ( Fig. 3 ).

The Northern route permitted species of mammals from the temperate region to the north to enter the Tamaulipan Biotic Province from or via Texas. Several came from the Great Plains, and a few came from the eastern part of the United States. Also, a few mammals that may have originated in the Tamaulipan Province moved northwards. Some of these, according to Dice (1937:267) were Liomys irroratus texensis , Peromyscus leucopus texensis , and Lepus californicus merriami . Other mammals thought to have moved north by this route are Didelphis marsupialis , Dasypus novemcinctus , Oryzomys palustris , Nasua narica , and Tayassu tajacu . Some mammals that passed through Tamaulipas into Texas have extended their geographic ranges far north of Texas.

Mammals that came via the Trans-plateau route (name proposed by Baker, 1956:146) came no farther into Tamaulipas than the Chihuahuan Biotic Province. They encountered the barrier formed by the Sierra Madre Oriental. These mammals were listed in the account of the Chihuahuan Biotic Province.

The route that Baker (1956:146) termed the "Southern Route" I here term the Montane route because I think it was used for movement southward as well as northward.

[Pg 377]

The Montane route was used by mammals of boreal affinities ( Microtus and Neotoma ), that moved into Tamaulipas from the north; also in this category are bats of the family Vespertilionidae. For movement from south to north, the route was used by several species native to México, for example, Cratogeomys castanops . The [Pg 378] seaward slope of the montane area has enabled some tropical mammals to move farther north than they have done at higher and lower elevations. Philander opossum seems to be an example.

The fourth route, the Tropical one, was used by mammals of tropical origin. Most moved into Tamaulipas only as far as the Veracruzian Biotic Province. The principal mammals that have used this route are the bats and marsupials, but Sylvilagus brasiliensis , Ateles geoffroyi , Heterogeomys hispidus , Eira barbara , and Mazama americana also can be included here. Some tropical mammals, as was pointed out previously, not only reached Tamaulipas but have moved through the state and far northward.

The major barriers to dispersal of mammals in Tamaulipas are three (see Fig. 2 ). Two of them, the Río Grande Barrier and the Sierra Madre Barrier, are physiographical, but the Tropical Barrier is maintained by a combination of environmental factors. The three barriers separate the four Biotic Provinces in Tamaulipas. The Sierra Madre Oriental, which forms the Potosian Biotic Province, lies between the Tamaulipan and Chihuahuan provinces. The Tropical barrier separates the Tamaulipan and Veracruzian biotic provinces.

The Río Grande, as was pointed out by R. H. Baker (1956:146), has low banks, is relatively shallow, and does not form an effective barrier for most mammals. For only two species, insofar as I know, has the Río Grande constituted a barrier. Cratogeomys castanops has not entered southeastern Texas from México, and Spermophilus spilosoma has not entered México from southeastern Texas except on the coastal barrier beach. Alvarez (1962:124) postulated that the beach was the route by which S. spilosoma arrived at La Pesca where the barrier beach meets the mainland.

The Sierra Madre Barrier is a good filter for some small mammals, especially for those that occur on the Mexican Plateau and those of tropical origin. The mammals that occur on each side of the Sierra are listed in accounts of the Chihuahuan (west side), Veracruzian and Tamaulipan (east side) biotic provinces.

The Tropical Barrier is formed mainly by a climatic complex (probably a change in temperature and rainfall) in the coastal region at or about the latitude of Soto la Marina, where no geographic barrier is found. In the western and central part of the Tropical Barrier, the climatic factor is supported by a geographic factor. The Sierra Madre Oriental is in the west and the Sierra de Tamaulipas is in the center. The several mammals that are affected [Pg 379] by this barrier are listed in the accounts of the Veracruzian and Tamaulipan biotic provinces.

A peculiar pattern of distribution is that presented by Scalopus inflatus and Geomys tropicalis . Both are the only known species of their genera in northeastern México. Each is isolated from other species of its genus. The nearest known record of Scalopus is 45 miles northward and the nearest record of Geomys is approximately 165 miles northward. A possible explanation for the distribution of these two kinds is that each was widely distributed in one of the glacial periods and when the glacier receded to the north these animals remained in Tamaulipas, where they evolved and formed distinct species. The two species, G. tropicalis and S. inflatus , are fossorial and for this reason probably were able to resist inhospitable climates better than non-burrowing species.

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HISTORY OF MAMMALOGY

In Tamaulipas the first exploration directed in substantial measure toward finding out about the mammalian fauna, at least as far as I know, was made by Dr. L. Berlandier, who traveled mainly in the northern half of the state. His collections provided specimens of several previously unknown mammals, which were described by Baird (1858). The original manuscript of Berlandier never has been published. About 1880 Dr. E. Palmer collected mammals in the southern part of Tamaulipas, in the area around Tampico. The results of his exploration were reported by J. A. Allen (1881). E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman twice collected in Tamaulipas (Goldman, 1951). In 1898 they visited and collected mammals in the southern part of the state, around Tampico, Altamira, Victoria, Forlón, and Miquihuana. In 1901-1902 they visited the area between Nuevo Laredo and Bagdad, then went south to Soto la Marina and Victoria. From their collections several species and subspecies have been described. Between 1910 and the early 1920's little was done in the way of scientific exploration because of the Mexican Revolution.

From 1930 on, several expeditions yielded new information about the native mammals. In that year L. B. Kellum visited the Sierra San Carlos. The results were reported by Dice (1937). Another important collection from Tamaulipas was made by Marian Martin in the area of Gómez Farías. Mammals collected by her were reported by Goodwin (1954). Hooper (1953) also reported specimens from Gómez Farías but included in his report records of mammals collected in other areas as well. In 1950 E. R. Hall and C. von [Pg 380] Wedel made a trip to the barrier beach in the northeastern part of the state and collected several kinds of mammals among which three were described as new by Hall (1951).

The report here presented is based upon specimens in the Museum of Natural History of The University of Kansas that were collected mainly by the persons named beyond. Gerd H. Heinrich and his wife Hilda collected in 1952 and 1953 in the areas around Miquihuana, Ciudad Victoria, Soto la Marina, Sierra de Tamaulipas, and Altamira. W. J. Schaldach collected in 1949 and 1950 in the Sierra Madre Oriental south of Ciudad Victoria; he returned to Tamaulipas in 1954 in company with V. Grissino and worked in the Sierra Madre Oriental south and north of Ciudad Victoria. In 1961 P. L. Clifton and J. H. Bodley collected in the northwestern part of the state and in the western part, around Tula, Nicolás, and Tajada. Some students and staff members of the Museum have occasionally collected in Tamaulipas.

As a result of all the mentioned expeditions and others, 32 species and subspecies have been described with type localities in Tamaulipas. They are:

• Altamira
• Lepus californicus altamirae Nelson
• Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster (Cuvier) (by restriction)
• Sciurus deppei negligens Nelson
• Geomys tropicalis Goldman
• Antiguo Morelos, 8 mi. N of
• Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea Goodwin
• Brownsville (Texas), 45 mi. from
• Scalopus inflatus Jackson
• Charco Escondido
• Perognathus hispidus hispidus Baird
• Neotoma micropus micropus Baird
• El Carrizo
• Peromyscus ochraventer Baker
• Gómez Farías
• Heterogeomys hispidus negatus Goodwin
• Hacienda Santa Engracia
• Oryzomys fulvescens engracia Osgood
• Jaumave
• Dipodomys ordii durranti Setzer
• La Pesca, 1 mi. E of
• Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus Alvarez
• Matamoros
• Cryptotis parva berlandieri (Baird)
• Lasiurus intermedius intermedius (H. Allen)
• Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus Peters (by restriction) [Pg 381]
• Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis Nelson and Goldman
• Felis yagouaroundi cacomitli Berlandier
• Matamoros, 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W of
• Lepus californicus curti Hall
• Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus Hall
• Sigmodon hispidus solus Hall
• Mier
• Canis latrans microdon Merriam
• Miquihuana
• Idionycteris mexicanus Anthony ( Plecotus phyllotis )
• Cratogeomys castanops planifrons Nelson and Goldman
• Onychomys torridus subrufus Hollister
• Neotoma albigula subsolana Alvarez
• Odocoileus virginianus miquihuanensis Goldman and Kellogg
• Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi. NW Gómez Farías
• Cryptotis mexicana madrea Goodwin
• Reithrodontomys megalotis hooperi Goodwin
• Rancho Santa Ana, about 8 mi. SW Padilla
• Oryzomys melanotis carrorum Lawrence
• Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra
• Myotis keenii auriculus Baker and Stains
• Sierra San Carlos, 12 mi. NW San Carlos
• Peromyscus pectoralis collinus Hooper

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CONSERVATION

A relatively large number of the species of Mexican big game occurs in Tamaulipas because its geographic position permits it to have species from the tropics and those from the northern plains and mountains. Eight of the 11 Mexican species that are considered as Big Game are recorded from the state. Until this century Tamaulipas was not densely populated by man either in the pre-colonial period or thereafter. Therefore many species of game are still relatively abundant.

Of the eight species that originally lived in Tamaulipas, the mule deer, brocket, and black bear never have been abundant there and now are in danger of extirpation. The pronghorn was also rare in the state and now has been extirpated as it has been in many other parts of México. The white-tailed deer, javalin, jaguar, and puma are still abundant in suitable habitats. The white-tailed deer is found almost everywhere in the state; in some areas it damages cornfields, and for this reason is killed by natives who eat the meat and sell the skins. The price of skins is low; in 1959 at Ciudad Mante tanners paid natives less than one dollar (10.00 Mexican pesos) per hide. Some idea of the abundance of deer in Tamaulipas is provided by our having found in one tanner's shop, in 1959 at [Pg 382] Ciudad Mante, about 500 deer skins. Besides these, we found about 65 skins of other species—jaguar, bear, ocelot, puma, margay, and raccoon. Additionally there was a large number of coati skins. Considering that México has no professional trappers and that commerce in skins of wild animals is illegal, it is felt that the number of skins found in the tanner's shop indicated a relative large population of game mammals.

The number of species of small game also is large. Some species are killed by natives for food, but most are killed in order to protect the cultivated crops, which are injured mainly by rabbits and squirrels.

Baker (1958) pointed out that the future of the game species in the northern part of México was not encouraging. He gave valid reasons for his view. In Tamaulipas, however, in some respects the outlook is more encouraging because there are many areas in which with a minimum of effort the authorities can save a good number of species.

As Baker ( op. cit. ) remarked, the fauna in México is declining mainly because many areas recently have been cultivated for the first time. Also, better roads have enabled hunters to reach areas that formerly were natural refuges for wild animals. Many times it has been said that the populations of wild animals were declining in México because the number of game wardens is too small to protect game in all parts of the country. In some ways this is true but it seems that the problem is really one of education. The people do not realize that the animals are part of nature and therefore have the same right to live that man has. Most people see only the bad side of the animals' activities and never consider the benefit that wild mammals provide for man. A typical case is that of the coyote, which is oftentimes killed only because it is a coyote. Sometimes individual coyotes do kill domestic animals, but the people seem never to understand that the coyote destroys a large number of mice, rabbits, and insects as has been shown by studies of the contents of coyote stomachs.

The Mexican Government at this time is making a concentrated effort to provide schools in all parts of the country and is formulating new programs of education. In this official program some lectures in conservation are needed with reference to the animal life. I know that some education now is given to people with respect to conservation of the water, soil, and forest, but gather that there is little that covers also conservation of animals.

I do not deny the necessity for some natives to kill wild animals. [Pg 383] People need to eat fresh meat and for some it is almost impossible to obtain meat in any other way than by killing wild animals. Some natives cannot afford to purchase meat in the markets or they live too far from any village or city to do so. Also, natives need to protect their cultivated areas; some of them have only four to six acres of land, on which corn is the only crop. When one deer in a night can destroy part of the corn, and in some areas not only one deer but several invade a field, and when one considers that besides deer there are rabbits, squirrels, raccoons, and coati, to name only some animals that feed on the corn, we find that the small cornfield at the end of the season may not contain any corn to harvest. It is understandable, therefore, that the natives kill the animals. In this way they protect their cultivated fields, obtain food and sometimes money for the skins. Many natives, however, destroy the wildlife only for pleasure or to obtain money for skins and meat, which sometimes is sold to restaurants.

Probably the best solution for the problem of conservation of wild animals is the establishment of wildlife refuges. In Tamaulipas, at least three refuges are needed in order to preserve the mammalian wildlife. These areas would serve also as a refuge for game birds and other vertebrates. A large area with suitable habitat for white-tailed deer, brocket, jaguar, puma, javalin, and fox could be established in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, which presents favorable habitat for all of the species named. A second area that does not need to be so large as the first could be established in the Sierra Madre Oriental, probably including some part of Nuevo León, where the black bear and the mule deer find suitable habitat. Probably the beaver can be introduced in the streams of the high mountains; beaver live in the same Sierra a little farther north in Nuevo León. The three species mentioned are in imminent danger of disappearing from Tamaulipas, if they have not already disappeared. The third refuge could be in some area of the northern part of the state near the Río Grande. This refuge should give protection to the beaver—a rare animal in México and in danger of extirpation over all the country. The pronghorn also would find suitable habitat in this area, but would have to be reintroduced there. With the establishment of these three refuges and with good management the fauna of Tamaulipas could be saved from extinction, would provide some recreation for sportsmen, and especially for the people in general who wish to study, photograph, or merely observe the native animal life.

The time is excellent for the establishment of the wildlife refuges [Pg 384] in Tamaulipas because large areas are still in Federal ownership and because a considerable number of animals remain. Other favorable factors are that roads are not yet good in the areas proposed for refuges, the human population is low, and agriculture consequently is not practiced. But, with the rapid increase in population in México, these favorable conditions will change in a few years and it will be almost impossible to establish the refuges then.

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METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The families, genera, and species recorded in this report are arranged following Hall and Kelson (1959). Subspecies are in alphabetical order under the species. Remarks are given on natural history in each species account, if information is available. Discussion of subspecies known from the state is included. Under each subspecies, the citation to the original description is given with mention of type locality. Next is the citation to the first usage of the current name-combination. Then, synonyms are listed if there be such in the sense that original descriptions of the alleged species or subspecies had type localities in Tamaulipas.

Measurements, unless otherwise noted, are of adults and are given in millimeters. External measurements are in the following order: total length; length of tail vertebrae; length of hind foot; length of ear from notch. Capitalized color terms are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912. Capital letters designate teeth in the upper jaws and lower case letters designate teeth in the lower jaws; for example, M2 refers to the second upper molar and m2 refers to the second lower molar.

The localities of specimens examined and additional records are listed from north to south and their geographic positions can be found in the gazetteer and on the map ( Fig. 4 ).

Most of the specimens examined are in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. Unless otherwise indicated, catalogue numbers relate to that collection. A few specimens from other collections were seen. Abbreviations identifying those collections are: UMMZ, the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology; AMNH, the American Museum of Natural History; and GMS, George M. Sutton collection (University of Oklahoma).

I am grateful to Prof. E. Raymond Hall and Dr. J. Knox Jones, Jr., for their advice and kind help that have enabled me to complete this work. I thank Dr. William E. Duellman for his advice concerning Zoogeography and Biologist Gastón Guzmán for help with the names of plants. For the loan of specimens I am grateful to Dr. George M. Sutton of the University of Oklahoma, to Dr. David H. Johnson and Dr. Richard H. Manville of the United States National Museum, to Drs. William H. Burt and Emmet T. Hooper of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and to Dr. Richard Van Gelder of the American Museum of Natural History. I thank, also, Dr. William Z. Lidicker, Jr., for information about the locality called Lulú, and the collectors from the Museum of Natural History, especially Gerd H. Heinrich, William J. Schaldach, Percy L. Clifton, and John H. Bodley. I am grateful also to Charles A. Long and to [Pg 385] several other persons, not named here, who helped me in some way to complete my study of the mammals of Tamaulipas.

Most of the field work was financed by the Kansas University Endowment Association. Some laboratory work was done when the author was half-time Research Assistant under Grant No. 56 G 103 from the National Science Foundation.

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[Pg 386]

GAZETTEER

The specimens examined and additional records are listed with reference to the following place names. The geographic position of each was taken from the maps of the American Geographical Society of New York, scale 1:1,000,000, and the Atlas Geográfico de la República Mexicana, scale 1:500,000.

• Acuña.—23°26´, 98°25´.
• Agua Linda.—23°05´, 99°14´.
• Aldama.—22°55´, 98°04´.
• Alta Cima.—23°05´, 99°11´.
• Altamira.—22°23´, 97°56´.
• Antiguo Morelos.—22°33´, 99°05´.
• Aserradero del Infernillo [Infiernillo].—23°04´, 99°13´.
• Aserradero del Paraiso.—22°59´, 99°15´.
• Bagdad.—25°57´, 97°09´.
• Camargo.—26°20´, 98°50´.
• Cerro del Tigre.—23°04´, 99°17´.
• Chamal.—22°49´, 99°14´.
• Charco Escondido.—25°46´, 98°22´.
• Ciudad Victoria.—23°45´, 99°07´.
• Cueva de Quintero.—22°39´, 99°02´.
• Cueva La Esperanza.—23°55´, 99°17´.
• Cueva La Mula.—see La Mula.
• Cueva Los Troncones.—23°49´, 99°15'.
• Cues.—22°58', 98°13´.
• Ejido Santa Isabel.—23°14´, 99°00´.
• El Carrizo.—23°15´, 99°05´.
• El Encino.—23°08´, 99°07´.
• El Mante (Cd. Mante).—22°45´, 99°01´.
• El Mulato.—24°54´, 98°57´.
• El Pachón.—22°36´, 99°03´.
• Forlón.—23°14´, 98°49´.
• Gómez Farías.—23°02´, 99°10´.
• Guemes.—23°55´, 99°00´.
• Guerrero.—26°48´, 99°20´.
• Hacienda Santa Engracia.—24°02´, 99°12´.
• Hidalgo.—24°15´, 99°26´.
• Jaumave.—23°24´, 99°23´.
• Joya de Salas.—23°11´, 99°17´.
• Joya Verde.—23°35´, 99°14´.
• La Azteca (Ejido).—23°05´, 99°08´.
• La Mula.—23°36´, 99°17´.
• La Pesca.—23°47´, 97°48´.
• La Purisima.—24°18´, 99°28´.
• La Vegonia.—24°40´, 99°05´.
• Limón.—22°49´, 99°00´.
• Marmolejo.—24°38´, 99°00´.
• Matamoros.—25°55´, 97°30´.
• Mesa de Llera.—23°20´, 99°01´.
• Mier.—26°27´, 99°09´.
• Miquihuana.—23°27´, 99°46´.
• Nicolás.—23°21´, 100°04´.
• Nuevo Laredo.—27°30´, 99°30´.
• Ocampo.—22°50´, 99°21´.
• Ojo de Agua.—22°35´, 98°58´.
• Padilla.—24°01´, 98°46´.
• Palmillas.—23°18´, 99°33´.
• Piedra.—23°30´, 98°06´.
• Rancho del Cielo.—23°04´, 99°12´.
• Rancho Pano Ayuctle.—23°07´, 99°13´.
• Rancho Santa Rosa.—23°58´, 99°16´.
• Rancho Tigre.—22°54´, 99°20´.
• Rancho Viejo.—23°02´, 99°13´.
• Reynosa.—26°06´, 98°15´.
• Río Bravo (Town).—26°04´, 98°08´.
• Río Corono [Corona].—23°50´, 98°50´.
• San Antonio.—23°08´, 99°23´.
• San Carlos.—24°35´, 98°57´.
• San Fernando.—24°51´, 98°09´.
• San José.—24°41´, 99°06´.
• San Miguel.—24°45´, 99°05´.
• Santa María.—23°31´, 98°41´.
• Santa Teresa.—25°27´, 97°29´.
• Savinito.—(?)23°43´, 98°51´.
• Soto la Marina.—23°46´, 98°15´.
• Tajada.—23°16´, 99°55´.
• Tamaulipeca.—24°45´, 99°05´.
• Tampico.—22°12´, 97°51´.
• Tula.—23°00´, 99°42´.
• Villagran.—24°29´, 99°29´.
• Villa Mainero.—24°34´, 99°36´.
• Washington Beach.—25°53´, 97°09´.
• Xicotencatl.—23°00´, 98°57´.
• Zamorina.—23°20´, 97°58´.

[Pg 387]

[Click map for larger view.]

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[Pg 388]

CHECK-LIST

The 146 kinds of native mammals of 120 species found in Tamaulipas belong to 72 genera of 25 families of 10 orders. Non-native mammals introduced by man are not included.

Class MAMMALIA

Order MARSUPIALIA

• Family Didelphidae PAGE
• Didelphis marsupialis californicus Bennett 393
• Didelphis marsupialis texensis J. A. Allen 394
• Philander opossum pallidus (J. A. Allen) 394
• Marmosa mexicana mexicana Merriam 395

Order INSECTIVORA

• Family Soricidae
• Sorex saussurei saussurei Merriam 396
• Cryptotis parva berlandieri (Baird) 396
• Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis Jackson 396
• Cryptotis mexicana madrea Goodwin 396
• Notiosorex crawfordi (Coues) 397
• Family Talpidae
• Scalopus inflatus Jackson 397

Order CHIROPTERA

• Family Phyllostomatidae
• Pteronotus rubiginosus mexicana (Miller) 398
• Pteronotus davyi fulvus (Thomas) 398
• Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi 399
• Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla (Peters) 399
• Micronycteris megalotis mexicana Miller 400
• Glossophaga sorocina leachii (Gray) 400
• Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis (Saussure) 401
• Sturnira lilium parvidens Goldman 401
• Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis Leach 402
• Artibeus lituratus palmarum Allen and Chapman 402
• Artibeus toltecus (Saussure) 403
• Artibeus aztecus Andersen 403
• Enchistenes hartii (Thomas) 404
• Centurio senex Gray 404
• Family Desmodontidae
• Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner 405
• Diphylla ecaudata Spix 406
• Family Natalidae
• Natalus stramineus saturatus Dalquest and Hall 407 [Pg 389]
• Family Vespertilionidae
• Myotis velifer incautus (J. A. Allen) 407
• Myotis keenii auriculus Baker and Stains 408
• Myotis californicus mexicanus (Saussure) 408
• Myotis nigricans dalquesti Hall and Alvarez 409
• Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (F. Cuvier) 409
• Pipistrellus hesperus potosinus Dalquest 410
• Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis (H. Allen) 410
• Lasiurus borealis borealis (Müller) 411
• Lasiurus borealis teliotis (H. Allen) 412
• Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Palisot and Beauvois) 412
• Lasiurus intermedius intermedius H. Allen 412
• Lasiurus ega xanthinus (Thomas) 413
• Nycticeus humeralis humeralis (Rafinesque) 413
• Nycticeus humeralis mexicanus Davis 413
• Rhogeëssa tumida tumida H. Allen 414
• Plecotus phyllotis (G. M. Allen) 415
• Antrozous pallidus pallidus (Le Conte) 415
• Family Molossidae
• Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) 415
• Tadarida aurispinosa (Peale) 415
• Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea Goodwin 416
• Molossus ater nigricans Miller 417

Order PRIMATES

• Family Cebidae
• Ateles geoffroyi velerosus Gray 417

Order EDENTATA

• Family Dasypodidae
• Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus Peters 418

Order LAGOMORPHA

• Family Leporidae
• Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei (J. A. Allen) 418
• Sylvilagus audubonii parvulus (J. A. Allen) 418
• Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani (J. A. Allen) 419
• Sylvilagus floridanus connectens (Nelson) 419
• Lepus californicus altamirae Nelson 420
• Lepus californicus curti Hall 420
• Lepus californicus merriami Mearns 421

Order RODENTIA

• Family Sciuridae
• Spermophilus mexicanus parvidens Mearns 421
• Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus Alvarez 422
• Spermophilus variegatus couchii Baird 422 [Pg 390]
• Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster Cuvier 423
• Sciurus deppei negligens Nelson 424
• Sciurus alleni Nelson 424
• Glaucomys volans herreranus Goldman 425
• Family Geomyidae
• Geomys personatus personatus True 425
• Geomys tropicalis Goldman 426
• Heterogeomys hispidus negatus Goodwin 427
• Cratogeomys castanops planifrons Nelson and Goldman 428
• Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis Nelson and Goldman 428
• Family Heteromyidae
• Perognathus merriami merriami J. A. Allen 429
• Perognathus hispidus hispidus Baird 429
• Perognathus nelsoni nelsoni Merriam 430
• Dipodomys ordii durranti Setzer 431
• Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus Hall 431
• Dipodomys ordii compactus True 431
• Dipodomys merriami atronasus Merriam 432
• Liomys irroratus alleni (Coues) 433
• Liomys irroratus texensis Merriam 433
• Family Castoridae
• Castor canadensis mexicanus V. Bailey 434
• Family Cricetidae
• Oryzomys palustris aquaticus J. A. Allen 435
• Oryzomys palustris peragrus Merriam 435
• Oryzomys melanotis carrorum Lawrence 436
• Oryzomys melanotis rostratus Merriam 437
• Oryzomys alfaroi huastecae Dalquest 437
• Oryzomys fulvescens fulvescens (Saussure) 438
• Oryzomys fulvescens engracie Osgood 438
• Reithrodontomys megalotis hooperi Goodwin 438
• Reithrodontomys fulvescens griseoflavus Merriam 438
• Reithrodontomys fulvescens intermedius J. A. Allen 439
• Reithrodontomys fulvescens tropicalis Davis 439
• Reithrodontomys mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure) 440
• Peromyscus maniculatus blandus Osgood 440
• Peromyscus melanotis J. A. Allen and Chapman 440
• Peromyscus leucopus texanus (Woodhouse) 441
• Peromyscus boylii ambiguus Alvarez 443
• Peromyscus boylii levipes Merriam 443
• Peromyscus pectoralis collinus Hooper 444
• Peromyscus pectoralis eremicoides Osgood 445
• Peromyscus melanophrys consobrinus Osgood 445
• Peromyscus difficilis petricola Hoffmeister and de la Torre 446
• Peromyscus ochraventer Baker 446
• Baiomys taylori taylori (Thomas) 447 [Pg 391]
• Onychomys leucogaster longipes Merriam 447
• Onychomys torridus subrufus Hollister 448
• Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri Baird 449
• Sigmodon hispidus solus Hall 450
• Sigmodon hispidus toltecus (Saussure) 450
• Neotoma albigula subsolana Alvarez 450
• Neotoma angustapalata Baker 451
• Neotoma micropus littoralis Goldman 453
• Neotoma micropus micropus Baird 453
• Microtus mexicanus subsimus Goldman 454

Order CARNIVORA

• Family Canidae
• Canis latrans microdon Merriam 454
• Canis latrans texensis V. Bailey 455
• Canis lupus monstrabilis Goldman 455
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii Mearns 455
• Family Ursidae
• Ursus americanus eremicus Merriam 456
• Family Procyonidae
• Bassariscus astutus flavus Rhoads 456
• Procyon lotor fuscipes Mearns 457
• Procyon lotor hernandezii Wagler 457
• Nasua narica molaris Merriam 458
• Potos flavus aztecus Thomas 458
• Family Mustelidae
• Mustela frenata frenata Lichtenstein 458
• Mustela frenata tropicalis (Merriam) 459
• Eira barbara senex (Thomas) 459
• Taxidea taxus berlandieri Baird 460
• Taxidea taxus littoralis Schantz 460
• Spilogale putorius interrupta (Rafinesque) 461
• Mephitis mephitis varians Gray 461
• Mephitis macroura macroura Lichtenstein 461
• Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi Merriam 462
• Conepatus leuconotus texensis Merriam 462
• Family Felidae
• Felis concolor stanleyana Goldman 462
• Felis onca veraecrucis Nelson and Goldman 463
• Felis pardalis albescens Pucheran 463
• Felis wiedii oaxacensis Nelson and Goldman 464
• Felis yagouaroundi cacomitli Berlandier 464
• Lynx rufus texensis J. A. Allen 464

Order SIRENIA

• Family Trichechidae
• Trichechus manatus latirostris (Harlan) 465 [Pg 392]

Order ARTIODACTYLA

• Family Tayassuidae
• Tayassu tajacu angulatus (Cope) 465
• Family Cervidae
• Odocoileus hemionus crooki (Mearns) 465
• Odocoileus virginianus miquihuanensis Goldman and Kellogg 466
• Odocoileus virginianus texanus (Mearns) 466
• Odocoileus virginianus veraecrucis Goldman and Kellogg 466
• Mazama americana temama (Kerr) 466
• Family Antilocapridae
• Antilocapra americana mexicana Merriam 467

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[Pg 393]

ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES

Didelphis marsupialis
Opossum

The opossum occurs throughout Tamaulipas but is commonest in the south, especially in the areas of tropical forest and along water courses. Most of the specimens examined were caught in steel traps baited with remains of small animals (mostly mammals and birds, but one trap was baited with the head of a black bass). At Villa Mainero five individuals were caught in one night in five of seven traps scented with spilogale musk. These traps were set in runways along a thick thorn-brush fence, which separated a cornfield from thorn-brush desert. Along the Río Purificación 36 kilometers north and 10 kilometers west of Victoria an opossum was eaten in a trap by a small carnivore, probably a felid judging from tracks around the trap.

A female with 14 pouch young was taken in June in the Sierra de Tamaulipas and weighed 1350 grams; a March-taken female with nine small young in her pouch, from Soto la Marina, weighed 1800 grams. A male from the Sierra de Tamaulipas also weighed 1800 grams.

Didelphis marsupialis californica Bennett

1833. Didelphis Californica Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 40, May 17, type locality restricted to Sonora by Hershkovitz ( infra ).

1951. Didelphis marsupialis californica , Hershkovitz Fieldiana-Zool., Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., 31(47):548, July 10.

In studying Tamaulipan specimens, I was mindful that Hershkovitz (1951:550) regarded all opossums of this species in México as a single subspecies, even though J. A. Allen (1901) recognized two subspecies in the northeastern part of the Republic. According to Allen (p. 172), D. m. texensis (to which he ascribed a distribution in Texas and adjoining Tamaulipas) was described as: "Similar in coloration to D. marsupialis ( typica ) [ D. m. californica ], but with a relatively longer tail, longer nasals, usually terminating posteriorly in an acute angle, instead of being rounded or more or less abruptly truncated on the posterior border." The available material from Tamaulipas can be divided into two groups on the basis of shape and proportion of the nasals. In opossums from the southeast the nasals are truncate posteriorly and average 47.0 (45.1-48.4) per cent of the condylobasal length, whereas in specimens from elsewhere [Pg 394] the nasals are acute posteriorly and average 50.7 (49.7-51.8) per cent of the condylobasal length. Tentatively, therefore, I follow Allen in recognizing two subspecies in northeastern México.

I note no especial difference in length of tail between texensis and californica . Hooper (1951:3) followed Hershkovitz in reporting as californica a specimen from Rancho del Cielo; to me, specimens from this area are referable to texensis .

One of the specimens from two miles south and 10 miles west of Piedra (54917) has a supernumerary tooth lingual and anterior to the last upper molar. The tooth is small (2.7 mm. long) and peglike.

Didelphis marsupialis texensis J. A. Allen

1901. Didelphis marsupialis texensis J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Hist., 14:172, June 15, type from Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas.

Philander opossum pallidus (J. A. Allen)
Four-eyed Opossum

1901. Metachirus fuscogriseus pallidus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:215, July 3, type from Orizaba, Veracruz.

1955. Philander opossum pallidus , Miller and Kellogg, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 205:8, March 3.

In Tamaulipas, the four-eyed opossum is seemingly common at relatively low elevations in the Tropical Deciduous Forest along the eastern side of the Sierra Madre Oriental, but the species is not restricted to this area as one specimen is available from a place seven kilometers southwest of La Purisima, in the drier forest of west-central Tamaulipas. The highest elevation at which individuals have been taken in the state is approximately 2500 feet.

Specimens obtained two kilometers west of El Carrizo were caught in steel traps that were baited with the bodies of small birds and mammals and that were set in trails leading through a fence [Pg 395] of piled logs that separated a cornfield from adjacent forest. At Rancho Pano Ayuctle, some individuals were trapped in steel sets baited with scraps of meat; others were shot at night in the forest along the Río Sabinas. Schaldach reported in his notes that four-eyed opossums robbed trap lines set for small mammals at Rancho Pano Ayuctle. W. W. Dalquest trapped an individual seven kilometers southwest of La Purisima using the body of an armadillo as bait. The natives of southern Tamaulipas refer to this animal as "tlacuache cuatrojos."

Tamaulipan specimens of P. o. pallidus differ from topotypes and other specimens from the vicinity of the type locality in averaging somewhat paler dorsally and slightly smaller in cranial dimensions when specimens of equal age are compared. They differ also in having a longer terminal area of white on the tail, 53.1 per cent (43.3-62.8) of the length of the tail in 13 specimens from Tamaulipas, and 38.7 (30.9-48.2) per cent in 14 specimens from the vicinity of the type locality of pallidus in Veracruz; specimens from northern Veracruz are intermediate between the two mentioned populations in amount of white on the tail. Baker (1951:210) noted that the specimens from two kilometers west of El Carrizo had "proportionately longer tails than typical P. o. pallidus from central Veracruz," but I do not find this character to be consistent in the more abundant material now available.

Marmosa mexicana mexicana Merriam
Mexican Mouse-opossum

1897. Marmosa murina mexicana Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:44, March 16, type from Juquila, 1500 m., Oaxaca.

1902. Marmosa mexicana , Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39:19, April.

[Pg 396]

Sorex saussurei saussurei Merriam
Saussure's Shrew

1892. Sorex saussurei Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 7:173, September 29, type from N slope Sierra Nevada de Colima, approximately 8000 ft., Jalisco.

Cryptotis parva berlandieri (Baird)
Least Shrew

1858. Blarina berlandieri Baird, Mammals, in Repts. Expl. Surv. ..., 8(1):53, July 14, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas.

1941. Cryptotis parva berlandieri , Davis, Jour. Mamm., 22:413, November 13.

A female taken on July 5, one mile south of Altamira, carried three embryos 5 mm. in crown-rump length. A female from the same locality and another taken on June 6 in the Sierra de Tamaulipas were lactating. Weight of each of six males was 5.0 grams.

Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis Jackson
Slender Small-eared Shrew

1933. Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:79, April 27, type from Huachinango, 5000 ft., Puebla.

The only report from Tamaulipas of this small shrew is that of Goodwin (1954:3) who listed a cranium and mandible, possibly of the same individual, found on the floor of a cave. Goodwin referred the remains to pueblensis because of the "noticeably broader and heavier rostrum than in ... C. parva berlandieri from Rancho Tigre."

Cryptotis mexicana madrea Goodwin
Mexican Small-eared Shrew

1954. Cryptotis mexicana madrea Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novit., 1670:1, June 28, type from Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi. NW Gómez Farías, 3500 ft., Tamaulipas.

This subspecies is known only from two complete specimens, six crania and four rami collected in two different localities—the type [Pg 397] locality and Aserradero del Infernillo, only seven kilometers from the type locality. All the specimens were examined and reported by Goodwin (1954:1; 1954:4). The type specimen "was taken in a low section of an overgrown ditch" and the other complete specimen was trapped in a stone wall that separated an orchard from a pasture. The six skulls were found in owl pellets.

Notiosorex crawfordi (Coues)
Crawford's Desert Shrew

1877. Sorex (Notiosorex) crawfordi Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Territories, 3:651, May 15, type from near old Fort Bliss, approximately 2 mi. above El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas.

1895. Notiosorex crawfordi , Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:32, Dec. 31.

The two specimens examined were collected in July, one in tropical forest and the other in pine-oak forest; each was a lactating female and each weighed 5 grams.

Judging from Merriam's (1895:32) description, the two females differ from the type and three specimens from San Diego, Texas, in having a unicolored tail and in being slightly larger externally. When more abundant material is available the Notiosorex crawfordi of northeastern México probably will be found to represent a new subspecies; for the present I follow Findley (1955:616) in referring Tamaulipan specimens to N. crawfordi .

Scalopus inflatus Jackson
Tamaulipan Mole

1914. Scalopus inflatus Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:21, February 2, type from Tamaulipas, 45 miles from Brownsville, Texas.

Scalopus inflatus is known only from the type specimen, which is imperfect and lacks complete data according to Jackson (1914:21). The type locality is in Tamaulipas, 45 miles from Brownsville, Texas, but the exact direction from Brownsville is unknown; probably the locality was on the road between that town and San Fernando, Tamaulipas, which is south-southwest of Brownsville.

[Pg 398]

Pteronotus rubiginosus mexicanus (Miller)
Mustached Bat

1902. Chilonycteris mexicana Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:401, September 12, type from San Blas, Nayarit.

Most individuals of this species were taken in mist nets. Northwest of El Encino for example, bats were collected from a net placed in "a strategic position across a narrow opening" (Schaldach, fieldnotes) in a cave near the headwaters of the Río Sabinas; along the same river at Rancho Pano Ayuctle some were taken in a net stretched across a little creek (arroyo). In the cave near El Encino the collector (Schaldach) estimated the population of P. rubiginosus at between two and three hundred; at Ojo de Agua this bat was found in the deepest part of a cave in association with Myotis nigricans .

Two June-taken females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were lactating, and weighed 17 and 18 grams.

The generic name Pteronotus is employed instead of Chilonycteris following Burt and Stirton (1961:24-25). The specific name rubiginosus is used in accordance with de la Torre (1955:696). Tamaulipan specimens are assigned to P. r. mexicana because they do not differ from specimens of that subspecies from Nayarit, except that the coloration of Tamaulipan specimens averages slightly darker in both color phases.

Specimens of this subspecies from the Sierra de Tamaulipas, previously recorded by Anderson (1956:349), are the northernmost reported in eastern México.

Pteronotus davyi fulvus (Thomas)
Davy's Naked-backed Bat

1892. Chilonycteris davyi fulvus Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10:410, November, type from Las Peñas, Jalisco.

1912. Pteronotus davyi fulvus , Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79:33, December 31.

[Pg 399]

According to field-notes of Schaldach et al. , individuals of P. d. fulvus appear when it is almost dark (about 6:30 p. m. in December and January), ordinarily fly about 25 feet above the ground, but occasionally are seen at heights of between 60 and 70 feet (near tops of the largest cypress trees). Most bats flew in a straight line for 10 to 20 yards, then zig-zagged, and repeated the same movements. All specimens examined are in the brown color phase.

Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi
Mexican Long-tongued Bat

1844. Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi, Untersuchungen über die fauna Peruana ..., p. 72, type from México.

Specimens from La Mula were obtained in a small cave, which was inhabited also by Desmodus rotundus and Tadarida brasiliensis . The specimens from Miquihuana were captured in a mine by a native. Those from four kilometers north of Joya Verde also were taken from a mine. Females obtained in August at La Mula were lactating.

Specimens examined are indistinguishable from C. mexicana from Oaxaca and Jalisco. Baker (1956:172) found no differences between Coahuilan and Tamaulipan specimens. Most Tamaulipan specimens are dark grayish, but some are brownish and some are intermediate between the two colors mentioned. Fourteen adults weighed an average of 16.0 (12-18) grams.

Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla (Peters)
Peters' Leaf-chinned Bat

1864. Mormops megalophylla Peters, Monatsb. preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 381, type from southern México.

Specimens from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were taken in mist nets in which Pteronotus rubiginosus , Lasiurus borealis , or Centurio senex also were captured. The specimen from Rancho Santa Rosa was shot as it flew at a height of six feet.

[Pg 400]

Tamaulipan specimens of Mormoops megalophylla are here assigned to M. m. megalophylla instead of to M. m. senicula following Villa and Jimenez (1961:503), who regarded senicula as indistinguishable from megalophylla .

Weight of four specimens from the Sierra de Tamaulipas averaged 16.2 (15-18) grams.

Micronycteris megalotis mexicana Miller
Brazilian Small-eared Bat

1898. Micronycteris megalotis mexicana Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 50:329, August 2, type from Platanar, Jalisco.

Glossophaga soricina leachii (Gray)
Pallas' Long-tongued Bat

1844. Monophyllus leachii Gray, in The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur ..., 1 (1, Mamm.): 18, April, type from Realego, Chinandega, Nicaragua.

1913. Glossophaga soricina leachii , Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46:419, December 31.

Specimens from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were taken in a cave along with Desmodus rotundus and Tadarida laticaudata . Specimens from 20 miles north of El Mante were collected from a cave about 50 yards deep. Weights of two females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were 9 and 12 grams. Tamaulipan specimens examined do not differ from specimens from Nicaragua that were used in comparison.

[Pg 401]

Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis (Saussure)
Long-nosed Bat

1860. M. [= Ischnoglossa] nivalis Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:492, November, type from near snow line of Mt. Orizaba, Veracruz.

1900. Leptonycteris nivalis , Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13:126, April 6.

The specimens herein reported were taken in a cave. They provide the first record of the species from Tamaulipas and are assigned to the subspecies nivalis on the basis of their brownish color and small size in comparison with specimens of L. n. longala from Coahuila (see also description and measurements of longala given by Stains, 1957:356). None of the specimens suggests intergradation in color between nivalis and longala , but some are slightly larger than specimens of the former from Veracruz.

Twelve females taken on August 27, 1961, were pregnant. Each carried a single embryo, the embryos averaging 15.7 (12-20) mm. in crown-rump length. The average weight of the 12 females was 26.9 (24.5-30.0) grams; 10 males weighed an average of 24.6 (21-28) grams.

Sturnira lilium parvidens Goldman
Yellow-shouldered Bat

1917. Sturnira lilium parvidens Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30:116, May 23, type from Papayo, about 25 mi. NW Acapulco, Guerrero.

The two specimens from Tamaulipas were reported by de la Torre (1954:114) and in eastern México are the northernmost yet reported of the genus.

[Pg 402]

Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis Leach
Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat

1821. Artibeus Jamaicensis Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13:75, type from Jamaica.

The specimens from northwest of El Encino were shot deep (250 yards) in a cave; specimens of Myotis nigricans were obtained in the same cave. A female taken on May 24 carried a single embryo that was 43 mm. in crown-rump length. Six March-taken females reported by de la Torre (1954:114) had one embryo each that varied from 20 to 38 mm. in length.

Artibeus jamaicensis and A. lituratus are the largest bats known from Tamaulipas. In addition to the differences between the two species pointed out by Lukens and Davis (1957:9), I note, in Tamaulipas at least, that the postorbital constriction is narrower in relation to the condylobasal length in lituratus , 24.6 (23.7-26.0) per cent as compared to 27.9 (26.7-29.9) per cent in jamaicensis .

Artibeus lituratus palmarum J. A. Allen and Chapman
Big Fruit-eating Bat

1897. Artibeus palmarum J. A. Allen and Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:16, February 26, type from Botanical Gardens at Port of Spain, Trinidad.

1949. A[rtibeus]. l[ituratus]. palmarum , Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 99:447, May 10.

Two specimens from the Río Sabinas were taken in a mist net placed across the small, crevicelike entrance to a cave. Ten pregnant females taken in late May each contained a single embryo; average crown-rump length of the 10 embryos was 43 (35-55) mm.

Tamaulipan specimens of lituratus do not differ appreciably in color from topotypes except that the facial stripes are narrow and, in three individuals, poorly marked. Lukens and Davis (1957:9) reported that females from Guerrero were paler than the males, but the male examined in this study does not differ in color from the females seen.

[Pg 403]

Artibeus toltecus (Saussure)
Toltec Fruit-eating Bat

1860. Stenoderma toltecus Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:427, October, type from México. Type locality restricted to Mirador, Veracruz, by Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 99:449, May 10, 1949.

1908. Artibeus toltecus , Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 296, April 7.

Artibeus toltecus is closely related to another species, A. aztecus , that occurs also in Tamaulipas. Externally, toltecus differs from aztecus in being smaller and darker; cranially, toltecus also is the smaller and the P2 and M2 are more angular lingually than in aztecus , in which the teeth are rounded. One of the most important differences between these two species is that they occur at different altitudes. Davis (1958:165) reported that toltecus occurred at elevations below 5000 feet at more southerly localities in México, whereas aztecus occurred above 5000 feet. In Tamaulipas the two species probably have parallel distributions from south to north but A. toltecus is known from Rancho Pano Ayuctle at an elevation of 300 feet in rain forest, whereas A. aztecus is known from Rancho del Cielo at an elevation of 3300 feet in cloud forest. The two localities are only four miles apart.

One of the specimens examined (GMS 10640) is smaller, cranially and externally (see beyond), than any recorded by Davis (1958:165).

Artibeus aztecus Andersen
Aztec Fruit-eating Bat

1906. Artibeus aztecus Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 18:422, December, type from Tetela del Volcán, Morelos.

I follow Davis (1958:165) in treating A. aztecus and A. toltecus as distinct species. Differences between the two are discussed in the preceding account of toltecus .

One specimen examined (AMNH 146980) is distinctly larger than [Pg 404] the others here assigned to A. aztecus , but does not exceed the maximal measurements given by Davis ( loc. cit. ) for the species. This specimen also has a narrower M2, and relatively and actually narrower braincase than other specimens (see measurements).

Specimens from Rancho del Cielo were collected in a limestone cave in the cloud forest. A female taken on July 2 carried a small embryo and another obtained on August 14 had an embryo that appeared to be nearly ready for birth.

Enchistenes hartii (Thomas)
Little Fruit-eating Bat

1892. Artibeus hartii Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10:409, November, type from Trinidad, Lesser Antilles.

1908. Enchistenes hartii , Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 2:224, September 7.

Enchistenes hartii is known from Tamaulipas only by the cranium reported by Goodwin (1954:5), and this is the northernmost known occurrence. The bat has not been reported from any other Mexican state bordering on the Gulf of Mexico.

Centurio senex Gray
Wrinkle-faced Bat

1842. Centurio senex Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, 10:259, December, type locality erroneously given as Amboyna, East Indies; subsequently restricted to Realejo, Chinandega, Nicaragua, by Goodwin (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 87:327, December 31, 1946).

The single specimen examined, a female weighing 23 grams that carried an embryo (17 mm. crown-rump length), was taken on June 14 in a mist net stretched between oak trees in the Sierra de Tamaulipas. One other female and one cranium have been reported from Tamaulipas.

The specimen examined differs from two seen from southern México (5 mi. SW Teapa, Tabasco, and 2 mi. S Tollosa, Oaxaca) in being brownish instead of grayish, but resembles in color two specimens from Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo.

[Pg 405]

Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner
Vampire

1840. D[esmodus]. murinus Wagner, in Schreber, Die Säugthiere ..., Suppl., 1:337, type from México.

1912. Desmodus rotundus murinus , Osgood, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 155, Zool. Ser., 10:63, January.

Hall and Kelson (1959:151) listed a place 12 kilometers west and 8 kilometers north of Ciudad Victoria as the northernmost locality of record for Desmodus , but three specimens from Cueva La Esperanza, 6 kilometers southwest of Rancho Santa Rosa, are from a site slightly to the northwestward (12 mi.) of the locality first mentioned and a specimen from 13 miles west and six and a half miles north of Jiménez represents the northeasternmost known occurrence of Desmodus in eastern México.

Most of the vampires examined in this study were taken in caves; those from four miles southwest of Padilla were obtained from a hollow tree. Nine specimens were collected in a small cave 70 kilometers south of Ciudad Victoria on January 18, when water on the floor of the cave was frozen; the bats were congregated on the ceiling at a height of 20 feet. In a cave in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, 16 miles west and three miles south of Piedra, females and young were found some 50 yards from the entrance; Natalus stramineus and Glossophaga soricina were obtained from the same cave. In another cave only half a kilometer distant, 12 males were collected. In Cueva La Mula, Desmodus was found near the mouth, whereas Choeronycteris mexicana and two Tadarida brasiliensis were collected in the deepest part. At Cueva La Esperanza, 300 feet deep and on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental, four different congregations of vampires were found along with about 400 Natalus . A male Desmodus obtained in a cave 13 miles west and six and a half miles north of Jiménez also was associated with Natalus .

Females with embryos or in lactation were collected as follows: [Pg 406] Rancho Pano Ayuctle, March 10, one pregnant female (embryo 40 mm. in crown-rump length); Río Sabinas, May 23, two pregnant females (embryos 36 and 43 mm.); Sierra de Tamaulipas, June 13, five lactating females and one female taken alive that gave birth on June 16 to one young; Cueva La Mula, August, nine lactating females. A male from the Sierra Madre that was obtained on January 5 had testes 8 mm. long.

Diphylla ecaudata Spix
Hairy-legged Vampire

1823. Diphylla ecaudata Spix, Simiarum et vespertilionum Brasiliensium ..., p. 68, type locality, Brazil, restricted to Rio San Francisco, Baía, by Cabrera (Rev. Mus. Argentino Cien. Nat., 4:94, March 27, 1958).

The hairy-legged vampire was first reported from Tamaulipas by de la Torre (1954:114), who recorded a male from five miles northeast of Antiguo Morelos, near El Pachón. Later in the same year Martin and Martin (1954:585) listed another male from El Pachón. Subsequently, Malaga and Villa (1957:543) reported specimens from two additional localities in the state, one of which (Cueva de la Sepultura) provides the northernmost place from which the species has been recorded. Malaga and Villa remarked that the species was abundant at Cueva de la Sepultura, being found in small groups clinging to the roof of the cave. Two females taken there on November 11 carried one embryo each; a lactating female was taken on November 14. The vampire, Desmodus rotundus , also was taken at Cueva de la Sepultura.

I follow Burt and Stirton (1961:37) in treating Diphylla ecaudata as a monotypic species.

Natalus stramineus saturatus Dalquest and Hall
Mexican Funnel-eared Bat

1949. Natalus mexicanas saturatus Dalquest and Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 62:153, August 23, type from 3 km. E San Andrés Tuxtla, 1000 ft., Veracruz.

1959. Natalus stramineus saturatus , Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novit., 1977:7, December 22.

All specimens examined were obtained from caves. At Cueva la Esperanza, approximately 400 individuals were found along with individuals of Desmodus rotundus ; Natalus and Desmodus also were collected together in a cave approximately 30 yards deep three miles south and 14 miles west of Piedra, and in a cave six and a half miles north and 13 miles west of Jiménez, the northernmost locality from which N. stramineus is presently known.

Tamaulipan specimens do not differ significantly in external or cranial measurements in comparison with the specimens from Veracruz reported by Dalquest and Hall (1949:154), but do differ in color. Most are in the gray phase and are Avellaneus (grayish with yellowish hairs mixed) instead of Clay Color as are specimens from Veracruz; those few in the red phase are between Clay Color and Tawny-Olive instead of between Burnt Sienna and Chestnut. By consequence, bats from Tamaulipas resemble in color the smaller N. s. mexicanus of western México to a greater degree than they resemble N. s. saturatus , but I follow Goodwin (1959:7).

Dalquest and Hall (1949:154) reported the specimen from eight kilometers northeast of Antiguo Morelos as from San Luis Potosí, from which state the collector (Dalquest) evidently thought it had originated. Actually the place eight kilometers northeast of Antiguo Morelos is in Tamaulipas.

Myotis velifer incautus (J. A. Allen)
Cave Myotis

1896. Vespertilio incautus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 8:239, November 21, type from San Antonio, Bexar Co., Texas.

1928. Myotis velifer incautus , Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:92, May 25.

[Pg 408]

The two specimens examined from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were taken in a mist net in which Eptesicus fuscus , Myotis keenii , and Tadarida brasiliensis also were captured. Both are females, one of which was lactating (June 20). Specimens from San Fernando probably were taken in houses by natives, who brought the bats to the collectors (Clifton and Bodley). The maxillary tooth-row and tibia are shorter, breadth across M3 narrower, and ear slightly longer in Tamaulipan specimens than in those for which measurements were given by Miller and Allen (1928:95), but the Tamaulipan specimens do not differ otherwise. The color in general is slightly more brownish than in Texan incautus , but about as in Oklahoman specimens examined. Three from San Fernando, Tamaulipas, are darker than others from that state.

The average weight of 12 non-pregnant females from San Fernando was 11.0 (9.5-13) grams. The only male obtained at the same locality weighed 12 grams.

Myotis keenii auriculus Baker and Stains
Keen's Myotis

1955. Myotis evotis auriculus Baker and Stains, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:83, December 10, type from 10 m. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., Sierra de Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas.

1960. Myotis keenii auriculus , Findley, Jour. Mamm., 41:18, February.

The two specimens known from Tamaulipas were caught in a mist net stretched across a narrow, brush-bordered arroyo in the Sierra de Tamaulipas. I tentatively follow Findley (1960) in arranging auriculus as a subspecies of M. keenii .

Myotis californicus mexicanus (Saussure)
California Myotis

1890. V[espertilio]. mexicanus Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:282, July, type from an unknown locality, but Dalquest (Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Ser., 1:49, December 28, 1953) restricted [Pg 409] the type locality to the "desert (warmer part) of the state of México, México."

1897. Myotis californicus mexicanus , Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:73, October 16.

Only ten specimens of this species, five from Nicolás, two from Miquihuana and the other three, each from a different locality, have been reported from Tamaulipas. The specimen examined from 14 miles north and six miles west of Palmillas, a young female that still has deciduous incisors, was obtained on July 24. Of the five specimens from Nicolás, which represent the largest series of M. californicus ever reported from eastern México, some were caught in mist nets and others were shot over a water-hole.

Myotis nigricans dalquesti Hall and Alvarez
Black Myotis

1961. Myotis nigricans dalquesti Hall and Alvarez, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:71, December 29, type from 3 km. E of San Andrés Tuxtla, 1000 ft., Veracruz.

For taxonomic remarks concerning this bat see Hall and Alvarez (1961:72).

Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (F. Cuvier)
Eastern Pipistrelle

1832. V[espertilio]. subflavus F. Cuvier, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1:17, type locality restricted to 3 mi. SW Riceboro, Liberty Co., Georgia, by W. H. Davis, Jour. Mamm., 40:522, November 20, 1959.

1897. Pipistrellus subflavus , Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, October 16.

Specimens examined are intermediate in color and measurements between Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus and P. s. veraecrucis , but [Pg 410] the color resembles that of individuals of subflavus from Kansas more than that of specimens of veraecrucis from Las Vigas, Veracruz.

The two males from eight kilometers west and 10 kilometers north of El Encino represent the southernmost record of the subspecies.

Pipistrellus hesperus potosinus Dalquest
Western Pipistrelle

1951. Pipistrellus hesperus potosinus Dalquest, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 64:105, August 24, type from Presa de Guadalupe, San Luis Potosí.

The specimens reported herein were shot in July in a canyon that contained some standing water. According to the field notes of the collector (Schaldach), individuals of this bat in Tamaulipas flew later, in his experience, than bats of the same species in Sonora, Arizona and Coahuila, not emerging until it was almost fully dark.

Pipistrellus hesperus from Tamaulipas is identified as P. h. potosinus owing to the dark color, but the averages of some measurements differ slightly from those given by Dalquest (1951:106) for potosinus as follows: tail and ear shorter; foot larger; condylobasal length and cranial breadth less.

Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis (H. Allen)
Big Brown Bat

1866. S[cotophilus]. miradorensis H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18:287, type from Mirador, Veracruz.

1812. Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis , Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79:62, December 31.

[Pg 411]

Specimens from Miquihuana, Palmillas, and Nicolás were shot in flight at dusk; those from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were collected in a mist net. Five females, all taken in June, were lactating.

Judging from Hall and Kelson's (1959:185) distribution map for the species, two subspecies, E. f. fuscus and E. f. miradorensis , possibly occur in Tamaulipas, the former in the north and the latter in the south. Comparison of specimens presently available from the state (all from the southern part) with typical individuals of the two subspecies mentioned reveal that they resemble miradorensis to a greater degree than fuscus and they accordingly are assigned to the former. In measurements, the Tamaulipan specimens agree closely with miradorensis ; in color, some resemble miradorensis but others approach fuscus , possibly indicating intergradation between the two subspecies in the material at hand. Probably E. f. fuscus will be found in the northern part of the state.

Lasiurus borealis
Red Bat

Two subspecies of Lasiurus borealis have been reported from Tamaulipas. One, L. b. borealis , is known only from Matamoros, whereas the other, L. b. teliotis , is widely distributed in the central and southern parts.

A young animal from Ciudad Victoria was captured inside a house. All specimens taken in the Sierra de Tamaulipas were caught in mist nets, in which Centurio senex , Pteronotus parnelli , and Mormoops megalophyla also were taken.

Lasiurus borealis borealis (Müller)

1776. Vespertilio borealis Müller, Des Ritters Carl von Linné ... vollständiges Natursystem ..., Suppl., p. 20, type from New York.

1897. Lasiurus borealis , Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:105, October 16.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only by two specimens from Matamoros (Miller, 1897:108).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Generally distributed in higher parts of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 7: Cd. Victoria, 1800 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 4.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably state-wide but so far reported only from Matamoros (Miller, 1897:114), and Aserradero del Infernillo (Goodwin, 1954:6—cranium only).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Eastern half of state, known only from three localities.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 3: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 2.

Additional record: Matamoros (H. Allen, 1862:246).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably occurs in southern and western parts of state; certainly known only from the Sierra de Tamaulipas.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 6: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 4; 10 mi. W, 3 mi. S. Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S. Piedra, 1400 ft., 1.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Matamoros (Miller, 1897:120), one specimen.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known certainly only from central part, but probably occurs at suitable places in all but extreme northern Tamaulipas.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 45: Cd. Victoria, 10; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2-3 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 31; 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 4.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Southeastern part of state.

Measurements. —Average and extreme measurements of 10 females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas are as follows: 80.1 (78-83); 35.5 (33-37); 7.9 (7.5-8.0); 13.1 (13-14); length of forearm, 31.9 (30.6-33.0); greatest length of skull, 13.4 (13.1-13.8); zygomatic breadth, 8.6 (8.2-8.8); mastoid breadth, 5.6 (5.3-5.8); breadth across M3, 5.7 (5.5-6.0); length of maxillary tooth-row, 4.8 (4.7-4.9).

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 59: 4 mi. N La Pesca, 1; 3 mi. N La Pesca, 3; 2 mi. N La Pesca, 11; 1 mi. N La Pesca, 4; La Pesca, 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 39.

Additional record: Santa María (Goodwin, 1958:3).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from Miquihuana.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from a single ramus from Aserradero del Infernillo (Goodwin, 1954:6).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably state-wide, but presently known from only five localities.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 4: 8 km. S Cd. Victoria, 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Cueva La Mula, 10 km. W Joya Verde, 2400 ft., 2.

Additional records: Río Bravo (town) (Villa, 1956:8); Rancho "La Isla," 3 km. N El Limón (Malaga and Villa, 1957:560); Cueva del Abra ( ibid. ); no specific locality (Shamel, 1931:6).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from Cueva del Abra, six miles north-northeast of Antiguo Morelos.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 4, from [Cueva del Abra], 6 mi. (by road) NNE Antiguo Morelos.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from southeastern part of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 65: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 27; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 7; 5 mi. S El Mante, 8 (AMNH); 11 mi. S El Mante, 13 (AMNH); 10 km. NNE Antiguo Morelos, 1; 8 mi. N Antiguo Morelos, 7 (5 AMNH, 2 KU); 20 mi. SW El Mante, 2 (AMNH).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Southern part of state, north at least to Guemes.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 15: 3 mi. NE Guemes, 2; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 2; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante and 3 km. W Pan-American Hwy., 2200 ft., 8; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 2.

Additional records (Davis, 1951:219): 2 mi. S Cd. Victoria; Altamira.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably extreme southern part.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably state-wide except on Mexican Plateau; presently known only from five localities.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 3 (see text immediately above).

Additional records: Matamoros (Hollister, 1925:60); Rancho del Cielo (Hooper, 1953:11).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Southern part of state; known only from Rancho del Cielo (Goodwin, 1954:7).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Western part of state.

Records of occurrence. —One specimen examined from 4 mi. SW Nuevo Laredo, 900 ft.

Additional records (Nelson, 1909:237, unless otherwise noted): Nuevo Laredo; Guerrero; Mier; Camargo; El Mulato (Dice, 1937:256); Miquihuana.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Northern two-thirds of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 17: San Fernando, 180 ft., 3; 12 mi. NW San Carlos, 1300 ft., 3; La Pesca, 3; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 6; Ejido Eslabones, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 2.

Additional record: Jaumave (Nelson, 1909:178).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Southern part of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 4: 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 1; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 2; 9 mi. SW Tula, 5200 ft., 1.

Additional records (Goodwin, 1954:7, unless otherwise noted): Chamal; La Joya de Salas; Gómez Farías; Rancho Pano Ayuctle; Altamira (Nelson, 1909:186).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Southern coastal plain north certainly to vicinity of Soto la Marina.

Measurements. —Two male adults (55415, 55416) from north of Soto la Marina, afford the following external measurements: 610, 590; 100, 100; 124, 125; 124, 122 (length of ear from notch, dry, 114, 110). Cranial measurements are: basilar length, 75.1, 74.4; length of nasals, 46.1, 41.9; width of rostrum at PM, 25.1, 28.7; height of rostrum in front of PM, 25.2, 21.5; diameter of auditory bulla, 14.1, 13.0.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 2: 3 mi. N Soto la Marina, 1; 2 mi. NW Soto la Marina, 1.

Additional record: Altamira (Nelson, 1904:109).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only by the three specimens mentioned in the original description from two barrier islands in northeastern part of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 3: 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 2; 90 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 1.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Northern and western parts of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 4: 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 2; 12 mi. NW San Carlos, 1300 ft., 2.

Additional records: Nuevo Laredo (Nelson, 1909:150); Mier ( ibid. ); Camargo ( ibid. ); Matamoros (Hall, 1951:185); Tamaulipeca, San Carlos Mts. ( ibid. ).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Northern part of state, south at least to Xicotencatl.

Measurements. —Average and extreme measurements of four males and three females from Soto la Marina are, as follows: 312.6 (296-330); 119.8 (110-130); 41.6 (38-43). Average cranial measurements of five specimens (two males, three females) from same locality are: greatest length of skull, 44.7 (43.7-47.4); zygomatic breadth, 26.9 (25.3-28.6); breadth of braincase, 19.4 (19.2-19.5); interorbital constriction, 13.3 (12.5-14.1); length of nasals, 15.9 (14.6-17.5); length of maxillary tooth-row, 8.3 (8.0-8.5).

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 20: San Fernando, 180 ft., 12; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 8.

Additional records (Howell, 1938:121 unless otherwise noted): Nuevo Laredo; Mier; Camargo; Reynosa; Bagdad; Victoria; Xecotencatl [= Xicotencatl] (J. A. Allen, 1891:223).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from the type locality and from parts of the barrier beach, but possibly occurs at other places in northeastern parts of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 24: 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 1; 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 12; 89 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 1; 1 mi. E La Pesca, 10.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Possibly in southwestern part; reported only from Ciudad Victoria (Howell, 1938:141).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Tropical forest of southern part; north at least to Rancho Santa Rosa.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 53: San Fernando, 180 ft., 5; 9-1/2 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 3; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 8; 3 mi. NE Guemes, 5; Soto la Marina (3 mi. N), 500 ft., 6; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 8 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 6; 43 km. S Cd. Victoria, 1; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 5; 70 km. (by highway) S Cd. Victoria, 6 mi. W of Pan-American Highway, 3; 2 mi. W El Carrizo, 7; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 2; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 300 ft., 1; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 1.

Additional records: Río Corono (= Corona) (J. A. Allen, 1891:222); Victoria (Kelson, 1952:249); Santa María (Goodwin, 1954:8); 3 mi. NW Acuña, [Pg 424] 3500 ft. (Hooper, 1953:4); Forlón (Nelson, 1899:42); NE Zamorina (Hooper, 1953:4); Gómez Farías (Goodwin, 1954:8); Altamira (Nelson, 1899:42); Tampico (J. A. Allen, 1891:222).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Tropical forest in southern part of state, north to Rancho Santa Rosa and Padilla.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 92: 9-1/2 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 3; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 8; 3 mi. NE Guemes, 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 3; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 20; 70 km. (by highway) S Cd. Victoria and 6 mi. W Pan-American Highway, 43; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 12; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 2.

Additional records: Victoria (Nelson, 1898:147); Santa María (Goodwin, 1954:8); Rancho Viejo ( ibid. ); Rancho del Cielo ( ibid. ); 3 mi. NW Acuña (Hooper, 1953:4); Pano Ayuctle ( ibid. ); Gómez Farías (Goodwin, 1954:8); Mesa de Llera, 10 mi. NE Zamorina (Hooper, 1953:4); Altamira (Nelson, 1898:147).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Along Sierra Madre Oriental in southwestern part of state.

Record of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 11, from Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Cd. Victoria, 3800 ft.

Additional records: Near Victoria (Nelson, 1899:92); Miquihuana ( ibid. ); Joya de Salas (Goodwin, 1954:8).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from Aserradero del Infernillo (Goodwin, 1954:9 and 1961:9).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from the barrier beach in northeastern part of state.

Measurements. —Average and extreme external measurements of five females from 73 miles south of Washington Beach are as follows: 266.8 (263-271); 94.8 (91-98); 34 (33-35). Cranial measurements of two males (89038, 89032) and average and extremes of five females are respectively: basal length, 49.1, 46.6, 45.9 (44.2-46.8); basilar length, 42.9, 40.0, 39.8 (38.0-40.8); zygomatic breadth, 29.6, 28.3, 28.0 (25.7-29.9); squamosal breadth, 27.8, 25.9, 26.2 (23.8-25.4); interorbital constriction, 7.4, 6.9, 7.3 (6.7-7.8); alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 10.3, 9.2, 9.4 (9.1-9.7).

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 17: 35 mi. SSE Matamoros, 8; 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 1; 73 mi. S Washington Beach, 8.

Additional record: 4 mi. S Washington Beach (Selander et al. , 1962:335—possibly fragmentary skeletal remains never catalogued in any research collection).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from vicinity of type locality, in southeastern part of state.

Measurements. —Average and extreme measurements of five females and three males from one mile south of Altamira are, respectively, as follows: 243.5 (235-250), 260, 260, 265; 82.0 (78-85), 87, 93, 89; 32.2 (31-33), 35, 35, 33; ear from notch in both sexes, 5; condylobasal length, 42.3 (41.3-43.1), 46.0, 48.0, 46.2; zygomatic breadth, 26.6 (25.1-27.7), 30.4, 31.2, 30.5; interorbital constriction, 6.2 (6.1-6.3), 6.0, 6.2, 6.3; length of nasals, 14.6 (14.0-15.3), 17.0, 16.8, 15.9; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 9.0 (8.6-9.3), 9.9, 10.0, 9.4.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 19: 1 mi. S Altamira, 18; 10 mi. NW Tampico, 1.

Additional record: Altamira (Goldman, 1915:134).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from the vicinity of the type locality.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 6: Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 1; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 1; 5 km. W El Carrizo, 4.

Additional records: Rancho Pano Ayuctle (Hooper, 1953:5); Gómez Farías (Goodwin, 1953:1).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Higher elevations in southwestern part of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 29: Miquihuana, 6400 ft., 9; 4 mi. N Jaumave, 2500 ft., 5; Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 15.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from two localities in extreme northern part of state, but probably occurs throughout northeastern part of state.

Measurements. —An adult male (58118) from three miles southeast of Reynosa, measured as follows: 301; 81; 40; 7; condylobasal length, 57.0; zygomatic breadth, 41.2; palatal length, 36.1; breadth of rostrum, 11.8; length of nasals, 22.0; squamosal breadth, 34.0; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 10.8.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 3, from 3 mi. SE Reynosa.

Additional record: Matamoros (Nelson and Goldman, 1934:140).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —State-wide except southwestern part.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 46: 4-4.5 mi. S Nuevo Laredo, 900 ft., 4; 10 mi. S, 11 mi. E Nuevo Laredo, 600 ft., 2; 1 mi. S Santa Teresa, 1; San Fernando, 180 ft., 1; 2 mi. W San Fernando, 180 ft., 14; 73 mi. S Washington Beach, 1; 12 mi. NW San Carlos, 1300 ft., 1; Soto la Marina, 19; Ciudad Victoria, 1; 17 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 1; 1 mi. S Altamira, 1.

Additional records (Osgood, 1900:22, unless otherwise noted): Mier; Reynosa; Matamoros; 40 mi. S Matamoros (Hooper, 1953:5); Hidalgo; Altamira.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Central and northern parts of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 4: 10 mi. S, 11 mi. E Nuevo Laredo, 600 ft., 2; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 1; 9-1/2 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 1.

Additional records (Osgood, 1900:44, unless otherwise noted): Mier; Matamoros; Charco Escondido (Baird, 1858:422); 3 mi. W Soto la Marina (Hooper, 1953:5).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from the west side of the Sierra Madre Oriental in southwestern part of state.

Measurements. —Average and extreme measurements of six specimens (2 males and 4 females) from Miquihuana, three males from four miles north of Jaumave, and five (3 males and 2 females) from nine miles southwest of Tula are, respectively, as follows: 176.2 (163-185), ——, 170, 173, (4 specimens only) 179.0 (165-186); 99.8 (97-105), ——, 90, 93, (4 specimens only) 96.7 (88-104); 22.5 (21-23), 23, 23, 24, 22.6 (22-23); 8 (8), 8, 8, 8, 8.8 (8-9); greatest length of skull, 26.1 (25.6-26.6), 25.8, 26.5, 26.9, 25.2 (24.9-25.7); mastoid breadth, 13.3 (12.9-13.6), 13.2, 13.8, 13.6, 13.1 (12.9-13.4); interorbital constriction, 6.4 (6.1-6.6), 5.9, 6.3, 6.3, 6.3 (6.1-6.8); interparietal breadth, 7.4 (6.8-7.9), 7.7, 7.2, 7.2, 7.6 (7.3-7.9); alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 3.7 (3.5-4.0); 3.6, 3.5, 3.6, 3.6 (3.5-3.8).

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 42: Miquihuana, 6300 ft., 7; 4 mi. N Jaumave, 2500 ft., 5; Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 10; Tajada, [Pg 431] 23 mi. NW Tula, 5200 ft., 6; 8 mi. N Tula, 4500 ft., 1; 9 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 13.

Additional record: Jaumave (Miller, 1924:284).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Semi-desert areas in western part of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 19: Miquihuana, 6200 ft., 2; 4 mi. N Jaumave, 2500 ft., 3; Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 12; 8 km. N Tula, 4500 ft., 2.

Additional records (Setzer, 1949:556): Nuevo Laredo; Jaumave.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from two islands off the barrier beach.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 17: 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 4; 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 7; 90 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 6.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Reported only from Bagdad (Hall, 1951:41).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Mexican Plateau in western part of state.

Records of occurrences. —Specimens examined, 27: Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 16; Tajada, 23 mi. NW Tula, 5200 ft., 4; 15 mi. N Tula, 1; 8 mi. N Tula, 4500 ft., 3; 9 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 3.

Additional record: Tula (Lidicker, 1960:178).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Extreme southwestern part of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 34: Villa Mainero, 1700 ft., 2; Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 6; Jaumave, 2400 ft., 23; 16 mi. N, 6 mi. W Palmillas, 5500 ft., 1; 14 mi. N, 6 mi. W Palmillas, 5500 ft., 2.

Additional records: Miquihuana (Goldman, 1911:56); Tula (Hooper and Handley, 1958:18).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —State-wide except extreme southwestern and northwestern parts.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 121: 7 km. S, 2 km. W San Fernando, 7; 7 km. SW La Purisima, 1; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 2; 36 km. N, 10 km. W Cd. Victoria, 1; 15 mi. N Cd. Victoria, 2; 4 mi. N La Pesca, 5; Soto la Marina, 25; Sierra Madre Oriental, 5 mi. S, 3 mi. W Cd. Victoria, 1900 ft., 18; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 36; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 3; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 300 ft., 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 8; 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 1; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 6; 53 km. N El Limón, 4; 8 km. NE Antiguo Morelos, 2; Altamira, 1; 1 mi. S Altamira, 3; 10 mi. NW Tampico, 1; 7 km. N Tampico, 2.

Additional records: Hidalgo (Goldman, 1911:59); Matamoros ( ibid. ); Bagdad ( ibid. ); Sierra de San Carlos (Hooper and Handley, 1948:20); 3 mi. W Soto la Marina (Hooper, 1953:5); [Cd.] Victoria (Goldman, 1911: 59); Acuña (Hooper and Handley, 1948:20); Mesa de Llera (Hooper, 1953:5); Gómez Farías (Goodwin, 1954:9); 2 mi. S Cd. Mante (Ingles, 1959:394); Antiguo Morelos (Hooper and Handley, 1948:20).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably in the Río Grande drainage.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —North part of state, and coastal area south to Tampico.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 4: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 2; 5 mi. N, 5 mi. W Altamira, 1.

Additional records: Camargo (Goldman, 1918:40); Matamoros ( ibid. ); near Cd. Tampico (Ingles, 1958:395).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Western part of state, along Sierra Madre Oriental.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 9: 36 km. N, 10 km. W Cd. Victoria, 1; Jaumave, 2400 ft., 5; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 2; 70 km. S Cd. Victoria (by highway) and 6 km. W of Highway, 1.

Additional records: Río Corana (Lawrence, 1947:103); Pano Ayuctle (Hooper, 1953:8).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Southeast part of state; known only from the type locality and the Sierra de Tamaulipas.

Measurements. —Average and extreme measurements of six males are as follows: 255.3 (240-269); 135.7 (120-147); 135.7 (120-147); 30.4 (30-31); 21 (20-22); greatest length of skull, 31.6 (30.9-32.5); zygomatic breadth, 15.3 (14.7-16.1); interorbital constriction, 4.8 (4.5-5.1); breadth of skull, 31.6 (30.9-32.5); length of nasals, 12.9 (12.4-13.4); length of anterior palatine foramina, 5.5 (5.2-5.7); length of palatal bridge, 6.1 (5.8-6.4); length of maxillary tooth-row, 4.0 (3.9-4.1). The females average slightly smaller.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 12 from Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft.

Additional record: Type locality (Lawrence, 1947:102).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Extreme southeastern part of state, in tropical area.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 2: 2 km. W El Carrizo, 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante and 3 km. W Highway, 1.

Additional records: 2 mi. N Cd. Mante (Ingles, 1959:395); Altamira (Goldman, 1918:54).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from Rancho del Cielo (Hooper, 1953:8).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Reported only from Rancho del Cielo (Goodwin, 1954:10).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Central and southeast parts of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 13: 2 km. W El Carrizo, 5; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 6; 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 1; 7 km. N Tampico, 1.

Additional record: Altamira (Osgood, 1945:300).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from type locality.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from Jaumave.

Record of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 15, from Jaumave, 2400 ft.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Northern half of state.

Records (Hooper, 1952:108): Camargo, 200 ft.; 20 mi. S Reynosa, Charco Escondido; Matamoros, 30 ft.; 7.5 mi. S Matamoros; 29 mi. S Cd. Victoria, 800 ft.; Hacienda Santa Engracia, 800 ft.; Santa Teresa (50 mi. SW Matamoros); Sierra San Carlos (El Mulato, Tamaulipeca, 1500 ft.).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Tropical area in southeastern part of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 51: Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 1; Cd. Victoria, 3; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 12; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 1; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 14; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 300 ft., 4; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 4; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 2; 1 mi. S Altamira, 3; 16 km. N Tampico, 3; 7 km. N Tampico, 4.

Additional records: Hidalgo (Hooper, 1952:110); 5 mi. NE Gómez Farías, 1100 ft. ( ibid. ); La Azteca, 5 km. NNE Gómez Farías (Goodwin, 1954:11); Gómez Farías ( ibid. ); Antiguo Morelos (Hooper, 1952:110); 2 mi. W Tampico (Ingles, 1959:396).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known from two localities, but probably occurs in all tropical areas in south part of state.

Records of occurrence. —One specimen examined from Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft.

Additional record: Rancho del Cielo, 3500 ft. (Hooper, 1952:144).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Reported only from Miquihuana (Osgood, 1909:86).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from Miquihuana (Osgood, 1909:112).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Over all of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 149: 4.5 mi. S Nuevo Laredo, 1; 3 mi. SE Reynosa, 2; 7 km. S, 2 km. W San Fernando, 1; Villa Mainero, 1700 ft., 1; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 2; 9.5 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 2; 15 mi. N Cd. Victoria, 2; 4 mi. N La Pesca, 1; Soto la Marina, 11; La Pesca, 1; 12 km. N, 4 km. W Cd. Victoria, 3; 7 km. NE Cd. Victoria, 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, and 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 31; Ejido Eslabones, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 6; Jaumave, 20; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 15; 53 km. N El Limón, 12 km. S Río Guayalejo, 5; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante, 3 km. W Highway, 300 ft., 16; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 7; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 3; 8 mi. N Tula, 4500 ft., 2; 2 km. W El [Pg 443] Carrizo, 3; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 9; 16 km. N Tampico, 1; 7 km. N Tampico, 3.

Additional records (Osgood, 1909:131, unless otherwise noted): Nuevo Laredo; Mier; Camargo; near Bagdad; Sierra San Carlos (Hooper, 1953:7); Matamoros-Victoria Highway ( ibid. ); Charco Escondido (Baird, 1858:464); Hidalgo; Cd. Victoria; 10 mi. NE Zamorina (Hooper, 1953:7); Gómez Farías (Goodwin, 1954:12); Chamal ( ibid. ); Tula (Hooper, 1953:7); Antiguo Morelos ( ibid. ); Altamira (Goldman, 1942:158); 2 mi. W Tampico (Ingles, 1959:397); Tampico.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from the Sierra San Carlos.

Record of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 7 (UMMZ), all from La Vegonia, Sierra San Carlos.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Central and southern parts of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 54: Sierra Madre Oriental, 8 mi. S, 6 mi. W Victoria, 4000 ft., 37; 5 mi. S, 3 mi. W Victoria, 1900 ft., 2; Ejido Eslabones, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 11 mi. W, 8 mi. S Piedra, 2000 ft., 13; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 1.

Additional records: Rancho del Cielo (Hooper, 1953:7); 3 mi. NW Acuña ( ibid. ); Rancho Viejo (Goodwin, 1954:12); Santa María ( ibid. ); Joya de Salas ( ibid. ).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Along the central and western mountains.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 101: 7 km. SW La Purisima, 1; Sierra Madre Oriental, 5 mi. S, 3 mi. W Victoria, 1900 ft., 12; Sierra Madre Oriental, 8 mi. S, 6 mi. W Victoria, 4000 ft., 16; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 36; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 14; 14 mi. N, 6 mi. W Palmillas, 5500 ft., 1; Palmillas, 4400 ft., 3; 53 km. N El Limón, 12 km. S Río Guayalejo, 5; Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Victoria, 3800 ft., 9; 10 km. N, 8 km. El Encino, 400 ft., 1; 8 km. NE Antiguo Morelos, 500 ft., 3.

Additional records (Hooper, 1952:374, unless otherwise noted): Sierra San Carlos (Marmolejo, 1700 ft., San José, 2000 ft., Tamaulipeca, 1500 ft., La Vegonia, 2900 ft.); Villagran, 1300 ft.; Cd. Victoria; near Jaumave, 2400 ft.; Sierra de Tamaulipas, near Acuña, 1600 ft.; La Joya de Salas (Goodwin, 1954:12).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from Miquihuana and vicinity of Tula.

Measurements. —Average and extreme measurements of 10 specimens from nine miles southwest of Tula and measurements of two males (56169, 56415) from Miquihuana are, respectively, as follows: 181.5 (173-197), 180, 197; 96.2; (87-110), 103, 113; 20.2 (19.0-21.5), 21, 21; 18.1 (16.5-19.0), 18, —; greatest length of skull, 24.8 (24.1-25.6), 25.5, 25.6; length of nasals, 9.0 (8.6-9.3), 9.3, 9.3; zygomatic breadth, 12.2 (11.7-12.8), 12.3, 12.9; interorbital constriction, 3.8 (3.7-4.0), 3.7, 3.9; length of maxillary tooth-row, 3.6 (3.5-3.7), 3.6, 3.8. Weights of the 10 specimens from nine miles southwest of Tula average 17.9 (16-24) grams.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 28: Miquihuana, 6200 ft., 2; Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 1; Tajada, 23 mi. NW Tula, 5200 ft., 1; 8 mi. N Tula, 4500 ft., 2; 9 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 19; 17 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 3.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Mexican Plateau part of state.

Measurements. —Average and extreme measurements of four males, two females (56413, 56408) from Miquihuana, and a female (56414) from 14 miles north and 6 miles west of Palmillas, are, respectively, as follows: total length (two males only), 249, 245, 265, 247, 280; length of tail vertebrae (two males only), 137, 134, 141, 131, 157; length of hind foot, 26.7 (26-27), 27, 27, 27; ear from notch, 23.7 (23-24), 25, 24, 25; greatest length of skull, 30.3 (29.5-31.0), 31.2, 31.8, 32.2; interorbital constriction, 4.8 (4.7-4.9), 4.9, 4.8, 5.0; length of palatine slits, 6.6 (6.2-6.8), 6.9, 6.9, 6.8; length of diastema, 8.1 (8.0-8.3), —, 8.5, 8.5; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 4.5 (4.3-4.7), —, 4.3, 4.6.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 16: Miquihuana, 6200 ft., 6; 14 mi. N, 6 mi. W Palmillas, 5500 ft., 1; Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 6; 9 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 3.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Westernmost part of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 6: Miquihuana, 8500 ft., 3; 20 mi. N Tula, 5800 ft., 3.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Vicinity of the type locality.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 24, from the type locality.

Additional records (Goodwin, 1954:12): Gómez Farías; Rancho del Cielo; Joya de Salas.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —All of state, except southwestern desert part.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 83: 4 mi. N La Pesca, 1; Cd. Victoria, 3; Jaumave, 2400 ft., 17; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 7; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 300 ft., 4; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 1; Río Sabinas, 8 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 1; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 2; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 33; 5 mi. N, 5 mi. W Altamira, 4; 1 mi. S Altamira, 3; 16 km. N Tampico, 4; 10 mi. NW Tampico, 1; 7 mi. S Altamira, 1; 1 km. N Tampico, 1.

Additional records (Packard, 1960:654): Camargo; Charco Escondido, 20 mi. S Reynosa; Matamoras (= Matamoros); Hidalgo; 29 mi. N Cd. Victoria; Antiguo Morelos.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —From Ciudad Victoria northward.

Record of occurrence. —One specimen examined from Soto la Marina, 500 ft.

Additional records (Hollister, 1914:253): Camargo; Reynosa; [Cd.] Victoria.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —West of Sierra Madre Oriental.

Measurements. —Measurements of a female from Nicolás, a male from eight miles north of Tula, and a female and a male from four miles north of Jaumave are as follows: 158, 147, 145, 144; 59, 58, 55, 55; 22, 21, 22, 22; 21, 20.5, 18, 18; condylobasal length, 24.4, 23.1, 23.9, 23.7; interorbital constriction, 4.1, 4.4, 4.3, 4.5; length of nasals, 10.6, 10.5, 10.5, 10.1; length of maxillary tooth-*row, 3.8, 3.6, 3.7, 3.7; breadth of braincase, 11.8, 11.3, 11.3, 11.0; weight in grams, 32.5, 26.0, 25.0, 25.0.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 6: 4 mi. N Jaumave, 2; Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 2; Tajada, 23 mi. NW Tula, 5200 ft., 1; 8 mi. N Tula, 4500 ft., 1.

Additional records (Hollister, 1914:475): Miquihuana; Jaumave.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —From Jaumave and Llera to north.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 64: 4-1/2 mi. S Nuevo Laredo, 600 ft., 1; 10 mi. S, 11 mi. E Nuevo Laredo, 8; San Fernando, 180 ft., 8; 4 mi. N La Pesca, 10; 3 mi. N La Pesca, 1; 1 mi. E La Pesca, 3; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 1; 36 km. N, 10 km. W Cd. Victoria, 1 km. E El Barretal, Río Purificación, 1; Cd. Victoria, 1; 2 km. W Pan-American Highway (12 km. S Llera), Ejido Santa Isabel, 2000 ft., 1; Jaumave, 2400 ft., 29.

Additional records: Matamoros (Baird, 1858:506); Sierra San Carlos (El Mulato, Tamaulipeca, San Miguel) (Dice, 1937:254); Mesa de Llera (Hooper, 1953:9); Tamaulipas [state?] (Baird, 1858:506).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from two specimens from the type locality.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Tropical region in southern part of state. The specimen reported by Baker (1951:216) from one mile east of El Barretal is here referred to S. h. berlandieri .

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 69: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 24; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 11 mi. W, 8 mi. S Piedra, 2000 ft., 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante, 3 km. W highway, 300 ft., 3; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 3; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 2; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 2100 ft., 20; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 8; 6 mi. N, 4 mi. W Altamira, 1; 5 mi. N, 5 mi. W Altamira, 3; 1 mi. S Altamira, 1; 16 km. N Tampico, 3.

Additional records: Rancho del Cielo, 15 to 20 mi. S Mesa de Llera (Hooper, 1953:9); Cd. Mante (Ingles, 1959:398); Tampico (Booth, 1957:15).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Western side of Sierra Madre Oriental.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 51: Miquihuana, 6400 ft., 22; Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Cd. Victoria (on Jaumave Road) 3800 ft., 2; Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 10; Tajada, 23 mi. NW Tula, 5200 ft, 2; 9 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 15.

Additional record: Jaumave (Goldman, 1910:37).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Southern part of state; presently known from two localities.

Measurements. —A female (58865) from 8 km. west and 10 km. north of El Encino, measured as follows: 404; 198; 41; 32; greatest length of skull, 49.7; basilar length, 40.8; zygomatic breadth, 25.9; length of nasals, 18.8; length of incisive foramina, 10.8; length of maxillary tooth-row, 9.9; greatest breadth of interpterygoid space, 4.0.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 3: 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 1; type locality, 2.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —From the Sierra de Tamaulipas southward.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 14: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 6; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 8.

Additional record: Altamira (Goldman, 1910:29).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —From Soto la Marina northward.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 58: 4 mi. SW Nuevo Laredo, 900 ft., 14; 4-1/2 mi. S Nuevo Laredo, 1; 3 mi. SE Reynosa, 1; 3 mi. S Matamoros, 2; 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 1; San Fernando, 180 ft., 1; 7 km. S, 2 km. W San Fernando, 2; 12 mi. NW San Carlos, 1300 ft., 4; 9-1/2 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 3; 3 mi. N Soto la Marina, 3; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 12; 4 mi. N La Pesca, 3; 1 mi. E La Pesca, 1; La Pesca, 2; 3 mi. NE Guemes, 1; 7 mi. NE Cd. Victoria, 1; Cd. Victoria, 6.

Additional records (Goldman, 1910:28, unless otherwise noted): Nuevo Laredo; 10 mi. S Nuevo Laredo (Booth, 1957:15); Camargo; Matamoros; Bagdad; 40 mi. S Matamoros (Hooper, 1953:9); Sierra San Carlos (El Mulato, Tamaulipeca) (Dice, 1937:254); San Fernando (J. A. Allen, 1891:224); Forlón.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Reported only from mountains near Miquihuana (Goldman, 1938:495).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably state-wide, reported only from the northern half of the state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 3: 9-1/2 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 1; Nicolás, 53 km. N Tula, 2.

Additional record: Camargo (Jackson, 1951:305); 20 mi. W Reynosa (Ingles, 1959:401); Matamoros (Jackson, 1951:305); Bagdad ( ibid. ); Sierra San Carlos (San Miguel, El Mulato) (Dice, 1937:251).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Extreme northwest, known only from Nuevo Laredo (Jackson, 1951:279).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably extinct, recorded only from Matamoros (Goldman, 1944:468).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —All of state in suitable habitats.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 6: 2 mi. W San Fernando, 180 ft., 1; 15 km. W Rancho Santa Rosa, Sierra Madre Oriental, 4500 ft., 1; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2000 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 2; Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Victoria, 3800 ft., 1.

Additional records: Near Marmolejo, San Carlos Mts. (Dice, 1937:250); Hacienda Acuña, Sierra de Tamaulipas (Leopold, 1959:408, only seen); La Joya de Salas (Goodwin, 1954:14).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably in high and remote parts of the Sierra Madre Oriental; recorded only from Agua Linda (Goodwin, 1954:14).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Western half of state.

Measurements. —Measurements of female and male (60239, 60240), both adult, from Joya Verde, are, respectively: 745, 760; 370, 385; 70, 75; 47, 56; greatest length of skull (excluding incisors), 81.9, 83.1; zygomatic breadth, 46.1, 51.9; interorbital constriction, 16.3, 16.3; postorbital constriction, 19.5, 18.5; breadth of braincase, 33.7, 36.6; length of maxillary tooth-row, 31.5, 32.0; breadth across postorbital processes (tip to tip), 25.3, 26.8.

Records of occurrence. —Two specimens examined from Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Victoria, 3800 ft.

Additional record: Joya de Salas (Goodwin, 1954:14).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Practically all of state, except western part.

Records (Goldman, 1950:51, unless otherwise noted): Camargo; Matamoros; Bagdad; Marmolego; Camp 2 (= 73 mi. S Washington Beach, Selander et al. , 1962:338, recorded only two species); Gómez Farías (Goodwin, 1954:14); Altamira.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Western part of state; known only from Rancho Santa Rosa.

Record of occurrence. —One specimen examined from Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Over all of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 7: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 5; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante, 3 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2200 ft., 1; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 1.

Additional records: Sierra San Carlos (San José, El Mulato) (Dice, 1937:249); Soto la Marina (Goldman, 1942:81); Cd. Victoria ( ibid. ); 10 mi. NE Zamorina (Hooper, 1953:3); 3 mi. NW Acuña ( ibid. ); 19 km. SW Mante (Davis, 1944:381).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Uncertain; one specimen was seen by Leopold (1959:437) near Acuña.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Central and northern parts of state.

Measurements. —The male from 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira affords measurements as follows: 500; 226; 53; 23; basilar length (Hensel), 49.5; breadth of rostrum, 14.3; interorbital constriction, 11.9; orbitonasal length, 15.2; mastoid breadth, 27.2; zygomatic breadth, 32.4; tympanic bullae, length, 16.8; breadth, 7.5; length of m1, 5.7; P4, lateral length, 5.4, medial, 5.8; M1, breadth, 4.6, length, 2.4; depth of skull at anterior edge of basioccipital, 14.7.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 2: Jaumave, 2400 ft., 1; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 1.

Additional records (Hall, 1951:347): Matamoros; Miquihuana.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Tropical area in south part of state; reported only from 50 mi. south of Ciudad Victoria (Hall, 1951:366).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from Pano Ayuctle (Hooper, 1953:4).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Reported from only one locality, in northwestern part of state.

Measurements. —The adult male measured as follows: 710; 115; 110; 55; condylobasal length, 123.1; zygomatic breadth, 81.1; mastoid breadth, 75.5; interorbital constriction, 29.3; least postorbital constriction, 27.6; length of maxillary tooth-row, 42.7; P4, length, 11.9, width, 10.7; M1, length, 11.7, width, 11.7; tympanic bulla, length, 23.3, depth (from basioccipital), 12.8.

Record of occurrence. —One specimen examined from 12 mi. S San Carlos, 1300 ft.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Known only from two localities in northeastern part of state.

Records of occurrence. —One specimen examined from 33 mi. S Washington Beach.

Additional record: Matamoros (Schantz, 1949:302).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —From Sierra de Tamaulipas northward.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 6: 9-1/2 mi. SW Padilla, 1; 3 mi. N La Pesca, 1; La Pesca, 1; Rancho Santa Rosa, 2 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 2.

Additional records (Van Gelder, 1959:279): "Tamaulipas"; Cd. Victoria.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —North half of state.

Measurements. —An adult female from San Fernando measured as follows: 710; 360; 70; 30; basilar length, 56.2; condylobasal length, 64.2; zygomatic breadth, 41.3; interorbital constriction, 19.0; length of maxillary tooth-row, 20.7.

Records of occurrence. —One specimen examined from San Fernando, 180 ft.

Additional records: Mier (A. H. Howell, 1901:32); Matamoros ( ibid. ); 2 mi. up stream from Marmolejo (Dice, 1937:250).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —West of Sierra Madre Oriental.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 5: San Fernando, 180 ft., 2; Jaumave, 2400 ft., 2; Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 1.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably western part of state, but presently known only from Nicolás.

Measurements. —Measurements of a skull (sex undetermined) from Nicolás are as follows: condylobasal length, 77.1; zygomatic breadth, 52.9; postorbital constriction, 21.1; mastoid breadth, 43.7; length of maxillary tooth-row, 23.4; breadth of M1, 7.1.

Records of occurrence. —Two specimens examined from Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —State-wide, except western part.

Measurements. —Some cranial measurements of a male adult (old) from ten miles west and two miles south of Piedra are: condylobasal length, 79.0; zygomatic breadth, 52.3; postorbital constriction, 22.0; mastoid breadth, 44.2; length of maxillary tooth-row, 24.4; breadth of M1, 9.3.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 2: La Pesca, 1; Ejido Eslabones, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 1.

Additional record: Near El Mulato (Dice, 1937:250).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Restricted to mountains of state.

Measurements. —Two skulls, one from Miquihuana and the second from 9-1/2 mi. SW Padilla, yield measurements as follows: greatest length, 214.0, 213.0; condylobasal length, 195.0, 190.0; zygomatic breadth, 146.0, 140.1; height of skull (frontals to palate), 70.0, 72.4; interorbital constriction, 41.6, 41.4; breadth of nasals (at posterior union between premaxilla and maxilla), 20.1, 17.9; length of maxillary tooth-row, 62.7, 63.3; crown length of P3, 23.3, ——; breadth of P3, 11.9, 12.2; anteroposterior diameter of upper canine, 15.1, 15.3.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 2: 9-1/2 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 1; Miquihuana, 6400 ft., 1.

Additional records: Matamoros (Goldman, 1946:234); Zamorina (Hooper, 1953:4).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Originally all of state; now restricted to sparsely populated areas.

Measurements. —The cranium, sex undetermined, from the Sierra de Tamaulipas, affords measurements as follows: greatest length, 238.0; condylobasal length, 204.0; zygomatic breadth, 166.0; breadth of rostrum, 66.1; interorbital constriction, 48.2; mastoid breadth, 100.7; crown length of carnassial, 24.1.

Records of occurrence. —One specimen examined from Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra.

Additional records: between Aldama and Soto la Marina (Nelson and Goldman, 1933:237); 5 km. N Gómez Farías (Goodwin, 1954:15).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —All of state, except part west of Sierra Madre Oriental.

Measurements. —Skull, from 10 mi. N of Altamira, measured as follows: condylobasal length, 97.3; zygomatic breadth, 77.6; squamosal constriction, 50.5; interorbital constriction, 22.2; postorbital constriction, 32.1; length of maxillary tooth-row, 34.7; length of upper carnassial crown (outer side), 13.6.

Records of occurrence. —One specimen examined, from 10 mi. N Altamira.

Additional records: Matamoros (Goldman, 1943:379); Sierra San Carlos (El Mulato and San José) (Dice, 1937:251); Soto la Marina (Goldman, 1943:379); 10 mi. NE Zamorina (Hooper, 1934:4).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably along Sierra Madre Oriental; known only from Rancho del Cielo (Goodwin, 1954:15).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Eastern and northern parts of Sierra Madre Oriental; known only from type locality and near Gómez Farías (Goodwin, 1954:15).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably occurs in western half of state; known only from two localities.

Measurements. —A male, from Rancho Santa Rosa, measured as follows: 885; 170; 172; 71; condylobasal length, 105.2; interorbital constriction, 22.5; postorbital constriction, 34.6; zygomatic breadth, 83.5; squamosal constriction, 51.7; length of maxillary tooth-row (C-P2), 38.2; length of upper carnassial (outer side), 14.5.

Record of occurrence. —One specimen examined from Rancho Santa Rosa, 360 m.

Additional records: Matamoros (Baird, 1858:96); El Mulato (Dice, 1937:251).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Reported from mouth of Río Grande (Miller and Kellogg, 1955:791); probably extirpated in state.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —All of state, in suitable habitats.

Records: Near El Mulato (Dice, 1937:256); Alta Cima (Goodwin, 1954:15); Rancho del Cielo ( ibid. ); approx. 10 mi. N Cues (Leopold, 1947:443 map).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Reported only from Cerro del Tigre (Leopold, 1959:504), but probably throughout western part of state. Now rare in the state.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Throughout Sierra Madre Oriental.

Measurements. —A male from 15 km. W Rancho Santa Rosa affords measurements as follows: 1385; 245; 330; 154; condylobasal length, 234; length of maxillary tooth-row, 76.3; width across orbits at frontal-jugal suture, 100.9.

Records of occurrence .—Specimens examined, 2: 15 km. W Rancho Santa Rosa, 4500 ft., 1; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2000 ft., 1.

Additional records (Goodwin, 1954:15): San Antonio, 11 km. SW Joya de Salas; Rancho Pano Ayuctle.

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Probably all of northern part of state.

Records of occurrence. —Specimens examined, 2, fragments from 33 mi. S Washington Beach.

Additional records: Sierra San Carlos (El Mulato and Sardinia) (Dice, 1937:256).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Tropical area, reported only from Soto la Marina (Miller and Kellogg, 1955:806) and Savinito Tierre [= Tierra] Caliente (J. A. Allen, 1881:184) and Tampico ( ibid. ) as Cariacus virginianus mexicanus .

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Southern part of state in tropical area.

Records of occurrence. —One specimen examined from Rancho Pano Ayuctle (skin only).

Additional records: Alta Cima (Goodwin, 1954:15); Rancho del Cielo (Hooper, 1953:10).

Distribution in Tamaulipas. —Originally in the northern part of state; now absent from Tamaulipas.