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Title: Two Tragedies of Seneca: Medea and The Daughters of Troy

Author: Lucius Annaeus Seneca

Translator: Ella Isabel Harris

Release date: June 21, 2014 [eBook #46058]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Delphine Lettau, G. Decknatel and the Online
        Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
        file was produced from images generously made available
        by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TWO TRAGEDIES OF SENECA: MEDEA AND THE DAUGHTERS OF TROY ***




Produced by Delphine Lettau, G. Decknatel and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)









Transcriber's note:

Text in italic font is marked by _underscores_. "[OE]" and "[oe]"
represent oe ligatures.

       *       *       *       *       *




  Two Tragedies of Seneca




  Two Tragedies of Seneca

  Medea and The Daughters
  of Troy

  Rendered into English Verse, with an Introduction

  By

  Ella Isabel Harris

  Boston and New York
  Houghton, Mifflin and Company
  The Riverside Press, Cambridge
  M DCCC XCIX




  COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY LAMSON, WOLFFE AND COMPANY
  COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY ELLA ISABEL HARRIS
  ALL RIGHTS RESERVED




CONTENTS


                                                              PAGE

  INTRODUCTION                                                 vii

    Sources of Senecan Influence on English Drama.

    Tendencies of Senecan Influence as felt by English Drama.

    Direct Borrowings from Senecan Tragedies.

  MEDEA                                                          1

  THE DAUGHTERS OF TROY                                         45




INTRODUCTION


I

SOURCES OF SENECAN INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH DRAMA

The interest of English students in the dramas of Seneca lies in
the powerful influence exerted by them upon the evolution of the
English drama, and these translations have been undertaken in the
hope that they may be found useful to English students of English
drama.

Though all the tragedies ascribed to Seneca are not by the same
hand, yet they are so far homogeneous that in considering them
as a literary influence, one is not inclined to quarrel with
the classification that unites them under a single name. For
the present purpose, therefore, no time need be spent in the
discussion of their authorship or exact date, but we may turn at
once to look for their appearance as agents in the development of
the modern, serious drama. In this relation it is hardly possible
to overestimate their determining influence throughout Europe.
Perhaps it may have been owing to the closer racial bond between
the Romans and the French that while the Senecan influence upon
the drama in France was so overmastering and tyrannical, in
England the native spirit was stronger to resist it, and the
English drama at its best remained distinctively English, the
influence exercised over it by the Senecan tragedies being rather
formative than dominant.

Before the time of Marlowe and Shakespeare the forces that
determined the development of the serious drama in England were
practically twofold: one native, emanating from the moralities
and miracle plays; the other classic, and found in the tragedies
long ascribed to Seneca. These remnants of the Roman drama were
known to the English at a very early date, were valued by the
learned as the embodiment of what was best in ancient art and
thought, and were studied in the Latin originals by pupils in
the schools even while the schools were still wholly monastic.
During the latter half of the sixteenth century, separate plays
of Seneca were translated into English by various authors, and
in 1581 Thomas Newton collected these translations into one
volume, under the title of "Seneca his Ten Tragedies, Translated
into English." After an examination of these translations one
can readily understand why Elizabeth felt the need of an English
translation of the Latin favorite, and herself essayed to turn
them into English verse. In 1702 Sir Edward Sherburne published
translations of three of the plays, but the edition of 1581 still
remains the only complete English translation. From the edition
of 1581 I quote a part of the translation of the beautiful lines
on the future life, Troades, Act II., Scene iv.:--

    "May this be true, or doth the Fable fayne,
      When corps is deade the Sprite to live as yet?
    When Death our eies with heavy hand doth strain,
      And fatall day our leames of light hath shet,
    And in the Tombe our ashes once be sat,
      Hath not the soule likewyse his funerall,
    But stil (alas) do wretches live in thrall?

    "Or els doth all at once togeather die?
      And may no part his fatal howre delay,
    But with the breath the Soule from hence doth flie?
      And eke the Cloudes to vanish quite awaye,
    As danky shade fleeth from the poale by day?
      And may no iote escape from desteny,
    When once the brand hath burned the body?"

In Sherburne's translation of 1702 the same lines are rendered as
follows:--

    "Is it a Truth? or Fiction blinds
            Our fearful Minds?
    That when to Earth we Bodies give,
            Souls yet do live?
    That when the Wife hath clos'd with Cries
            The Husband's Eyes,
    When the last fatal Day of Light,
            Hath spoil'd our Sight
    And when to Dust and Ashes turn'd
            Our Bones are urn'd;
    Souls stand yet in nead at all
            Of Funeral,
    But that a longer Life with Pain
            They still retain?
    Or dye we quite? Nor ought we have
            Survives the Grave?
    When like to Smoake immixed with skies,
            The Spirit flies,
    And Funeral Tapers are apply'd
            To th' naked Side,
    Whatere Sol rising does disclose
            Or setting shows," etc.

It is also interesting to compare Sherburne's version with the
earlier one in the famous passage which closes the chorus at the
end of the second act of the Medea; Newton's edition gives the
lines as follows:--

    "Now seas controulde doe suffer passage free,
      The Argo proude erected by the hand
    Of Pallas first, doth not complayne that shee,
      Conveyde hath back, the kynges unto theyr land.
    Eche whirry boate now scuddes about the deepe
      All stynts and warres are taken cleane away,
    The Cities frame new walles themselves to keepe,
      The open worlde lettes nought rest where it lay;
    The Hoyes of Ind Arexis lukewarme leake,
      The Persians stout in Rhene and Albis streame
    Doth bath their Barkes, time shall in fine outbreake
      When Ocean wave shall open every Realme,
    The Wandering World at Will shall open lye,
      And Typhis will some newe founde Land survay
    Some travelers shall the Countreys farre escrye,
      Beyonde small Thule, knowen furthest at this day."

As given by Sherburne these lines are:--

            "The passive Main
    Now yields, and does all Laws sustain,
    Nor the fam'd Argo, by the hand
    Of Pallas built, by Heroes mann'd,
    Does now alone complain she's forc'd
    To Sea; each petty Boat's now cours'd
    About the Deep; no Boundure stands,
    New Walls by Towns in foreign Lands
    Are rais'd; the pervious World in 'ts old
    Place, leaves nothing. Indians the cold
    Araxis drink, Albis, and Rhine the Persians.
    Th' Age shall come, in fine
    Of many years, wherein the Main
    M' unloose the universal Chain;
    And mighty Tracts of Land be shown,
    To Search of Elder Days unknown,
    New Worlds by some new Typhys found,
    Nor Thule be Earth's farthest Bound."

That the influence of Seneca's plays upon the English stage came
very directly may be seen from the facts known concerning their
long popularity, and the consideration in which they were held
as literature, whether in the original or in translation. But
their influence was exerted not only by direct means; the revival
of learning in Europe brought with it a general revival of the
Latin influence, and England in borrowing from Italy and France
borrowed indirectly from Rome. Among the English translations
made in the time of Elizabeth from French and Italian authors,
we find the names of dramas modelled closely after Seneca, and
intended in their English dress for presentation on the English
stage; thus indirectly also was Senecan style and thought
perpetuated in the English drama.


II

TENDENCIES OF SENECAN INFLUENCE AS FELT BY ENGLISH DRAMA

It would hardly be possible to find a stronger contrast than that
between these Senecan tragedies and the early English drama as
it existed in moralities and miracle plays before the classic
influence made itself felt. With perhaps the single exception of
"The Sacrifice of Isaac," which in its touching simplicity is
truly dramatic, the moralities and miracle plays are little more
than vivid narrative in which events of equal magnitude follow
one another in epic profusion; the classic unities of time and
place are unknown, and, so far as unity of action is observed,
it is epic unity rather than dramatic. The characters are little
more than puppets that pass across the stage, moved by no single
inward spring of action, but determined in their movements by
outward forces or temporary emotions.

In contradistinction to this epic profusion of inchoate external
action, we find the authors of the Senecan tragedies choosing for
their material only the closing portion of the myth which is the
basis of their drama, and centring the little action they admit
around the crisis of a soul's life, the real subject of their
drama being some spiritual conflict. This introspectiveness, this
interest in spiritual problems and soul processes, we find in the
English drama only after it has come under the Senecan influence,
and it is found in its most exaggerated form in those dramas
which are most closely modelled after the Senecan pattern. While
the first effect of this influence was to lessen the dramatic
interest, it is only as the interest in the spiritual life is
added to the wealth of external action that the English drama
finds any true principle of dramatic unity. How far the stirrings
of the Reformation aided in the development of this interest
in soul problems is a question that the student of dramatic
literature cannot ignore, but which is outside the present
inquiry.

The consciousness of the importance to dramatic art of an inner
spiritual theme as a central formative principle led to the nicer
differentiation of character,--to the evolution of true dramatic
personages from the puppets of the earlier drama, through a
deeper inquiry into the inward springs of action.

The centralizing of the visible presentation around a spiritual
theme brought about several secondary changes in English drama.
The narrowing of the field of action necessitated the description
of past and passing actions, which, though not admitted on the
stage, were necessary to the understanding of the drama; this
led to the introduction of the stock character of messenger and
of the long descriptive monologues so familiar in the classic
drama. The widening of the interest in the spiritual conflict
necessitated the objectifying of that conflict, and led to the
introduction of the stock character of confidant, also well known
to the Greek and Roman drama, and to the further introduction of
long and passionate soliloquy.

This influence exercised by the Senecan tragedies on the material
of the English drama had its counterpart in an influence on the
outward form,--an influence no less dominant and abiding. The
tragedies of Seneca are divided, without regard to their true
organic structure, into five acts; these acts are separated by
choruses, that bear much the same relation to the acts they
separate as does the orchestral interlude of to-day--that is,
no real relation; such hard-and-fast division into five parts
by choruses unconnected with the action is unknown to the Greek
drama. The acts are again divided into scenes, this sub-division
being dependent on the exits and entrances of the _dramatis
personæ_, every exit and entrance necessitating a new scene.

The early imitators of Seneca copied their model closely in
the arrangement of acts and scenes, and with them, as with
Seneca, chorus and act division are wholly unconnected with the
action of the drama; "Gorboduc," "Tancred and Gismunda," and
"The Misfortunes of Arthur," are the earliest and most faithful
English copies of the Latin model. In the Shakespearian drama the
adherence to this classic form is less rigid, and the playwright
adds or omits the choruses at will: in "Henry Fifth," the chorus
not only separates the acts, as in Seneca, but also speaks the
prologue; in "Pericles," where Gower speaks the prologue and act
interludes, there is also added a lyrical monologue by the same
speaker at the opening of the fourth scene of Act IV.; while in
"The Winter's Tale" the use of a chorus has dwindled to a single
monologue spoken by Time at the opening of Act IV.

In the later development of the five-act division the chorus
falls away, and the act division becomes not formal but organic,
and coincides with the structural divisions of introduction,
rising action, climax, falling action, and catastrophe; this has
now become the rule for the form of the modern serious drama.

Besides the centralization of the external action around an inner
spiritual theme and the fixing of the structural form, other
less fundamental results of the Senecan influence are evident
in the sixteenth and seventeenth century English drama. The
Senecan tragedies belong to the age of the Julian successors
of Tiberius,--an age when reason had lost its control, when
changes were wrought by intrigue, cunning, and brute force; when
vicissitudes of fortune and enormities of conduct were witnessed
with the same curiosity which is excited by a fascinating drama,
and with something of the same apathy, even when the spectator
himself was concerned in the exhibition. The effect of this upon
the Senecan tragedy was to expand the limits of what the dramatic
proprieties permitted to be represented on the stage, to give in
place of dramatic action brilliant and lurid rhetoric only, and
to replace a true philosophy by a stoic fatalism.

The tragic and lurid realism of action and description which
especially differentiate Seneca from the Greeks found its way
into England by a double stream; that is, not only directly from
his dramas, but also through the channel of contemporary Italian
tragedy, a tragedy which Klein in his "Geschichte des Dramas"
describes as a horrible caricature of the Senecan tragedy, where
the pity and fear of the Greeks are turned to shuddering horror
and crocodile tears. The result is seen in the riot of bloodshed
and lust of the so-called tragedy of blood. What Mr. J. A.
Symonds says of Marlowe's "Tamberlane" is true of this entire
school: "Blood flows in rivers, shrieks, and groans, and curses
mingle with heaven-defying menaces and ranting vaunts. The action
is one tissue of violence and horror." Even Shakespeare reflects
this influence, and in "Hamlet," "Lear," and "Macbeth," we still
find this bloody and sensational tendency, though it is purified
of its worst extravagances.

We have spoken of the two characters of messenger and confidant
which modern drama owes to the nobler Senecan influence; it is
to the less admirable influence of his sensational realism that
we owe the introduction of supernatural agencies,--of witches,
ghosts, and apparitions; these are often little more than stage
machinery: in Shakespeare, however, we find them transmuted into
powerful adjuncts to the dramatic effect; compare the ghost
of Tybalt, that appears to Juliet when she takes the sleeping
potion, with that of Medea's brother, that appears to Medea in
the last act of the Senecan tragedy of that name; note, too, the
use of the ghost in "Macbeth," in "Julius Cæsar," and in "Hamlet."

The stoic fatalism which runs like a dark thread through these
tragedies of blood is, in the English as in the Senecan tragedy,
the natural concomitant of all this sensational horror, and is
evident in the texture of the dramas and the character of the
personages, and in original as well as in quoted passages.


III

DIRECT BORROWINGS FROM SENECAN TRAGEDIES

We need give but little space to remarks upon the extent to which
English dramatists borrowed directly from the Roman tragedies,
for such borrowings were of far less moment in the evolution of
the modern drama than the more fundamental imitation of form and
structure already noted; their chief interest indeed lies outside
the scope of dramatic study, and is to be found in the fact that
they serve to mark English sympathy for certain phases of Roman
thought.

The adornment of new tragedies by portions borrowed from
Seneca calls into use most frequently the phrases which are
the expression of a dark and hopeless philosophy. The fatalism
referred to in preceding lines as characterizing the Elizabethan
tragedies of blood had a strong hold upon the English mind from
a much earlier date. One need not wonder that the thought which
colored so early a poem as Beowulf, and which came to the surface
in the conscious philosophy of a later time to reënter literature
in the works of Alexander Pope, should have attracted the
attention of Englishmen of the sixteenth century when they found
it in a writer of such literary prestige and philosophic renown
as Seneca.

A careful reader of Seneca will recognize the borrowings of
English dramatists the more readily as such borrowings follow
closely not only the thought but the language of the original.

Mr. John W. Cunliffe, in his monograph on "The Influence of
Seneca on English Tragedy," has given a careful and detailed
comparison with their originals of Senecan passages in "The
Misfortunes of Arthur." In a less detailed way he indicates the
borrowings of other English authors; on pages 25, 26 of his book
we find:--

  "Seneca had written in the 'Agamemnon,'

    'Per scelera semper sceleribus tutum est iter.'

  This is translated by Studley:--

    'The safest path to mischiefe is by mischiefe open still.'

  Thomas Hughes has it, in 'The Misfortunes of Arthur,' I. 4:--

    'The safest passage is from bad to worse.'

  Marston, in 'The Malcontent,' V. 2:--

    'Black deed only through black deed safely flies.'

  Shakespeare, in 'Macbeth,' III. 2:--

    'Things bad begun make strong themselves by ill.'

  Jonson, in 'Catiline,' I. 2:--

    'The ills that I have done cannot be safe
    But by attempting greater.'

  Webster, in 'The White Devil,' II. 1:--

    'Small mischiefs are by greater made secure.'

  Lastly, in Massinger's 'Duke of Milan,' II. 1, Francisca
  says:--

                          'All my plots
    Turn back upon myself, but I am in,
    And must go on; and since I have put off
    From the shore of innocence, guilt be now my pilot!
    Revenge first wrought me; murder's his twin brother:
    One deadly sin then help me cure another.'"

On page 78 he quotes the following also from "Richard Third," IV.
2:--

    "Uncertain way of gain! But I am in
    So far in blood that sin will pluck on sin."

The student will surmise that phrases of Seneca can be traced
through much of English tragedy, and that a careful reader is
likely to have little difficulty in bringing together passages
inspired by the Roman tragedies.

A full comparative study of the structural form of the Senecan
and of the early English regular drama will be found in Rudolf
Fischer's "Kunstentwicklung der Englische Tragödie." Symonds in
his "Shakespeare's Predecessors," and Klein in his "Geschichte
des Dramas," also touch on the debt of the modern drama to the
Roman tragedies.

In the translations that follow, I have endeavored without doing
violence to English idioms to give a strictly literal translation
of the Latin originals, using as my text the edition of F. Leo. I
wish to express my indebtedness to Prof. Albert S. Cook, and to
Drs. Elisabeth Woodbridge and M. Anstice Harris, for criticism of
the translation, not only with reference to its fidelity to the
original, but also with regard to its English dress.




MEDEA




_DRAMATIS PERSONAE_


JASON.
CREON.
MEDEA.
NURSE.
MESSENGER.
CHORUS OF CORINTHIAN WOMEN.

SCENE--_Corinth._




MEDEA




ACT I


SCENE I

    _Medea_ [_alone_]. Ye gods of marriage;
    Lucina, guardian of the genial bed;
    Pallas, who taught the tamer of the seas
    To steer the Argo; stormy ocean's lord;
    Titan, dividing bright day to the world;                     5
    And thou three-formed Hecate, who dost shed
    Thy conscious splendor on the hidden rites!
    Ye by whom Jason plighted me his troth;
    And ye Medea rather should invoke:
    Chaos of night eternal; realm opposed                       10
    To the celestial powers; abandoned souls;
    Queen of the dusky realm; Persephone
    By better faith betrayed; you I invoke,
    But with no happy voice. Approach, approach,
    Avenging goddesses with snaky hair,                         15
    Holding in blood-stained hands your sulphurous torch!
    Come now as horrible as when of yore
    Ye stood beside my marriage-bed; bring death
    To the new bride, and to the royal seed,
    And Creon; worse for Jason I would ask--                    20
    Life! Let him roam in fear through unknown lands,
    An exile, hated, poor, without a home;
    A guest now too well known, let him, in vain,
    Seek alien doors, and long for me, his wife!
    And, yet a last revenge, let him beget                      25
    Sons like their father, daughters like their mother!
    'Tis done; revenge is even now brought forth--
    I have borne sons to Jason. I complain
    Vainly, and cry aloud with useless words,
    Why do I not attack mine enemies?                           30
    I will strike down the torches from their hands,
    The light from heaven. Does the sun see this,
    The author of our race, and still give light?
    And, sitting in his chariot, does he still
    Run through the accustomed spaces of the sky,               35
    Nor turn again to seek his rising place,
    And measure back the day? Give me the reins;
    Father, let me in thy paternal car
    Be borne aloft the winds, and let me curb
    With glowing bridle those thy fiery steeds!                 40
    Burn Corinth; let the parted seas be joined!
    This still remains--for me to carry up
    The marriage torches to the bridal room,
    And, after sacrificial prayers, to slay
    The victims on their altars. Seek, my soul--                45
    If thou still livest, or if aught endures
    Of ancient vigor--seek to find revenge
    Through thine own bowels; throw off woman's fears,
    Intrench thyself in snowy Caucasus.
    All impious deeds Phasis or Pontus saw,                     50
    Corinth shall see. Evils unknown and wild,
    Hideous, frightful both to earth and heaven,
    Disturb my soul,--wounds, and the scattered corpse,
    And murder. I remember gentle deeds,
    A maid did these; let heavier anguish come,                 55
    Since sterner crimes befit me now, a wife!
    Gird thee with wrath, prepare thine utmost rage,
    That fame of thy divorce may spread as far
    As of thy marriage! Make no long delay.
    How dost thou leave thy husband? As thou cam'st.            60
    Homes crime built up, by crime must be dissolved.


SCENE II

_Enter Chorus of Corinthian women, singing the marriage song of
Jason and Creusa._

    _Chorus._ Be present at the royal marriage feast,
    Ye gods who sway the scepter of the deep,
    And ye who hold dominion in the heavens;
    With the glad people come, ye smiling gods!                 65
    First to the scepter-bearing thunderers
    The white-backed bull shall stoop his lofty head;
    The snowy heifer, knowing not the yoke,
    Is due to fair Lucina; and to her
    Who stays the bloody hand of Mars, and gives                70
    To warring nations peace, who in her horn
    Holds plenty, sacrifice a victim wild.
    Thou who at lawful bridals dost preside,
    Scattering darkness with thy happy hands,
    Come hither with slow step, dizzy with wine,                75
    Binding thy temples with a rosy crown.
    Thou star that bringest in the day and night,
    Slow-rising on the lover, ardently
    For thy clear shining maids and matrons long.
    In comeliness the virgin bride excels                       80
    The Athenian women, and the strong-limbed maids
    Of Sparta's unwalled town, who on the top
    Of high Taÿgetus try youthful sports;
    Or those who in the clear Aonian stream,
    Or in Alpheus' sacred waters bathe.                         85
    The child of the wild thunder, he who tames
    And fits the yoke to tigers, is less fair
    Than the Ausonian prince. The glorious god
    Who moves the tripod, Dian's brother mild;
    The skillful boxer Pollux; Castor, too,                     90
    Must yield the palm to Jason. O ye gods
    Who dwell in heaven, ever may the bride
    Surpass all women, he excel all men!
    Before her beauty in the women's choir
    The beauty of the other maids grows dim;                    95
    So with the sunrise pales the light of stars,
    So when the moon with brightness not her own
    Fills out her crescent horns, the Pleiads fade.
    Her cheeks blush like white cloth 'neath Tyrian dyes,
    Or as the shepherd sees the light of stars                 100
    Grow rosy with the dawn. O happy one,
    Accustomed once to clasp unwillingly
    A wife unloved and reckless, snatched away
    From that dread Colchian marriage, take thy bride,
    The Æolian virgin--'tis her father's will.                 105
    Bright offspring of the thyrsus-bearing god,
    The time has come to light the torch of pine;
    With fingers dripping wine put out the fires,
    Sound the gay music of the marriage song,
    Let the crowd pass their jests; 'tis only she              110
    Who flies her home to wed a stranger guest,
    Need steal away into the silent dark.




ACT II


SCENE I

_Medea, Nurse._

    _Medea._ Alas, the wedding chorus strikes my ears;
    Now let me die! I could not hitherto
    Believe--can hardly yet believe such wrong.                115
    And this is Jason's deed? Of father, home,
    And kingdom reft, can he desert me now,
    Alone and in a foreign land? Can he
    Despise my worth who saw the flames and seas
    By my art conquered? thinks, perchance, all crime          120
    Exhausted! Tossed by every wave of doubt,
    I am distracted, seeking some revenge.
    Had he a brother's love--he has a bride;
    Through her be thrust the steel! Is this enough?
    If Grecian or barbarian cities know                        125
    Crime that this hand knows not, that crime be done!
    Thy sins return to mind exhorting thee:
    The far-famed treasure of a kingdom lost;
    Thy little comrade, wicked maid, destroyed,
    Torn limb from limb and scattered on the sea               130
    An offering to his father; Pelias old
    Killed in the boiling cauldron. I have shed
    Blood often basely, but alas! alas!
    'Twas not in wrath, unhappy love did all!
    Had Jason any choice, by foreign law                       135
    And foreign power constrained? He could have bared
    His breast to feel the sword. O bitter grief,
    Speak milder, milder words. Let Jason live;
    Mine as he was, if this be possible,
    But, if not mine, still let him live secure,               140
    To spare me still the memory of my gift!
    The fault is Creon's; he abuses power
    To annul our marriage, sever strongest ties,
    And tear the children from their mother's breast;
    Let Creon pay the penalty he owes.                         145
    I'll heap his home in ashes, the dark flame
    Shall reach Malea's dreaded cape, where ships
    Find passage only after long delay.

    _Nurse._ Be silent, I implore thee, hide thy pain
    Deep in thy bosom. He who quietly                          150
    Bears grievous wounds, with patience, and a mind
    Unshaken, may find healing. Hidden wrath
    Finds strength, when open hatred loses hope
    Of vengeance.

    _Medea._      Light is grief that hides itself,
    And can take counsel. Great wrongs lie not hid.            155
    I am resolved on action.

    _Nurse._                 Foster-child,
    Restrain thy fury; hardly art thou safe
    Though silent.

    _Medea._       Fortune tramples on the meek,
    But fears the brave.

    _Nurse._             This is no place to show
    That thou hast courage.

    _Medea._                It can never be                    160
    That courage should be out of place.

    _Nurse._                             To thee,
    In thy misfortune, hope points out no way.

    _Medea._ The man who cannot hope despairs of naught.

    _Nurse._ Colchis is far away, thy husband lost;
    Of all thy riches nothing now remains.                     165

    _Medea._ Medea now remains! Here's land and sea,
    Fire and sword, god and the thunderbolt.

    _Nurse._ The king is to be feared.

    _Medea._                           I claim a king
    For father.

    _Nurse._    Hast thou then no fear of arms?

    _Medea._ I, who saw warriors spring from earth?

    _Nurse._                                        Thou'lt die!  170

    _Medea._ I wish it.

    _Nurse._            Flee!

    _Medea._                  Nay, I repent of flight.

    _Nurse._ Thou art a mother.

    _Medea._                    And thou seest by whom.

    _Nurse._ Wilt thou not fly?

    _Medea._                    I fly, but first revenge.

    _Nurse._ Vengeance may follow thee.

    _Medea._                            I may, perchance,
    Find means to hinder it.

    _Nurse._                 Restrain thyself                  175
    And cease to threaten madly; it is well
    That thou adjust thyself to fortune's change.

    _Medea._ My riches, not my spirit, fortune takes.
    The hinge creaks,--who is this? Creon himself,
    Swelling with Grecian pride.                               180


SCENE II

_Creon with Attendants, Medea._

    _Creon._ What, is Medea of the hated race
    Of Colchian Æëtes, not yet gone?
    Still she is plotting evil; well I know
    Her guile, and well I know her cruel hand.
    Whom does she spare, or whom let rest secure?              185
    Verily I had thought to cut her off
    With the swift sword, but Jason's prayers availed
    To spare her life. She may go forth unharmed
    If she will set our city free from fear.
    Threatening and fierce, she seeks to speak with us;        190
    Attendants, keep her off, bid her be still,
    And let her learn at last, a king's commands
    Must be obeyed. Go, haste, and take her hence.

    _Medea._ What fault is punished by my banishment?

    _Creon._ A woman, innocent, may ask, 'What fault?'         195

    _Medea._ If thou wilt judge, examine.

    _Creon._                              Kings command.
    Just or unjust, a king must be obeyed.

    _Medea._ An unjust kingdom never long endures.

    _Creon._ Go hence! Seek Colchis!

    _Medea._                         Willingly I go;
    Let him who brought me hither take me hence.               200

    _Creon._ Thy words come late, my edict has gone forth.

    _Medea._ The man who judges, one side still unheard,
    Were hardly a just judge, though he judge justly.

    _Creon._ Pelias for listening to thee died, but speak,
    I may find time to hear so good a plea.                    205

    _Medea._ How hard it is to calm a wrathful soul,
    How he who takes the scepter in proud hands
    Deems his own will sufficient, I have learned;
    Have learned it in my father's royal house.
    For though the sport of fortune, suppliant,                210
    Banished, alone, forsaken, on all sides
    Distressed, my father was a noble king.
    I am descended from the glorious sun.
    What lands the Phasis in its winding course
    Bathes, or the Euxine touches where the sea                215
    Is freshened by the water from the swamps,
    Or where armed maiden cohorts try their skill
    Beside Thermodon, all these lands are held
    Within my father's kingdom, where I dwelt
    Noble and happy and with princely power.                   220
    He whom kings seek, sought then to wed with me.
    Swift, fickle fortune cast me headlong forth,
    And gave me exile. Put thy trust in thrones--
    Such trust as thou mayst put in what light chance
    Flings here and there at will! Kings have one power,       225
    A matchless honor time can never take:
    To help the wretched, and to him who asks
    To give a safe retreat. This I have brought
    From Colchis, this at least I still can claim:
    I saved the flower of Grecian chivalry,                    230
    Achaian chiefs, the offspring of the gods;
    It is to me they owe their Orpheus
    Whose singing melted rocks and drew the trees;
    Castor and Pollux are my twofold gift;
    Boreas' sons, and Lynceus whose sharp eye                  235
    Could pierce beyond the Euxine, are my gift,
    And all the Argonauts. Of one alone,
    The chief of chiefs, I do not speak; for him
    Thou owest me naught; those have I saved for thee,
    This one is mine. Rehearse, now, all my crime;             240
    Accuse me; I confess; this is my fault--
    I saved the Argo! Had I heard the voice
    Of maiden modesty or filial love,
    Greece and her leaders had regretted it,
    And he, thy son-in-law, had fallen first                   245
    A victim to the fire-belching bull.
    Let fortune trample on me as she will,
    My hand has succored princes, I am glad!
    Assign the recompense for these my deeds,
    Condemn me if thou wilt, but tell the fault.               250
    Creon, I own my guilt--guilt known to thee
    When first, a suppliant, I touched thy knees,
    And asked with outstretched hands protecting aid.
    Again I ask a refuge, some poor spot
    For misery to hide in; grant a place                       255
    Withdrawn, a safe asylum in thy realm,
    If I must leave the city.

    _Creon._ I am no prince who rules with cruel sway,
    Or tramples on the wretched with proud foot.
    Have I not shown this true by choosing him                 260
    To be my son-in-law who is a man
    Exiled, without resource, in fear of foes?
    One whom Acastus, king of Thessaly,
    Seeks to destroy, that so he may avenge
    A father weak with age, bowed down with years,             265
    Whose limbs were torn asunder? That foul crime
    His wicked sisters impiously dared
    Tempted by thee; if thou wouldst say the deed
    Was Jason's, he can prove his innocence;
    No guiltless blood has stained him, and his hands          270
    Touched not the sword, are yet unstained by thee.
    Foul instigator of all evil deeds,
    With woman's wantonness in daring aught,
    And man's courageous heart--and void of shame,
    Go, purge our kingdom; take thy deadly herbs,              275
    Free us from fear; dwelling in other lands
    Afar, invoke the gods.

    _Medea._               Thou bidst me go?
    Give back the ship and comrade of my flight.
    Why bid me go alone? Not so I came.
    If thou fear war, both should go forth, nor choice         280
    Be made between two equally at fault:
    That old man fell for Jason's sake; impute
    To Jason flight, rapine, a brother slain,
    And a deserted father; not all mine
    The crimes to which a husband tempted me;                  285
    'Tis true I sinned, but never for myself.

    _Creon._ Thou shouldst begone, why waste the time with words?

    _Medea._ I go, but going make one last request:
    Let not a mother's guilt drag down her sons.

    _Creon._ Go, as a father I will succor them,               290
    And with a father's care.

    _Medea._                  By future hopes,
    By the king's happy marriage, by the strength
    Of thrones, which fickle fortune sometimes shakes,
    I pray thee grant the exile some delay
    That she, perchance about to die, may press                295
    A last kiss on her children's lips.

    _Creon._                            Thou seekst
    Time to commit new crime.

    _Medea._                  In so brief time
    What crime were possible?

    _Creon._                  No time too short
    For him who would do ill.

    _Medea._                  Dost thou deny
    To misery short space for tears?

    _Creon._                         Deep dread                300
    Warns me against thy prayer; yet I will grant
    One day in which thou mayst prepare for flight.

    _Medea._ Too great the favor! Of the time allowed,
    Something withdraw. I would depart in haste.

    _Creon._ Before the coming day is ushered in               305
    By Ph[oe]bus, leave the city or thou diest.
    The bridal calls me, and I go to pay
    My vows to Hymen.


SCENE III

    _Chorus._ He rashly ventured who was first to make
    In his frail boat a pathway through the deep;              310
    Who saw his native land behind him fade
    In distance blue; who to the raging winds
    Trusted his life, his slender keel between
    The paths of life and death. Our fathers dwelt
    In an unspotted age, and on the shore                      315
    Where each was born he lived in quietness,
    Grew old upon his father's farm content;
    With little rich, he knew no other wealth
    Than his own land afforded. None knew yet
    The changing constellations, nor could use                 320
    As guides the stars that paint the ether; none
    Had learned to shun the rainy Hyades,
    The Goat, or Northern Wain, that follows slow
    By old Boötes driven; none had yet
    To Boreas or Zephyr given names.                           325
    Rash Tiphys was the first to tempt the deep
    With spreading canvas; for the winds to write
    New laws; to furl the sail; or spread it wide
    When sailors longed to fly before the gale,
    And the red topsail fluttered in the breeze.               330
    The world so wisely severed by the seas
    The pine of Thessaly united, bade
    The distant waters bring us unknown fears.
    The cursed leader paid hard penalty
    When the two cliffs, the gateway of the sea,               335
    Moved as though smitten by the thunderbolt,
    And the imprisoned waters smote the stars.
    Bold Tiphys paled, and from his trembling hand
    Let fall the rudder; Orpheus' music died,
    His lyre untouched; the Argo lost her voice.               340
    When, belted by her girdle of wild dogs,
    The maid of the Sicilian straits gives voice
    From all her mouths, who fears not at her bark?
    Who does not tremble at the witching song
    With which the Sirens calm the Ausonian sea?               345
    The Thracian Orpheus' lyre had almost forced
    Those hinderers of ships to follow him!
    What was the journey's prize? The golden fleece,
    Medea, fiercer than the raging sea,--
    Worthy reward for those first mariners!                    350
    The sea forgets its former wrath; submits
    To the new laws; and not alone the ship
    Minerva builded, manned by sons of kings,
    Finds rowers; other ships may sail the deep.
    Old metes are moved, new city walls spring up              355
    On distant soil, and nothing now remains
    As it has been. The cold Araxes' stream
    The Indian drinks; the Persian quaffs the Rhine;
    And the times come with the slow-rolling years
    When ocean shall strike off the chains from earth,         360
    And a great world be opened. Tiphys then,
    Another Tiphys, shall win other lands,
    And Thule cease to be earth's utmost bound.




ACT III


SCENE I

_Medea, Nurse._

    _Nurse._ Stay, foster-child, why fly so swiftly hence?
    Restrain thy wrath! curb thy impetuous haste!              365
    As a Bacchante, frantic with the god
    And filled with rage divine, uncertain walks
    The top of snowy Pindus or the peak
    Of Nyssa, so Medea wildly goes
    Hither and thither; on her cheek the stain                 370
    Of bitter tears, her visage flushed, her breast
    Shaken by sobs. She cries aloud, her eyes
    Are drowned in scalding tears; again she laughs;
    All passions surge within her soul; she stays
    Her steps, she threatens, makes complaint, weeps, groans.  375
    Where will she fling the burden of her soul?
    Where wreak her vengeance? where will break this wave
    Of fury? Passion overflows! she plans
    No easy crime, no ordinary deed.
    She conquers self; I recognize old signs                   380
    Of raging; something terrible she plans,
    Some deed inhuman, devilish, and wild.
    Ye gods, avert the horrors I foresee!

    _Medea._ Dost thou seek how to show thy hate, poor wretch?
    Imitate love! And must I then endure                       385
    Without revenge the royal marriage-torch?
    Shall this day prove unfruitful, sought and gained
    Only by earnest effort? While the earth
    Hangs free within the heavens; while the vault
    Of heaven sweeps round the earth with changeless change;   390
    While the sands lie unnumbered; while the day
    Follows the sun, the night brings up the stars;
    Arcturus never wet in ocean's wave
    Rolls round the pole; while rivers seaward flow,
    My hate shall never cease to seek revenge.                 395
    Did ever fierceness of a ravening beast;
    Or Scylla or Charybdis sucking down
    The waters of the wild Ausonian
    And the Sicilian seas; or Ætna fierce,
    That holds imprisoned great Enceladus                      400
    Breathing forth flame, so glow as I with threats?
    Not the swift rivers, nor the force of flame
    By storm-wind fanned, can imitate my wrath.
    I will o'erthrow and bring to naught the world!
    Does Jason fear the king? Thessalian war?                  405
    True love fears nothing. He was forced to yield,
    Unwillingly he gave his hand. But still
    He might have sought his wife for one farewell.
    This too he feared to do. He might have gained
    From Creon some delay of banishment.                       410
    One day is granted for my two sons' sake!
    I do not make complaint of too short time,
    It is enough for much; this day shall see
    What none shall ever hide. I will attack
    The very gods, and shake the universe!                     415

    _Nurse._ Lady, thy spirit so disturbed by ills
    Restrain, and let thy storm-tossed soul find rest.

    _Medea._ Rest I can never find until I see
    All dragged with me to ruin; all shall fall
    When I do;--so to share one's woe is joy.                  420

    _Nurse._ Think what thou hast to fear if thou persist;
    No one can safely fight with princely power.


SCENE II

_The Nurse withdraws; enter Jason._

    _Jason._ The lot is ever hard; bitter is fate,
    Equally bitter if it slay or spare;
    God gives us remedies worse than our ills.                 425
    Would I keep faith with her I deem my wife
    I must expect to die; would I shun death
    I must forswear myself. Not fear of death
    Has conquered honor, love has cast out fear
    In that the father's death involves the sons.              430
    O holy Justice, if thou dwell in heaven,
    I call on thee to witness that the sons
    Vanquish their father! Say the mother's love
    Is fierce and spurns the yoke, she still will deem
    Her children of more worth than marriage joys.             435
    My mind is fixed, I go to her with prayers.
    She starts at sight of me, her look grows wild,
    Hatred she shows and grief.

    _Medea._                    Jason, I flee!
    I flee, it is not new to change my home,
    The cause of banishment alone is new;                      440
    I have been exiled hitherto for thee.
    I go, as thou compellst me, from thy home,
    But whither shall I go? Shall I, perhaps,
    Seek Phasis, Colchis, and my father's realm
    Whose soil is watered by a brother's blood?                445
    What land dost thou command me seek? what sea?
    The Euxine's jaws through which I led that band
    Of noble princes when I followed thee,
    Adulterer, through the Symplegades?
    Little Iolchos? Tempe? Thessaly?                           450
    Whatever way I opened up for thee
    I closed against myself. Where shall I go?
    Thou drivest into exile, but hast given
    No place of banishment. I will go hence.
    The king, Creusa's father, bids me go,                     455
    And I will do his bidding. Heap on me
    Most dreadful punishment, it is my due.
    With cruel penalties let royal wrath
    Pursue thy mistress, load my hands with chains,
    And in a dungeon of eternal night                          460
    Imprison me--'tis less than I deserve!
    Ungrateful one, recall the fiery bull;
    The earth-born soldiers, who at my command
    Slew one another; and the golden fleece
    Of Phrixus' ram, whose watchful guardian,                  465
    The sleepless dragon, at my bidding slept;
    The brother slain; the many, many crimes
    In one crime gathered. Think how, led by me,
    By me deceived, that old man's daughters dared
    To slay their aged father, dead for aye!                   470
    By thy hearth's safety, by thy children's weal,
    By the slain dragon, by these blood-stained hands
    I never spared from doing aught for thee,
    By thy past fears, and by the sea and sky
    Witnesses of our marriage, pity me!                        475
    O happy one, give me some recompense!
    Of all the ravished gold the Scythians brought
    From far, as far as India's burning plains,
    Wealth our wide palace hardly could contain,
    So that we hung our groves with gold, I took               480
    Nothing. My brother only bore I thence,
    And him for thee I sacrificed. I left
    My country, father, brother, maiden shame:
    This was my marriage portion; give her own
    To her who goes an exile.                                  485

    _Jason._ When angry Creon thought to have thee slain,
    Urged by my prayers, he gave thee banishment.

    _Medea._ I looked for a reward; the gift I see
    Is exile.

    _Jason._ While thou mayst fly, fly in haste!
    The wrath of kings is ever hard to bear.                   490

    _Medea._ Thou giv'st me such advice because thou lov'st
    Creusa, wouldst divorce a hated wife!

    _Jason._ And does Medea taunt me with my loves?

    _Medea._ More--treacheries and murders.

    _Jason._                                Canst thou charge
    Such sins to me?

    _Medea._         All I have ever done.                     495

    _Jason._ It only needs that I should share the guilt
    Of these thy crimes!

    _Medea._             Thine are they, thine alone;
    He is the criminal who reaps the fruit.
    Though all should brand thy wife with infamy,
    Thou shouldst defend and call her innocent:                500
    She who has sinned for thee, toward thee is pure.

    _Jason._ To me my life is an unwelcome gift
    Of which I am ashamed.

    _Medea._               Who is ashamed
    To owe his life to me can lay it down.

    _Jason._ For thy sons' sake control thy fiery heart.       505

    _Medea._ I will have none of them, I cast them off,
    Abjure them; shall Creusa to my sons
    Give brothers?

    _Jason._       To an exile's wretched sons
    A mighty queen will give them.

    _Medea._                       Never come
    That evil day that mingles a great race                    510
    With race unworthy,--Ph[oe]bus' glorious sons
    With sons of Sisyphus.

    _Jason._               What, cruel one,
    Wouldst thou drag both to banishment? Away!

    _Medea._ Creon has heard my prayer.

    _Jason._                            What can I do?

    _Medea._ For me? Some crime perhaps.

    _Jason._                             A prince's wrath      515
    Is here and there.

    _Medea._           Medea's wrath more fierce!
    Let us essay our power, the victor's prize
    Be Jason.

    _Jason._ Passion-weary, I depart;
    Fear thou to trust a fate too often tried.

    _Medea._ Fortune has ever served me faithfully.            520

    _Jason._ Acastus comes.

    _Medea._                Creon's a nearer foe,
    But both shall fall. Medea does not ask
    That thou shouldst arm thyself against the king,
    Or soil thy hands with murder of thy kin;
    Fly with me innocent.

    _Jason._              Who will oppose                      525
    If double war ensue, and the two kings
    Join forces?

    _Medea._     Add to them the Colchian troops
    And King Æëtes, Scythian hosts and Greeks,
    Medea conquers them!

    _Jason._             I greatly fear
    A scepter's power.

    _Medea._           Do not covet it.                        530

    _Jason._ We must cut short our converse, lest it breed
    Suspicion.

    _Medea._   Now from high Olympus send
    Thy thunder, Jupiter; stretch forth thy hand,
    Prepare thy lightning, from the riven clouds
    Make the world tremble, nor with careful hand              535
    Spare him or me; whichever of us dies
    Dies guilty; thy avenging thunderbolt
    Cannot mistake the victim.

    _Jason._                   Try to speak
    More sanely; calm thyself. If aught can aid
    Thy flight from Creon's house, thou needst but ask.        540

    _Medea._ My soul is strong enough, and wont to scorn
    The wealth of kings; this boon alone I crave,
    To take my children with me when I go;
    Into their bosoms I would shed my tears,
    New sons are thine.

    _Jason._            Would I might grant thy prayer;        545
    Paternal love forbids me, Creon's self
    Could not compel me to it. They alone
    Lighten the sorrow of a grief-parched soul.
    For them I live, I sooner would resign
    Breath, members, light.

    _Medea_ [_aside_].      'Tis well! He loves his sons,      550
    This, then, the place where he may feel a wound!
    [_To Jason._] Before I go, thou wilt, at least, permit
    That I should give my sons a last farewell,
    A last embrace? But one thing more I ask:
    If in my grief I've poured forth threatening words,        555
    Retain them not in mind; let memory hold
    Only my softer speech, my words of wrath
    Obliterate.

    _Jason._    I have erased them all
    From my remembrance. I would counsel thee
    Be calm, act gently; calmness quiets pain.                 560

[_Exit Jason._


SCENE III

_Medea, Nurse._

    _Medea._ He's gone! And can it be he leaves me so,
    Forgetting me and all my guilt? Forgot?
    Nay, never shall Medea be forgot!
    Up! Act! Call all thy power to aid thee now;
    This fruit of crime is thine, to shun no crime!            565
    Deceit is useless, so they fear my guile.
    Strike where they do not dream thou canst be feared.
    Medea, haste, be bold to undertake
    The possible--yea, that which is not so!
    Thou, faithful nurse, companion of my griefs               570
    And varying fortunes, aid my wretched plans.
    I have a robe, gift of the heavenly powers,
    An ornament of a king's palace, given
    By Ph[oe]bus to my father as a pledge
    Of sonship; and a necklace of wrought gold;                575
    And a bright diadem, inlaid with gems,
    With which they used to bind my hair. These gifts,
    Endued with poison by my magic arts,
    My sons shall carry for me to the bride.
    Pay vows to Hecate, bring the sacrifice,                   580
    Set up the altars. Let the mounting flame
    Envelop all the house.


SCENE IV

    _Chorus._ Fear not the power of flame, nor swelling gale,
    Nor hurtling dart, nor cloudy wain that brings
    The winter storms; fear not when Danube sweeps             585
    Unchecked between its widely severed shores,
    Nor when the Rhone hastes seaward, and the sun
    Has broken up the snow upon the hills,
            And Hermes flows in rivers.
    A wife deserted, loving while she hates,                   590
    Fear greatly; blindly burns her anger's flame,
    For kings she cares not, will not bear the curb.
    Ye gods, we ask your grace divine for him
    Who safely crossed the seas; the ocean's lord
    Is angry for his conquered kingdom's sake;                 595
            Spare Jason, we entreat!
    Th' impetuous youth who dared to drive the car
    Of Ph[oe]bus, keeping not the wonted course,
    Died in the furious fires himself had lit.
    Few are the evils of the well-known way;                   600
    Seek the old paths your fathers safely trod,
    The sacred federations of the world
            Keep still inviolate.
    The men who dipped the oars of that brave ship;
    Who plundered of their shade the sacred groves
    Of Pelion; passed between the unstable cliffs;
    Endured so many hardships on the deep;
    And cast their anchor on a savage coast,
    Passing again with ravished foreign gold,
    Atoned with fearful death upon the sea                     610
            For violated law.
    The angry deep demanded punishment:
    Tiphys to an unskillful pilot left
    The rudder. On a foreign coast he fell,
    Far from his father's kingdom, and he lies                 615
    With nameless shades, under a lowly tomb.
    Becalmed in her still harbor Aulis held
    The impatient ships, remembering in wrath
            The king that she lost thence.
    The fair Camena's son, who touched his lyre                620
    So sweetly that the floods stood still, the winds
    Were silent, and the birds forgot to sing,
    And forests followed him, on Thracian fields
    Lies dead, his head borne down by Hebrus' stream.
    He touched again the Styx and Tartarus,                    625
            But not again returns.
    Alcides overthrew the north wind's sons;
    He slew that son of Neptune who could take
    Unnumbered forms; but after he had made
    Peace between land and sea, and opened wide                630
    The realm of Dis, lying on [OE]ta's top
    He gave his body to the cruel fire,
    Destroyed by his wife's gift--the fatal robe
            Poisoned with Centaur's blood.
    Ankæus fell a victim to the boar                           635
    Of Caledonia; Meleager slew
    His mother's brother, stained his hands with blood
    Of his own mother. They have merited
    Their lot, but what the crime that he atoned
    By death whom Hercules long sought in vain--               640
    The tender Hylas drawn beneath safe waves?
    Go now, brave soldiers, boldly plow the main,
            But fear the gentle streams.
    Idmon the serpents buried in the sands
    Of Libya, though he knew the future well.                  645
    Mopsus, to others true, false to himself,
    Fell far from Thebes; and he who tried to burn
    The crafty Greeks fell headlong to the deep:
            Such death was meet for crime.
    Oileus, smitten by the thunderbolt,                        650
    Died on the ocean; and Pheræus' wife
    Fell for her husband, so averting fate;
    He who commanded that the golden spoil
    Be carried to the ships had traveled far,
    But, plunged in seething cauldron, Pelias died             655
    In narrow limits. 'Tis enough, ye gods;
            Ye have avenged the sea!




ACT IV


SCENE I

    _Nurse._ I shrink with horror! Ruin threatens us!
    How terribly her wrath inflames itself!
    Her former force awakes, thus I have seen                  660
    Medea raging and attacking god,
    Compelling heaven. Greater crime than then
    She now prepares, for as with frantic step
    She sought the sanctuary of her crimes,
    She poured forth all her threats; and what before          665
    She feared she now brings forth; lets loose a host
    Of poisonous evils, arts mysterious;
    With sad left hand outstretched invokes all ills
    That Libyan sands with their fierce heat create,
    Or frost-bound Taurus with perpetual snow                  670
    Encompasses. Drawn by her magic spell
    The serpent drags his heavy length along,
    Darts his forked tongue, and seeks his destined prey.
    Hearing her incantation, he draws back
    And knots his swelling body coiling it.--                  675
    'They are but feeble poisons earth brings forth,
    And harmless darts,' she says, 'heaven's ills I seek.
    Now is the time for deeper sorcery.
    The dragon like a torrent shall descend,
    Whose mighty folds the Great and Lesser Bear               680
    Know well; Ophiuchus shall loose his grasp
    And poison flow. Be present at my call,
    Python, who dared to fight twin deities.
    The Hydra slain by Hercules shall come
    Healed of his wound. Thou watchful Colchian one,           685
    Be present with the rest--thou, who first slept
    Lulled by my incantations.' When the brood
    Of serpents has been called she blends the juice
    Of poisonous herbs; all Eryx' pathless heights
    Bear, or the open top of Caucasus                          690
    Wet with Prometheus' blood, where winter reigns;
    All that the rich Arabians use to tip
    Their poisoned shafts, or the light Parthians,
    Or warlike Medes; all the brave Suabians cull
    In the Hyrcanian forests in the north;                     695
    All poisons that the earth brings forth in spring
    When birds are nesting; or when winter cold
    Has torn away the beauty of the groves
    And bound the world in icy manacles.
    Whatever herb gives flower the cause of death,             700
    Or juice of twisted root, her hands have culled.
    These on Thessalian Athos grew, and those
    On mighty Pindus; on Pangæus' height
    She cut the tender herbs with bloody scythe.
    These Tigris nurtured with its current deep,               705
    The Danube those; Hydaspes rich in gems
    Flowing with current warm through levels dry,
    Bætis that gives its name to neighboring lands
    And meets the western ocean languidly,
    Have nurtured these. Those have been cut at dawn;          710
    These other herbs at dead of night were reaped;
    And these were gathered with the enchanted hook.
    Death-dealing plants she chooses, wrings the blood
    Of serpents, and she takes ill-omened birds,
    The sad owl's heart, the quivering entrails cut            715
    From the horned owl living;--sorts all these.
    In some the eager force of flame is found,
    In some the bitter cold of sluggish ice;
    To these she adds the venom of her words
    As greatly to be feared. She stamps her feet;              720
    She sings, and the world trembles at her song.


SCENE II

_Medea, before the altar of Hecate._

    _Medea._ Here I invoke you, silent company,
    Infernal gods, blind Chaos, sunless home
    Of shadowy Dis, and squalid caves of Death
    Bound by the banks of Tartarus. Lost souls,                725
    For this new bridal leave your wonted toil.
    Stand still, thou whirling wheel, Ixion touch
    Again firm ground; come, Tantalus, and drink
    Unchecked the wave of the Pirenian fount.
    Let heavier punishment on Creon wait:--                    730
    Thou stone of Sisyphus, worn smooth, roll back;
    And ye Danaïdes who strive in vain
    To fill your leaking jars, I need your aid.
    Come at my invocation, star of night,
    Endued with form most horrible, nor threat                 735
    With single face, thou three-formed deity!
    To thee, according to my country's use,
    With hair unfilleted and naked feet
    I've trod the sacred groves; called forth the rain
    From cloudless skies; have driven back the sea;            740
    And forced the ocean to withdraw its waves.
    Earth sees heaven's laws confused, the sun and stars
    Shining together, and the two Bears wet
    In the forbidden ocean. I have changed
    The circle of the seasons:--at my word                     745
    Earth flourishes with summer; Ceres sees
    A winter harvest; Phasis' rushing stream
    Flows to its source; the Danube that divides
    Into so many mouths restrains its flood
    Of waters--hardly moving past its shores.                  750
    The winds are silent; but the waters speak,
    The wild seas roar; the home of ancient groves
    Loses its leafy shade; the day withdraws
    At my command; the sun stands still in heaven.
    My incantations move the Hyades.                           755
    It is thy hour, Diana!
    For thee my bloody hands have wrought this crown
    Nine times by serpents girt; those knotted snakes
    Rebellious Typhon bore, who made revolt
    Against Jove's kingdom; Nessus gave this blood             760
    When dying; [OE]ta's funeral pyre provides
    These ashes which have drunk the poisoned blood
    Of dying Hercules; and here thou seest
    Althea's vengeful brand. The harpies left
    These feathers in the pathless den they made               765
    A refuge when they fled from Zete's wrath;
    And these were dropped by the Stymphalian birds
    That felt the wound of arrows dipped in blood
    Of the Lernæan Hydra.
    The altars find a voice, the tripod moves                  770
    Stirred by the favoring goddess. Her swift car
    I see approach--not the full-orbed that rolls
    All night through heaven; but as, with darkened light,
    Troubled by the Thessalians she comes,
    So her sad face upon my altars sheds                       775
    A murky light. Terrify with new dread
    The men of earth! Costly Corinthian brass
    Sounds in thy honor, Hecate, and on ground
    Made red with blood I pay these solemn rites
    To thee; for thee have stolen from the tomb                780
    This torch that gives its baleful funeral light;
    To thee with bowed head I have made my prayer;
    And in accordance with my country's use,
    My loose hair filleted, have plucked for thee
    This branch that grows beside the Stygian wave;            785
    Like a wild Mænad, laying bare my breast,
    With sacred knife I cut for thee my arm;
    My blood is on the altars! Hand, learn well
    To strike thy dearest! See, my blood flows forth!
    Daughter of Perseus, have I asked too oft                  790
    Thine aid? Recall no more my former prayers.
    To-day as always I invoke thine aid
    For Jason's sake alone! Endue this robe
    With such a baleful power that the bride
    May feel at its first touch consuming fire                 795
    Of serpent's poison in her inmost veins;
    Let fire lurk hid in the bright gold, the fire
    Prometheus gave and taught men how to store--
    He now atones his daring theft from heaven
    With tortured vitals. Mulciber has given                   800
    This flame, and I in sulphur nurtured it;
    I brought a spark from the destroying fire
    Of Phaeton; I have the flame breathed forth
    By the Chimæra, and the fire I snatched
    From Colchis' savage bull; and mixed with these            805
    Medusa's venom. I have bade all serve
    My secret sorcery; now, Hecate, add
    The sting of poison, aid the seeds of flame
    Hid in my gift; let them deceive the sight
    But burn the touch; let the heat penetrate                 810
    Her very heart and veins, stiffen her limbs,
    Consume her bones in smoke. Her burning hair
    Shall glow more brightly than the nuptial torch!
    My vows are paid, and Hecate thrice has barked,
    And shaken fire from her funeral torch.                    815
    'Tis finished! Call my sons. My precious gifts,
    Ye shall be borne by them to the new bride.
    Go, go, my sons, a hapless mother's sons!
    Placate with gifts and prayers your father's wife!
    But come again with speed, that I may know                 820
    A last embrace!


SCENE III

    _Chorus._ Where hastes the blood-stained Mænad, headlong driven
    By angry love? What mischief plots her rage?
    With wrath her face grows rigid; her proud head
    She fiercely shakes; threatens the king in wrath.          825
    Who would believe her exiled from the realm?
    Her cheeks glow crimson, pallor puts to flight
    The red, no color lingers on her face;
    Her steps are driven to and fro as when
    A tiger rages, of its young bereft,                        830
    Beside the Ganges in the gloomy woods.
    Medea knows not how to curb her love
    Or hate. Now love and hate together rage.
    When will she leave the fair Pelasgian fields,
    The wicked Colchian one, and free from fear                835
    Our king and kingdom? Drive with no slow rein
    Thy car, Diana; let the sweet night hide
    The sunlight. Hesperus, end the dreaded day.




ACT V


SCENE I

_Messenger, Chorus._

    _Messenger_ [_enters in haste_]. All are destroyed,
        the royal empire falls,
    Father and child lie in one funeral pyre.                  840

    _Chorus._ Destroyed by what deceit?

    _Messenger._                        That which is wont
    To ruin princes--gifts.

    _Chorus._               Could these work harm?

    _Messenger._ I myself wonder, and can hardly deem
    The wrong accomplished, though I know it done.

    _Chorus._ How did it happen?

    _Messenger._                 A destructive fire            845
    Spreads everywhere as at command; even now
    The city is in fear, the palace burned.

    _Chorus._ Let water quench the flames.

    _Messenger._                           It will not these,
    As by a miracle floods feed the fire.
    The more we fight it so much more it glows.                850


SCENE II

_Medea, Nurse._

    _Nurse._ Up! up! Medea! Swiftly flee the land
    Of Pelops; seek in haste a distant shore.

    _Medea._ Shall I fly? I? Were I already gone
    I would return for this, that I might see
    These new betrothals. Dost thou pause, my soul?            855
    This joy's but the beginning of revenge.
    Thou dost but love if thou art satisfied
    To widow Jason. Seek new penalties,
    Honor is gone and maiden modesty,--
    It were a light revenge pure hands could yield.            860
    Strengthen thy drooping spirit, stir up wrath,
    Drain from thy heart its all of ancient force,
    Thy deeds till now call honor; wake, and act,
    That they may see how light, how little worth,
    All former crime--the prelude of revenge!                  865
    What was there great my novice hands could dare?
    What was the madness of my girlhood days?
    I am Medea now, through sorrow strong.
    Rejoice, because through thee thy brother died;
    Rejoice, because through thee his limbs were torn,         870
    Through thee thy father lost the golden fleece;
    Rejoice, that armed by thee his daughters slew
    Old Pelias! Seek revenge! No novice hand
    Thou bring'st to crime; what wilt thou do; what dart
    Let fly against thy hated enemy?                           875
    I know not what my maddened spirit plots,
    Nor yet dare I confess it to myself!
    In folly I made haste--would that my foe
    Had children by this other! Mine are his,
    We'll say Creusa bore them! 'Tis enough;                   880
    Through them my heart at last finds full revenge;
    My soul must be prepared for this last crime.
    Ye who were once my children, mine no more,
    Ye pay the forfeit for your father's crimes.
    Awe strikes my spirit and benumbs my hand;                 885
    My heart beats wildly; mother-love drives out
    Hate of my husband; shall I shed their blood--
    My children's blood? Demented one, rage not,
    Be far from thee this crime! What guilt is theirs?
    Is Jason not their father?--guilt enough!                  890
    And worse, Medea claims them as her sons.
    They are not sons of mine, so let them die!
    Nay, rather let them perish since they are!
    But they are innocent--my brother was!
    Fear'st thou? Do tears already mar thy cheek?              895
    Do wrath and love like adverse tides impel
    Now here, now there? As when the winds wage war,
    And the wild waves against each other smite,
    My heart is beaten; duty drives out fear,
    As wrath drives duty. Anger dies in love.                  900
    Dear sons, sole solace of a storm-tossed house,
    Come hither, he may have you safe if I
    May claim you too! But he has banished me;
    Already from my bosom torn away
    They go lamenting--perish then to both,                    905
    To him as me! My wrath again grows hot;
    Furies, I go wherever you may lead.
    Would that the children of the haughty child
    Of Tantalus were mine, that I had borne
    Twice seven sons! In bearing only two                      910
    I have been cursed! And yet it is enough
    For father, brother, that I have borne two.--
    Where does that horde of furies haste? whom seek?
    For whom prepare their fires? or for whom
    Intends the infernal band its bloody torch?                915
    Whom does Megaera seek with hostile brand?
    The mighty dragon lashes its fierce tail--
    What shade uncertain brings its scattered limbs?
    It is my brother, and he seeks revenge;
    I grant it, thrust the torches in my eyes;                 920
    Kill, burn, the furies have me in their power!
    Brother, command the avenging goddesses
    To leave me, and the shades to seek their place
    In the infernal regions without fear;
    Here leave me to myself, and use this hand                 925
    That held the sword--your soul has found revenge.
                                   [_Kills one of her sons._
    What is the sudden noise? They come in arms
    And think to drive me into banishment.
    I will go up on the high roof, come thou;
    I'll take the body with me. Now my soul,                   930
    Strike! hold not hid thy power, but show the world
    What thou art able.

[_She goes out with the nurse and the living boy, and carries
with her the body of her dead son._


SCENE III

_Jason in the foreground, Medea with the children appears upon
the roof._

    _Jason._ Ye faithful ones, who share
    In the misfortunes of your harassed king,
    Hasten to take the author of these deeds.                  935
    Come hither, hither, cohorts of brave men;
    Bring up your weapons; overthrow the house.

    _Medea._ I have recaptured now my crown and throne,
    My brother and my father; Colchians hold
    The golden fleece; my kingdom is won back;                 940
    My lost virginity returns to me!
    O gods appeased, marriage, and happy days,
    Go now,--my vengeance is complete! Not yet--
    Finish it while thy hands are strong to strike.
    Why seek delay? Why hesitate, my soul?                     945
    Thou art able! All thine anger falls to nought!
    I do repent of that which I have done!
    Why did'st thou do it, miserable one?
    Yea, miserable! Ruth shall follow thee!
    'Tis done, great joy fills my unwilling heart,             950
    And, lo, the joy increases. But one thing
    Before was lacking--Jason did not see!
    All that he has not seen I count as lost.

    _Jason._ She threatens from the roof; let fire be brought,  954
    That she may perish burned with her own flame.

    _Medea._ Pile high the funeral pyre of thy sons,
    And rear their tomb. To Creon and thy wife
    I have already paid the honors due.
    This son is dead, and this shall soon be so,
    And thou shalt see him perish.

    _Jason._                       By the gods,                960
    By our sad flight together, and the bond
    I have not willingly forsaken, spare
    Our son! If there is any crime, 'tis mine;
    Put me to death, strike down the guilty one.

    _Medea._ There where thou askest mercy, and canst feel     965
    The sting, I thrust the sword. Go, Jason, seek
    Thy virgin bride, desert a mother's bed.

    _Jason._ Let one suffice for vengeance.

    _Medea._                                Had it been
    That one could satisfy my hands with blood,
    I had slain none. But two is not enough.                   970

    _Jason._ Then go, fill up the measure of thy crime,
    I ask for nothing but that thou should'st make
    A speedy end.

    _Medea._      Now, grief, take slow revenge;
    It is my day; haste not, let me enjoy.

[_Kills the other child._

    _Jason._ Slay me, mine enemy!

    _Medea._                      Dost thou implore            975
    My pity? It is well! I am avenged.
    Grief, there is nothing more that thou canst slay!
    Look up, ungrateful Jason, recognize
    Thy wife; so I am wont to flee. The way
    Lies open through the skies; two dragons bend
    Their necks, submissive to the yoke. I go                  981
    In my bright car through heaven. Take thy sons!

[_She casts down to him the bodies of her children, and is borne
away in a chariot drawn by dragons._

    _Jason._ Go through the skies sublime, and going prove     983
    That the gods dwell not in the heavens you seek.




THE DAUGHTERS OF TROY




_DRAMATIS PERSONAE_


AGAMEMNON.
ULYSSES.
PYRRHUS.
CALCHAS.
TALTHYBIUS.
ASTYANAX.
HECUBA.
ANDROMACHE.
HELEN.
POLYXENA.
AN OLD MAN.
MESSENGER.
CHORUS OF TROJAN WOMEN.

SCENE--_Troy._




THE DAUGHTERS OF TROY




ACT I


SCENE I

    _Hecuba._ Let him who puts his trust in kingly crown,
    Who rules in prince's court with power supreme,
    Who, credulous of heart, dreads not the gods,
    But in his happy lot confides, behold
    My fate and Troy's. Never by clearer proof                   5
    Was shown how frail a thing is human pride.
    Strong Asia's capital, the work of gods,
    Is fallen; and she beneath whose banners fought
    The men who drink the Tanais' cold stream
    That flows by sevenfold outlet to the sea,                  10
    And those who see the new-born day where blends
    Tigris' warm waters with the blushing strait,
    Is fallen; her walls and towers, to ashes burned,
    Lie low amid her ruined palaces.
    The flames destroy the city; far and near                   15
    Smolders the home of King Assaracus.
    But flames stay not the eager conqueror's hand
    From plundering Troy. The sky is hid with smoke;
    And day, as though enveloped in black cloud,
    Is dark with ashes. Eager for revenge,                      20
    The victor stands and measures her slow fall;
    Forgets the long ten years; deplores her fate;
    Nor yet believes that he has vanquished her,
    Although he sees her conquered in the dust.
    The pillagers are busy with the spoil;                      25
    A thousand ships will hardly bear it hence.
      Witness, ye adverse deities; and ye,
    My country's ashes, and thou, Phrygia's king,
    Buried beneath the ruins of thy realm;
    Ye spirits of the mighty, in whose life                     30
    Troy lived; and ye my offspring, lesser shades;--
    Whatever ills have happened; whatsoe'er
    The priestess of Apollo, to whose word
    The god denied belief, has prophesied,
    I, going great with child, have earlier feared,             35
    Nor feared in silence, though in vain I spoke;--
    Cassandra too has prophesied in vain.
    Alas, 'twas not the crafty Ithacan,
    Nor the companions of his night attack,
    Nor Sinon false, who flung into your midst                  40
    Devouring flame; the glowing torch was mine!
    Aged, and sick of life, why weep for Troy?
    Unhappy one, recall more recent woes;
    The fall of Troy is now an ancient grief!
    I've seen the murder of a king--base crime!                 45
    And, at the altar's foot allowed, I've seen
    A baser crime, when Æacus' fierce son,
    His left hand in the twisted locks, bent back
    That royal head, and drove the iron home
    In the deep wound; freely it was received,                  50
    And buried deep, and yet drawn forth unstained,
    So sluggish is the blood of frozen age.
    This old man's cruel death at the last mete
    Of human life; and the immortal gods,
    Witnesses of the deed; and fallen Troy's                    55
    Fair altars, cannot stay the savage hand.
    Priam, the father of so many kings,
    Has found no grave, and in the flames of Troy
    No funeral pyre, and yet the wrathful gods
    Are not appeased; behold, the lot is cast                   60
    That gives to Priam's daughters and his sons
    A master; and I go to servitude.
    This one seeks Hector's wife, this Helenus';
    And this Antenor's; nor are wanting those
    Who long for thee, Cassandra; me alone                      65
    They shun, and I alone affright the Greeks.
      Why cease your lamentations, captive ones?
    Make moan, and smite your breasts, pay funeral rites;
    Let fatal Ida, home of your harsh judge,
    Reëcho long your sorrowful lament.                          70


SCENE II

_Hecuba, Chorus of Trojan Women._

    _Chorus._ You bid those weep who are not new to grief;
    Our lamentations have not ceased to rise
    From that day when the Phrygian stranger sought
    Grecian Amyclæ; and the sacred pine
    Of Mother Cybele, through Grecian seas                      75
    A pathway cut. Ten times the winter snows
    Have whitened Ida--Ida stripped of trees
    To furnish Trojan dead with funeral pyres--
    Ten times the trembling reaper has gone forth
    To cut the bearded grain from Ilium's fields,               80
    Since any day has seen us free from tears.
    New sorrows ask new mourning, lift thy hand
    And beat upon thy breast: thy followers, queen,
    Are not inept at weeping.

    _Hecuba._                 Faithful ones,
    Companions of my grief, unbind your hair;                   85
    About your shoulders let it flow defiled
    With Troy's hot ashes; come with breast exposed,
    Carelessly loosened robes, and naked limbs;
    Why veil your modest bosoms, captive ones?
    Gird up your flowing tunics, free your hands                90
    For fierce and frequent beating of your breasts.
    So I am satisfied, I recognize
    My Trojan followers; again I hear
    Their wonted lamentations. Weep indeed;
    We weep for Hector.

    _Chorus._           We unbind our hair,                     95
    So often torn in wild laments, and strew
    Troy's glowing ashes on our heads; permit
    Our loosened robe to drop from shoulders bare;
    Our naked bosoms now invite our blows.
    O sorrow, show thy power; let Rh[oe]ta's shores            100
    Give back the blows, nor from her hollow hills
    Faint Echo sound the closing words alone,
    But let her voice repeat each bitter groan,
    And earth and ocean hear. With cruel blows
    Smite, smite, nor be content with faint laments:           105
    We weep for Hector.

    _Hecuba._ For thee our hands have torn our naked arms
    And bleeding shoulders; Hector, 'tis for thee
    We beat our brows and lacerate our breasts;
    The wounds inflicted in thy funeral rites                  110
    Still gape and flow with blood. Thou, Hector, wast
    The pillar of thy land, her fates' delay,
    The prop of wearied Phrygians, and the wall
    Of Troy; by thee supported, firm she stood,
    Ten years upheld. With thee thy country fell,              115
    Her day of doom and Hector's were the same.
    Weep now for Priam, smite for him your breasts;
    Hector has tears enough.

    _Chorus._ Pilot of Phrygia, twice a captive made,
    Receive our tears, receive our wild laments.               120
    Whilst thou wast king, Troy suffered many woes;
    Twice by Greek weapons were her walls assailed;
    Twice were they made a target for the darts
    Of Hercules; and when that kingly band,
    Hecuba's offspring, had been offered up,                   125
    With thee, their sire, the funeral rites were stayed;
    An offering to great Jove, thy headless trunk
    Lies on Sigea's plain.

    _Hecuba._              Women of Troy,
    For others shed your tears; not Priam's death
    I weep; say rather all, thrice happy he!                   130
    Free he descended to the land of shades,
    Nor will he ever bear on conquered neck
    The Grecian yoke; nor the Atrides see;
    Nor look on shrewd Ulysses; nor, a slave,
    Carry the trophies on his neck to grace                    135
    A Grecian triumph; feel his sceptered hands
    Bound at his back; nor add a further pomp
    To proud Mycene, forced in golden chains
    To follow Agamemnon's royal car.

    _Chorus._ Thrice happy Priam! as a king he went            140
    Into the land of spirits; wanders now
    Through the safe shadows of Elysian Fields,
    In happiness among the peaceful shades,
    And seeks for Hector. Happy Priam say!
    Thrice happy he, who, dying in the fight,                  145
    Bears with him to destruction all his land.




ACT II


SCENE I

_Talthybius, Chorus of Trojan Women._

    _Talthybius._ O long delay, that holds the Greeks in port,
    Whether they seek for war or for their homes.

    _Chorus._ Say what the reason of the long delay,
    What god forbids the Greeks the homeward road?             150

    _Talthybius._ I tremble, and my spirit shrinks with fear;
    Such prodigies will hardly find belief.
    I saw them, I myself; Titan had touched
    The mountain summits, dayspring conquered night,
    When, on a sudden, with a muttered groan,                  155
    Earth trembled, in the woods the tree-tops shook;
    The lofty forests and the sacred grove
    Thundered with mighty ruin; Ida's cliffs
    Fell from her summit; nor did earth alone
    Tremble, the ocean also recognized                         160
    Achilles' coming, and laid bare her depths;
    In the torn earth a gloomy cavern yawned;
    A way was opened up from Erebus
    To upper day; the tomb gave up its dead;
    The towering shade of the Thessalian chief                 165
    Leaped forth as when, preparing for thy fate,
    O Troy, he put to flight the Thracian host,
    And struck down Neptune's shining, fair-haired son;
    Or as when, breathing battle from the field,
    He filled the rivers with the fallen dead,                 170
    And Xanthus wandered over bloody shoals
    Seeking slow channels; or as when he stood
    In his proud car, a victor, while he dragged
    Hector and Troy behind him in the dust.
      His wrathful voice rang out along the shore:             175
    'Go, go, ye slothful ones, pay honors due
    My manes. Let the thankless ships be freed
    To sail my seas. Not lightly Greece has felt
    Achilles' wrath; that wrath shall heavier fall.
    Polyxena, betrothed to me in death,                        180
    Must die a sacrifice at Pyrrhus' hand,
    And make my tomb glow crimson.' Thus he spake,
    Shadowed the day with night, and sought again
    The realm of Dis. He took the riven path;
    Earth closed above him, and the tranquil sea               185
    Lay undisturbed, the raging wind was still,
    Softly the ocean murmured, Tritons sang
    From the blue deep their hymeneal chant.


SCENE II

_Agamemnon, Pyrrhus._

    _Pyrrhus._ When, homeward turning, you would fain have spread
    Your happy sails, Achilles was forgot.                     190
    By him alone struck down, Troy fell; her fall,
    Ev'n at his death, was but so long delayed
    As she stood doubtful whither she should fall;
    Haste as you will to give him what he asks
    You give too late. Already all the chiefs                  195
    Have carried off their prizes; what reward
    Of lesser price have you to offer him
    For so great valor? Does he merit less?
    He, bidden shun the battle and enjoy
    A long and happy age, outnumbering                         200
    The many years of Pylos' aged king,
    Threw off his mother's mantle, stood confessed
    A man of arms. When Telephus in vain
    Refused Achilles entrance to the coast
    Of rocky Mysia, with his royal blood                       205
    He stained Achilles' hand, but found that hand
    Gentle as strong. When Thebes was overcome
    Eëtion, its conquered ruler, saw
    His realm made captive. With like slaughter fell
    Little Lyrnessus, built at Ida's foot;                     210
    Briseia's land was captured; Chryse, too,
    The cause of royal strife, is overthrown;
    And well-known Tenedos, and Sciro's isle
    That, rich with fertile pastures, nourishes
    The Thracian herd, and Lesbos that divides                 215
    The Ægean straits, Cilla to Ph[oe]bus dear,
    Yes, and whatever land Caïcus laves
    With its green depths of waters. This had been
    To any other, glory, honor, fame,--
    Achilles is but on the march; so sped                      220
    My father, and so great the war he waged
    While he made ready for his great campaign.
      Though I were silent of his other deeds,
    Would it not be enough that Hector died?
    My father conquered Ilium; as for you,                     225
    You have but made it naught. It gives me joy
    To speak the praises and illustrious deeds
    Of my great sire: how Hector in the eyes
    Of fatherland and father prostrate fell,
    How Memnon, too, lies slain, whose mother shuns            230
    The gloomy light of day, with pallid cheek
    Mourning his fate; and at his own great deeds
    Achilles trembles, and, a victor, learns
    That death may touch the children of a god.
    The Amazons' harsh queen, thy final fear,                  235
    Last yielded. Wouldst thou honor worthily
    His mighty arms, then yield him what he will,
    Though he should ask a virgin from the land
    Of Argos or Mycene. Dost thou doubt;
    Too soon content, art loth to offer up                     240
    A maiden, Priam's child, to Peleus' son?
    Thy child was sacrificed to Helenus,
    'Tis not an unaccustomed gift I ask.

    _Agamemnon._ To have no power to check the passions' glow
    Is ever found a fault of youthful hearts;                  245
    That which in others is the zeal of youth,
    In Pyrrhus is his father's fiery heart.
    Thus mildly once I stood the savage threats
    Of Æacus' fierce son; most patiently
    He bears, who is most strong. With slaughter harsh         250
    Why sprinkle our illustrious leader's shade?
    Learn first how much the conqueror may do,
    The conquered suffer. 'Tis the mild endure,
    But he who harshly rules, rules not for long.
    The higher Fortune doth exalt a man,                       255
    Increasing human power, so much the more--
    Fearing the gods who too much favor him,
    And not unmindful of uncertain fate--
    He should be meek. In conquering, I have learned
    How in a moment greatness is o'erthrown.                   260
      Has Trojan triumph too soon made us proud?
    We stand, we Greeks, in that place whence Troy fell.
    Imperious I have been, and borne myself
    At times too proudly; Fortune's gifts correct
    In me the pride they oft in others rouse.                  265
    Priam, thou mak'st me proud, but mak'st me fear.
    What can I deem my scepter, but a name
    Made bright with idle glitter; or my crown,
    But empty ornament? Fate overthrows
    Swiftly, nor will it need a thousand ships,                270
    Perchance, nor ten years' war. I own, indeed,
    (This can I do, oh Argive land, nor wound
    Thy honor) I have troubled Phrygia
    And wished her conquered; but I would have stayed
    The hand that crushed and laid her in the dust.            275
    A foe enraged, who gains the victory
    By night, checks not his raging at command;
    Whatever cruel or unworthy deed
    Appeared in any, anger was the cause--
    Anger and darkness and the savage sword                    280
    Made glad with blood and seeking still for more.
      All that yet stands of ruined Troy shall stand,
    Enough of punishment--more than enough--
    Has been exacted; that a royal maid
    Should fall, and, offered as a sacrifice                   285
    Upon a tomb, should crimson with her blood
    The ashes, and this hateful crime be called
    A marriage--I will never suffer it.
    Upon my head would rest the guilt of all;
    He who forbids not crime when he has power,                290
    Commands it.

    _Pyrrhus._   Shall Achilles then go hence
    With empty hand?

    _Agamemnon._     No, all shall tell his praise,
    And unknown lands shall sing his glorious name;
    And if his shade would take delight in blood
    Poured forth upon his ashes, let us slay                   295
    A Phrygian sheep, rich sacrifice. No blood
    Shall flow to cause a sorrowing mother's tears.
    What fashion this, by which a living soul
    Is sacrificed to one gone down to hell?
    Think not to soil thy father's memory                      300
    With such revenge, commanding us to pay
    Due reverence with blood.

    _Pyrrhus._                Harsh king of kings!
    So arrogant while favoring fortune smiles,
    So timid when aught threatens! Is thy heart
    So soon inflamed with love and new desire;                 305
    And wilt thou bear away from us the spoil?
    I'll give Achilles back, with this right hand,
    His victim, and, if thou withholdest her,
    I'll give a greater, and whom Pyrrhus gives
    Will prove one worthy. All too long our hand               310
    Has ceased from slaughter, Priam seeks his peer.

    _Agamemnon._ That was, indeed, the worthiest warlike act
    Of Pyrrhus: with relentless hand he slew
    Priam, whose suppliant prayer Achilles heard.

    _Pyrrhus._ We know our father's foes were suppliants,      315
    But Priam made his prayer himself, whilst thou,
    Not brave to ask, and overcome with fear,
    Lurked trembling in thy tent, and sought as aid
    The intercessions of the Ithacan
    And Ajax.

    _Agamemnon._ That thy father did not fear,                 320
    I own; amid the slaughter of the Greeks
    And burning of the fleet, forgetting war,
    He idly lay, and with his plectrum touched
    Lightly his lyre.

    _Pyrrhus._        Mighty Hector then
    Laughed at thy arms but feared Achilles' song;             325
    By reason of that fear peace reigned supreme
    In the Thessalian fleet.

    _Agamemnon._             There was in truth
    Deep peace for Hector's father in that fleet.

    _Pyrrhus._ To grant kings life is kingly.

    _Agamemnon._                              Why wouldst thou
    With thy right hand cut short a royal life?                330

    _Pyrrhus._ Mercy gives often death instead of life.

    _Agamemnon._ Mercy seeks now a virgin for the tomb?

    _Pyrrhus._ Thou deemst it crime to sacrifice a maid?

    _Agamemnon._ More than their children, kings should love their land.

    _Pyrrhus._ No law spares captives or denies revenge.       335

    _Agamemnon._ What law forbids not, honor's self forbids.

    _Pyrrhus._ To victors is permitted what they will.

    _Agamemnon._ He least should wish to whom is granted most.

    _Pyrrhus._ And this thou sayest to us, who ten long years  339
    Have borne thy heavy yoke, whom my hand freed?

    _Agamemnon._ Is this the boast of Scyros?

    _Pyrrhus._                                There no stain
    Of brother's blood is found.

    _Agamemnon._                 Shut in by waves--

    _Pyrrhus._ Nay, but the seas are kin. I know thy house--
    Yea, Atreus' and Thyestes' noble house!                    344

    _Agamemnon._ Son of Achilles ere he was a man,
    And of the maid he ravished secretly--

    _Pyrrhus._ Of that Achilles, who, by right of race,
    Through all the world held sway, inherited
    The ocean from his mother, and the shades
    From Æacus, from Jupiter the sky.                          350

    _Agamemnon._ Achilles, who by Paris' hand was slain.

    _Pyrrhus._ One whom the gods attacked not openly.

    _Agamemnon._ To curb thy insolence and daring words
    I well were able, but my sword can spare
    The conquered.

[_To some of the soldiers, who surround him._

                   Call the god's interpreter.                 355

[_A few of the soldiers go out, Calchas comes in._


SCENE III

_Agamemnon, Pyrrhus, Calchas._

    _Agamemnon._ [_To Calchas._] Thou, who hast freed the
        anchors of the fleet;
    Ended the war's delay; and by thy arts
    Hast opened heaven; to whom the secret things
    Revealed in sacrifice, in shaken earth,
    And star that draws through heaven its flaming length,     360
    Are messengers of fate; whose words have been
    To me the words of doom; speak, Calchas, tell
    What thing the god commands, and govern us
    By thy wise counsels.

    _Calchas._            Fate a pathway grants
    To Grecians only at the wonted price.                      365
    A virgin must be slain upon the tomb
    Of the Thessalian leader, and adorned
    In robes like those Thessalian virgins wear
    To grace their bridals, or Ionian maids,
    Or damsels of Mycene; and the bride                        370
    Shall be by Pyrrhus to his father brought--
    So is she rightly wed. Yet not alone
    Is this the cause that holds our ships in port,
    But blood must flow for blood, and nobler blood
    Than thine, Polyxena. Whom fate demands--                  375
    Grandchild of Priam, Hector's only son--
    Hurled headlong from Troy's wall shall meet his death;
    Then shall our thousand sails make white the strait.


SCENE IV

_Chorus of Trojan Women._

    Is it true, or does an idle story
    Make the timid dream that after death,                     380
    When the loved one shuts the wearied eyelids,
    When the last day's sun has come and gone,
    And the funeral urn has hid the ashes,
    He shall still live on among the shades?
    Does it not avail to bear the dear one                     385
    To the grave? Must misery still endure
    Longer life beyond? Does not all perish
    When the fleeting spirit fades in air
    Cloudlike? When the dreaded fire is lighted
    'Neath the body, does no part remain?                      390
      Whatsoe'er the rising sun or setting
    Sees; whatever ebbing tide or flood
    Of the ocean with blue waters washes,
    Time with Pegasean flight destroys.
    Like the sweep of whirling constellations,                 395
    Like the circling of their king the sun,
    Haste the ages. As obliquely turning
    Hecate speeds, so all must seek their fate;
    He who touches once the gloomy water
    Sacred to the god, exists no more.                         400
      As the sordid smoke from smoldering embers
    Swiftly dies, or as a heavy cloud,
    That the north wind scatters, ends its being,
    So the soul that rules us slips away;
    After death is nothing; death is nothing                   405
    But the last mete of a swift-run race,
    Which to eager souls gives hope, to fearful
    Sets a limit to their fears. Believe
    Eager time and the abyss engulf us;
    Death is fatal to the flesh, nor spares                    410
    Spirit even; Tænaris, the kingdom
    Of the gloomy monarch, and the door
    Where sits Cerberus and guards the portal,
    Are but empty rumors, senseless names,
    Fables vain, that trouble anxious sleep.                   415
    Ask you whither go we after death?
    Where they lie who never have been born.




ACT III


SCENE I

_Andromache, An Old Man._

    _Andromache._ Why tear your hair, my Phrygian followers,
    Why beat your breasts and mar your cheeks with tears?
    The grief is light that has the power to weep.             420
    Troy fell for you but now, for me long since
    When fierce Achilles urged at speed his car,
    And dragged behind his wheel my very self;
    The axle, made of wood from Pelion's groves,
    Groaned heavily, and under Hector's weight                 425
    Trembled. O'erwhelmed and crushed, I bore unmoved
    Whate'er befell, for I was stunned with grief.
    I would have followed Hector long ago,
    And freed me from the Greeks, but this my son
    Held me, subdued my heart, forbade my death,               430
    Compelled me still to ask the gods a boon,
    Added a longer life to misery.
    He took away my sorrow's richest fruit--
    To know no fear. All chance of better things
    Is snatched away, and worse are yet to come;               435
    'Tis wretchedness to fear where hope is lost.

    _Old Man._ What sudden fear assails thee, troubled one?

    _Andromache._ From great misfortunes, greater ever spring;
    Troy needs must fill the measure of her woes.

    _Old Man._ Though he should wish, what can the god do more?  440

    _Andromache._ The entrance of the bottomless abyss
    Of gloomy Styx lies open; lest defeat
    Should lack enough of fear, the buried foe
    Comes forth from Dis. Can Greeks alone return?
    Death certainly is equal; Phrygians feel                   445
    This common fear; a dream of dreadful night
    Me only terrified.

    _Old Man._         What dream is this?

    _Andromache._ The sweet night's second watch was hardly passed,
    The Seven Stars were turning from the height;
    At length there came an unaccustomed calm                  450
    To me afflicted; on my eyes there stole
    Brief sleep, if that dull lethargy be sleep
    That comes to grief-worn souls; when, suddenly,
    Before my eyes stood Hector, not as when
    He bore against the Greeks avenging fire,                  455
    Seeking the Argive fleet with Trojan torch;
    Nor as he raged with slaughter 'gainst the Greeks,
    And bore away Achilles' arms--true spoil,
    From him who played Achilles' part, nor was
    A true Achilles. Not with flame-bright face                460
    He came, but marred with tears, dejected, sad,
    Like us, and all unkempt his loosened hair;
    Yet I rejoiced to see him. Then he said,
    Shaking his head: 'O faithful wife, awake!
    Bear hence thy son and hide him, this alone                465
    Is safety. Weep not! Do you weep for Troy?
    Would all were fallen! Hasten, seek a place
    Of safety for the child.' Then I awoke,
    Cold horror and a trembling broke my sleep.
    Fearful, I turned my eyes now here, now there.             470
    Me miserable, careless of my son,
    I sought for Hector, but the fleeting shade
    Slipped from my arms, eluded my embrace.
    O child, true son of an illustrious sire;
    Troy's only hope; last of a stricken race;                 475
    Too noble offspring of an ancient house;
    Too like thy father! Such my Hector's face,
    Such was his gait, his manner, so he held
    His mighty hands, and so his shoulders broad,
    So threatened with bold brow when shaking back             480
    His heavy hair! Oh, born too late for Troy,
    Too soon for me, will ever come that time,
    That happy day, when thou shalt build again
    Troy's walls, and lead from flight her scattered hosts,
    Avenging and defending mightily,                           485
    And give again a name to Troy's fair land?
    But, mindful of my fate, I dare not wish;
    We live, and life is all that slaves can hope.
    Alas, what place of safety can I find,
    Where hide thee? That high citadel, god-built,             490
    Is dust, her streets are flame, and naught remains
    Of all the mighty city, not so much
    As where to hide an infant. Oh, what place
    Of safety can I find? The mighty tomb,
    Reared to my husband--this the foe must fear.
    His father, Priam, in his sorrow built,                    496
    With no ungenerous hand, great Hector's tomb;
    I rightly trust a father. Yet I fear
    The baleful omen of the place of tombs,
    And a cold sweat my trembling members bathes.              500

    _Old Man._ The safe may choose, the wretched seize defense.

    _Andromache._ We may not hide him without heavy fear
    Lest some one find him.

    _Old Man._              Cover up the trace
    Of our device.

    _Andromache._ And if the foe should ask?

    _Old Man._ In the destruction of the land he died,--       505
    It oft has saved a man that he was deemed
    Already dead.

    _Andromache._ No other hope is left.
    He bears the heavy burden of his name;
    If he must come once more into their power
    What profits it to hide him?

    _Old Man._                   Victors oft                   510
    Are savage only in the first attack.

    _Andromache._ [_To Astyanax_] What distant, pathless land
        will keep thee safe,
    Or who protect thee, give thee aid in fear?
    O Hector, now as ever guard thine own,
    Preserve the secret of thy faithful wife,                  515
    And to thy trusted ashes take thy child!
    My son, go thou into thy father's tomb.
    What, do you turn and shun the dark retreat?
    I recognize thy father's strength of soul,
    Ashamed of fear. Put by thy inborn pride,                  520
    Thy courage; take what fortune has to give.
    See what is left of all the Trojan host:
    A tomb, a child, a captive! We succumb
    To such misfortunes. Dare to enter now
    Thy buried father's sacred resting-place;                  525
    If fate is kind thou hast a safe retreat,
    If fate refuse thee aid, thou hast a grave.

    _Old Man._ The sepulcher will safely hide thy son;
    Go hence lest thou shouldst draw them to the spot.

    _Andromache._ One's fear is lightlier borne when near at hand,  530
    But elsewhere will I go, since that seems best.

    _Old Man._ Stay yet a while, but check the signs of grief;
    This way the Grecian leader bends his steps.


SCENE II

_Andromache, Ulysses with a retinue of warriors._ [_The old man
withdraws._]

    _Ulysses._ Coming a messenger of cruel fate,
    I pray you deem not mine the bitter words                  535
    I speak, for this is but the general voice
    Of all the Greeks, too long from home detained
    By Hector's child: him do the fates demand.
    The Greeks can hope for but a doubtful peace,
    Fear will compel them still to look behind                 540
    Nor lay aside their armor, while thy child,
    Andromache, gives strength to fallen Troy.
    So prophesies the god's interpreter;
    And had the prophet Calchas held his peace,
    Hector had spoken; Hector and his son                      545
    I greatly fear: those sprung of noble race
    Must needs grow great. With proudly lifted head
    And haughty neck, the young and hornless bull
    Leads the paternal herd and rules the flock;
    And when the tree is cut, the tender stalk                 550
    Soon rears itself above the parent trunk,
    Shadows the earth, and lifts its boughs to heaven;
    The spark mischance has left from some great fire,
    Renews its strength; like these is Hector's son.
    If well you weigh our act, you will forgive,               555
    Though grief is harsh of judgment. We have spent
    Ten weary winters, ten long harvests spent
    In war; and now, grown old, our soldiers fear,
    Even from fallen Troy, some new defeat.
    'Tis not a trifling thing that moves the Greeks,           560
    But a young Hector; free them from this fear;
    This cause alone holds back our waiting fleet,
    This stops the ships. Too cruel think me not,
    By lot commanded Hector's son to seek;
    I sought Orestes once; with patience bear                  565
    What we ourselves have borne.

    _Andromache._                 Alas, my son,
    Would that thou wert within thy mother's arms!
    Would that I knew what fate encompassed thee,
    What region holds thee, torn from my embrace!
    Although my breast were pierced with hostile spears,       570
    My hands bound fast with wounding chains, my side
    By biting flame were girdled, not for this
    Would I put off my mother-guardianship!
    What spot, what fortune holds thee now, my son?
    Art thou a wanderer in an unknown land,                    575
    Or have the flames of Troy devoured thee?
    Or does the conqueror in thy blood rejoice?
    Or, snatched by some wild beast, perhaps thou liest
    On Ida's summit, food for Ida's birds?

    _Ulysses._ No more pretend. Thou mayst not so deceive      580
    Ulysses; I have power to overcome
    A mother's wiles, although she be divine.
    Put by thy empty plots; where is thy son?

    _Andromache._ Where is my Hector? Where the Trojan host?
    Where Priam? Thou seek'st one, I seek them all.            585

    _Ulysses._ What thou refusest willingly to tell,
    Thou shalt be forced to say.

    _Andromache._                She rests secure
    Who can, who ought, nay, who desires to die.

    _Ulysses._ Near death may put an end to such proud boast.

    _Andromache._ Ulysses, if thou hop'st through fear to force  590
    Andromache to speak, threat longer life;
    Death is to me a wished-for messenger.

    _Ulysses._ With fire, scourge, torment, even death itself,
    I will compel thy heart's deep-hidden thought;
    Necessity is stronger far than death.                      595

    _Andromache._ Threat flames, wounds, hunger, thirst, the bitter stings
    Of cruel grief, all torments, sword plunged deep
    Within this bosom, or the prison dark--
    Whatever angry, fearful victors may;
    Learn that a loving mother knows no fear.                  600

    _Ulysses._ And yet this love, in which thou standst entrenched
    So stubbornly, admonishes the Greeks
    To think of their own children. Even now,
    After these long ten years, this weary war,
    I should fear less the danger Calchas threats,             605
    If for myself I feared--but thou prepar'st
    War for Telemachus.

    _Andromache._       Unwillingly
    I give the Grecians joy, but I must give.
    Ulysses, anguish must confess its pain;
    Rejoice, O son of Atreus, carry back                       610
    As thou art wont, to the Pelasgian host
    The joyous news: great Hector's son is dead.

    _Ulysses._ How prove it to the Greeks?

    _Andromache._                          Fall on me else
    The greatest ill the victor can inflict:
    Fate free me by an easy, timely death,                     615
    And hide me underneath my native soil!
    Lightly on Hector lie his country's earth
    As it is true that, hidden from the light,
    Deep in the tomb, among the shades he rests.

    _Ulysses._ Accomplished then the fate of Hector's race;    620
    A joyous message of established peace
    I take the Greeks.      [_He turns to go, then hesitates._
                       Ulysses, wouldst thou so?
    The Greeks have trusted thee, thou trustest--whom?
    A mother. Would a mother tell this lie
    Nor fear the augury of dreaded death?                      625
    They fear the auguries, who fear naught else.
    She swears it with an oath--yet, falsely sworn,
    What has she worse to fear? Now call to aid
    All that thou hast of cunning, stratagem,
    And guile, the whole Ulysses; truth dies not.              630
    Watch well the mother; see--she mourns, she weeps,
    She groans, turns every way her anxious steps,
    Listens with ear attentive; more she fears
    Than sorrows; thou hast need of utmost care.
    [_To Andromache._] For other mothers' loss 'tis right to grieve;  635
    Thee, wretched one, we must congratulate
    That thou hast lost a son whose fate had been
    To die, hurled headlong from the one high tower
    Remaining of the ruined walls of Troy.

    _Andromache_ [_aside_]. Life fails, I faint, I fall, an icy fear  640
    Freezes my blood.

    _Ulysses_ [_aside_]. She trembles; here the place
    For my attack; she is betrayed by fear;
    I'll add worse fear.      [_To his followers._
                         Go quickly; somewhere lies,
    By mother's guile concealed, the hidden foe--
    The Greeks last enemy of Trojan name.                      645
    Go, seek him, drag him hither.
        [_After a pause as though the child were found._] It is well;
    The child is taken; hasten, bring him me.
    [_To Andromache._] Why do you look around and seem to fear?
    The boy is dead.

    _Andromache._    Would fear were possible!
    Long have I feared, and now too late my soul               650
    Unlearns its lesson.

    _Ulysses._           Since by happier fate
    Snatched hence, the lad forestalls the sacrifice,
    The lustral offering from the walls of Troy
    And may not now obey the seer's command,
    Thus saith the prophet: this may be atoned,                655
    And Grecian ships at last may find return,
    If Hector's tomb be leveled with the ground,
    His ashes scattered on the sea; the tomb
    Must feel my hand, since Hector's child escapes
    His destined death.

    _Andromache_ [_aside_]. Alas, what shall I do?             660
    A double fear distracts me; here my son,
    And there my husband's sacred sepulcher,
    Which conquers? O inexorable gods,
    O manes of my husband--my true god,
    Bear witness; in my son 'tis thee I love,                  665
    My Hector, and my son shall live to bear
    His father's image! Shall the sacred dust
    Be cast upon the waves? Nay, better death.
    Canst thou a mother bear to see him die,--
    To see him from Troy's tower downward hurled?              670
    I can and will, that Hector, after death,
    Be not the victor's sport. The boy may feel
    The pain, where death has made the father safe.
    Decide, which one shall pay the penalty.
    Ungrateful, why in doubt? Thy Hector's here!               675
    'Tis false, each one is Hector; this one lives,
    Perchance th' avenger of his father's death.
    I cannot save them both, what shall I do?
    Oh, save the one whom most the Grecians fear!

    _Ulysses._ I will fulfill the oracle, will raze            680
    The tomb to its foundations.

    _Andromache._                Which ye sold?

    _Ulysses._ I'll do it, I will level with the dust
    The sepulcher.

    _Andromache._ I call the faith of heaven,
    Achilles' faith, to aid; come, Pyrrhus, save
    Thy father's gift.

    _Ulysses._         The tomb shall instantly                685
    Be leveled with the plain.

    _Andromache._              This crime alone
    The Greeks had shunned; ye've sacked the holy fanes
    Even of favoring gods, ye've spared the tomb.
    I will not suffer it, unarmed I'll stand
    Against your armored host; rage gives me strength,         690
    And as the savage Amazon opposed
    The Grecian army, or the Mænad wild,
    Armed with the thyrsus, by the god possessed,
    Wounding herself spreads terror through the grove,
    Herself unpained, I'll rush into your midst,               695
    And in defending the dear ashes die.
        [_She places herself before the grave._

    _Ulysses_      [_angrily to the shrinking soldiers._
    Why pause? A woman's wrath and feeble noise
    Alarms you so? Do quickly my command.

[_The soldiers go toward the grave, Andromache throws herself
upon them._

    _Andromache._ The sword must first slay me.--Ah, woe is me,
    They drive me back. Hector, come forth the tomb;           700
    Break through the fate's delay, and overwhelm
    The Grecian chief--thy shade would be enough!
    The weapon clangs and flashes in his hand;
    Greeks, see you Hector? Or do I alone
    Perceive him?

    _Ulysses._    I will lay it in the dust.                   705

    _Andromache_ [_aside_]. What have I done? To ruin I have brought
    Father and son together; yet, perchance,
    With supplications I may move the Greeks.
    The tomb's great weight will presently destroy
    Its hidden treasure; O my wretched child,                  710
    Die wheresoe'er the fates decree,--not here!
    Oh, may the father not o'erwhelm the son,
    The son fall not upon his father's dust!

[_She casts herself at the feet of Ulysses._

    Ulysses, at thy feet a suppliant
    I fall, and with my right hand clasp thy knees;            715
    Never before a suppliant, here I ask
    Thy pity on a mother; hear my prayer
    With patience; on the fallen, lightly press,
    Since thee the gods lift up to greater heights!
    The gifts thou grantst the wretched are to fate            720
    A hostage; so again thou mayst behold
    Thy wife; and old Laertes' years endure
    Until once more he see thee; so thy son
    Succeed thee and outrun thy fairest hopes
    In his good fortune, and his age exceed                    725
    Laertes', and his gifts outnumber thine.
    Have pity on a mother to whose grief
    Naught else remains of comfort.

    _Ulysses._ Bring forth the boy, then thou mayst ask for grace.

    _Andromache._ Come hither from thy hiding-place, my son,   730
    Thy wretched mother's lamentable theft.


SCENE III

_Ulysses, Andromache, Astyanax._

    _Andromache._ Ulysses, this is he who terrifies
    The thousand keels, behold him. Fall, my son,
    A suppliant at the feet of this thy lord,
    And do him reverence; nor think it base,                   735
    Since Fortune bids the wretched to submit.
    Forget thy royal race, the power of one
    Renowned through all the world; Hector forget;
    Act the sad captive on thy bended knee,
    And imitate thy mother's tears, if yet                     740
    Thou feelest not thy woes. [_To Ulysses._] Troy saw long since
    The weeping of a royal child: the tears
    Of youthful Priam turned aside the threats
    Of stern Alcides; he, the warrior fierce
    Who tamed wild beasts, who from the shattered gates        745
    Of shadowy Dis a hidden, upward path
    Opened, was conquered by his young foe's tears.
    'Take back,' he said, 'the reins of government,
    Receive thy father's kingdom, but maintain
    Thy scepter with a better faith than he;'                  750
    So fared the captives of this conqueror;
    Study the gentle wrath of Hercules!
    Or do the arms alone of Hercules
    Seem pleasing to thee? Of as noble race
    As Priam's, at thy feet a suppliant lies,                  755
    And asks of thee his life; let fortune give
    To whom she will Troy's kingdom.

    _Ulysses._ Indeed the mother's sorrow moves me much!
    Our Grecian mothers' sorrow moves me more,
    To cause whose bane this child would grow a man.           760

    _Andromache._ These ruins of a land to ashes burned
    Could he arouse? Or could these hands build Troy?
    Troy has no hope, if such is all remains.
    We Trojans can no longer cause thee fear.
    And has the child his father's spirit? Yes,                765
    But broken. Troy destroyed, his father's self
    Had lost that courage which great ills o'ercame.
    If vengeance is your wish, what worse revenge
    Than to this noble neck to fit the yoke?
    Make him a slave. Who ever yet denied                      770
    This bounty to a king?

    _Ulysses._             The seer forbids,
    'Tis not Ulysses who denies the boon.

    _Andromache._ Artificer of fraud, plotter of guile,
    Whose warlike valor never felled a foe;
    By the deceit and guile of whose false heart               775
    E'en Greeks have fallen, dost thou make pretense
    Of blameless god or prophet? 'Tis the work
    Of thine own heart. Thou, who by night mak'st war,
    Now dar'st at last one deed in open day--
    A brave boy's death.

    _Ulysses._           My valor to the Greeks                780
    Is known, and to the Phrygians too well known.
    We may not waste the day in idle talk--
    Our ships weigh anchor.

    _Andromache._           Grant a brief delay,
    While I, a mother, for my son perform
    The last sad office, satiate my grief,                     785
    My mother's sorrow, with a last embrace.

    _Ulysses._ I would that I might pity! What I may,
    Time and delay, I grant thee; let thy tears
    Fall freely; weeping ever softens grief.

    _Andromache._ O pledge of love, light of a fallen house,   790
    Last of the Trojan dead, fear of the Greeks,
    Thy mother's empty hope, for whom I prayed--
    Fool that I was--that thou mightst have the years
    Of Priam, and thy father's warlike soul,
    The gods despise my vows; thou ne'er shalt wield
    A scepter in the kingly halls of Troy,                     796
    Mete justice to thy people, nor shalt send
    Thy foes beneath thy yoke, nor put to flight
    The Greeks, drag Pyrrhus at thy chariot wheels,
    Nor ever in thy slender hands bear arms;                   800
    Nor wilt thou hunt the dwellers in the wood,
    Nor on high festival, in Trojan games,
    Lead forth the noble band of Trojan youth;
    Nor round the altars with swift-moving steps,
    That the reëchoing of the twisted horn                     805
    Makes swifter, honor with accustomed dance
    The Phrygian temples. Oh, most bitter death!

    _Ulysses._ Great sorrow knows no limit, cease thy moans!

    _Andromache._ How narrow is the time we seek for tears!
    Grant me a trivial boon: that with these hands             810
    His living eyes be bound. My little one,
    Thou diest, but feared already by thy foes;
    Thy Troy awaits thee; go, in freedom go,
    To meet free Trojans.

    _Astyanax._           Mother, pity me!

    _Andromache._ Why hold thy mother's hands and clasp her neck,  815
    And seek in vain a refuge? The young bull,
    Thus fearful, seeks his mother when he hears
    The roaring of the lion; from her side
    By the fierce lion driv'n, the tender prey
    Is seized, and crushed, and dragged apart; so thee
    Thy foeman snatches from thy mother's breast.              821
    Child, take my tears, my kisses, my torn locks,
    Go to thy father, bear him these few words
    Of my complaint: 'If still thy spirit keeps
    Its former cares, if died not on the flames                825
    Thy former love, why leave Andromache
    To serve the Grecians? Hector, cruel one,
    Dost thou lie cold and vanquished in the grave?
    Achilles came again.' Take then these locks,
    These tears, for these alone I have to give,               830
    Since Hector's death, and take thy mother's kiss
    To give thy father; leave thy robe for me,
    Since it has touched his tomb and his dear dust;
    I'll search it well so any ashes lurk
    Within its folds.

    _Ulysses._        Weep no more, bear him hence;
    Too long he stays the sailing of the fleet.                836


SCENE IV

_Chorus of Trojan Women._

    What country calls the captives? Tempe dark?
    Or the Thessalian hills? or Phthia's land
    Famous for warriors? Trachin's stony plains,
    Breeders of cattle? or the great sea's queen,              840
    Iolchos? or the spacious land of Crete
    Boasting its hundred towns? Gortyna small?
    Or sterile Tricca? or Mothone crossed
    By swift and frequent rivers? She who lies
    Beneath the shadow of the [OE]tean woods,                  845
    Whose hostile bowmen came, not once alone,
    Against the walls of Troy?
    Or Olenos whose homes lie far apart?
    Or Pleuron, hateful to the virgin god?
    Or Tr[oe]zen on the ocean's curving shore?                 850
    Or Pelion, mounting heavenward, the realm
    Of haughty Prothous? There in a vast cave
    Great Chiron, teacher of the savage child,
    Struck with his plectrum from the sounding strings
    Wild music, stirred the boy with songs of war.             855
    Perchance Carystus, for its marbles famed,
    Calls us; or Chalcis, lying on the coast
    Of the unquiet sea whose hastening tide
    Beats up the strait; Calydna's wave-swept shore;
    Or stormy Genoessa; or the isle                            860
    Of Peparethus near the seaward line
    Of Attica; Enispe smitten oft
    By Boreas; or Eleusis, reverenced
    For Ceres' holy, secret mysteries?
    Or shall we seek great Ajax' Salamis?                      865
    Or Calydon the home of savage beasts?
    Or countries that the Titaressus laves
    With its slow waters? Scarphe, Pylos old,
    Or Bessus, Pharis, Pisa, Elis famed
    For the Olympian games?                                    870
    It matters not what tempest drives us hence,
    Or to what land it bears us, so we shun
    Sparta, the curse alike of Greece and Troy;
    Nor seek the land of Argos, nor the home
    Of cruel Pelops, Neritus hemmed in                         875
    By narrower limits than Zacynthus small,
    Nor threatening cliffs of rocky Ithaca.
    O Hecuba, what fate, what land, what lord
    Remains for thee? In whose realm meetst thou death?




ACT IV


SCENE I

_Helen, Hecuba, Andromache, Polyxena._

    _Helen_ [_soliloquizing_]. Whatever sad and joyless marriage bond  880
    Holds slaughter, lamentations, bloody war,
    Is worthy Helen. Even to fallen Troy
    I bring misfortune, bidden to declare
    The bridal that Achilles' son prepares
    For his dead father, and demand the robe                   885
    And Grecian ornaments. By me betrayed,
    And by my fraud, must Paris' sister die.
    So be it, this were happier lot for her;
    A fearless death must be a longed-for death.
    Why shrink to do his bidding? On the head                  890
    Of him who plots the crime remains the guilt.

[_Aloud to Polyxena._

    Thou noble daughter of Troy's kingly house,
    A milder god on thy misfortune looks,
    Prepares for thee a happy marriage day.
    Not Priam nor unfallen Troy could give                     895
    Such bridal, for the brightest ornament
    Of the Pelasgian race, the man who holds
    The kingdom of the wide Thessalian land,
    Would make thee his by lawful marriage bonds.
    Great Tethys, and the ocean goddesses,                     900
    And Thetis, gentle nymph of swelling seas,
    Will call thee theirs; when thou art Pyrrhus' bride
    Peleus will call thee kin, as Nereus will.
    Put off thy robe of mourning, deck thyself
    In gay attire; unlearn the captive's mien,                 905
    And suffer skillful hands to smooth thy hair
    Now so unkempt. Perchance fate cast thee down
    From thy high place to seat thee higher still;
    It may be profit to have been a slave.

    _Andromache._ This one ill only lacked to fallen Troy:     910
    Pleasure, while Pergamus still smoking lies!
    Fit hour for marriage! Dare one then refuse?
    When Helen would persuade, who doubtful weds?
    Thou curse! Two nations owe to thee their fall!
    Seest thou the royal tomb, these bones that lie            915
    Unburied, scattered over all the field?
    Thy bridal is the cause. All Asia's blood,
    All Europe's flows for thee, whilst thou, unstirred,
    Canst see two husbands fighting, nor decide
    Which one to wish the victor! Go, prepare                  920
    The marriage bed; what need of wedding torch
    Or nuptial lights, when burning Troy provides
    The fires for these new bridals? Celebrate,
    O Trojan women, honor worthily
    The marriage feast of Pyrrhus. Smite your breasts,         925
    And weep aloud.

    _Helen._        Soft comfort is refused
    By deep despair, which loses reason, hates
    The very sharers of its grief. My cause
    I yet may plead before this hostile judge,
    Since I have suffered heavier ills than she.               930
    Andromache mourns Hector openly,
    Hecuba weeps for Priam, I, alone,
    In secret, weep for Paris. Is it hard,
    Grievous, and hateful to bear servitude?
    For ten long years I bore the captive's yoke.              935
    Is Ilium laid low, her household gods
    Cast down? To lose one's land is hard indeed--
    To fear is worse. Your sorrow friendship cheers,
    Me conquerors and conquered hate alike.
    For thee, there long was doubt whom thou shouldst serve,   940
    My master drags me hence without the chance
    Of lot. Was I the bringer of the war?
    Of so great Teucrian carnage? Think this true
    If first a Spartan keel thy waters cut;
    But if of Phrygian oars I am the prey,                     945
    By the victorious goddess as a prize
    Given for Paris' judgment, pardon me!
    An angry judge awaits me, and my cause
    Is left to Menelaus. Weep no more,
    Andromache, put by thy grief. Alas,                        950
    Hardly can I myself restrain my tears.

    _Andromache._ How great the ill that even Helen weeps!
    Why does she weep? What trickery or crime
    Plots now the Ithacan? From Ida's top,
    Or Troy's high tower, will he cast the maid                955
    Upon the rocks? Or hurl her to the deep
    From the great cliff which, from its riven side,
    Out of the shallow bay, Sigeon lifts?
    What wouldst thou cover with deceitful face?
    No ill were heavier than this: to see                      960
    Pyrrhus the son of Priam's Hecuba.
    Speak, plainly tell the penalty thou bringst.
    Take from defeat at least this evil,--fraud.
    Thou seest thou dost not find us loth to die.

    _Helen._ Would that Apollo's prophet bade me take          965
    The long delay of my so hated life;
    Or that, upon Achilles' sepulcher,
    I might be slain by Pyrrhus' cruel hand,
    The sharer of thy fate, Polyxena,
    Whom harsh Achilles bids them give to him--
    To offer to his manes, as his bride                        971
    In the Elysian Fields.

[_Polyxena shows great joy, Hecuba sinks fainting to the ground._

    _Andromache._ See with what joy a noble woman meets
    Death-sentence, bids them bring the royal robe,
    And fitly deck her hair. She deemed it death               975
    To be the bride of Pyrrhus, but this death
    A bridal seems. The wretched mother faints,
    Her sinking spirit fails; unhappy one,
    Arise, lift up thy heart, be strong of soul!
    Life hangs but by a thread--how slight a thing             980
    Glads Hecuba! She breathes, she lives again,
    Death flies the wretched.

    _Hecuba._                 Lives Achilles still
    To vex the Trojans? Still pursues his foes?
    Light was the hand of Paris; but the tomb
    And ashes of Achilles drink our blood.                     985
    Once I was circled by a happy throng
    Of children, by their kisses weary made,
    Parted my mother love amongst them all.
    She, now, alone is left; for her I pray,
    Companion, solace, healer of my grief,                     990
    The only child of Hecuba, her voice
    Alone may call me mother! Bitter life,
    Pass from me, slip away, spare this last blow!
    Tears overflow my cheeks--a storm of tears
    Falls from her eyes!

    _Andromache._        We are the ones should weep,          995
    We, Hecuba, whom, scattered here and there,
    The Grecian ships shall carry far away.
    The maid will find at least a sepulcher
    In the dear soil of her loved native land.

    _Helen._ Thy own lot known, yet more thou'lt envy hers.   1000

    _Andromache._ Is any portion of my lot unknown?

    _Helen._ The fatal urn has given thee a lord.

    _Andromache._ Whom call I master? Speak, who bears me hence
    A slave?

    _Helen._ Lot gave thee to the Scyrian king.

    _Andromache._ Happy Cassandra, whom Apollo's wrath        1005
    Spared from such fate!

    _Helen._               The prince of kings claims her.

    _Hecuba._ Be glad, rejoice, my child; Andromache
    Desires thy bridals, and Cassandra, too,
    Desires them. Is there any one would choose
    Hecuba for his bride?

    _Helen._              Thou fallst a prey                  1010
    To the unwilling Ithacan.

    _Hecuba._                 Alas,
    What powerless, cruel, unrelenting god
    Gives kings by lot to be the prey of kings?
    What god unfriendly thus divides the spoil?
    What cruel arbiter forbids us choose                      1015
    Our masters? With Achilles' arms confounds
    Great Hector's mother?
                           To Ulysses' lot!
    Conquered and captive am I now indeed,
    Besieged by all misfortunes! 'Tis my lord
    Puts me to shame, and not my servitude!                   1020
    Harsh land and sterile, by rough seas enclosed,
    Thou wilt not hold my grave! Lead on, lead on,
    Ulysses, I delay not, I will go--
    Will follow thee; my fate will follow me.
    No tranquil calm will rest upon the sea;                  1025
    Wind, war, and flame shall rage upon the deep,
    My woes and Priam's! When these things shall come,
    Respite from punishment shall come to Troy.
    Mine is the lot, from thee I snatch the prize!
    But see where Pyrrhus comes with hasty steps              1030
    And troubled face. Why pause? On, Pyrrhus, on!
    Into this troubled bosom drive the sword,
    And join to thy Achilles his new kin!
    Slayer of aged men, up, here is blood,                    1034
    Blood worthy of thy sword; drag off thy spoil,
    And with thy hideous slaughter stain the gods--
    The gods who sit in heaven and those in hell!
    What can I pray for thee? I pray for seas
    Worthy these rites; I pray the thousand ships,
    The fleet of the Pelasgians, may meet                     1040
    Such fate as that I fain would whelm the ship
    That bears me hence a captive.


SCENE II

    _Chorus._ Sweet is a nation's grief to one who grieves--
    Sweet are the lamentations of a land!                     1044
    The sting of tears and grief is less when shared
    By many; sorrow, cruel in its pain,
    Is glad to see its lot by many shared,
    To know that not alone it suffers loss.
    None shuns the hapless fate that many bear;
    None deems himself forlorn, though truly so,              1050
    If none are happy near him. Take away
    His riches from the wealthy, take away
    The hundred cattle that enrich his soil,
    The poor will lift again his lowered head;
    'Tis only by comparison man's poor.                       1055
    O'erwhelmed in hopeless ruin, it is sweet
    To see none happy. He deplores his fate
    Who, shipwrecked, naked, finds the longed-for port
    Alone. He bears with calmer mien his fate                 1059
    Who sees, with his, a thousand vessels wrecked
    By the fierce tempest, sees the broken planks
    Heaped on the shore, the while the northwest wind
    Drives on the coast, nor he alone returns
    A shipwrecked beggar. When the radiant ram,
    The gold-fleeced leader of the flock, bore forth
    Phryxus and Helle, Phryxus mourned the fall               1066
    Of Helle dropped into the Hellespont.
    Pyrrha, Deucalion's wife, restrained her tears,
    As he did, when they saw the sea, naught else,
    And they alone of living men remained.                    1070
    The Grecian fleet shall scatter far and wide
    Our grief and lamentations. When shall sound
    The trumpet, bidding spread the sails? When dip
    The laboring oars, and Troy's shores seem to flee?
    When shall the land grow faint and far, the sea
    Expand before, Mount Ida fade behind?                     1076
    Then grows our sorrow; then what way Troy lies
    Mother and son shall gaze. The son shall say,
    Pointing the while, 'There where the curving line
    Of smoke floats, there is Ilium.' By that sign
    May Trojans know their country.                           1081




ACT V


SCENE I

_Hecuba, Andromache, Messenger._

    _Messenger._ O bitter, cruel, lamentable fate!
    In these ten years of crime what deed so hard,
    So sad, has Mars encountered? What decree
    Of fate shall I lament? Thy bitter lot,                   1085
    Andromache? Or thine, thou aged one?

    _Hecuba._ Whatever woe thou mournst is Hecuba's;
    Their own griefs only others have to bear,
    I bear the woes of all, all die through me,
    And sorrow follows all who call me friend.                1090

    _Andromache._ Suffering ever loves to tell its woes,
    Tell of the deaths--the tale of double crime;
    Speak, tell us all.

    _Messenger._        One mighty tower remains
    Of Troy, no more is left; from this high seat
    Priam, the arbiter of war, was wont                       1095
    To view his troops; and in this tower he sat
    And, in caressing arms, embraced the son
    Of Hector, when that hero put to flight
    With fire and sword the trembling, conquered Greeks.
    From thence he showed the child its father's deeds.
    This tower, the former glory of our walls,                1101
    Is now a lonely, ruined mass of rock;
    Thither the throng of chiefs and people flock;
    From the deserted ships the Grecian host
    Come pouring; on the hills some find a place,             1105
    Some on the rising cliffs, upon whose top
    They stand tiptoe; some climb the pines, and birch,
    And laurel, till beneath the gathered crowd
    The whole wood trembles; some have found the peaks
    Of broken crags; some climb a swaying roof,               1110
    Or toppling turret of the falling wall;
    And some, rude lookers-on, mount Hector's tomb.
    Through all the crowded space, with haughty mien,
    Passes the Ithacan, and by the hand
    Leads Priam's grandson; nor with tardy step               1115
    Does the young hero mount the lofty wall.
    Standing upon the top, with fearless heart
    He turns his eagle glance from side to side.
    As the young, tender cub of some wild beast,
    Not able yet to raven with its teeth,                     1120
    Bites harmlessly, and proudly feels himself
    A lion; so this brave and fearless child,
    Holding the right hand of his enemy,
    Moves host and leaders and Ulysses' self.
    He only does not weep for whom all weep,                  1125
    But while the Ithacan begins the words
    Of the prophetic message and the prayers
    To the stern gods, he leaps into the midst
    Of his and Priam's kingdom, willingly.

    _Andromache._ Was ever such a deed by Colchians done,     1130
    Or wandering Scythians, or the lawless race
    That dwells beside the Caspian? Never yet
    Has children's blood Busiris' altars stained,
    Nor Diomedes feasted his fierce steeds
    On children's limbs! Who took thy body up,
    My son, and bore it to the sepulcher?                     1136

    _Messenger._ What would that headlong leap have left? His bones
    Lie dashed in pieces by the heavy fall,
    His face and noble form, inheritance
    From his illustrious father, are with earth               1140
    Commingled; broken is his neck; his head
    Is dashed in pieces on the cruel stones
    So that the brains gush forth; his body lies
    Devoid of form.

    _Andromache._   Like Hector, too, in this.

    _Messenger._ When from the wall the boy was headlong cast  1145
    And the Achaians wept the crime they did,
    Then turned these same Achaians to new crimes,
    And to Achilles' tomb. With quiet flow
    The Rh[oe]tean waters beat the further side,
    And opposite the tomb the level plain                     1150
    Slopes gently upward, and surrounds the place
    Like a wide amphitheater; here the strand
    Is thronged with lookers-on, who think to end
    With this last death their vessels' long delay,
    And glad themselves to think the foeman's seed
    At last cut off. The fickle, common crowd                 1156
    Look coldly on; the most part hate the crime.
    The Trojans haste with no less eagerness
    To their own funeral rites, and, pale with fear,
    Behold the final fall of ruined Troy.                     1160
    As at a marriage, suddenly they bring
    The bridal torches; Helen goes before,
    Attendant to the bride, with sad head bent.
    'So may the daughter of Hermione
    Be wed,' the Phrygians pray, 'base Helen find
    Again her husband.' Terror seizes both                    1166
    The awe-struck peoples. With her glance cast down,
    Modestly comes the victim; but her cheeks
    Glow, and her beauty shines unwontedly;
    So shines the light of Ph[oe]bus gloriously               1170
    Before his setting, when the stars return
    And day is darkened by approaching night.
    The throng is silenced; all men praise the maid
    Who now must die: some praise her lovely form,
    Her tender age moves some, and some lament
    The fickleness of fortune; every one                      1176
    Is touched at heart by her courageous soul,
    Her scorn of death. She comes, by Pyrrhus led;
    All wonder, tremble, pity; when the hill
    Is reached, and on his father's grave advanced,
    The young king stands, the noble maid shrinks not,        1181
    But waits unflinchingly the fatal blow.
    Her unquelled spirit moves the hearts of all;
    And--a new prodigy--Pyrrhus is slow
    At slaughter; but at length, with steady hand,
    He buries to the hilt the gleaming sword                  1186
    Within her breast; the life-blood gushes forth
    From the deep wound; in death as heretofore
    Her soul is strong; with angry thud she falls
    As she would make the earth a heavy load                  1190
    Upon Achilles' breast. Both armies weep;
    The Trojans offer only feeble moans;
    The victors mourn more freely. So was made
    The sacrifice; her blood lay not for long
    Upon the soil, nor flowed away; the tomb                  1195
    Drank cruelly the gore.

    _Hecuba._               Go, conquering Greeks,
    Securely seek your homes; with all sail set,
    Your fleet may safely skim the longed-for sea.
    The lad and maid are dead, the war is done!
    Where can I hide my woe, where lay aside                  1200
    The long delay of the slow-passing years?
    Whom shall I weep? my husband, grandson, child,
    Or country? Mourn the living or the dead?
    O longed-for death, with violence dost thou come
    To babes and maidens, but thou fleest from me!
    Through long night sought, mid fire, and swords, and spears,  1206
    Why fly me? Not the foe, nor ruined home,
    Nor flame could slay me, though so near I stood
    To Priam!

    _Messenger._      [_Talthybius, coming from the Greek camp._
              Captive women, seek with speed
    The sea; the sails are filled, the vessels move.          1210





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