The Project Gutenberg eBook of Comic Arithmetic This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Comic Arithmetic Author: Percival Leigh Illustrator: Alfred Crowquill Release date: June 28, 2014 [eBook #46120] Language: English Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, mirjam and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMIC ARITHMETIC *** Produced by Chris Curnow, mirjam and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: Italics have been transcribed using _underscores_, small capitals as ALL CAPITALS. Inconsistencies in hyphenation and spelling have not been corrected. Punctuation has been silently corrected. A list of other corrections can be found at the end of the document. COMIC ARITHMETIC. [Illustration: A FIGURANTE.] "Go the whole figure."--SAM SLICK. LONDON: RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET. 1844. LONDON: R. CLAY, PRINTER, BREAD STREET HILL. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE THE SIGN OF EQUALITY--"WHO ARE YOU?" 5 THE SIGN OF SUBTRACTION 6 A PLURALIST 6 THE SACRED HALTAR 7 DIVIDING THE CHINESE, A CUTTING JOKE 7 THE POOR CURATE--THE BISHOP 9 A SAVE-ALL 13 MIHI CURA FUTURI 14 A MAN OF MANY WOES 15 THE MAN WHO TAKES CARE OF NO. 1 22 "TAKE FROM" 25 TAKEN IN AND DONE FOR 27 "WHO STEALS MY PURSE STEALS TRASH." 28 "FORKING UP." 33 LAWYER DIVIDING THE OYSTER 37 THE LION'S SHARE 40 THE INSOLVENT TRAP.--"THE LAW BINDS, BUT THE LAW LOOSES" 44 "BLOWED PUFFERY" 50 "OUT OF PROPORTION" 52 CALLED TO ACCOUNT 54 "THE NEAREST WAY TO A MAN'S HEART" 55 A SLIDING SCALE 57 "BROKEN DOWN" 59 FRACTIONAL SIGNS 60 AN ANCIENT AND MODERN MUG 62 KNOCKING DOWN THE LOT 71 DONE BY INTEREST 72 AT A PREMIUM AND DISCOUNT 73 THE OLD AND NEW PRINCIPLE--BOTH WITH CREDIT 74 THE TIN-DER PASSION 76 FAITH AND DUTY 77 THE GALLIPOT CRANE 83 THE CARPENTER WOODPECKER 84 THE RED-TAPE SNIPE 85 THE HERON 86 A DECIMAL FIGURE 89 A STRONG TITHE 90 THE POINT OF THE BAYONET 91 PRACTISING AT EXETER HALL.--HULLA, BOYS, HULLA 97 PRACTISING FOR THE MINISTRY 102 PRACTISING FOR THE OPERA 104 DISCOUNTING FOR A MAN FORMERLY 112 MEASURING BY THE "YARD"--TRUE FIT 122 CHARLES I.--A BLOCK-HEAD 140 "ASSURANCE" 146 MUTUAL ASSURANCE 150 THE WORLD IS KEPT UP BY PUFF 177 PREFACE. TO THE READER, OR RATHER TO THOSE WHO HESITATE IN BUYING THIS WORK. "Good wine needs no bush," and, therefore, little by way of preface is necessary to this Work. "He who is ignorant of arithmetic," says Archimedes, "is but half a man." Therefore, for the sake of _manhood_, which drapers'-boys and lawyers'-clerks attempt by means of mustachoes and penny-cigars, read this Work,--for if the dead abstractions of this science will make a _man_, what must the living realities do?--Nothing less than a Phoenix D'Orsay, which is at least 1 man 3/4 and 5/8. Read this book, then, my friends, young and old. It teaches practical philosophy in every chapter; wisdom in every page; and common sense in every line. Get this manual at the fingers' ends of your mind, and your physical and mental powers will be so expanded that you will be able to catch a comet by the tail; take the moon by the horns; knock down the great wall of China, _à la Cribb_; or measure the spectre of the Brocken for a pair of breeches, and thus cut a pretty FIGURE. FIGURES FOR THE MILLION. Of Arithmetic and its Importance. INTRODUCTION. Arithmetic is the art or science of computing by numbers. It is national, political, military, and commercial. It is of the highest importance to the community; because it pre-eminently teaches us to take care of NUMBER I. Our ministers succeed according to their knowledge of the science of numbers. Witness the skilful management of majorities of the lower house. He who understands the true art of _Addition_, _Subtraction_, _Multiplication_, and _Division_, as here laid down, will not be considered a mere _cipher_ in the world; but will, in all probability, make a considerable _figure_: and in the figurative words of Horace, be "Dives agris dives positis in foenore nummis." Let us, therefore, under the guidance and protection of that god of honest men, the light-heeled and light-fingered Mercury, be diligent so to _add_ to our store by _subtracting_ from the stores of others, that we may _add_ to our importance. Let us so _multiply_ our resources, by encouraging _division_ among our contemporaries, that we may see their _reduction_ in the perfection of our own _practice_. "Rem facias; rem Recte si possis, sì non, quocunque Modo rem."[1] Hor. [1] See page 19, (Addition,) for a poetical version of this maxim. EXPLANATION OF ARITHMETICAL SIGNS AND CHARACTERS. [Illustration: EQUALITY. "WHO ARE YOU?"] = Equality. The sign of equality: as, "A living beggar is better than a dead king;" or both being dead, are equal to each other. [Illustration] -- Minus, less. The sign of subtraction; as, for instance, an elopement to Gretna; or, a knocking-down argument by the way-side, -- minus ticker. Take from -- from take. [Illustration: A PLURALIST.] + Plus, or more. The sign of addition; as, 3 livings + to 1 = 4; or, 5 millions of new taxes + to 48 = 53. [Illustration: THE SACRED HALTAR.] × Multiplied by. The sign of multiplication: as, "The sun breeds maggots in a dead dog."--_See Shakspeare._ Or, "Money makes money."--_See Franklin._ Or, Anti-Malthus.--_See Ireland._ [Illustration: DIVIDING THE CHINESE, A CUTTING JOKE.] ÷ Divided by. The sign of division. Example 1. The Whigs.--2. The Church. A house divided against itself. Division of property; the lion's share, &c. SIGNS OF PROPORTION. Is to: so is:: As Lord B---- IS TO Bishop P----, SO IS a blue musquito to a planter's nose. As Sir R---- I---- IS TO J---- H----, SO IS a pair of donkey's-ears to a barber's-block. As Tommy Duncombe IS TO Lord Stanley, SO IS shrimp-sauce to a boiled turbot. [Illustration: THE POOR CURATE. THE BISHOP.] RULE I. NUMERATION. Numeration teaches the different value of figures by their different _places_ (see Walkinghame, Court Guide, Law List, &c.); also the value of ciphers, or noughts, according to their relative situations (see Intellectual Calculator, or Martin's Arithmetical Frames). As regards the value of figures in places, we have illustrations in sinecures of all grades, from the Lords of the Treasury to the meanest underling of the Stamp-Office. Place and pension make the _unit_ a _multitude_, according to the position of the noughts,--that is, that large portion of the public called the nobodies. The more a man is surrounded by his inferiors, the greater he becomes. Hence the necessity of restrictive tariffs to prevent wealth in a community,--and of impediments to education. It is not, therefore, _naughty_ for our betters to keep us down by any kind of mystification; as the sun always looks larger through a fog. The value of figures and of ciphers will be well understood in the following table, which ought to be committed faithfully to memory. It will be seen that when the noughts, the nobodies, that is, the people, go before the legislative units, their value is consequently decreased; but when they follow as good backers in good measures, the value of the characters is increased _ad infinitum_. TABLE I.--"LEGISLATION BEHIND THE PEOPLE." The good old times. { 1 King. P { 20 Lords. E { 300 Tithe-eaters. O { 4000 Quarrel-mongers (lawyers). P { 50000 Men-killers (army). L { 600000 Land-swallowers (landlords). E { 7000000 Dividendists. . { 80000000 Pensioners. { 900000000 Sinecurists. TABLE II.--LEGISLATION IN ADVANCE OF THE PEOPLE. The new system, or march of intellect. King 100000000 } Lords 20000000 } P Tithe-eaters 3000000 } E Quarrel-mongers 400000 } O Land-swallowers 50000 } P Dividendists 6000 } L Men-killers 700 } E Pensioners 80 } . Sinecurists 9 } RULE II. ADDITION. Our life is an addition sum; sometimes long, sometimes short; and Death, with "jaws capacious," sums up the whole of our _hum_anity by making the "tottle" of the whole. Man is an adding animal; his instinct is, to get. He is an illustration of the verb, to get, in all its inflexions and conjugations; and thus we get and beget, till we ourselves are added to our fathers. There are many ways of performing addition, as in the following: a young grab-all comes upon the fumblers at long-taw, as Columbus did upon the Indians; or, as every thrifty nation does upon the weak or unsuspicious, and cries "_Smuggins_!" Addition is also performed in a less daring manner by the save-all process, till Death, with his extinguisher, shuts the miser up in his own smoke. [Illustration: A SAVE-ALL.] Addition may also be performed by _subtraction_ by other methods. It is one to make "Jim along Josey!" the watchword, as Joey does in the pantomime. If you would be merry, And never would fret, Then, get all you can, And keep all you get. [Illustration: MIHI CURA FUTURI.] Addition teaches, also, to add _units_ together, and to find their sum total, as A + B = 2. A bachelor is a _unit_; a Benedict, _unitee_. * * * * * MATRIMONIAL ADDITION.--By common ciphering 1 and 1 make 2. But, by the mathematics of matrimony, 1 and 1 will produce from 1 to 20, arranged in row, one above another, like a flight of stairs. They make a pretty addition to a man's _effects_, as well as to his _income_; and, if not themselves _capital_, are a _capital_ stimulus to exertion. Surrounded by these special pleaders, a man becomes as sharp-set as a Lancashire ferret, and looks as fierce as a rat-catcher's dog at a sink-hole. Such men ought to be labelled, "Beware of this unfortunate dog!" for he would bite at a file! [Illustration: A MAN OF MANY WOES.] * * * * * ADDING TO YOUR NAME.--This is another mode of performing addition. It is not necessary to go to an university for this, any more than it is necessary to go to a church to get married. The thing can now be done without it. Schoolmasters, and pettifoggers of all kinds, will find this an excellent piece of practical wisdom. "ADDITION FOR COMMON NAMES." The Reverend Dr. O'Crikey, D.D.--_Duke of Dunces, or Dull Donkey._ The Reverend Samuel Snuffers, A.M.--_A Muff._ John Petty Fog, Esq. LL.D.--_Deuced Lying Lawyer._ The Right Hon. Lord Dolittle, F.S.A.--_Fumbler in Science and Art._ The Most Noble the Marquis of Sligo, F.R.S.--_Fellow of the Rigmarol Society._ The Lord Knowswho, F.A.S.--_Fool a star-gazing._ Jeremy Stonybatter, F.G.S.--_Fluking of the Gammoning Society._ Billy Buttercup, Esq. F.L.S.--_First of the Lubberhead Society._ Captain Marlinspike, F.N.S.--_Fellow of no Society._ _ADDING_ TO A STORY. "Oh! Mrs. Wiggins, I declare I never heard the like! The wretch knows how to curse and swear, To bite, and scratch, and strike! "All day he's tossicated, and All night he roams about; But that is lucky, sure, for he Is worse when in than out." "If this is what you get when wed, I'm glad I yet have tarried:-- Better to keep one's single bed, Than venture to get married. "But such a monster! By and by That idle minx, his wife, With all her mawkish tenderness, Must 'gainst him swear her life. "The fine piano long ago, Just after my last rout, With candlesticks and cruets too, Are all gone up the spout. "And bills return'd, as I have heard, Last week, one, two, or three; And summonses for grocery-- 'Tis nothing, though, to me. "They live like cat and dog. I own She always _was_ a scold. She broke the table on his crown; So I was lately told. "'Tis nothing, though, my dear, to me, As I before have said. If married people don't agree, They ought not to get wed." To go back a little to first principles, which should never be lost sight of in the teaching of any art or science, we must set forth the grand leading rule before our pupils. Addition teaches, therefore, 1. To get all we can. 2. To keep all we get. SONG. "Argent comptant." PARENTAL ADVICE.--RULE I. Get money, my son, get money, Honestly if you can; It makes life sweet as honey-- My son, get money, get money! Don't stand upon ceremony, Or you may look mighty funny; But make it your constant song, Get money, get money, get money! Money makes the mare to go, boy, Where every path looks sunny. Go it! my lad, through thick and thin; Get money, get money, get money! RULE II.--TAKE CARE OF NO. I. No. I.--O! since the world was made from 0, And since old Time began, The maxim was, and still must be, Take care of No. I. Look at the "Times," our oracle, As sure as any gun, With hand upon the dial-plate, It points to No. I.[2] The mouthing prigs of Parliament, With long yarns nightly spun, Watch well for place and patronage, And all for No. I. And those who preach of charity, Enough your ears to stun, In making up their long accounts, Take care of No. I. One follows law, one physic serves, As shadows serve the sun; But briefs, and draughts, and boluses All make for No. I. And those that oft make love more sweet Than cakes of Sally Lunn, In all their ardour ever have An eye to No. I. In short, mankind, both young and old, When serious or in fun, From hour to hour, from day to day, Take care of No. I. The rich, the poor, both high and low, Ay, every mother's son, From Court to Poor-law Union, Take care of No. I. Too bad it is to be a bore, And so my strain is done, Except it is to say once more, Take care of No. I. [Illustration: The man who takes care of No. 1.] [2] Any one wishing to observe this great lesson to all mankind set forth by the leading journal of Europe, has only to look at the little vignette at the top of the leading article of the "Times." RULE III. SUBTRACTION. "I'll example you with thievery. The sun's a thief, and with his great _subtraction_ Robs the vast sea. The moon's an arrant thief, And her pale fire she snatches from the sun. The sea's a thief, whose liquid surge resolves The moon into salt tears. The earth's a thief, That feeds and breeds by a composture stolen From general excrement: each thing's a thief. The laws you curb and whip in their rough power Have uncheck'd theft. All that you meet are THIEVES." Shakspere. Subtraction teaches to "take from" or to find the difference of two numbers; having taken too much _in_, and slept _out_; to find the difference in sovereigns and shillings between that and sleeping at home according to the "conventional laws of virtuous propriety." (_Vide_ Miss Martineau.) The figures are to be arranged in subtraction one under the other; that line expressing the highest number, being placed above the line expressing the smaller number. In this arrangement, the upper line is called the _subtrahend_, and the lower the _subtractor_; the difference is called the _remainder_. Our readers, the million, are the subtrahend. The following are subtractors:-- Corn and sugar monopolists. Tax-collector. Easter dues, beadle and clerk. Poor-rate. Christmas-box and Christmas-piece. Subscriptions for Chiggered Niggers. Parson Smith and his orphans. Poor relations. The Rule of Subtraction is perhaps the most useful in either national, political, or commercial Arithmetic; "TAKE FROM" being the universal maxim of mankind from the day that Adam and Eve stole the forbidden fruit. In sacred history we find various exemplifications of the principle: Jacob made use of it when he obtained his brother's birthright and his blessing; David, when he took the wife of Uriah. Profane or classical history abounds with examples. It was the royal and sacerdotal rule, in all climes, countries, and times. Kings have grown thrifty by it, and conquerors invincible. "_Take from_" is, in short, the motto of the legislators; and _rhetoric_ the soldier's _watchword_, the prince's _condescension_, the courtezan's _smile_, the lawyer's _brief_, the priest's _prayer_, and the tradesman's _craft_. The use of this rule, is to enable us to "do one another," not "as we would be done," without the contravention of the majesty of the law. [Illustration] "For why--because the good old rule Suffices us--the simple plan, That they should _take_ who have the power, And they should _keep_--who can." We have had some amusing ways of performing this rule in "by-gone ages." Among the most celebrated, were _Indulgences_ and _Benevolences_. They worked well for those who worked ill, and led to a multiplication of heresies. Subtraction is perhaps one of the most fashionable of all the rules; and any one who sets himself down for a gentleman must expect to be beset by a swarm of hungry locusts, who make a rule to bleed him at every pore till he becomes poor. When Edward the First took the wealth of the Jews and their teeth at the same time, he showed a fatherly consideration for those who having nothing to eat wanted neither incisores, cuspidati, bicuspidæ, or molarii. But we are to be nipped, and squeezed, and tapped, and leeched, and drained to all eternity, and are still expected to--give. _To take in._--This rule not only teaches us to take from, but also to take in, which is to take from, with true tact and skill. England is the Land of Goshen in this particular, and Smithfield the focus of the art, whence the first rule for selling a horse is-- 1. Take in your own father, Or, if you would rather, You may take in your mother, Or humbug your brother; And though you just kissed her, Bamboozle your sister; Or you may send For your friend; Or, still fond of pelf, If you can't find an elf, You may take in yourself. [Illustration: TAKEN IN AND DONE FOR.] [Illustration: "WHO STEALS _MY_ PURSE STEALS TRASH."] SUBTRACTION OF CHARACTER, OR _DE_-TRACTION. The rules already given for performing this branch of arithmetic apply to money matters; but the perfection of the art consists, not in simply taking from another what you want yourself, but that which does not enrich you, but makes him poor indeed. This has been styled, by way of eminence, the devil's subtraction, being the general essence of the black art. It is called _De_traction. Detraction may be performed in a variety of ways, as for example:--"Oh, I know him--his great grandfather was--but no matter, and his mother--no better than she should be, but I hate to speak evil of the dead. I have enough to do to mind my own business--and yet one cannot help knowing--but yet nobody knows what he is or how he gets his money. He makes a show certainly, but I like things to be paid for before they are sported. His wife, too--what was she, do you suppose? As I have heard, a cook in a tradesman's family.--Well, a cook is not so bad after all--I am sure it is better than a doctor. But I believe he was forced to marry her.--Poor woman, she suffered, I dare say--Well, it is well it is no worse--It was the only amends he could make her--It would have been a cruel thing for the poor innocent children to be born illegitimate.--But he is still very gay--These sort of men will be--but there will be an _exposé_ some day. Things can't go on for ever--Well, I wish them no harm, poor creatures--But do you go to their party to-night?--I go only for the sake of seeing how madam cook conducts the entertainment." * * * * * RULE FOR LADIES WITH REGARD TO THEIR RIVALS.--Should any lady be so unfortunate as to fear a rival in the affections of some simple-hearted swain in the personal attractions of some youthful beauty whom he has never seen, it must be her method not to vilify her character or underrate her accomplishments,--no, this is but sorry skill. The more delicate and refined way of _subtracting_ from her merits will be to employ unbounded panegyric, so as to raise the expectations of the feared admirer, that the real shall fall infinitely short of the ideal. This is another mode of performing _subtraction_ by _addition_. * * * * * LITERARY SUBTRACTION.--This is of essential service to editors, reviewers, and others, who, having nothing good of their own with which to amuse the public, steal the brains of others. _Rule._--Take from a work published at a guinea all its cream and quintessence, under pretence of praising it into immortality through the pages of your fourpenny review. "_Castrant alios, ut libros suos per se graciles alieno adipe suffarciant._" * * * * * MERCANTILE SUBTRACTION.--It is well understood in this country, that no honest man can get a living, in consequence of the extraordinary competition among us. It is therefore considered legal and justifiable for the baker to "take toll" and make "dead men;" for the licensed victualler to make "two butts out of one;" for the wine-merchant to "doctor" his port; for the butcher to "hang on Jemmy;" for the printer to make "corrections;" for the tailor to "cabbage;" for the grocer to "sand his sugar and birch-broom his tea." The milkman "waters his milk" by act of parliament; and to show that all this is in the order of Providence, the rains of heaven _wet the coals_. * * * * * NATIONAL OR POLITICAL SUBTRACTION.--There is one part of the New Testament which all Christian rulers have religiously observed, namely, "Now, Cæsar issued a decree that all the world should be taxed." The art of taxation is, therefore, not only a religious obligation, but is the science of sciences and the most important part of National Arithmetic. Taxation is necessary just as blood-letting is necessary in plethora. Over-feeding produces a determination of the blood to the head, and then radical rabidity breaks out into rebellion. Over-feeding requires bleeding. There is a tendency in every industrious nation to get on too fast. Taxation is the fly-wheel which softens and regulates the motion of the national machinery, the safety valve which prevents explosion, while that accumulation of taxation called the dead weight is a "clogger" to keep things down. Whenever there is a "rising," it is a sure sign that taxation is too light; consequently taxation should be so accommodated to the habits, tastes, and feelings of the people, as to fit them at all points, like well-made harness. If they grow too enlightened we can double the window-tax; if they be disposed to kick, put on the breeching in the shape of an income-tax; if they go too much by the head, we can raise the price of malt, and, by way of a martingale, put a duty on spirits; if they jib, we can touch them on the raw with "the house duty;" if they step out too fast, tighten the "bearing rein" by 10 per cent. on the assessment; and should any attempt be made to _bolt_, we can secure them with a curb, by a tax on absentees. The perfection of taxation is to make it as much as possible like an insensible perspiration; or to cause it to _subtract_, like the vampire when lulling the victim to sleep, by fanning him with the wings of patriotism and the hum-hum of a liberal oration, on the principle of "Bleeding made easy." [Illustration: "FORKING UP."] RULE IV. MULTIPLICATION. 9 × 1 = 9. Multiplication teaches a short way of adding one number together any number of times. Its sign is a cat o'-nine-tails; its symbol a whipping-post. Since the wonderful powers of the number nine have been publicly discussed, we have had no more shooting at her Majesty, (Heaven preserve her!) which shows the transcendant powers of arithmetical argument. The Egyptian plague of frogs and flies exemplifies this rule. In Modern Rome we have multiplication of fleas. In Modern Babylon we have multiplication of bugs, particularly humbugs. In the West Indies we have multiplication of musquitoes and piccaninies, and in the East, multiplication of oneself, as in the case of Abbas Mirza and his 1000 sons for a body guard. * * * * * MULTIPLICATION OF LAWS.--This is a favourite amusement with our modern legislators. It naturally leads to the multiplication of lawyers, whose proper calling is to set people together by the ears, for the multiplication of dissensions. The original type of this order was the plague of locusts. * * * * * DOMESTIC MULTIPLICATION, or Multiplication of miseries. This rule is performed by taking unto oneself a wife for _better_ or _worse_; then, multiplying as usual, and, at the end of fifteen or twenty years, having the young "olive branches" round about our tables. * * * * * MULTIPLICATION OF MONEY.--This is the most universal case in the whole rule. The _multipliers_ are the _operatives_, who are placed at the bottom, instead of the top of the arithmetical scale. They may be ranged, in general, as in the following:-- A cotton spinner, 3-1/2_d._ a-day. Spitalfields weaver, 4-1/2_d._ Brummagem, 5-1/2_d._ These digits are to be _worked_ from fourteen to sixteen hours a-day at the lowest possible fraction of pay. The product is to be set down in the 3-1/2 per cents. or invested in the first unjust war in which this nation may be engaged; or the whole aggregate of sums may be multiplied by monopoly. [Illustration: LAWYER DIVIDING THE OYSTER.] RULE V. DIVISION. Do not think I write in jest, Though something in derision, Look east and west, and north and south, There's nothing but Division. The State, with Whigs and Radicals, Is split up and divided, The Church, with hungry pluralists, Is getting quite lop-sided. A split is in the methodists, The jumpers and the shakers, A split is with the baptists too, A split is in the quakers. The Jews have split like gentile dogs, And some are trying daily To send Mahomet to the hogs, In spite of Mahommed Ali. The law is split, and fees are down To stop the rise of lawyers, And costs are cut, oh! quite in half, Just like a log by sawyers. _Divide, divide,_ the Speaker cries, Each night with voice of thunder, But yet the law thus made "so wise," Most likely is a _blunder_. Division teaches how to divide a number into two or more _equal_ parts, as in the division of prize-money. Division is of great importance, whether political, ecclesiastical, commercial, civil, or social. Nothing is more likely to destroy your opponents than a _split_. _Divide et impera_ is the true Machiavelian policy of all governments. Numbers, that is the multitude, are to be divided, in a variety of ways,--by mob orators, or by mob-sneaks, or by parliamentary flounderers, or by mystifying pulpit demagogues. The divisors should generally endeavour to work into their own hands, and the dividends may be compared to fleeced-sheep, plucked-geese, scraped sugar-casks, drained wine-bottles, and squeezed lemons. * * * * * SOCIAL DIVISION.--The divisions here may be a tale-bearer, a gossip, or a go-between, and the divisors will "separate" to fight like Kilkenny cats, leaving nothing behind but two tails and a bit of flue. In a township, a volunteer corps is an excellent _divisor_: you may kill the adjutant by way of a quotient, on the surgical principle of "Mangling done here." In the division of property by will, be your own lawyer, and your property will be divided to your heart's content; for, as your heirs will most assuredly be divided amongst themselves, when they have done fighting over your coffin for what does not belong to them, they will call upon the Court of Chancery to divide it--principally among the lawyers, according to the _lex non scripta_. In the division of profits, first take off the _cream three times_, and then divide the milk. [Illustration: THE LION'S SHARE.] In all kinds of "Division of Money" endeavour to carry out the principle of the fable. Like the lion when dividing the spoil, consider that you have a right to the _first_ part, because you are a lion; to the _second_, because you are strong; to the _third_, because no one dares dispute your right; and to the _fourth_, because no one is so able as yourself to defend it. This is the lion's share. * * * * * DIVISION OF TIME.--"_Tempus fugit_," and therefore the due systematic and proper division of time, in a rational manner, is the bounden duty of every "beardling." All philosophers and some kings, whether from Democritus to Tim Bobbin, or from Alfred the Great to that merry old soul, "Old King Cole," have divided their time equitably, according to the maxim of Horace, "_Carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero_." Modern life teaches and exhibits the same necessity for the rigid division of the "stuff _life_ is made of," and the twenty-four hours may be systematically divided, with great advantage, by young men, as follows:-- HOURS. 1. To yawning, vertigo, head-ache and soda-water, say from one to three, A.M. 2 2. From pulling off the night-cap to putting the first leg out of bed 1 3. To "cat-lap," "broiled chickens," Lackadaisical Magazine, "Dry Punch," and Gazette of Fashion 2-1/2 4. To the study of "cash stalking," the art of post-obits, with lessons from Professor Moeshes on the science of "Bondology." (_Nocturnâ versate manu, versate diurnâ_) 1 5. To lounging, "dawdling," "muddling," sauntering, losing oneself in "ins and outs," "nowheres," &c. 1-1/2 6. To dressing for dinner, to getting on a pair of boots, half an hour, swearing at coat quarter of an hour, selecting vests half an hour, cursing pantaloons quarter of an hour, shaving, and other unnecessaries 2-1/2 7. To dining, wineing, brighting the eye, doubling the cape, getting half seas over, going into port instead of finding a champaign country 2 8. To dressing for opera, "titivating," "bear's greasing," curling, barbarizing, scenting, putting on opera countenance, and ogling 1-1/2 9. To tying on stock half an hour, to putting on gloves quarter of an hour, to curling whiskers half an hour, to laying on the rouge, &c. 1-1/2 10. To bowing, scraping, hemming, hawing, yawning, toying, soft-sawdering, salooning, staggering, cigaring, coaching, and finishing 3-1/2 12. To no one knows what--Nisi castè saltem cautè 5 ------ 24 LONG DIVISION. Long Division is so called when a long time is taken for the division of various sums, as in the case of the Deccan prize-money, or the Duke of York's debts. In these cases, various persons are placed in the state of _longing_--hence the name of the rule, which is a figurative exemplification of "hope deferred." * * * * * RULE I--Teaches to work an expected legacy or an estate in reversion, or a right of entail, with a "post-obit bond," cent. per cent. on a stiff stamen. * * * * * RULE II--Teaches how to _wait_ for a living instead of working for one. This is a hungry expectancy: yourself, in a consumption, with an interesting cough, preaching as curate to an admiring congregation principally composed of females, who bring jellies and jams, pitch-plasters, electuaries, and pills, "bosom friends," and other comforters, while the jolly incumbent, with his rosy gills and round paunch, writes you once a quarter to dine with him, to see how well he holds it. * * * * * RULE III. _Chancery Long Division._--This is an exemplification of the "law's delay," and the rule is to be worked by giving the expectants the "benefit of a doubt," which is not quite so pleasant in Chancery as in criminal practice. The "Bidder" of this rule was John Lord Eldon. * * * * * RULE IV.--Beside long annuities, there are also long dividends. For instance, in the case of Bamboozle, Humbug and Co. who lately declared the third and last dividend of three-fourths of a farthing in a pound, for the benefit of their creditors. [Illustration: THE INSOLVENT TRAP. "THE LAW BINDS, BUT THE LAW LOOSES."] RULE VI. REDUCTION. Reduction is properly the "art of sinking." It teaches us, according to Martin, to bring numbers to a lower name without altering their value. When numbers are brought to a higher name, it is called Reduction _ascending_, when to a lower, Reduction _descending_. * * * * * REDUCTION ASCENDING is to stand high in your own estimation, from the convincing reason, that, as no one thinks anything of you, you ought to think something of yourself. The visit of the Queen to Edinburgh raised the baillies so high in their own estimation, that it took them three hours to get up in a morning. _Examples of Reduction ascending_ are to be found in the following cases:--When a noodle is made a lord; 2. When Timothy Fig obtains a baronetcy; 3. When Muggins keeps his "willa;" and when a beggar gets on horseback. * * * * * REDUCTION ASCENDING FOR FEMALES.--Mrs. _General_ Swipes, Mrs. _Colonel_ Trashee, Mrs. _Major_ Minus, Mrs. _Alderman_ Bumble, Mrs. _Common-sergeant_ Sprigings, Mrs. _Common-councilman_ Snigings, Mrs. _Executioner_ Ketch, Mrs. _Beadle_ Blow-em-up, Mrs. _Corporal_ Casey. _Reduction ascending_ is to be seen in the manufacturing districts; when the body politic gets inflated, a "rising of the lights," that is, of the _illuminati_, may be expected. In these risings the scum always gets uppermost, and some political demagogue is ejected to parliament by a revolutionary eruction--to be reduced to his own _level_ as a leveller. * * * * * REDUCTION DESCENDING.-- "Facilis descensus averni, Sed revocare gradum, superasque evadere ad auras Hic labor, hoc opus est." This is the "old saw" Alderman Harmer used when he cut the city--or Lord John in his "finality" speech--cut his own fingers. POLITICAL REDUCTION. There have been many examples of Political Reduction both in our last and present ministry. The reduction of postage, so that it paid less than the cost, was an exceedingly business-like act. The reduction of cats'-meat in the storehouses at Plymouth, Woolwich, Portsmouth, and Chatham, from a penny to three farthings a-day, was also an example of legislative wisdom, and proved the maxim, "Sparus at the speketas letouat the bungholeas." The reduction of paupers' food to "doubly diminutive and beautifully less" than that of the felon, is also "wisdom wonderful;" being a new way of offering a premium upon crime, at about thirty and a third per cent. It is presumed to have occurred with a view to the assistance of Old Bailey practice, and of the Poor Law Commissioners, as it promotes Coroners' inquests and saves coffins. * * * * * _Rule for the Reduction of Paupers._--Take "an operative," starve him in the streets till he becomes light enough to make a shuttlecock of, then place in his hands an order from an Edmonton magistrate, by way of a feather; bandy him about from parish to parish till you are tired of the game. Let him then fall into the lock-up of the station-house. Keep him sixteen hours in a cold cell without food. Bring him before the Board, put him on the refractory diet, water-gruel, poultice dumplings, and rat roastings. Keep him till he becomes so thin as to lose his shadow, then turn him into the streets to look for a job, with three yards of cord in his pocket, and a direction to the nearest lamp-post, as an intimation of what that job is to be. A state may be _reduced_ in the same way by nip-cheese patriots. Such "save-alls," when they lop off excrescences, bark the trunk--when they prune redundances, let loose the sap. These "flint-skinners" grind down professions, pare down dignities, sweat sovereigns, purge the commonwealth, scour landlords, skin the army, starve the navy, scrape religion to the backbone, sell the honour of their country for a mess of porridge and its glory for a bag of moonshine; till at last John Bull becomes as lean as a country whipping-post, and would hang himself, only he has not _weight_ enough on him to produce strangulation. [Illustration: "BLOWED PUFFERY."] RULE VII. PROPORTION. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE RULE. Proportion is sometimes called the "Rule of Three," because a certain system of conventionalisms has its origin in that, which is called, by way of joke, the "Three Estates" of the realm--_King_, _Lords_, and _Commons_; in other words, a _parliament_, so called from its being the focus of palaver, in which originate those splendid specimens of collective wisdom, known by the name of Acts of Parliament--because they "won't act." The theoretic proportion is, that numbers should be exactly balanced,--that one sovereign should equal six hundred lords, that six hundred lords should equal six hundred and fifty-eight commoners, and that these should represent twenty-nine millions of people. Now, as the interests of each of these estates are said in theory to be opposed to each other, and as they are all theoretically supposed to pull three opposite ways with equal force, it must follow that legislation would be at a stand still, by the first law of mechanics, viz. that action and reaction are always equal: but to prevent such a catastrophe of stagnation, and to set in motion this beautiful machine, a pivot-spring, in the shape of a prime minister, or prime mover, is superadded, and a golden supply, fly, or budget wheel, is introduced, by which the following subordinate, yet ruling principles are developed; and thus we go on from age to age, making laws one day, and unmaking them the next, for the sake of variety. [Illustration: "OUT OF PROPORTION."] THE WORKING OF THE RULE. It must not be forgotten that this rule is one of proportionals, as its name imports. It therefore teaches proportion in all its relations, social and political; it is the rule of our country, and seeks to develop that beautiful equality and justice, so conspicuous in all our institutions, exemplified in the following well-known legal and constitutional maxim, viz. "One man may steal a horse, but another must not look over the hedge." It is a maxim of English law, that punishment should be _proportionate_ to the offence, and have a relation to the moral turpitude of the offender. Hence the seducer and adulterer only inquire, "What's the damage?" By the same rule, it is held highly penal to sell the only ripe fruit in England, roasted apples; and the stock in trade of the basket woman is confiscated. She, too, is sent to the _Counter_--because she is not rich enough to keep one with a shop attached. [Illustration: CALLED TO ACCOUNT.] This brings us to the _rationale_ of reward, and shows us the policy of making a prison superior to a poor-house. This wise arrangement of the collective wisdom of the Rule of Three (the three estates) is upon the principle of _counter-irritation_, that is, the best way to administer to the miserable is to inflict more misery, just as we put a blister on one part to subdue inflammation on another, or set up a mercurial disease to cure a liver complaint. On the other hand, we cure villany by increased rations of beef, bread, beer, and potatoes, in accordance with the maxim, that "the nearest way to a man's heart is through his stomach." [Illustration] On the same principle of "Proportion," the operative is to have for his share the pleasure of doing the labour; for if one man had the labour and the gains too, it would be abominable, and destructive to all the usages of society. It is also strictly proportional, that we should pay not only for what we have, but for that which we have not. _Thus_ church-rates ought to be inflicted, not so much for the benefit of the church, but as the substitute for that wholesome discipline of flagellation, unhappily discontinued, and for the "good of the soul;" for if the spiritual benefit be great to those who pay for what they receive only, how great must be the reward of those who are content to pay for that which, they not only do not receive, but which they will not have at any price! Hence, it is possible that even _dissenters may be saved_--the trouble of spending their money in other ways. The "Tax upon Incomes" affords also a striking example of the doctrine of Proportionals. It is so beautifully equalized, that the loss upon one branch of trade is not to be set off against the gain of another, the object of the act being, no doubt, to put a stop to trade altogether, as the best means of placing things _statu quo_, the grand desideratum of modern legislation. "Bear ye each other's burdens" is a sublime maxim. The principle of the lever is well brought to _bear_ in the doctrine of proportionals--and shows how to shift the weight of taxation from the shoulders of the rich upon those of the poor-- [Illustration: A SLIDING SCALE.] The laws and regulations for the conduct of our civil polity and social condition being founded on these divine principles, it is assumed as a fundamental maxim, that "great folks will be biggest," and he who has not learned that this is the ideal of true proportion, and who does not recognise it in his practical philosophy, will be compelled to knock his head against a wall to the day of his dissolution. [Illustration: "BROKEN DOWN."] RULE VIII. FRACTIONS. The word Fractions is from the Latin "Fractus," broken. A Fraction is therefore a part or broken piece. A broken head is a fraction; a broken heart is a fraction; a bankrupt is a fraction--he is _broken up_; yet a horse is not a fraction, although he may be _broken in_--but his rider may have a broken neck, which is called an irreducible fraction. Speaking generally, therefore, a fraction may be considered as a "Tarnation Smashification." [Illustration: FRACTIONAL SIGNS.] Fractions are of two kinds, _Vulgar_ and _Decimal_. Vulgar fractions are used for common purposes, and examples may be seen in the plebeian part of our commonalty, such as coal-heavers, costermongers, sheriff's-officers, bailiffs, bagmen, cabmen, excisemen, lord-mayors, lady-mayoresses, carpet-knights and auctioneers. Vulgar fractions may be known by the way in which they express themselves. They are more expressive than decimals; and the words, Go it, Jerry--Jim along Josey--What are you at?--What are you arter?--_Variety_--Don't you wish you may get it?--All round my hat--Over the left--All right, and no mistake--Flare up, my covies--I should think so--with those inexpressible expletives which add so much to the force and elegance of our language, may be taken as specimens of Fractions. BREAKING UP NO HOLIDAY, OR A SALE BY AUCTION, IN BLANK VERSE. By Doubledust Puffitoff, Esq. [Illustration: "AN ANCIENT AND MODERN MUG."] My Lords! Ladies and Gentlemen. Cognoscenti, virtuosi, literati, "Muffs," "mulls," and Flukins De Grati, F.R.S.'s, F.A.S.'s and A.S.S.'s, Curiosities of curiosity, Cokletops and Old-bucks in variety, "Court scum," "nobs," beaks, and humdrum, And all that's rare and rum, _Ad infinitum_, Book-worms, bibliophilists, and antiquarians, Soirarians, and Belle-Lettre-arians, Single men of fashion, De Horsa, De Calfa, De Goosa, De Donka, De la De Palma de ston a, Male Prima Donna. Toad-eaters, lickspittles and glozers, "Do nothings," "know nothings," and "dozers," "Tricksters," and "hucksters," and "snoozlers," Cozeners and bamboozlers, Fumblers and mumblers, Bunglers and stumblers, Pokers and jokers, Out and out "sticklers," And "very particulars;" Oglers, Bogglers, Apron danglers, And police "manglers," Bargain hunters--and grunters, Bran-new saints made out of old sinners, And young beginners, Old bucks, Lame ducks; "Curmudgeons," "flats," and "gudgeons," Come all that's fashionable, Femmes de Paradisiacal, Whimsical and lackadaisical, Languishing or sighing, Dreaming or dying, Harpies and beldames, dowagers and vidders, And be my bidders, "Black legs" and "blue stockings," walk up, walk up, And see What you shall see, A perfect unique Display of art, and a _Luscious_ Natura, As I before said when I set you all agog, In this here seven-and-sixpenny catalogue. LOT I. Here, Ladies, and Gentlemen, is a lot, Being the earliest that must "go to pot." I do declare, 'Tis very rare, And mighty curious, And nothing spurious, Preserved from bye-gone ages, Embalmed in sacred pages, Of ancient poetry. Who'll bid, who'll buy? Be not shy, Bid high. Behold--the identical cupboard, Of old Mother Hubbard; The identical hat The little dog wore When nursing the cat; The identical _pipe_ The little dog smoked When she brought him the _tripe_; The identical coffin That set the dog laughing, With these two are sorted, As "neat as imported." A brick of the corner Of little Jack Horner, Who eat of a Christmas pie; He put in his thumb And he pulled out "a _plum_," As you must do if you buy. LOT II. The next most splendid, _recherché_ and venerable, Spick and span old antique, ingenerable By modern authors or by modern art, A _sui generis_ lot, not to be _matched_. By _Lucifer_ himself not to be catched By an old song, as the last was-- I speak _poss_. _First_ is an original, aboriginal, Primary, first hand, virgin copy, Mouldy, musty, cobwebby, and ropy, Of Dean Swift's "Maw wallop," With notes by Mrs. Trollope, Which wraps the whole up So decently, it takes the soul up To the third heaven of ecstasy; To which is added, An Essay upon Jalap. _Second_, is the missal of old Nick, Richly illuminated with flames ad flamina, Fresh from "Blazes;" Its smell of brimstone is sublime; 'Tis dedicated to the Ranters And the Canters Of Exeter Hall in the dog days, Cum multis aliis ad gammona. Who'll bid for this whole lot? one thousand--two, Three, four, five, six,--say seven, and see what I will do. "Gone!" Doctor Lardner, I've knocked it down to you. LOT III. Now come the gems divine, Each gem a shrine, Whence men may fish up, And after dish up, Without a Bishop, A heavenly worship; And adore These relics before. _First_, is the vase de Barberino, The Helmet of Mambrino So renowned In all climes In which the cat was drowned; Don Quixote's spear, and shield, and armour, Lately worn by Alderman Harmer Against the "Times." _Second_, the sword of Jack the Giant Killer, Made o' th' siller Spent at the Ipswich election, Braving detection. _Third_, is the wishing cap of Fortunatus, Worn by all young ladies in their teens, That when they're married they may have the reins. _Fourth_, is the night cap of the Cock-lane ghost, When he fright'ned The enlight'ned Chartist host. _Fifth_, is a stone out of the wall, Of Pyramus and Thisbe, And a charmed echo of Nick Bottom's roar, Or louder snore Of Mr. Muntz, when he thinks Lord John a bore. _Sixth_, one of the seven-leagued boots, in which is Made the interminable of Cobden's speeches, Loose as the old coal-heaver Huntington's Heaven-born breeches. _Seventh_, the bottle of the bottle-conjurer, Into which Lord Mounteagle, to please himself, Can squeeze himself, When in some plan of plunder or of pelf He wants to ease himself. _Eighth_, is the toe nail of the Dragon of Wantley, Which Berkeley Grantley Used as a sort of scarifying razor Upon a Fraser. _Ninth_, is the dish of Corn Law furmitory, Into which Tom Thumb (Lord John) did jump when he Let in another Ministry. _Tenth_, a child's caul, a certain preservation From drowning, useful to the nation, In this great age of tea-to-tality, And used by Mr. Buckingham As an hydraulic ram, To keep him dry, When round the world to go he late did try. _Eleventh_, is a bottle of pigeon's milk, Soft as silk, Which Boreing to the "Factory" deputation sent, By way of reparation For the depredation Of sessions of misgovernment. _Twelfth_, is the story of a cock and bull, Edited by queer Joseph, and oft related to the house When full. _Thirteenth_, the eyelid of Homer, and the eye Identical and very certain, Of Betty Martin. And, lastly, now to end this, Billy Martin, Peter Parley, Prattle, Are three blue beans in a blown bladder. Rattle, bladder, rattle. [Illustration: KNOCKING DOWN THE LOT.] [Illustration: DONE BY INTEREST.] RULE IX. INTEREST, &c. To think of getting on in this world without Interest, is ridiculous. Place and Promotion are not for Fitness or Worthiness, but to serve particular _Interests_, private or public; and yet a number of very simple persons, who have as large a green streak in them as a _sage_ cheese, without its _sageness_, are continually wondering that virtue and talent do not get all the "good things" of a vicious community. Punch forbid! Is not virtue declared to be its _own_ reward? and as to talent,--let a man be content with _that_. It is a positive monopoly to covet _wit_ and _money_ too. [Illustration: AT A PREMIUM AND DISCOUNT.] To take care of our Interest is the great law of Nature, and is universally followed. Every one for himself, and Fate for us all, as the donkey said when he danced among the chickens, is as profound a maxim as the _gnothi seauton_ of Plato. "Take care of yourself" is of more importance than "Know thyself." To take care of oneself is a science which comes home to every man's business and bosom. It is "wisdom" identified with our personal character. It is philosophy turned to account. It is morality above par. It is a religion in which "every man may be his own parson," find his Bible in his ledger, his Creed in the "stock-list," his Psalter in the tariff, his Book of Common Prayer in the railway and canal shares, his Temple in the Royal Exchange, his Altar in his counter, and his God in his money. [Illustration: THE OLD AND NEW PRINCIPLE--BOTH WITH CREDIT.] * * * * * PRINCIPLE, or PRINCIPAL, is an old term used by our forefathers in "money matters" and commercial transactions, but is now obsolete. It formerly represented capital, and raised the British merchant in the scale of nations; but it is now a maxim of trade to discard Principle as not being consistent with Interest. It is paradoxically Capital to take care of our Interest, but it seldom requires any Principle to do so. "The want of money is the root of all evil." Such is the new reading, according to the translation of a new sect called the _Tin_ites. In the orthodox translation, the _love_ of money was unfortunately rendered. To be without money is worse than being without brains--for this reason we should oppose all dangerous innovations, which in any way have a tendency to disturb the "balance of Capital." Right is not to usurp might. We are not, for the sake of Quixotic experiment, to invade the _interests_ of the landed proprietor by an Anti-Corn Law movement, nor the vested right of doing wrong, which the various close corporations of law, physic, and trade, &c. have so long maintained, making England the envy of the world and the glory of surrounding nations. [Illustration: THE TIN-DER PASSION.] Interest, therefore, teaches us to interest ourselves for our own interests, and to keep them continually in view in all our transactions. When a man loses sight of his own interests he is morally blind; he must, therefore, according to this rule, walk with his eyes open, and be wide awake to every move--keep the weather-eye open, and not have one eye up the chimney and the other in the pot, but both stedfastly fixed on the _main chance_. Interest teaches us also to swear to anything and admit nothing; to prove, by the devil's rhetoric, that black is white and white black; to tamper, to shuffle, to misrepresent, to falsify, to scheme, to undervalue, to entangle, to evade, to delay, to humbug, and to cheat in virtue of the monied interest. [Illustration: FAITH AND DUTY.] In the days of our forefathers, we had a most excellent compendium of Faith and Duty, called the "Church Catechism," which taught us not only to "fear God and honour the King," but to be "true and just in all our dealings." The "fast and loose," "free and easy" system of "liberality," shuts the Creed and the Catechism out of half our schools; and worldliness teaches in its place the creed of Mammon. Instead of being taught to worship God, we are taught to _worship money_. Instead of honouring the Queen, we are told to bow down to the "_golden image_" which trade has set up; we no longer consult our _conscience_, but our _pocket_; for _principle_ we read _interest_--for _piety_, _pelf_. In illustration of this, the following "cut and dry" "'Change Catechism," which fell from the pocket of a Latitudinarian bill-broker, is subjoined, as affording the best examples of the Rule of _Interest_. QUESTION AND ANSWER. Q. My good child, tell me what you believe in? A. Money. Q. What is money? A. The all-ruling and all-powerful; the fountain of worldly wisdom and power. Q. How is it worshipped? A. By the daily sacrifice of time, talents, health, and virtue. Q. What is this worship called? A. Mammon. Q. What is its chief rite? A. Gammon. Q. What is the chief ceremony? A. Deceit. Q. What are its principal festivals? A. Dividend-days. Q. What are its days of penance or fasting? A. Days when no business is done. Q. What are its feast-days? A. City "Feeds." Q. Where are its principal temples? A. The _Treasury_, the _'Change_, and the _Bank_. Q. Who are its priests? A. Whitewashed "black-legs."[3] Q. What is virtue? A. A name. Q. What is Orthodoxy? A. Cash. Q. What is Heterodoxy? A. Bills. Q. What is Heresy? A. "No effects." Q. What is Schism? A. "Call again to-morrow." Q. What is Respectability? A. Plenty of trade. Q. What is Roguery? A. Being in debt. Q. What is Vice? A. Misfortune. Q. What is the greatest sin? A. Poverty. Q. What is the principal virtue? A. Prompt payment. Q. What are the principal blessings? A. Loans. Q. What should be our continual desire? A. Good luck. Q. For what our rejoicings? A. Success. Q. What is Morality? A. Cent. per cent. profits. Q. What is the Origin of evil? A. A returned bill. Q. What is the greatest evil? A. Bankruptcy. Q. What is our chance of escape from perdition? A. "Taking the benefit." Q. What is the Devil? A. To be without money. Q. Who are the chosen children of Mammon? A. Those born with a "silver spoon." Q. What is the true definition of good? A. Solvency. Q. What is the true definition of bad? A. Insolvency. Q. What is your duty to your friend? A. To cheat him. Q. What to the stranger? A. To "take him in." Q. What is Experimental Philosophy? A. Going a borrowing. Q. What is practical philosophy? A. Being refused. Q. What should be your chief consolation in old age? A. Dying rich. Q. What is the chief maxim of this creed? A. _Doing_ every one, but suffering no one to _do_ you. [3] Notwithstanding the "pretty considerable declension" of mercantile integrity, the character of the British merchant, both at home and abroad, still maintains its ascendency, and there are yet thousands of "merchant princes" who fully sustain the honour and glory of our native land. This satire is launched against the "cutting" commercials of the age. [Illustration] RULE X. BILLS. [Illustration] When goods are bought or work is done, a bill is to be made out and delivered. In some cases the bill may be made out before the work is done, and work charged in _prospective_; and therefore the making out of bills is an art and mystery known only to the professional man or the tradesman. It comprehends the mystery of mystification, and _impudence_ and _assurance_ are its two first rules. The milkman is not only allowed by parliament to water his milk, but to cut a notch in his chalk and mark _double_. The baker thinks it legitimate, and part of his vested rights, to put in "dead uns;" the butcher to "hang on Jemmy;" but the birds noted for the longest bills are the carpenter woodpecker, (who undertakes to take you under) the gallipot crane, the red-tape snipe, and the heron. The bills of each of these bipeds are as long as from this to the paying of the National Debt, and as unfathomable as the Bay of Biscay--or the lowest pit of---- L [Illustration] [Illustration] I AM INTERESTED. Dear Sir, my faith in you is great, Your honour long I've tested; You are my customer, good Sir, And I am _interested_. To give you credit is my joy, A joy sincerely breasted, For twelve months, ay, for any date; You see I'm _interested_. And may you thrive, and in due time Retire in comfort nested; This is my fervent prayer, my friend, For I am _interested_. And may you have a plum or two, In stock well sunk and vested, To leave your worthy family-- I speak as _interested_. What, "rather queer!" this fellow now Must quickly be molested; Write to him, Priggings, for you know That I am _interested_. Well, take his bill. Three months--no two; Let it be well attested; Now is the time to turn the screw, For I am _interested_. What, "no effects!" give him, no time, But get the bill _protested_; Such rascals must be quickly met, When we are _interested_. No cash!--well, write to Sniggs at once, And let him be arrested; To Banco Regis let him go, For I am _interested_. [Illustration: A DECIMAL FIGURE.] RULE XI. DECIMALS. Decimal Fractions are so called because the fractions are always tenths. They differ from Vulgar Fractions in this, that the denominator is not written, but a _point_ before it is used instead. [Illustration: A STRONG TITHE.] Decimals are best illustrated by tithes, which are general and universal tenths extracted in every part of "merry England." They are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided like any other numbers, but to designate their value a _point_ is prefixed. In tithes, as in decimals, the denominator does not appear; that is to say, the incumbent rarely lives at his incumbency. When tithes are to be added, taken, or subtracted, the titho_decimo point_ is used as his representative, namely, the POINT OF THE BAYONET. [Illustration] To make a point of "doing good by stealth" is a national virtue; and among all other "points" in this uncertain world, the "point blank" is the most certain. This may be made with a _rifle_, when the pockets are to be _rifled_, either with or without a bayonet at the end of it. The _charge_ for spiritual care is best settled by a _charge of dragoons_; and a _discharge_ of clerical arrears by a _discharge of fire-arms_.[4] [4] Whatever may be said of the mode of collecting tithes, nothing can be said against the "right of tithe." The clergy are the greatest sufferers, and no consummation is more devoutly to be wished than an equitable adjustment. As things are at present, the clergy do not get half their dues, and these are obtained in a manner well calculated to keep up the idea of a certain person shearing the hogs, "great cry and little wool." TO REDUCE MONEY WEIGHTS AND MEASURES TO DECIMALS. Take a tithe-owner, a collector, a proctor's warrant, and a constable, and go in a body to the house of a Quaker, or the mud hovel of an Irish Catholic. Enter the house by means of a crow-bar. Take pigs, poultry, pots, pans, sticks, or rattletraps. Obtain an appraiser, call in a broker, and _divide the spoil_ by means of any number of vulgar fractions, called purchasers. Take the dividend, called plunder, and "pocket." TO BRING DECIMALS TO THEIR PROPER VALUE IN WHOLE NUMBERS. The proper value of a decimal is only to be ascertained by his _points_ of character, and they are to be found of full value in many parts of the kingdom, in the shape of worthy curates, and honest rectors and vicars, _dividing_ not their flocks, or the produce of their flocks, but their _own time_, _means_, and _money_, in the conscientious _discharge_ of their clerical duties. RULE XII. PRACTICE. The Rule of Practice is indispensable in all our operations. It is in some degree the "ultimatum" of the preceding rules, for as the proverb says, "Practice makes perfect." Nature is said to have begun the creation of "living infinities" by this rule, for in the words of the poet, "She tried her 'prentice hand on man, And then she made the lasses o."--BURNS. Practice is thus divided into two kinds--the first called _Practice Preliminary_; the second is denominated _Practice in General_. * * * * * PRACTICE PRELIMINARY is experimental philosophy, or asking discount for a bill at 18 months; PRACTICE IN GENERAL taking in the flats. The one resolves itself into "_trying it on_," the other to "_clapping it on_." "Trying it on" is an universal principle, from the old Jew salesman who asks four pounds for a thread-bare coat and takes four shillings; or the old cabbage woman who offers 3lbs. of "taters" for two pence and sells 7lbs. for three farthings; to the prime minister who asks _three_ millions of taxes, and expects _five_. The converse of this rule is, "Don't you wish you may get it." Practice is performed by taking "aliquot parts;" to be a man of some "parts" is therefore necessary. The application of our "parts" to the science of L.S.D. with a view to their development and perfection, is the aim of the rule, and the "practice of Practice" is to show, That the value of a thing Is just the money it will bring; For money being the common scale Of things by measure, weight and rate, In all affairs of Church and State, And both the balance and the weight, The only force, the only power, That all mankind fall down before, Which like the iron sword of kings, Is the best reason of all things; The Rule of Practice then would show, The principles on which men "grow." What makes all doctrines plain and clear? A few odd hundreds once a year. And that which was proved true before, Prove false again?--Some hundreds more. HUDIBRAS. [Illustration: PRACTISING AT EXETER HALL. HULLA, BOYS, HULLA.] GRAND CHORUS. Hulla boys, Hulla boys, Let the "belles" ring; Hulla boys, Hulla boys, So the Whigs sing. The Council of State In their heads have a crotchet, In spite of lawn sleeves, In spite of the rochet; To put for a salvo The nation in tune, By keeping them singing From July till June. And who can sweet music A moment despise? For singing is better, Far better than sighs. To reconcile Chartists To duties on corn, We'll give them a flourish Or two on the horn. To strike all the grumblers In factories mute, We'll give them a solo Each day on the _flute_. Should the multitude ask, By petition, a boon, We'll grant them reply Through our "Budget" _bassoon_. And when they shall sicken, And when they shall fret, We'll soothe them like lambs, With our State _clarionet_. Should they from their chains Endeavour to wriggle,[5] We'll keep them in bonds By a waltz on the _fiddle_. They shall not despair, Nor hang, drown, or strangle, We Whigs will strike up Our tinkling _triangle_. And should this not do, In arms should they come, We'll frighten them soon By a roll of the _drum_! [5] I can't make wriggle rhyme to fiddle. I have sent it to the prince of wrigglers, Lord B----, and to the prince of fiddlers, Mr. P--, but they refer me to Mr. Wordsworth.--T. W. * * * * * PRACTISING FOR THE ARMY.--As shooting and slaying are the legitimate objects of this profession, you cannot begin too early. The first instrument to be used is a _pea-shooter_; this is for the age P.C. previous to corderoys. The second is a _pop-gun_, indicating the age of breeches (and breaches). From this we arise to "sparrow-shooting," after the _ruse de guerre_ of the salt-box has been tried without effect. Being now grown bloody-minded, we go to that sanguiniferous-looking house at Battersea, called the Red House, (being of a blood colour, from the enormous slaughter committed near it,) and here we take lessons in pigeon-shooting. From hence to the Shooting Gallery, Pall Mall, we improve rapidly. A lieutenancy in the Guards is our next step. To this succeeds a dispute respecting the glottis of Mademoiselle Catasquallee, and "Chalk-Farm" or "Wimbledon Common" is the result; and here, unless courage should ooze out of our fingers' ends, we may stop; our courage is apparent, and for the future we may shoot with the "long-bow" to all eternity without fear of contradiction. * * * * * PRACTISING FOR THE PROFESSION.--"Cutting up" and "Cut and _come_ again," are the maxims of the surgeon; and as no trade or profession can live except by the adoption of the "_cutting_ system," and if a man cannot _cut_ a figure, he will assuredly _be cut_ by his acquaintance, surely the art should be thoroughly studied. As a preliminary step, Burking and body-snatching must be mastered; and then you may go snacks in a "subject," and take your "loin of pauper," "leg of pauper," or "shoulder of beggar," or "rump of beggar," or "sirloin of alderman," or "fore-quarter of citizen," or "hand and spring" of beadle or bellman. Or should your taste be fastidious, you may take a "fillet of cherrybum;" or club for a "sucking-kid." On these _practise_ till you are perfect; and should it so happen that any of the personages above-named should turn out to be related by consanguinity, be as stoical as a reviewer, and make no bones of cutting-up (if necessary for science) your own father. * * * * * PRACTISING FOR THE MINISTRY.--The aspirant for the "tub," "born in a garret, in a kitchen bred," commences his spiritual career by announcing to the elect that he is almost sure that he has had a call (caul), for he has heard his mother say he was _born with one_. He may next exhibit his buffetings with Satan by showing the marks of the beast, in the shape of double-dealing, pettifogging, shuffling, cutting and cheating; he may next venture on the _new birth_. [Illustration] He now attempts open-air preaching on Kennington Common, and exhibits spiritual rabidity in good earnest. He foams at the mouth, barks and bites, and yells in his ravings; calls himself from a pig to a dog, and from a dog to no gentleman. What is he? "A bundle of filthy rags," "a whited sepulchre," "a cancerous sore," a "sink of pollution," "a mass of corruption," "a cesspool," "a common sewer," "a worm," "a scorpion," "a snake," "a spider," "an adder." He may also charge himself with murder, abomination, witchcraft, lying, and every vice denounced in the Decalogue, on the principle of "the greater the sinner the greater the saint." Having thus initiated himself into the spiritual fraternity, he may write a work to prove that the "Church damns more souls than she saves."[6] He then mounts the rostrum as a burning and a shining light. He deals in brimstone, wholesale, retail, and for exportation. Now he unites his spiritual with secular power, and mixes parliamentary logic with divinity, electioneering squibs with "Hymns of the Chosen;" makes Lucifer cuckold, and swears himself his true liege man on the cross-buttock of a radical candidate. He now receives the degree of D.D. from a Scotch university, for 7_l._ 13_s._ 6_d._, and begins to feel as "big as bull-beef;" his lank hair curls; he has red velvet cushions to his tub; he begowns and belappets himself; he looks on all sides for an half-idiot heiress, or infatuated widow in a state of fatuity, and marries. Thus he jumps into his bishopric, makes religion a "good spec," till it is found out he has had "two wives" before, and a variety of miniature portraits of himself:--and thus ends his PRACTICE. [6] A favourite maxim with a certain reverend city orator, formerly a "grocer," and still a "grosser" man than his neighbours. [Illustration: PRACTISING FOR THE OPERA.] RULE XIII. BARTER--BUYING AND SELLING--PROFIT AND LOSS. Man is a "forgiving animal," and this is a better definition of him than Plato's "biped without feathers," which the plucked cock demonstrated. Man is the only animal which strikes a bargain. A dog does not exchange a bone with another dog; and however skilful he may be at a steak, he is not at all clever at this sort of "_chop_." "Our _chops_ are our masters," says Hobbes; and it is all "a matter of wittles," says Sam Weller. Hence arise the art and mystery of _swapping_, _buying_, and _selling_, and the notion of _trade_ and _commerce_. England is _per se_ a nation of shopkeepers--we do every thing upon the principle of small profits and quick returns. To barter the national honour is legitimate policy; to sell up our enemies has been a practice since the days of the Plantagenets. "Jocky of Norfolk, be not too bold, For Dickon thy master is bought and sold." Hence we can always buy our enemies, if we cannot beat them. Buonaparte, according to the radicals, was _sold_ at Waterloo; we have been recently sold to the Russians; and thus British gold has been always more powerful than British steel. * * * * * D'ye buy, d'ye buy, d'ye buy, A sheep's head or a lamb's eye. Ten thousand thanks will be given to any influential gentleman who will procure the advertiser a place of commensurate value under government: an under lord of the treasury, a commissioner of excise, a distributor of stamps, a head clerkship, or any other situation, in which the principal duties are to receive the salary. * * * * * Here is your lolly pops and real Wellington brandy balls, sixteen a penny As long as there is any. Appointments in the army secured without risk, loss, or trouble to the purchaser. Cornetcies, Ensigncies, Lieutenancies, Colonelcies, to be disposed of, at the lowest possible prices. Also a few cast-off ribbons, stars, spurs, and garters, to be had a bargain. * * * * * One a penny buns, Two a penny buns; One a penny, Two a penny, Hot cross buns. The next presentation to a valuable rectory, to be had for a song. A title for orders, "cheap as dirt." Degrees may be obtained of A.M., LL.D., D.C.L. and D.D., on reasonable terms; and livings wholesale, retail, and for exportation. Apply at the "Bottle-nose Head," York; or at the "Frigasseed surplice," Canterbury. * * * * * Here's your spiced gingerbread, All hot, all hot; Taste 'em and try 'em, Before you buy 'em; All hot, all hot, all hot. Comfortable and respectable sittings at Beelzebub Chapel, Brimstone Alley, St. Luke's, under an able minister, by the quarter, month, or year. Pews to hold eight, 2_l._ 12_s._ 6_d._ per annum; single sittings, 10_s._ The _Pew_seyites will have the right of _election_ and other privileges.--N.B. No connexion with the parish church next door. * * * * * Cat's meat, dog's meat; Dog's meat, cat's meat. To be sold, peremptorily, the property of a gentleman about to travel, (once a rum cove, now a Sidney cove,) a five-year old hunter, the most splendid horse in Europe, with grand action. Got by _Spavin_ out of _Roarer_, grandsire _Glanders_, grandam _Botts_, warranted sound and without fault; (blemishes are not faults, but misfortunes;) gentle to ride, quiet to drive, warranted to _do_ fourteen stone, or any other weight. Price 120 guineas.--No abatement. * * * * * To the highest bidder, Here's your rich and ripe faggots, A penny a piece, a penny a piece; Here's your savory faggots. Sale by auction, in Smithfield. Without reserve. A most eligible and desirable lot. Coming in low. Parasol, bustle, and baggage included. My better half. Weight, sixteen stone. Has taken the lead at All Max. Temper, mild (horse-radish). Eloquence, Broughamatic. Voice, Saffernhillish. Person, Nixmydollyish. Talons, cataclawdish.--No abatement. * * * * * The idea of trade and commerce naturally leads us to the consideration of the sublime science of Political Economy, which endeavours to dogmatize that profound conundrum, that the natural _rate of wages is that which barely affords the labourer the means of subsistence_, and of continuing the race of labourers--meaning thereby, the starvation point at which a labourer can be worked. It is assumed that the labourer has so much work in him, and the problem is to draw it out at the least possible cost--of whip or legal enactment--or police forces or military expenditure. Another leading doctrine of the political economists is, the fatal necessity of starvation. It is maintained, and that seriously, that "God, when he made man, intended that he should be starved;" that human fecundity tends to get the start of the means of subsistence; that the former moves as 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64; but the latter only as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. The consequence drawn from this proposition is, that poor-laws, or any efforts of charity, are only a childish indulgence of feeling; for since there will be a surplus number, who must at all events be starved, if the life of one is saved by charity, whether public or private, it is only that another may be starved in its stead. Hence the perishing of annual multitudes may be looked upon as a proof of the national wealth; and the poor-law system, and the Queen's Letter, but so much concern utterly useless; and the only remedy for our abundant population is for us to return to the system of the ancients, and legalize a few Herods, or, to go further back, to make every man a Saturn--the eater of his own children. RULE XIV. DISCOUNT. Discount is the allowance made to a person, for paying money _before it is due_; so says Walkinghame; but there are now few persons who commit so egregious a folly, the plan being not to pay until it has been due a long time, and then get discount as for ready money. The usual manner of settling accounts in the City is to purchase for _ready money_; to give a bill at three months, which is to be considered as equal to ready money; and when the bill becomes due to give--the cash? No! but another bill at _five_ months. This is called _cash payments_. Leaving the City, as being "vulgar," let us look at discount by the broad light of Universality. Discount means something "taken off," or reduced by so much, or decreased _in value_, or lessened. [Illustration: "DISCOUNTING FOR A MAN FORMERLY."] A man is said to be at a discount on 'Change, when he has no change at the Bank; when he has no banker in the City; when "no effects" is written on his "mandible:"--at Almack's, when he ceases to invite dinner eaters; among the ladies, when grey hairs and crows' feet make their appearance, and teeth their disappearance. * * * * * PAR, above _par_, below _par_. We are at par, when in that blessed state of equanimity found in perfection at a Quakers' meeting; above par, when floundering about in champagne; and below par, when cooling down on water gruel and Seidlitz. Examples of discount at the present moment are too numerous to mention. Every thing seems at a discount; _radicals, dissenters, theatricals, fine arts, scientificks, trade, commerce, manufactures_. Asses' heads alone are looking up. RULE XV. INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. Involution and Evolution are two rules of arithmetic which signify getting _in_ and getting _out_. Involution signifies such matters as getting in love, getting into a lawsuit, or getting into debt. It is the rule of entanglement, and is represented by a fly in a spider's web. Evolution comprehends all the tricks, shifts, schemes, and stratagems, by which we get out of our various difficulties; but it may be observed that it is much easier to become involved in any matter, than to get disentangled: whatever may be our evolutions, it is a difficult matter to get out of love, out of a law-suit, or out of debt. LAW EVOLUTION--GETTING INTO A LAW-SUIT. "Will you walk into my office," said the lawyer, Mr. Sly, "'Tis the prettiest little office that ever you did spy. The way into my office is by a winding stair, And I've a many funny things to show you when you're there." "But I have heard," the client said, "you sport a web and chain, And he who in your office gets comes not out clear again." "I'm sure you must be weary, friend, of everlasting dunning; Come, rest upon my legal wit, my gammon, and my cunning. I'll get your debt at little cost, so only let me do it; Or else perhaps the chap will break, and you will have to rue it." "I'd rather not--I'd rather not," the wary client said; "For I did never like to throw 'good money after bad.'" "Leave all to me," the lawyer now with eloquence replied; "A fig for costs, your case is clear, and you have _me_ beside; I'll take the case at any odds, and rather be dependent Upon the issue of the whole--that is, on the defendant." "Well, try it on," the client said, "you are a lad of wax; So stick to him with tape and string--succeeding, we'll go snacks." Then in the legal mesh and web of cunning Mr. Sly, The client now was fairly caught as any little fly; And round him twined all legal quirks, and briefs a dozen quire, Writ, declaration, cognovit, bail, habeas, præmunire. "You've lost the cause!" the client cried--"the loss to you, not me." "Hum, ha--but stop a bit," said Sly--"stop, stop, and we shall see." The lawyer mended now his web, and thread by thread he lengthened; Made closer every mesh and hole, and every corner strengthened. "The cause is lost, and you must pay--_I bargained if I gained it_; You cannot think on other terms that I could have sustained it." So round the hapless wretch he threw a law cord strong and good; And thus he held it, hard and fast, and sucked his client's blood. GETTING INVOLVED, OR IN DEBT. The ways of getting into debt are multiform. To be _involved_ is _patriotic_, _fashionable_, _genteel_, and _sentimental_. To pay is _vulgar_, _inconvenient_, and _unpopular_. The man who lives within his _means_ is never considered to have any _means_. A man in debt possesses an interest and an importance truly pleasurable. It is surely something to know that in your little self a hundred are subject to hopes, fears, anxieties, speculations, aspirations, and a world of such like poetry. The greater the number of creditors, the greater must be the sensation produced; and the production of a sensation is every thing in fashionable society. The old proverb was, "Out of debt out of danger;" but modern arithmetic teaches, "_In_ debt _out_ of danger;" the law of debtor and creditor being fashioned according to this maxim, which is now the Lex Scripta of the courts. To be over head and ears in debt, is the best security; "debt is the safest helmet." To be not worth powder and shot, or to make believe you are not, is the best method of keeping on the wing. It requires, however, some curious _evolutions_ to enable an empty sack to stand upright. LOVE EVOLUTION, OR GETTING IN LOVE. This is an involuntary process, and an entanglement equally powerful with the meshes of the law. In this case, however, the pleasure increases with the entanglement, as the fly said in the honey-pot. The arms of a fair lady are the softest bonds; the poison of a maiden's lip the sweetest poison. To be in love is to be entangled in a cobweb of ten thousand ecstasies, where every string is bliss, and every mesh is beauty. In this web, Cupid sits as an angel in one corner, and Hymen on the other; thus bound with sighs, tied with kisses, linked by embraces, chained by tears, lovers disport themselves; till Hymen, in fear that they should die of ecstasy, tightens the web, and binds them hand and foot in the true lover's knot of matrimony. PARLIAMENTARY EVOLUTION. RULE 1. Make up your mind to "go the whole hog" with your party. 2. Flatter, gammon, and gloze all parties. 3. Humbug your opponents, and cheat your supporters. 4. Make love to every prevailing vagary of the day, and coquet with Mother Church, and her fantastical daughter, Miss Dissent. 5. Promise every thing, perform nothing, and be the last year of your parliamentary term a contradiction of the six preceding years, so as to ensure another return. HOW TO GET INTO PARLIAMENT. Supposing yourself to be a green yokel, just raw from school, with little wit, little money, and little influence, act as follows:-- 1. Marry for the sake of respectability and a little more money. 2. Give away soup to the poor, flannel petticoats, trusses, and baby linen. 3. Set up schools on the free system, "every boy his own archbishop:" Free-trade in religion, and no walloping. 4. Get into a squabble with your Rector, about free grace and non-election. 5. Write once a week in the dissenters' "slop pail," against clerical intolerance, tithe pigs, "red noses," round paunches, lawn sleeves. 6. Attend the jawy jobations of Exeter hall, as a "flowery speaker," and advocate various Jew, Gipsy, Voluntary Church, Anti-pseudo-baptistical Societies, till you are black in the face. 7. Join the Society for the Diffusion of Useless Knowledge, the Donkey Protecting Society, and other congenial "Institutes." 8. Build a chapel, and bribe a congregation to come to it. Become a teetotaller; be a betwixt and betweenish, half-and-half, out-and-out radical. Defeat the imposition of a Church rate--rave against the taxes--pledge yourself to support triangular parliaments, universal suffering--blindfold voting--and confusion to all order. And thus get in, get in, By clamour, bawl, and shout; To tax 'em then begin; Oh then get out, get out. Get in, get in, get in, Give place to sneak and lout, And don't forget your kin; Oh then get out, get out. Get in, get in, get in, Get jolly fat and stout, And grind the people thin; Oh then get out, get out. Get in, get in, get in, And turn and twist about, Until some precious _shin_-- _Dy_--says, "Get out, get out." [Illustration: MEASURING BY THE "YARD"--TRUE FIT.] RULE XVI. DUODECIMALS; OR, THE MEASURING OF PAINTING, PLASTERING, JOINING, GLAZING, GLOZING, AND OTHER FLAT WORK. Duodecimals teach us to find the superficial contents of any "thing." A thing is properly something, neither woman nor man; possessing all the superficial of either, and the substantials of neither: such as numbsculls, lordlings, quacks, empirics, &c. Duodecimals also teach the mensuration of plastering, painting and glazing; which comprehend the arts of palaver and gammon, and the science of _Flattery_ in general. This is, above all others, a "superficial age," and the mensuration of superficies is characteristic of the modern era--the age of meretricious flummery. Our science is superficial thinking; our morality, superficial blinking. Every thing is made now-a-days for the "surface," which, like the gilded wooden organ pipes, placed in front of that instrument, are not made to blow, but for the sake of show. In learning, we get a smattering instead of the real thing; and we drop the meat for the sake of the shadow. The deep and the solid have long ago been discarded: in short, this is the age of gammon, and society is like a quire of "outsides foolscap." * * * * * _Of Flat Surfaces._--A plane or flat surface has length and breadth without thickness. Flat surfaces are often made, by some peculiar property of polarized light, to reflect rays which do not belong to them. Thus, flats pass for solids, and "shallows" for "deep-uns." RULE XVII. BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. Book-keeping is not to be understood only as the art of "Book-borrowing," a very good science in its way, but as the highest branch of the science of _leger_demain, invented for the express purpose of enabling the speculative to conceal their accounts, just as the use of speech is given to man to enable him to conceal his thoughts. We have excellent directions given us on this head from very high authority, which is to be understood according to the Benthamite Philosophy. "How much owest thou my lord? And he said, A hundred measures of oil. Take thy bill, and sit down quickly, and write fifty." Hence the children of the philosophers are wiser than the children of light. In "keeping books" it is not only indispensable that you should keep _them_, but that they also should "keep you." This is in accordance with the free-trade reciprocity system; and to enable them to do it requires but little tact. For instance, you open a shop--not for the purpose of doing _business_, but for _doing some unfortunate flat_, in the very spirit of a "_Good-will_;" so that when _your business is done_, your client may find _his business done too_, and when you have taken yourself _off_, he may find himself taken _in_. This example may be repeated any number of times. Upon entering life, every young man must consider that it will be quite impossible to live without some "cash in hand;"--that he will, at times, be inevitably called upon to "_fork out_," "_dub up_," or "_come down_;"--and that in all transactions, such as swelling and dashing, cutting and flashing, it will be necessary to keep a sharp look-out upon the "blunt," tin, or pewter, as it is variously termed; if not for your own satisfaction, at least for your beloved father's, whom you are in duty bound to bamboozle. There are certain items which never need come into this account; namely, board, lodging, tailor's bills, boots, shoes, linen, horses, and such like necessaries; these belong religiously to the _old boy_, or are fit and proper matters for "whitewashing." To fulfil this purpose, open a cash account, putting Dr. in the left hand corner, which signifies Dear Father, in honour of your respected parent, or in testimony that everything is dear; and Cr. on the right hand, which may signify "cruel little I have to spend." This is called the Waste Book. The items introduced are merely hints for the getting and disbursement of CASH. WASTE-BOOK ---------------------------------------------------------------------- SIMON SAPSCULL CLUTCHINGS, IN ACCOUNT ---------------------------------------------------------------------- _Dr._ _May 1._ £ _s._ _d._ Out of the old chap, by wheedling and bullying 50 0 0 Out of the schoolmaster, after being in Whitecross-street two hours 0 3 8 Out of mother, by way of bonus on "good nature." 10 0 0 Out of father, for charitable purposes. 20 0 0 Out of sister, to lend a friend in distress 20 0 0 Out of mother, another 20_l._--having lost the first when carried home drowned, (good idea this,) _Mem._ to be repeated. 20 0 0 _May 2._ Out of father, for divinity books, (sorry didn't get more, as the old chap is so pleased to think I am "preserved") 40 0 0 _May 3._ Out of mother, to invest on the sly in the 3-1/2 per cents. for herself 40 0 0 Borrowed of Jem 3 0 0 Balance due to me 56 3 0 ------------- £259 6 8 ============= ---------------------------------------------------------------------- WITH HIS FATHER, FROM MAY 1 TO MAY 3. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- _Cr._ _May 1._ £ _s._ _d._ Paid at Shooting Gallery, and at the Fives' Court 4 16 0 For cigars, riding whip, Sporting Calendar, and Life in London 2 10 0 For salve for the dog's tail, (burnt some time since) 1 10 0 Spent at Divan, Coal Hole, and at various places on stroll 3 0 0 For Covent Garden Oyster Rooms, cigars, brandy, champagne, and various other matters indistinctly remembered 20 0 0 Relief to a poor young widow, soda water, and restorative cordial to the dog 5 0 0 Paid Duncombe for books, according to father's direction; Flash Lexicon, ditto Songster, ditto Anecdotes, ditto Morality, ditto Divinity 4 0 0 _May 2._ Paid at Westminster pit, and loss on dog Billy 10 0 0 Cigars and coachman, for a turn with the ribbands 3 0 0 Turn out in post, breaking horses' knees, paid horsekeeper 15 0 0 Cigars, sandwich, heavy wet, negus, brandy, brandy-and-water, Welsh-rabbit, port, sherry, waiters 5 0 0 At the Lowther--gloves, pumps, supper, bursting waiter's tights, breaking glasses, negus, wine, supper, brandy, soda water, brandy, wine, whisky, brandy, claret 10 0 0 Tearing ladies' dress, spoiling gentleman's watch, damaging ladies' false teeth, smashing fiddle, &c. 26 0 0 To a destitute mantua-maker 3 0 0 Worm pills for the dog 1 10 0 _May 3._ To soda water and brandy, brandy solus, Seidlitz, vinegar and water, cab to Park, ditto to Colonnade 1 15 0 To rouge et noir, bagatelle, breaking cue, and losses on learning French and Hebrew 50 10 9 To "Drury"--cigars, saloon, cab, brandy, Falstaff Drawing Room, music, oysters, champagne, brandy, damaging lady's bonnet, ditto gentleman's glass eye, ditto whiskers, ditto lady's curls, ditto curtains, ditto windows, ditto policeman's nose 76 14 10 Relief to a poor servant girl out of place 1 0 0 To Mrs. H. for her motherly care for next three days 15 0 0 To the pew-opener at church on Sunday 0 0 1 ------------- £259 6 8 ============= Having been thus initiated in the making out of personal accounts, the pupil must now turn his attention to the methods of Book-keeping adopted by "gentlemen in difficulties," connected with that peculiar process of law which professes to put new wind into a collapsed bladder, and enable an empty sack to stand upright. The example is called taking the "Benefit;" the principal part of which is making out a Schedule, which may be done as follows:-- STATEMENT OF MY PERSONAL AND GENERAL EXPENDITURE, VERIFIED BY OATH. £ _s._ _d._ Paid for twinkling a bed-post 1 5 0 Spouting the tea-kettle 1 15 0 New teething the hair comb 1 10 0 Stopping holes in cullender 1 5 6 Pulling the gray hairs from hearth broom 0 15 0 Whitewashing inside of chimney 1 15 0 A Newgate-Calendar-novel, to soften hard-hearted cabbages before boiling 1 11 6 Pectoral lozenges for short-winded bellows 0 8 6 1000 cigars, to smoke for cure of corns 12 10 0 Pigeons'-milk on the 1st of April 0 10 0 A leather saw 0 10 0 A worsted hatchet 0 10 0 New vamping and welting India-rubber conscience 5 5 0 Loan to Thimble-Rig, Esq. 15 0 0 Ditto to Billy Blackleg 20 0 0 Ditto to Richard Roe 25 0 0 Ditto to John Doe 15 0 0 Ditto to Jack Noakes 40 0 0 Ditto to Tom Styles[7] 60 0 0 ------------- £204 10 6 ============= Notwithstanding the copious examples above given, there is one other kind of Book-keeping which can only be thoroughly understood by the first accountants, and is only practised by the first of practitioners. This is making up a book for the _St. Leger_, which is LEGERDEMAIN COMPLETE. [7] These loans are of course fictitious, but their signatures may be valuable to get clear out. _An Account of the Expenditure of the "Secret Service Money," from 1825 to 1841._ ======================================================================= £ _s._ _d._ Paid to Colonel Queerum, for a series of Tricknometrical admeasurements of the length and breadth of public credulity 1,000 0 0 To Captain Audacity, for endeavouring to determine the "heights" of "impudence" in Whig Radicalism 1,000 0 0 To Colonel Feel-your-way, for surveying the Terra Incognita of ways and means, per session 1,500 0 0 To Dr. Sapscull, for instructions in sapping and mining the constitution 2,000 0 0 To Dr. Gammon, for moonlight lessons in the art of Mystification and Jack-o'-Lanternism 500 0 0 To Dr. Lardner, for horizontal sections of the broadest latitude of latitudinarian policy 1,000 0 0 To Lord Bumfiddle, for a series of impracticable experiments in the House of Lords 5,000 0 0 To Lord Bumfiddle, for his project to light both houses with "cats' eyes," to facilitate legislation in the dark 2,000 0 0 To expenses of a tour to the Devil's Ace-à-Peak, to discover the polarity of political consistency 3,000 0 0 To Dr. Bubblejock, for a new plan of making long speeches out of soap bubbles 1,000 0 0 To Jack Pudding, for the sale of nostrums, "pitch plasters," and hocusses 2,500 0 0 To Döbler, for instructions in legerdemain, sleight of hand, and hocus pocus 1,000 0 0 To J. H. for his chemical extraction of the blunderful from the public accounts 1,500 0 0 To a cargo of soap and soft sawder, to unite the dissenters 500 0 0 To various sops thrown to the Irish hound "Cerberus," on going into the Tartarus of a new session 17,000 0 0 To Mesmerizing a Whig Lord, at stated intervals, and for dust to throw into the eyes of the Church 3,000 0 0 To Oliver Hill, for his plan of buying and selling, and living by the loss 100 0 0 To Pawnbroker's interest on pawning the crown and keeping the Queen in check 5,000 0 0 To pepper, mustard, Congreve rockets, and Spanish flies, for seasoning speeches at public meetings 2,000 0 0 To 150 yards of new _spouting_ for Exeter Hall, and for the repair of weathercocks at St. Stephen's 1,000 0 0 For putting a new bottom to the fundamental maxims of English law, (paid by Sheriffs) 5,000 0 0 To a constant supply of "hot water" for both Houses, and for the use of "cold water" to throw on petitions 5,000 0 0 To Dr. Shuttlecock Casey, for his plan of "water grueling" the poor, and "blowing up" schoolmasters with "small beer" science 0 0 0-1/4 To "Hogs' Wittles," of various kinds, in the shape of pamphlets, addressed to the swinish multitude 3,000 0 0 To Daniel O'Connell, for pulling the wires of the political Punch and Judy, seven sessions 150,000 0 0 To Scott the diver, for going to the bottom of the Exchequer bills affair, and reporting unsound 1,000 0 0 To Colonel Common Sense, for blowing up the wreck of the "Impracticable," and reporting "safe anchorage" (unpaid) 0 0 0 -------------------- £215,600 0 0-1/4 ==================== [Illustration: CHARLES I.--A BLOCK-HEAD.] RULE XVIII. SOLID MEASURE. We have already treated on "superficial measurement;" we now come to "Solid Measure." Solids are, in general, what are termed "blockheads," or "thickheads," or "bumbleheads," or "numbsculls," exemplified in "senior wranglers," "tripos," "professors of Greek," and teachers of Latin. The advantages of a thick scull are great. It was found upon the gauging of Porson's head, by the heads of his college, that his scull was so thick that it became the subject of marvel how knowledge could get in--once _in_, it was held impossible to get out. The case is the same with most of our schoolmen. * * * * * SOLID MEASURE has been applied with great success to the measure of blockheads by Messrs. Gull and Spuzzy, Epps, Ham and Co. The measure is now principally performed by a Scotch "Combe," consisting of four "bushel-heads" in one. This instrument, the length and breadth and thickness of a head being given, will work out the solid contents and capacity of the understanding, to the fraction of a fraction. The science so formed upon the measure of wooden heads was invented by Albertus Magnus, who flourished in the thirteenth century and made a wooden man with a wooden head, dividing it into sixty-eight orders or ratios. Gull and Spuzzy, however, finding this large number bother them, took away thirty-three, _sans cérémonie_, observing, "Organum botheratio sive ambarum rationum mistura fortuita effervescens, bullas gignens." But the whole scull is now mapped out into thirty-six compartments, and subjected to a trigonometrical survey, and a barometrical admeasurement of comparative heights and hollows. These divisions are so delightfully situated, that from Combativeness, the organ of fighting, we enter Friendship, (Adhesiveness,) without a turnpike between. Acquisitiveness, the love of money, is next-door neighbour to Ideality, the quality of poets, who generally show so much contempt for it. Constructiveness, the organ of building, lies as a foundation for that of Music, and handy for the grating of saws, the knocking of hammers, and the squeaking of wheelbarrows, as accompaniments to Haydn's symphonies. Metaphysics are also handy for wit. Ideality is a parallelopiped, Hope is a square, Cautiousness a circle, Eventuality a semicircle; then we have cones, rhomboids, trapeziums, polygons, hexagons, decagons; while Language, like the science itself, is all my _eye_.[8] Thick-heads, block-heads, bumble-heads, or basket-heads, which used in former days to be symbols of obesity, and gave rise to the maxim, "Great head, little wit," are now the indications of intellectual superiority. "The bigger the head the greater the genius," as the mushroom said to the cucumber; and to have a head as big as a baker's basket, or the bustle of a lady mayoress, is perfection. To fumble these heads is the business of the Feelosophers; so called from _feel_, to fumble, _os_, a bone, and _pher_, far from the truth. This science being at our fingers' ends, a great advantage is felt in all the transactions of life, as the most tender ideas maybe expressed with mathematical certainty, numerically, figuratively, and arithmetically, as follows:-- [8] Sir Walter Scott, in one of his walks, found a turnip, resembling in some degree the bumble-head of a Scotch feelosopher. He made a cast of it, and sent it to the Phrenological Society of Edinburgh, who pronounced a long dissertation upon it, and gave the moral and intellectual qualities with extraordinary _correctness_. A BUMPOLOGICAL LOVE-LETTER. DIVINE LOUISA, I need not remind you that last night I felt (not emotions, raptures, and soul-thrilling transports) but your BUMPS. On returning home I also felt my own, and I hasten to inform you that while 17 is throbbing like an earthquake, all my 33 is insufficient to describe my state, on finding that a kind Providence has ordained that for every _bump_ on your beloved head, there rises a corresponding bump on mine. I 18 you do not see them, and in 16 declare that my No. 11 only centres in you. I do not wish to give a false 26 to what I say, but in the 30 of your becoming mine, my No. 1 will develop No. 2, and all my No. 3 will be directed to 14 for your 13. Dearest girl, need I say more? Nos. 2, 3, 4, are so harmoniously protuberant in both of us, that I can have no doubt of either a large or a happy home. Your 23 and 24, and the 26 on your cheeks, are indeed divine. Sweet soul, do allow your 13 to name as soon as possible your 31 and 27, that no untoward 30's may cross our 17's. Yours, from 1 to 36, BOBBY BUMPAS. 17 Hope. 33 Language. 18 Wonder. 16 Conscientiousness. 11 Love of approbation. 26 Colour. 30 Eventuality. 1 Amativeness. 2 Philoprogenitiveness. 3 Concentrativeness. 4 Adhesiveness. 14 Veneration. 13 Benevolence. 23 Form. 24 Size. 31 Time. 27 Place. [Illustration: "ASSURANCE."] RULE XIX. ASSURANCE--INSURANCE. Assurance or Brass is a rule of the utmost consequence in all monetary transactions; by it miracles have been performed from the earliest ages. A good stock of assurance, _i. e._ _impudence_, will carry a man further than even a stock of money, wit, or learning. The _brazen_ head of Friar Bacon, by which he is said to have performed such wonders, was nothing more than a typical personification of the _brass_, _assurance_, or _impudence_ of the conjuror. The present _prima facie_ economic method is to wear a brazen face with a wooden head. _Mettle_, it is true, may be necessary, but "cheek" is indispensable. Modesty is an antiquated virtue, to be repudiated above all others; and humility is only fit for charity-school boys, who learn the "catechiz." But even among these the notion of "humbly, lowly and reverendly," will soon be _exploded_ by the music and dancing system; the new philosophy of the times being, "Jack's as good as his master" and a "tarnation sight better;" every one feels this _assurance_. Be assured, gentle readers, there is nothing like brass; it enables a man to put his best leg forward, and a good face upon any thing. Brass is the true philosopher's stone, which turns all it touches into _tin_. By it the insignificant makes himself important, the empiric becomes a professor, the smatterer a proficient, the mountebank a philosopher, and the quack an oracle; in short, by this rule, "fools rush in where angels fear to tread." The rule of Assurance is founded upon the fact, that there are no bounds to human credulity; well sustained assumption, with a very small amount of _gumption_, being alone requisite for miracles in commerce, trade, politics, or religion. EXAMPLES OF "ASSURANCE." 1. Calling on a friend in cold weather, make bold to "roast the boiling piece," by placing your fundamental basis before his parlour fire; lean your back against his "marble," scrape your shoes on his fender, and puff your cigar to the detriment of his elaborate ornaments and gimcracks; as to his wife and children being excluded from the fire, let that be "a part of your religion," _fieri facias_. 2. Should you be invited to dinner, when you enter the house, walk at once into the dining-room, and make yourself at home by pulling off your boots, calling for a clean pair of shoes, a newspaper, a cigar, and the arm chair; you may nod to the mistress of the house, and say "How do" to the juveniles, if you do not wish to be taken for a brute. 3. Should you call at the house of a friend, during his absence, do not hesitate to mount his best horse, and take a twenty miles' ride for the sake of exercise. When you return, you can "stop dinner" with his wife, and afterwards take her to the Opera. 4. On entering a country church, always patronise the clergyman's or the squire's pew; should any ladies be present, you may take out your eyeglass and quizz them with a vacant stare,--they will probably suppose you to be an unknown friend;--politely hand the fair devotees the prayer and hymn-book; you may also hum the bass in chords to the ladies' treble; when you depart, be sure to make a very low congee, as it will mark you for a gentleman. 5. Should you, by any chance, be introduced to a new acquaintance, you may, at the expiration of a week, _jerrymediddle_ him by the question--"You have not got such a thing as five pounds about you, have you?" A person, who prefers your society to solitude, can have no objection to a loan; you can then make yourself as scarce as asparagus at Christmas. [Illustration: MUTUAL ASSURANCE.] ASSURANCE COMPANIES. Assurance is displayed to perfection in modern Assurance Companies; and it only requires _assurance_ to raise a company as baseless as the emasculated minus of No. I., and as fabrickless as a "footless stocking without a leg," which shall be eagerly taken by the public. The following Prospectus, lately issued by a company in West Middlesex, will afford an example:-- To the Public.--West Middlesex. The Visionary Assurance Company and Utopian Insurance, for the beneficial investment of capital, the insurance of lives, and the manufacture of diamonds out of condensed soap bubbles. DIRECTORS. His Grace the Duke of Humbug. The Most Noble the Marquis of Bam. The Most Noble Viscount Moonshine. The Right Hon. the Earl of Flybynight. The Hon. Mr. Hazy, Member for Airshire. J. R. Phantom, Esq. M.P. Botherum Babblem, Esq. M.P. P. Q. R. Pocket, Esq. M.P. Daniel Do-the-Flats, Esq. R. Will-o'-the-Wisp, Esq. M.P. F. Fleecemwell, Esq. J. Jack-o'-Lanthorn, Esq. M.P. Timothy Takemin, Esq. AUDITORS. John Noakes, Esq. Gregory Gammon, Esq. Thomas Styles, Esq. SOLICITORS. Tag-Rag, Bob-Tail and Co. SECRETARY. Simon Snuff and Twopenny. * * * * * Royal Flesh and Bones Joint Stock Matrimonial Assurance Company. Patron, Sir Peter Laurie. The universal Uxorian, Matchmaking and Matchbreaking Company, for the equal and uniform benefit of Maids, Damsels, Wives and Widows. LIVE STOCK AND CAPITAL. FEMALE STOCK. Schedule A.-- 2,500 young maids, between 15 and 40. 2,500 damsels, of all ages. 2,500 widows. 2,500 old maids. YOUNG MAIDS with face and fortune, 100; with face without fortune, 900; with fortune without face, 500; with neither face nor fortune, 1,000; damsels ditto, ditto, ditto, ditto, ditto. WIDOWS with youth and money, 100; with youth and no money, 800; with money and no youth, 600; with neither youth nor money, 1,000. OLD MAIDS, monied, 100; moneyless, 700; fidgety, with money, 700; fidgety, without money, 1,000. MALE STOCK. 2,500 young men, between 25 and 60. 2,500 bachelors, above 60. 2,500 widowers. 2,500 old men. YOUNG MEN with whiskers, mustachoes, money, and connexion, 100; young men with money and connexion, but without whiskers, &c. 800; young men with whiskers, &c., but without money, 1,000; young men without money or whiskers, 600. BACHELORS with rheumatism and money, 500; without rheumatism and with money, 100; without money and with rheumatism, 700; with neither rheumatism nor money, 1,200. WIDOWERS with families and money, 500; with money and without families, 100; with families and without money, 800; with neither families nor money, 1,100. OLD MEN, also OLD WOMEN, 500 requiring nurses; 500 not requiring nurses; 500 old men-women requiring nurses; bed-ridden, 1,000. It is proposed to form the company of the above "Live Stock," the members of which are each to possess a share in each other. The young maids' class, No. 1, beauty, rank, and fortune, being the highest prizes--there are supposed to be a hundred of such prizes. The second class of prizes is rich old widows, with short lives, of which there are also a hundred. The third class of prizes is rich old maids, of which there are also a hundred. The fourth class comprehends beauty and intelligence; the fifth, beauty only; and so on in a sliding scale, but all prizes. The male stock also comprehends a reciprocity system of prizes:--1st class, of the whiskered; 2d, no whiskered; 3d, monied and whiskered; and so on to widowers, with or without families, down to that least of all valuable of the _genus homo_, old men-women. RULES. Each subscriber of a pound annually to have one ticket, which shall entitle him to draw for each of the prizes on the 1st of April in every year, at Exeter Hall, under a commission selected from the "Lumber Troop." The parties so fortunate as to draw a prize will have an introduction to the subject of it, and a match will be negotiated, if possible, without delay. Should the parties not suit each other, they will, upon the payment of another guinea, be privileged to draw again. But it is assumed, from a careful examination of matrimonial statistics drawn up by Dr. Lardner, that the matter of suitability will never be taken into consideration. To facilitate its objects, a Normal seminary will be attached to the society, and a registrar engaged to marry at a reduced price, "that is, by the score." BILLY BLOWMETIGHT, _Secretary_. RULE XX. STOCKS, FUNDS, &c. The monetary system of England is the ideal philosophy of political economists, who, in the conviction that "nothing exists," think it no "matter" to found a variety of hypotheses to give tangibility to the intangible, substance to accident, and reality to the abstract; in short, to personify "nothing." These intangible tangibilities bear various names, such as _Consols_, _Bank Stock_, _Indian Stock_, _Long Annuities_, _Exchequer Bills_, &c. The aggregate of these 0 0 0 0 0 noughts are, by a peculiar process of national arithmetic, made to amount to _Stock_ or Funds. Stocks or Funds are the true substantials. In the golden ages of the world, cattle, corn, and merchandise were the medium of exchange among nations; but as men grew more enlightened, they agreed to represent these things by pieces of conventional metal. This at last becoming scarce, the world would have fallen into a state of hapless and irrecoverable ruin, but for the idea of a fictitious representation of a representation, of a _non-existent_ which _might have been_. Funds are therefore the _to kalon_, the absolute, the _logos_, the never-to-be-apprehended, the inscrutable, the supreme totality of "emptiness," the absolute cause, the absolute effect, the absolute concurrence of national faith; in short, the commercial "ideal" which all men worship, in its temples of the Bank and Stock Exchange. Stocks are the "heaven of this religion," an agreeable hallucination, by which a variety of insane persons, called Stockholders or Fundholders, are permitted to roam at large under the conviction that they possess _wealth_. The public are compelled to believe in these fictitious representations, which are the foundation of the "imaginative system" in fiscal affairs, of the Bill and Credit system in commerce, and of the National Debt. In England there is nothing truly _national_ but this debt, or dead weight, which is the mighty pendulum which makes the national clock "go upon tick." It is the true foundation of political economy and of social faith or trust; "'pon tick" is the basis of the wealth and happiness of our country, which it makes the envy of the world and the glory of surrounding nations. To be in debt argues credit, and credit respectability, and respectability means, and means resolve themselves into _the Funds_; here they merge into the blessed obscurity of "nothingness," and being absorbed by the same media, pass for a "something" which is far more formidable than "anything." Thus private wealth moves in a circle continually, making the round O from 0 (nothing) to 0 (nothing.) * * * * * JOINT STOCK.--Joint Stock Companies are so called from the projectors being generally "black legs," and their victims "raw Jemmies." The object of such companies is to give honesty the "cross buttock," to have a "shind eye" with capital, and to end in an "offal" bankruptcy. From a consideration of the immediately preceding rules, and assuming as a fact the spiritual and ethereal nature of stock or capital, it is therefore proposed to found a Joint-Stock Company of unlimited capital, to be called the Boreal Pneumatic Joint-Stock Company, for "raising the wind," and making "darkness visible," or the National "Puff" Company. Raising the wind has been the great problem of all financial operations. It is of far more importance than "raising the dead." The "wind" is a conventional term for the "needful." It is called wind because it is raised by various "Puffs." There are various kinds of Puff; the Puff National, the Puff Medical, the Puff Legal, the Puff Literary, the "Puff Theatrical," and the Puff Scholastic. THE PUFF NATIONAL--A ROYAL SPEECH. MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN,--The flourishing state of my empire having filled me with the most intense satisfaction, I have called you together to inform you that we are the envy of the world and glory of surrounding nations, and that everything is so plentiful that pigs run about the streets ready roasted, with carving knives and forks stuck in their backs, crying, "Eat me, eat me!" I continue to receive from foreign powers the most friendly intercourse, and an assurance that they have unanimously agreed to sink their own national interests in a regard for my welfare; and in this I am certain there is no "gammon." The Commercial and Mercantile interests are in such a state of convalescent perfection, and gold is so plentiful, that I have ordered a commission to consider of the propriety of paving with it the various thoroughfares of the metropolis, in lieu of Blockheads. Owing to a great improvement in Benevolent affairs, it is with pleasure I have to inform you that the Public Societies have given up their vested rights, dues, peculations, and pickings, for the benefit of the poor, (should there be any such,) and will henceforth "preach without Profit." Owing also to the general distribution of wealth among all classes, I have been enabled to divest physic of its fees, and law of its charges; and both these professions will for henceforth be conducted "free gratis" and "for nothing." * * * * * GENTLEMEN OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS,--Through the practice of the most rigid economy in every branch of my establishment, I have directed to be laid before you an account of the sums paid into the Exchequer, being the _surplus of my revenue_; and I have further to inform you that taxation being no longer necessary, the expense of a house of _com_mons may be dispensed with, and the large sums usually paid in "bribery at elections," I trust will be left to fructify in the pockets of the members. This constitutional determination on my part, for the benefit of my people, has arisen from my being called, by Divine Providence, to a sense of my true estate of a State pauper, which has led me to reduce my dietary and that of my household to that of the _Poor-Law Unions_, and to introduce _teatotality_ into every department; and I have great gratification in being able to announce, that as I have now lost "having a _shadow_" to my royal personality, I may myself be shortly expected to evaporize, and the expense of a monarchy may be saved for the future. * * * * * MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN,--With and by the advice of my Privy Council, I have determined upon putting into execution the _hydrostatic paradox_, or _cold water cure_, in and upon that part of my dominions called Ireland; and a commission consisting of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal has been issued for laying that "flower of the earth and gem of the sea" "_under water_" for the space of one month, as the best method of extinguishing the torch of discord, the fire of malevolence, and the smoke of sedition, and of allaying all ferment upon _Atlantic_ if not upon _pacific_ principles. I rely confidently upon the wisdom of my Parliament to enable me to carry out my beneficent intentions of subjecting all my people to "live upon air," as the symbol of true freedom, and as the most liberal and inexpensive method of obviating the evils which have hitherto surrounded my throne and government; and I would submit to your serious consideration the expediency of establishing a training school at Exeter Hall, for teaching _wind instruments_ to all my subjects, and for the arrangement of _airs_ corresponding to the various _meals_, _feasts_, and _dishes_ of every day life; and I indulge the anticipation that the substitution of _oxygen_ for _oxen_, and _gas_ for _Gas_tronomy, will be conducive to the health, wealth, and prosperity of my empire. THE PUFF SCHOLASTIC. UNIVERSAL School-Master's Manufacturing Company, AND NORMAL SCHOOL. CAPITAL--SPEC. PATRON. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS HOKE POKE WHANGEE FUM. King of the Cannibal Islands. PRESIDENT. SAMUEL SLICK, Esq. of Slickville. VICE-PRESIDENTS. JOHN SHEPPARD, Esq. The Hon. MR. PICKWICK. TIM BOBBIN, Esq. JAMES CROW, Esq. SAMUEL WELLER, Esq. WILLIAM BLACK, Esq. alias "BLACK BILLY." COMMITTEE. DANIEL DUNCE, Esq. GEORGE GREENHORN. SAMUEL SPOONEY. DARBY DOLLERHEAD, Esq. FRANCIS FLAT. STEPHEN STUTTERS. This Company is established in consequence of the lamented deficiency in the scholastic profession; and its object is to manufacture schoolmasters of a very superior character, at a cheap rate, from various "refuse" articles of all trades and professions--technically, the "unfit" or _good-for-nothing_. In consequence of a profound investigation of the science of education, it has been discovered that those who are unable to conduct any other business, are the best adapted to "teach the young idea how to shoot;" and therefore cast-off cobblers, tailors, teachers, and drapers, shop-boys and errand-boys, will be received into the establishment at the rate of a guinea a-week; where, by the aid of educational galvanism, their misdirected faculties will be sublimed, their ideas topsiturvied, their moral and intellectual nature turned inside out, their understandings new vamped, soled, and _welted_, and their minds infused with a succedaneum of intellectual electricity, which shall evaporate itself in the mixed mathematics, pedagogicks, whackbackics, pancakeatics, tickletobyatics, and all other scholastic sciences. Candidates must bring personal recommendations, of a squint, a slouch, a leer, a game leg, a hump back, or any other accomplishments. Should they be unfortunately destitute of these, they may produce testimonials of fitness from their washerwomen; but those who do not indulge in the luxury of a clean shirt may be recommended by the teacher of any Social sect to which they may belong. These certificates must certify them to be bumble headed, addle-pated, numbsculled, good for nothing else; that they wear dickeys and are donkeys. Upon entering the Institution the seminants will be forced to forget everything they ever knew, by a machine invented by Mr. Combe for "Razing out the errors of the brain," and which has been used with the happiest effects at the Glasgow Normal Establishment.--A perfect Tabla Rasa being thus produced in vacuo, on Locke's principle, the professors will commence teaching their pupils to know a great A from a bull's foot, how many beans make five, and other branches of the pure mathematics. As all the seminants will be _naturals_, Natural Philosophy will be a principal object of study, and the mechanical system of Dr. Lardner will be the text-book. History will be imparted through the renowned histories of "Jack the Giant Killer," "Jack and the Bean Stalk," "The Ogre and his Seven-leagued Boots," and the "Newgate Calendar," under the superintendence of John Ketch, Esq.; Morality and Esthenics through the medium of "Ovid's Art of Love," "Basia," and "Little's Poems;" while the Principles of Science will be imparted through the "Boxiana," by Professor Cribb, assisted by the celebrated Scotch terrier, "Fudge." Religion being in the highest degree essential, it cannot be dispensed with without endangering the safety of the Company. But as there are so many different sects of religionists, and so many differences in the sects, it is proposed to teach religion by machinery, on the comprehensive accommodation principle of expediency, by means of one of Cobbett's cast-iron Independent parsons, which, being constructed upon the profoundest principles of neutrality, will satisfy all parties, by teaching every religion at the same time, and none in particular: thus Atheism and Methodism may shake hands together, Mahommedanism and Calvinism embrace, and Buddhism and every other schism kiss each other in the true spirit of Christian liberality and equality. Degrees will be granted to those pupils who may distinguish themselves in flagellation, or a dexterous use of the cat or tawse, or by proficiency in the evolutions of cane, strap, or ruler; the degree of P.W., Professed Walloper, being equal to that of A.M. (Signed) The Right Rev. ROB. TAILOR, The Right Hon. P. CLEAVE, The Very Rev. ROB. CARLISLE, SIMON SQUEERS, _Secretary_. THE PUFF NOVEL. We are requested to announce that the new Novel, called the "BLOODY-MINDED COSTERMONGER, or the DONKEY'S APOTHEOSIS," having experienced a sale unprecedented in the annals of Literature, a new edition is in preparation, worked by steam apparatus, to supply the astounding demand, and will be issued on Saturday next. "This extraordinary work is creating a sensation the most intense, as it completely daguerreotypes nature, penetrates the feelings like the electric shock, macadamises the heart, and cuts the soul to shivers."--_The Censor_. * * * * * NEW NOVEL BY "SNIVIE." Written seven months after his decease, by the aid of the galvanic apparatus.--It having come to the ears of an experimental philosopher, La Fontaine, that this great author was no more, and it being justly surmised that a very large amount of Novel matter must remain in his _system_, La Fontaine undertook the task of extracting it by means of the mesmeric process, and has succeeded with wonderful effect. In performing his numerous experiments the flashes of wit were so intense as to overpower the anxious publisher, who, in the intensity of his admiration, has paid so large a sum for the copyright as to be enabled to add to the character of the work by charging double. THE PUFF THEATRICAL. It is with the most astounding rapture that the Manager of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, has to announce that the new tragedy of "Chandos the Briber, or the Independent Potwalloper," which met with the most transcendent success on its first representation, has been recharged by the Author with pathetic scenes and tender situations, abounding with the most overpowering sentiment and overwhelming pathos. The Manager regrets that the cascades of tears which fell from the boxes and gallery during the last representation should have inconvenienced the "critics in the pit," and begs to inform them that, for the future, they shall not sit ankle deep in the "briny flood," he having, at a prodigious expense, and by the aid of a distinguished engineer, succeeded in forming a grand branch aqueduct, which will receive through the floor of the house "Nature's gentle droppings," and, by an appropriate channel, transmit them to the back of the stage to a grand reservoir. Thus, the last scene of the tragedy, which represents the bombardment of Stow House by Norfolk dumplings, will be represented on "real salt water;" the said salt water being an accumulation of the tears shed at the preceding scenes of the tragedy. N. B. It is particularly requested that ladies or gentlemen in the boxes will refrain from wringing out their pocket handkerchiefs over the pit, and that those in the front ranks will discontinue the practice of "hoisting umbrellas," which must obviously obstruct a view of the stage. THE PUFF MERCANTILE. Reform your Tailor's Bills.--Clothes saved and Tailors annihilated. "_In puris naturalibus._" "Where there is no sin there should be no shame."--Cool contrivance for warm weather, the fig-leaf apron, the oldest garment upon record, or the sacred tunic. This unique and perfect introduction, formed of the common dock, having been patronised by the highest authority, will be supplied to all who value cool comfort and free motion of the limbs, at a guinea each. To the religiously-disposed it is particularly eligible, being the original antique of Adam and Eve, our first parents, the pattern of which was found in the archives of Strawberry Hill. It comes half way to the knee, hangs simply and elegantly before and behind, and may be had of various colours to suit the complexion. It cannot fail to display the fine form of the limbs, and imparts a degree of interest to the whole person not to be found in common pantaloons, and has the advantage of being adapted to both sexes. Observe, =97 SMOCK ALLEY, SHOREDITCH. 97= N. B. An inferior tunic of cabbage-leaves, half a guinea. THE PUFF CLERICAL. VOLUNTARY CHURCH-GOING COMPANY. The lamentable neglect of public worship, which characterises the present generation, being such as to call for the most rigorous methods, and it having been discovered that fine and imprisonment are insufficient to make the people "religiously disposed," it is in contemplation to found a Society or Company which, reprobating the principle of coercion as unconstitutional in its means, futile in its ends, shall, by the mild suavity of enticement, induce the lower classes of this country to seek, on the Sabbath-day, in preference to all other places, the Conventicle. But to do this effectually it will require a sum of considerable magnitude, which it is proposed to raise by "sequestration shares," comprising the amount of 20 millions sterling. The proceeds to be applied to the objects in view; namely, the establishment of cook-shops and dining-rooms in union with the various dissenting places of worship, to be free, gratis, and for nothing; and it is fondly anticipated that the savoury scents of the roast, and the boiled, the fried and the stewed, and the relish of pies and puddings, will be more efficacious in inducing the poor to attend to their religious duties than the red-hot denunciations formerly employed. It is a fact too clearly established by the concurrent testimony of ages, that those who are _bred_ to the chapel expect the chapel to be _bread_ to them; and it is only fair that the poor and needy should stand in a congenial relative situation. Subscribers are therefore earnestly solicited in aid of this great national object, as one of the best means to put a stop to the spread of infidelity, to destroy Socialism, to promote the practice of true _pie_ty, and thus add to the safety and security of the nation. Names and Subscriptions are to be sent, addressed to Mr. Cullum Hordly, Gorgon-office, Fleet-street, London. THE PUFF LITERARY. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. "COMIC ARITHMETIC is the best work ever issued from the press; it is not only _multum in parvo_, but a _rara avis in terra_--a splendid ebullition of wit; and the diamond gems of humour which lie in its depths, sparkle with merriment as the stream of the Author's feelings glitters over it, rendering the sensations intense, heart-thrilling, and side-shaking."--_Defunct Gazette._ * * * * * "COMIC ARITHMETIC.--If we wonder that the human mind could have conceived such a project, what must be our astonishment to find all its beatific visions realized, in such abundant corruscations of wit and drollery, which irradiate every page! It is equal in intellectual splendour to that mental Claude's, Robert Montflummery's poem, "The Last of the Gewgaws," and resembles Vauxhall on a gala night, or the illuminations of St. Peter at the Zollicogical Gardens."--_Imaginary Review._ * * * * * "COMIC ARITHMETIC is a specific for the doldrums and a cure for the heart-ache; has been known to perform a perfect cure on dyspeptic patients at a single sitting; it is an anodyne for the gout, an assuager of rheumatism; it may be called an electrical merry-thought, or the galvanism of witticism; which, by convulsing with laughter, would shake out a legion of blue devils in the twinkling of a bed-post."--_Embryo Magazine._ VALETE AC PLAUDITE. [Illustration: THE WORLD IS KEPT UP BY PUFF.] R. CLAY, PRINTER, BREAD STREET HILL, LONDON. NEW EDITIONS OF POPULAR WORKS. WILLIAM BECKFORD, ESQ. ITALY; WITH SKETCHES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL, AND AN EXCURSION TO THE MONASTERIES OF ALCOBACA AND BATALHA. By WILLIAM BECKFORD, Esq. Author of "Vathek." Embellished with a fine Portrait of Mr. Beckford, from the original painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Price 6_s._ neatly bound. WASHINGTON IRVING, ESQ. ASTORIA. By WASHINGTON IRVING. With Portrait. Price 6_s._ neatly bound. W. H. MAXWELL, ESQ. WILD SPORTS OF THE WEST. By W. H. MAXWELL, Esq. Author of "Stories of Waterloo," &c. With Fifteen Engravings. Price 6_s._ neatly bound. MRS. TROLLOPE. DOMESTIC MANNERS OF THE AMERICANS. By MRS. TROLLOPE. With Fifteen Engravings (including a Portrait of Mrs. Trollope). Price 6_s._ neatly bound. CAPT. CHAMIER, R.N. THE LIFE OF A SAILOR. By CAPT. CHAMIER. With Engravings. Price 6_s._ neatly bound. REV. G. R. GLEIG. TRADITIONS OF CHELSEA HOSPITAL. By the Rev. G. R. GLEIG. With Portrait of the Author. Price 6_s._ neatly bound. NEW WORKS OF WIT AND HUMOUR I. In Two Vols. 8vo. with numerous Illustrations by Leech, THE INGOLDSBY LEGENDS; OR, MIRTH AND MARVELS. BY THOMAS INGOLDSBY, ESQ. *.* Either series may be had separately, in One Volume, price 10_s._ 6_d._ II. In One Volume, post 8vo. with upwards of Eighty Illustrations by Leech, price 10_s._ 6_d._ THE WASSAIL BOWL. BY ALBERT SMITH, ESQ. III. In Two Volumes, post 8vo. with One Hundred and Fifty Illustrations, price 18_s._ CROWQUILL'S COMIC SKETCHES; OR, THE PHANTASMAGORIA OF FUN. IV. In post 8vo. with upwards of Fifty characteristic Illustrations by Leech, price 8_s._ THE COMIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR. By the Author of "THE COMIC LATIN GRAMMAR." V. In Two Volumes, post 8vo. with numerous Illustrations by Leech, &c. including several fac-similes of rare and unique old Prints, price 21_s._ MERRIE ENGLAND IN THE OLDEN TIME; OR, PEREGRINATIONS WITH UNCLE TIM AND MR. BOSKY, OF LITTLE BRITAIN, DRYSALTER BY GEORGE DANIEL. VI. In One Volume, post 8vo. with numerous Illustrations by Leech, price 10_s._ 6_d._ THE PORCELAIN TOWER; OR, NINE STORIES OF CHINA. BY T. H. SEALY. RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET. *.* TO BE HAD ALSO OF ALL BOOKSELLERS. _Now in course of publication, in neatly bound pocket volumes, price Six Shillings each, printed and embellished with Engravings uniformly with the_ "WAVERLEY NOVELS," _to which they are suitable companions_, The Standard Novels and Romances. THIS COLLECTION NOW CONTAINS Vol. 1. THE PILOT, by Cooper. 2. CALEB WILLIAMS, by Godwin. 3. THE SPY, by Cooper. 4. THADDEUS OF WARSAW, by Miss Jane Porter. 5. ST. LEON, by Godwin. 6. LAST OF THE MOHICANS, by Cooper. 7 and 8. THE SCOTTISH CHIEFS, by Miss Jane Porter. 9. FRANKENSTEIN, by Mrs. Shelley; and GHOST SEER, Vol. I. by Schiller. 10. EDGAR HUNTLY, by Brockden Brown; and Conclusion of GHOST SEER. 11. HUNGARIAN BROTHERS, by Miss A. M. Porter. 12 and 13. CANTERBURY TALES, by the Misses Lee. 14. THE PIONEERS, by Cooper. 15. SELF CONTROL, by Mrs. Brunton. 16. DISCIPLINE, by Mrs. Brunton. 17. THE PRAIRIE, by Cooper. 18 and 19. THE PASTOR'S FIRE-SIDE, by Miss Jane Porter. 20. LIONEL LINCOLN, by Cooper. 21. LAWRIE TODD, by Galt. 22. FLEETWOOD, by Godwin. 23. SENSE & SENSIBILITY, by Miss Austen. 24. CORINNE, by Madame de Stael. 25. EMMA, by Miss Austen. 26. SIMPLE STORY, and NATURE AND ART, by Mrs. Inchbald. 27. MANSFIELD PARK, by Miss Austen. 28. NORTHANGER ABBEY, and PERSUASION, by Miss Austen. 29. THE SMUGGLER, by Banim. 30. PRIDE AND PREJUDICE, by Miss Austen. 31. STORIES OF WATERLOO, by Maxwell. 32. THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME, by Victor Hugo. 33. THE BORDERERS, by Cooper. 34. EUGENE ARAM, by Bulwer. 35. MAXWELL, by Theodore Hook. 36. WATER WITCH, by Cooper. 37. MOTHERS & DAUGHTERS, by Mrs. Gore. 38. THE BRAVO, by Cooper. 39. THE HEIRESS OF BRUGES, by Grattan. 40. RED ROVER, by Cooper. 41. VATHEK, by Beckford; CASTLE OF OTRANTO, by Horace Walpole; and BRAVO OF VENICE, by M. G. Lewis. 42. THE COUNTRY CURATE, by Gleig. 43. THE BETROTHED, by Manzoni. 44. HAJJI BABA, by Morier. 45. HAJJI BABA IN ENGLAND, by Morier. 46. THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER, by Theodore Hook. 47. PAUL CLIFFORD, by Bulwer. 48. THE YOUNGER SON, by Capt. Trelawny. 49. THE ALHAMBRA, by Washington Irving; THE LAST OF THE ABENCERRAGES, by Chateaubriand; and THE INVOLUNTARY PROPHET, by Horace Smith. 50. THE HEADSMAN, by Cooper. 51 and 52. ANASTASIUS, by Hope. 53. DARNLEY, by James. 54. ZOHRAB, by Morier. 55. HEIDENMAUER, by Cooper. 56. DE L'ORME, by James. 57. HEADLONG HALL, NIGHTMARE ABBEY, MAID MARIAN, and CROTCHET CASTLE, by Peacock. 58. TREVELYAN, by the Author of "A Marriage in High Life." 59. PHILIP-AUGUSTUS, by James. 60. ROOKWOOD, by Ainsworth. 61. HENRY MASTERTON, by James. 62. PETER SIMPLE, by Marryat. 63. JACOB FAITHFUL, by Marryat. 64. JAPHET IN SEARCH OF A FATHER, by Marryat. 65. KING'S OWN, by Marryat. 66. MR. MIDSHIPMAN EASY, by Marryat. 67. NEWTON FORSTER, by Marryat. 68. THE PACHA OF MANY TALES, by Marryat. 69. RATTLIN THE REEFER. 70. CAPTAIN BLAKE; or, MY LIFE, by Maxwell. 71. HELEN, by Miss Edgeworth. 72. THE LAST DAYS OF POMPEII, by Bulwer. 73. THE BIVOUAC, by Maxwell. 74. PRECAUTION, by Cooper. 75. JACK BRAG, by Theodore Hook. 76. RORY O'MORE, by Lover. 77. BEN BRACE, by Capt. Chamier. 78. THE VICAR OF WREXHILL, by Mrs. Trollope. 79. THE BUCCANEER, by Mrs. S. C. Hall. 80. TYLNEY HALL, by Thomas Hood. 81. THE WIDOW BARNABY, by Mrs. Trollope. 82. THE SOLDIER OF LYONS, by Mrs. Gore. 83. MARRIAGE, by the Author of "The Inheritance," and "Destiny." 84. THE INHERITANCE. 85. DESTINY. 86. GILBERT GURNEY, by Theodore Hook. 87. THE WIDOW AND THE MARQUESS, by Theodore Hook. 88. ALL IN THE WRONG; or, BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MARRIAGES, by Theodore Hook. 89. HOMEWARD BOUND, by Cooper. 90. THE PATHFINDER, by Cooper. 91. THE DEERSLAYER, by Cooper. The New Volume, just published, comprises JACQUELINE OF HOLLAND, AN HISTORICAL TALE, By THOMAS COLLEY GRATTAN, Esq. Author of "The Heiress of Bruges," &c. *.* _Any Volume may be had separately, and of all Booksellers._ TRANSCRIBER'S CORRECTIONS page original text correction 42 for opera, "titavating" for opera, "titivating" 100 a dispute repecting a dispute respecting 142 bullas gingens. bullas gignens. 154 2,500 widowers without families. 2,500 widowers with families. 2,500 widowers. 168 Cobbet's cast-iron Cobbett's cast-iron *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMIC ARITHMETIC *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.