The Project Gutenberg eBook of Birds and All Nature, Vol. 4, No. 2, August 1898
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: Birds and All Nature, Vol. 4, No. 2, August 1898

Author: Various

Release date: December 7, 2014 [eBook #47580]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Christian Boissonnas, Joseph
        Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
        http://www.pgdp.net


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS AND ALL NATURE, VOL. 4, NO. 2, AUGUST 1898 ***




Produced by Chris Curnow, Christian Boissonnas, Joseph
Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net









  BIRDS AND ALL NATURE.

  ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.


  VOL. IV.         AUGUST, 1898.         NO. 2.




CONTENTS


                                                    Page

  NATURE'S ADJUSTMENTS.                               41

  REASONING POWERS OF BIRDS.                          43

  THE SQUIRREL'S ROAD.                                44

  THE COMMON TERN.                                    47

  BIRDS AND ANIMALS IN THE PHILIPPINES.               48

  BIRDS MENTIONED IN THE BIBLE.                       48

  THE PRAIRIE WOLF.                                   51

  A HOUSEHOLD PET.                                    52

  THE FOX-SQUIRREL.                                   55

  THE LOON.                                           59

  THE MOCKINGBIRD.                                    61

  THE BOBOLINK'S SONG.                                61

  HOW BUTTERFLIES ARE PROTECTED.                      62

  MID-SUMMER.                                         65

  THE RED FOX.                                        66

  THE LEAST SANDPIPER.                                70

  INSTINCT AND REASON.                                73

  THE MOUNTAIN SHEEP.                                 74

  A SEMINARY FOR TEACHING BIRDS HOW TO SING.          78

  SUMMARY.                                            80




NATURE'S ADJUSTMENTS.

BY W. E. WATT.


We have a general notion that whatever Nature does is just right. It
has become an article of popular faith that the ways of Nature are not
to be improved upon. We feel that he who proposes something better
than what is offered by the forces of the material world is by far
too presumptious. We look upon the man who would improve upon what is
natural much as the old farmer did upon the lightning rod man. "No,
sir; I'd never put a rod up over my house or barn to keep off the
lightnin'. 'Twould be defyin' the Almighty. If he wants to strike me,
do you suppose I'm goin' to appear before Him and say I put that up to
stop him?"

When the qualities of the soil and conditions of the atmosphere have
been propitious for the production of husk fiber, we look at the husk
upon the corn or the beard of the wheat head and declare solemnly to
our friends that the coming winter will be a severe one. We say that
Nature knows what is about to occur and has provided for the protection
of the grain. We infer that she has thought it all out beforehand and
we can see but a small portion of her plans. It seems never to have
occurred to us that grain left to shift for itself through the winter
is just as well off and little likely to sustain injury when the husk
is thin as when it is thick.

We examine the fur of the Squirrel in the fall and say winter will not
be severe because there is not a heavy coat on the specimen examined.
We think Nature tells the Squirrel in some mysterious way that there
is to be a light winter and that it will not be worth while for him to
put much of his summer energy into hair growing, or that he may as well
count on frisking through the winter in scant garments because he will
not suffer greatly so attired.

We are oblivious of the fact that the fur on the Squirrel depends as to
its profusion upon the general health of the subject and the condition
of the fluids of his system, and that these are much more influenced by
the winter he last experienced and the food he has recently had than by
the weather that is to be some months hence.

We frequently speak rapturously of the mimicry of Nature. The Giraffe
escapes his enemy by appearing to be a part of a clump of tree
trunks, the Butterfly felicitously reposes upon a limb with his gaudy
colors folded away and an exterior presented which makes him appear a
veritable dead leaf with no tempting juices for the destroying Bird.
But the same Providence which gave these marvelous powers of mimicry
also gave the other parties the eyes to see and apparent judgment to
penetrate the mask and secure the needed meal. And so the ravening
Beast sometimes fastens himself upon the Giraffe in spite of the
disguise and the Bird finds the Butterfly in his curious garb.

Those who know least about Nature are loudest in their praise of her
remarkable adaptations for special ends. Those who know most about her
are obliged to confess that while her ways are marvelous indeed and her
adaptations strangely effective and various yet she does not provide
accurately and certainly for all contingencies.

In fact there is no such thing in Nature as a perfect adaptation.
No living thing is perfectly protected from its enemies. No part is
accurately adjusted to the part to which it is to be applied. The beak
and talons of the Eagle are not perfectly adapted to flesh tearing.
The hoof of the Arabian Horse is not perfectly adapted to carrying him
over the sands of the desert, but the very preservation of the horse
upon the sands requires that he shall be peculiarly shod to protect his
hoof. No animal that Flies attack has a tail capable of whisking them
from every part of its body. A Dog's teeth are beautifully adapted to
many purposes, but he cannot remove a Tick from his skin. The Cat has
particularly keen sight, adjustable to all degrees of light. But when
the Ocelot was being photographed for the July number of BIRDS AND ALL
NATURE the old Cat that purrs about the studio was not keen enough to
see that it was a mounted animal. He came forward in a most belligerent
attitude with glaring eyes and distended tail. When the artist gave the
stuffed beast a slight motion the affrighted cat sped down the stairway
and out of the building with the celerity hitherto entirely unsuspected
in him.

There is no eye in Nature that sees perfectly and no ear that hears all
that is going on. One animal is superior to others in certain ways, but
none is perfect. All wings are not for flight. Some are better than
others for sweeping through the air, but perfection is found in none.

In most animals are found organs which are not of use. They frequently
resemble organs that are of the highest utility to some other form
of life, but for the animal in question they are apparently waste
material. When the Horse uses but one toe of each foot there seems to
be little reason for his having the rudimentary forms of more. There
are claws on the legs of many Dogs that have never been called into
action. They are so far from the ground and so weak and immovable that
the Dog himself does not know they are there.

In every man there are muscles beneath the scalp for moving the ear. We
have no such need for ear motion as have many of the lower animals, but
it is the despair of many a school boy to discover how few of the race
are able to contract these muscles ever so slightly.

The Lammergeier, or Bearded Vulture, is instinctively instructed to
carry marrow bones and Tortoises high into the air and drop them upon
stones so as to obtain their contents. Yet he is not beyond making
serious mistakes, for one of them is said to have taken the bald head
of the great poet Aeschylus for a smooth stone, dropped a Tortoise upon
it, and secured in lieu of a luscious meal the lamentable demise of one
of the greatest of men.

A true view of Nature leads us to regard whatever we find in an
organism not as a perfect instrument to a given end, but as a remnant
of what may have been produced by desire on the part of ancestors more
or less remote. Indeed, it has well been said that our whole body
is but a museum of antiquity of no practical interest, but of great
historical importance. What we find in ourselves and elsewhere among
living things is not to be regarded as creations perfectly adapted to
given ends, for there is no perfect adaptation. Plants and animals
are continually striving for it, but conditions change more rapidly
than they and the chase is unsuccessful. Perfect adaptation would be
stagnation.

A manifest design of Nature is that things may live. But death is the
rule and life the exception. Out of a million seeds but one can grow.
All may make something of a struggle; a few fortunate individuals
thrive. Not the fittest, but usually some among those most fit. The
whole range of life from the Bathybius Haeckelii to the tailless Ape
exhibits a grand struggle for perfect adaptation with a greater or less
failure in store for every individual. The human race is carrying on
the same enterprise with the same results. The instant we seem to be
fitted for our environment there comes a change of affairs that leaves
us confronted with a problem just as interesting and urgent as the old
one we flattered ourselves we were able to solve.




REASONING POWERS OF BIRDS.


There is something very remarkable in the almost reasoning powers
manifested occasionally by birds in eluding pursuit or in turning
attention from their nests and young, but in few is this more
noticeable than in the Duck tribes. In Capt. Black's narrative of his
Arctic land expedition the following instance of this is given:

"One of his companions, Mr. King, having shot a female Duck, fired
again, and, as he thought, disabled its male companion. Accordingly,
leaving the dead bird, which he had the mortification of seeing shortly
afterward carried off by one of the white-headed Eagles, he waded into
the water after the drake, which, far from being fluttered or alarmed,
remained motionless, as if waiting to be taken up. Still, as he
neared it, it glided easily away through innumerable little nooks and
windings. Several times he reached out his hand to seize it, and having
at last with great patience managed to coop it up in a corner, from
which there appeared to be no escape, he was triumphantly bending down
to take it, when, to his utter astonishment, it looked around at him,
cried 'Quack!' and then flew away so strongly that he was convinced
he had never hit it at all. The bird's object clearly was to draw the
gunner away from its companion."




THE SQUIRREL'S ROAD.


    It zigzags through the pastures brown,
    And climbs old Pine Hill to its crown,
    With many a broken stake and rail,
    And gaps where beds of ivy trail.
    In hollows of its mossy top
    The pine-cone and the acorn drop;
    While, here and there, aloft is seen
    A timid, waving plume of green,
    Where some shy seed has taken hold
    With slender roots in moss and mold.

    The squirrel, on his frequent trips
    With corn and mast between his lips,
    Glides in and out from rail to rail,
    With ears erect and flashing tail.
    Sometimes he stops, his spoil laid by,
    To frisk and chatter merrily,
    Or wash his little elfin face,
    With many a flirt and queer grimace.
    Anon he scolds a passing crow,
    Jerking his pert tail to and fro,
    Or scurries like a frightened thief
    At shadow of a falling leaf.
    All day along his fence-top road
    He bears his harvest, load by load;
    The acorn with its little hat;
    The butternut, egg-shaped and fat;
    The farmer's corn, from shock and wain;
    Cheek-pouches-full of mealy grain;
    Three-cornered beechnuts, thin of shell;
    The chestnut, burred and armored well;
    And walnuts, with their tight green coats
    Close buttoned round their slender throats.

    A busy little workman he,
    Who loves his task, yet labors free,
    Stops when he wills, to frisk and bark,
    And never drudges after dark!
    I love to hear his chirring cry,
    When rosy sunrise stains the sky,
    And see him flashing in his toil,
    While frost like snow encrusts the soil.

    With tail above his back, he sails
    Along the angles of the rails,
    Content to gain two rods in three,
    And have sure highway from his tree.
    Dear is the old-time squirrel way,
    With mosses green and lichens gray,--
    The straggling fence, that girds the hill,
    And wanders through the pine woods still.
    I loved it in my boyhood time,
    I loved it in my manhood's prime,
    Would in the corn-field I could lie,
    And watch the squirrels zigzag by!

                                        --JAMES BUCKHAM.




  [Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.
                 CHICAGO COLORTYPE CO., CHIC. & NEW YORK
                 WILSON'S TERN.
                 1/2 Life-size.
                 Copyright by
                 Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898. Chicago.]

THE COMMON TERN.


According to Colonel Goss, these birds are abundant on the Atlantic
coast, decreasing in numbers west, and are rare and exceptional on the
Pacific coast. They are migratory, arriving from the middle of April to
the first of May, returning as early as the first of September. Their
habitat is chiefly eastern temperate North America and various parts
of the eastern hemisphere, breeding irregularly throughout the range.
The nests have been found from the south coast of Florida to the Arctic
circle, on the lakes in Wisconsin, and in large numbers in several
of the Magdalen Isles, Gulf of St. Lawrence. Writers disagree as to
the composition of their nests, some maintaining that they are made
of seaweeds and grasses, others that they are without material of any
kind, the eggs lying upon the bare ground in a slight depression in the
sand. The eggs are three or four, of a pale blueish or greenish drab,
thickly and rather evenly spotted and blotched with varying shades of
light and dark brown, with shell markings of pale lilac, ovate in form.

Mr. George H. Mackay has described the Terns of Muskeget Island,
Massachusetts, and in a recent article in the "Auk," he says:
"Civilization is continually encroaching upon the places along the
coast occupied by the Terns until there remain at the present time
few localities adapted for such breeding resorts. I visited and
remained on Muskegon Island July 3-5, 1897, and while there made, as
has heretofore been my custom, an exhaustive examination of all the
breeding grounds of the Terns. I found on visiting Gravelly Island
a considerable falling off from the status of June, 1896, in both
nests and eggs; the occupants were also different, being now almost
entirely Common Terns, its former possessors having to a large extent
abandoned it." Mr. Mackay has been endeavoring to protect the Terns
from the destructive encroachments of hunters and so-called "eggers."
He says that this season the Terns arrived at Muskeget in large flocks,
thousands dropping from the sky when they were first observed. The
number of young birds was unusually large, larger than has been before
noticed, which result is probably due to the protection which has been
extended to them throughout the breeding season, a condition they have
not before enjoyed.

This Tern enjoys a large assortment of names: Sea Swallow, Wilson's
Tern, Red Shank, Mackerel Gull, and Summer Gull, are a few of them
by which it is known in various localities. In several places on
the Atlantic coast it breeds in company with other species, such as
Forster's, Arctic, and Roseate Terns, the Laughing Gull, and others.
Here they breed by thousands, fairly filling the air when disturbed.
They place their nests all over the land above high water line, on the
beach, on the sides of the bluffs, and even in the garden cultivated by
the lighthouse keeper. At Gull Island fresh eggs can be obtained from
the 10th of June to the middle of July, as egging parties keep them
cleaned off about as fast as they are laid. Public opinion is rapidly
coming to the rescue of these beautiful birds, and we may reasonably
hope that they may not be wholly exterminated. In connection with this
article, we call the reader's attention to Vol. I, pages 103-104, where
the Black Tern is depicted and described.




BIRDS AND ANIMALS IN THE PHILIPPINES.


I doubt if any islands have such a countless variety of animals and
flying and creeping things as the Philippines. A stubby variety of
horses, fat and furry ponies, is used in Manila and towns. Oxen
and a species of Buffaloes are used for heavy draft purposes. The
mountains teem with deer. Goats, Swine, Rabbits, and Sheep abound in
the mountains and forests in all degrees of wildness. The wild hogs
on Samar have sometimes killed natives. There are several hundred
varieties of birds, and about twenty that are not known elsewhere.
Parrots are more common in the backwoods than Robins are here. Among
the forests close to the coasts are found peculiar birds of the
Swallow tribe. They make a strange food that the Chinese are so fond
of--the bird's nest. Hundreds of natives earn their sole livelihood by
hunting at certain seasons for these birds' nests and selling them to
the Chinese. Of Monkeys there are a dozen varieties. Bats are simply
enormous. They are of the vampire variety. No wonder there is a vast
deal of superstition and dread among people in the tropics concerning
vampires. They are frightfully uncanny. I have seen vampire bats
with bodies as large as common house cats, and with wings that expand
five feet from tip to tip. Let any one be seated or strolling along
some moonlight night and have one of those black things come suddenly
swooping down past him, and he will have some cause for nervous
prostration. I knew one of those Bats to go sailing into the big hotel
dining room at Manila one evening when dinner was serving. It came as
a horrible apparition. Some women fainted and others shrieked as they
went under the tables. The men ran out of the room.

"The seacoast is rich in many forms of fish. The natives, like the
Hawaiians, know how to catch them, too. All the natives in the
Philippines that I ever knew about (except the rich and aristocratic
people in Manila) are fishers. They catch a species of mullet there
that is delicious. When these fish come up the coast from the China Sea
in schools, the natives will abandon any occupation and even leave a
sick hammock to go out and angle off the coast."

Ornithologists all over the world are much interested in the great
exhibition of birds about to be opened at St. Petersburg. It is to
be an international exhibition, in that it is the aim to exhibit the
birds native to every country of the world. The czar has placed himself
at its head, the Russian government will assist it with money and
influence, and the European and other governments which were invited
to take part in the project have replied favorably. The exhibition has
now assumed such gigantic proportions that it has been found necessary
to postpone it from the summer of this year to the summer of next year
to allow as many regions as possible on the earth to be represented.




BIRDS MENTIONED IN THE BIBLE.


Bittern, Cormorant, Cuckoo, Dove, Eagle, Hawk, Heron, Kite, Lapwing,
Night-hawk, Osprey, Ostrich, Owl--little and large--Peacock, Pelican,
Quail, Raven, Sparrow, Stork, Swan, Swallow, and Vulture.




  [Illustration: From col. Mr. F. Kaempfer.
                 COYOTE.
                 1/6 Life-size.
                 Copyright by
                 Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.]

THE PRAIRIE WOLF.


This species is more commonly known in the western states by the name
Coyote, where it makes night so hideous that novices unused to the
"unearthly serenade" feel a dismal longing for other latitudes. It is
in size about half way between the Red Fox (see p. 67) and Gray Wolf,
of which we shall present a portrait in a subsequent number. Its color
is similar to that of its larger relative of the plains, but is of a
more yellowish cast.

The Prairie Wolf is an inhabitant of the plains and mountains west
of the Missouri river, and is said to be found from the British
possessions south into Mexico, whence it derived its common name,
Coyote. It was formerly very numerous, but the increase of population
and the disposition to hunt and destroy it, have greatly reduced its
numbers. The Bison, which was formerly its prey, having become almost
extinct, its food supply has been largely cut off. These Wolves subsist
on any refuse they can pick up, and are always found on the outskirts
of settlements or forts, slinking here and there, eking out what
subsistence they may by snatching any stray morsels of food that come
in their way. In the southern portion of its range, the Coyote is a
miserable cur, scarcely larger than the common Fox.

While this Wolf is an arrant coward, it sometimes exhibits a good deal
of sagacity. Near the south coast of San Francisco a farmer had been
much annoyed by the loss of his Chickens. His Hounds had succeeded in
capturing several of the marauding Coyotes, but one fellow constantly
eluded the pursuers by making for the coast or beach, where all traces
of him would be lost. On one occasion the farmer divided his pack
of Hounds and with two or three of the Dogs took a position near the
shore. The Wolf soon approached the ocean with the other detachment of
hounds in close pursuit. It was observed that as the waves receded from
the shore he would follow them as closely as possible, and made no foot
prints in the sand that were not quickly obliterated by the swell. When
at last he had gone far enough, as he supposed, to destroy the scent,
he turned inland.

Although members of the Dog tribe, Wolves are held in utter abhorrence
by domesticated Dogs. The stronger pursue to destroy them, the weaker
fly from them in terror. In the earlier part of English history Wolves
are frequently mentioned as a common and dreaded pest. They are still
found in parts of France, Russia, and the whole of western Asia. They
are very wary and dislike approaching anything resembling a trap.
While the Coyotes possess almost identically the same characteristics
as other Wolves, man has no reason to dread them unless he meets
them in hungry packs. Whoever has had the misfortune to have once
been serenaded by these midnight prowlers can well understand the
grudge every man in camp bears them. As soon as the camp is silent
these beasts of prey prowl in small companies about the low shrubbery
which surrounds the camp attracted by the appetizing smell of the
campers' supper. The half jubilant long-drawn howl of the Coyote is
soon followed by all the available vocal talent of his species in the
vicinity, to the intense disgust of all creation except themselves.




A HOUSEHOLD PET.


He was named "Bushy" on account of his tail; no Squirrel, I am sure,
ever had a finer one. He lived in a cage at first, but the door was
always left open, so that Bushy did not feel he was a captive at
all. He took great pleasure in running up the lace curtains of the
drawing-room windows, upon the cornices of which he spent a great deal
of his time, always taking his nuts up there to eat. At length he
concluded to give up his cage and live up there altogether. He would
build a nest, but where to find the twigs, wool, and feathers for it
sorely puzzled Mr. Squirrel.

One day he scampered up to the top of the house, and in the attic found
some cast-off finery of the housemaid. It was hard work for the little
fellow to carry a night-cap, or an old pocket handkerchief, or an old
stocking in his mouth down two sets of stairs, but it was the best
material he could find, and Bushy was determined to build a nest. As
well as he could, he jumped from one step to another all the way, with
his mouth full, at one time a yard or more of ribbon streaming behind
him. In this his feet got entangled, tumbling him over and over, so he
stopped and with his fore-paws neatly packed it into his mouth before
going further. Sometimes, after all his hard work, Bushy would find the
dining-room door closed, so he would have to sit outside very patiently
till it was opened. The moment he was admitted, up the curtain he would
climb with his material, often dropping it two or three times before
reaching the top. It was a very wide, old-fashioned cornice, with a
great space behind, and here the nest was built. The old caps, ribbons,
and odds and ends were woven into a very large, long-shaped nest, lined
with bits of the dining-room door-mat on which he had been so often
compelled to wait. At last all was finished, and Bushy moved up into
his new house, never again sleeping in his cage. During the day he
would descend for his food, which he carried up to his house to eat,
then down again to frisk and play about. I am sure Bushy's master was
very glad he left the cage door open, for how could the little fellow
have shown such intelligence, or been happy, cooped up behind wires all
day long?




  [Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.
                 FOX SQUIRREL.
                 5/9 Life-size.
                 Copyright by
                 Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.]

THE FOX SQUIRREL.


Hallock states that the migrations of Squirrels have never been
satisfactorily explained. What instinct, he asks, brings together
such immense droves of these animals from all parts of the country
and causes them to move with solid phalanx to distant localities,
overcoming all opposing obstacles? A few years since there was
witnessed a wonderful sight by inhabitants of Pike County, Pa. An
immense army of Squirrels arrived at the banks of the Delaware river
late one night, and commenced its passage by swimming the next morning.
The whole population turned out, and boys and men equipped with large
grain sacks and clubs killed them by thousands. They kept coming in a
continuous stream throughout the morning, and passed on to the woods
beyond. Nothing could deflect them from their course, and they were
evidently bound for a fixed point. A similar instance occurred some
twenty-five years ago, where a vast assemblage crossed the Mississippi.
While these migrations are obviously caused by a scarcity of food, it
probably is not the only motive which induces them to undertake long
journeys. The southern Fox Squirrel inhabits the Southern States from
North Carolina to Texas. It is the largest and finest of our North
American Squirrels. Its color is oftenest gray above and white below,
but it is also found of all shades of fulvous, and sometimes a deep
shining black; its ears and nose are always white. The Western Fox
Squirrel occurs in the Mississippi valley; its color is a rusty grey,
and its ears and nose are never white.

Squirrels feed in the early morning, and disappear from eight to nine
o'clock, remaining in their holes during the mid-day hours. They appear
again in the late afternoon to feed. During the early morning and late
evening the hunter secures his prey. The little fellows are very shy,
but one may seat himself in full view and if he remains without motion
little notice will be taken of him by the Squirrels. The season for
hunting them is in fall and winter, although a great many are taken in
August when young and tender.

An important factor in the pursuit of this animal is the small Cur-dog
trained for the purpose. He will run ahead through bush and wood, tree
a Squirrel, and after barking sharply, wait for the master to put in
an appearance. A Squirrel thus treed will run up the trunk a short
distance, and curling himself down on a limb, will watch his canine
pursuer, unmindful of the approach of the two-legged animal bearing
a gun. When quite young and inexperienced, a good bag can sometimes
be made without a Dog. They are very skillful in secreting themselves
from view, when treed by the hunter, but the presence of the Dog seems
to utterly upset all calculations of concealment, for knowing the
inability of the Cur to do them harm they will sit on a limb and not
attempt to hide. The cruel method of smoking out, as practiced by the
farmers' sons in winter, when the Squirrels are snugly curled up in
their nests will not be described in this article.

Squirrels vary in size and color according to the country in which they
live. In Asia there is a Squirrel no larger than a Mouse, and in Africa
there is one larger than a Cat.

I am a North American Squirrel, one of the "common" family, as they
say. I eat all sorts of vegetables and fruits, as well as Mice,
small Birds and eggs. I choose my mate in February or April, go to
housekeeping like the birds, and raise a family of from three to nine
little baby Squirrels.

Some of my little readers have seen me, perhaps, or one of my family,
frisking among the branches, or running up and down the trunks of
trees. My enemy the Hawk gets after me sometimes, and then I run up
the tree "like a Squirrel," and hide behind one of the large branches,
going from one to another till I tire him out.

Squirrels have to be "cunning as a Fox," as they say. When pursued--and
oh, how often we are, by men and boys, as well as Hawks--we leap from
branch to branch, or from tree to tree, altering our direction while
in the air, our tails acting as rudders. At last we are driven into a
solitary tree, so that we cannot leap into the branches of another.
Then a boy or man climbs up, tries to shake us from the limb, and
at length succeeds in knocking us to the ground. Off we run again,
give them a long chase, perhaps, but at last are caught, and probably
carried home to be kept in a cage like a little prisoner, or maybe
in a stuffy wooden box. How can we be happy or playful under such
circumstances? I think it is a great shame to put any animal, bird or
otherwise, in a _little_ cage; don't you?

There are men who make a business of selling Squirrels for household
pets. If you want a young Squirrel--and nobody wants to buy an _old_
one--look at its teeth; if young, they will be almost white; if old, a
light yellow.

"Oh, mama," cried Dorothy one day, "do look at this dear little tame
Squirrel the good man wants to sell. See how tame it is. It will let me
stroke it, and never tries to bite."

Mama, who desired her children to have four-footed, as well as
two-footed friends, bought the tame squirrel for her little girl. Alas!
the _good_ man had dosed the poor little animal with laudunum to keep
it quiet. It died the next day.




  [Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.
                 LOON.
                 2/9 Life-size.
                 Copyright by
                 Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.]

THE LOON.


In all the lakes of the fur countries, says Nuttall, these birds
abound, where, as well as in the interior of the most northern of the
states, and probably in the inland seas of the St. Lawrence, along the
whole Canadian line, they pass the period of reproduction. This species
is the most common of its tribe in the United States and is a general
inhabitant of cold and temperate climates throughout the whole northern
hemisphere. They have been known to breed as far south as the Farne
Isles, along with the Eider Ducks, with which they also associate on
the shores of Labrador. In the United States from the severity of the
winters, the young and even occasionally the old, are seen to migrate
nearly, if not quite, to the estuary of the Mississippi.

Cautious, vigilant, and fond of the security attending upon solitude,
the Loon generally selects, with his mate, some lonely islet, on the
borders of a retired lake far from the haunts of men, where, on the
ground, near the water, they build a rude and grassy nest. The Loons
are, from the nature of their food, which consists almost wholly of
fish, utterly rank and unedible, though in New England the following
receipt is given for cooking one of the birds: Having dressed your
Loon, stuff it with an iron wedge, then bake or boil. When you can
stick a fork into the wedge the bird is ready for the table.

It is chiefly remarkable for the quickness with which it can dive, many
observers maintaining that it can dodge a bullet or shot by diving at
the flash of the gun. Mr. W. H. Porteous states that he once watched a
man for more than an hour fire repeatedly at a Loon on a pond in Maine,
the bird being frozen in by thin ice, a small circular space being
kept open by its movements. The ice was not strong enough to sustain
the man and the open space not large enough to enable the bird to swim
and rise, as a Loon cannot rise in flight from a stationary position in
the water. The Loon dodged every shot, by diving, although within easy
gunshot range from the shore. It was not killed until the next morning,
when the ice had become strong enough to permit the man to go close up
to the open space and shoot when the Loon came to the surface. "Under
the circumstances," adds Mr. Porteous, "I think the man ought to have
been shot instead of the Loon."

"In the fall," says Thoreau, "the Loon came, as usual, to moult and
bathe in the pond, making the woods ring with his wild laughter before
I had risen. At rumor of his arrival all the mill-dam sportsmen are on
the alert, in gigs and on foot, two by two and three by three, with
patent rifles and conical balls and spy glasses. They come rustling
through the woods like autumn leaves, at least ten men to one loon.
Some station themselves on this side of the pond, some on that for the
poor bird cannot be omnipresent; if he dive here he must come up there.
But now the kind October wind raises, rustling the surface of the
water, so that no loon can be heard or seen. The waves generously rise
and dash angrily, taking sides with all water-fowl, and our sportsman
must beat a retreat to town and shop and unfinished jobs. But they were
too often successful.

As I was paddling along the north shore one very calm October
afternoon, for such days especially they settle on the lakes, like the
milkweed down, a Loon, suddenly sailing out from the shore toward the
middle a few rods in front of me, set up his wild laugh and betrayed
himself. I pursued with a paddle and he dived, but when he came up
I was nearer than before. He dived again, but I miscalculated the
direction he would take, and we were fifty rods apart when he came to
surface this time, for I had helped to widen the interval; and again he
laughed long and loud, and with more reason than before. He maneuvered
so cunningly that I could not get within half a dozen rods of him.
Each time, when he came to the surface, turning his head this way and
that, he coolly surveyed the water and the land, and apparently chose
his course so that he might come up where there was the widest expanse
of water and at the greatest distance from the boat. It was surprising
how quickly he made up his mind and put his resolve into execution. He
led me at once to the widest part of the pond, and could not be driven
from it. While he was thinking one thing, I was endeavoring to divine
his thought. It was a pretty game, played on the smooth surface of the
pond, man against a Loon. Some times he would come up unexpectedly
on the other side of me, having apparently passed directly under the
boat. So long-winded was he and so unweariable, that when he had swum
farthest he would immediately plunge again, nevertheless; and then no
wit could divine where in the deep pond he might be speeding his way
like a fish, for he had time and ability to visit the bottom of the
pond in its deepest part. It is said Loons have been caught in the New
York lakes eighty feet beneath the surface, with hooks set for trout.
I found that it was as well for me to rest on my oars and wait his
reappearing; for again and again, when I was straining my eyes over the
surface one way, I would be startled by his unearthly laugh behind me.
He was indeed a silly Loon, I thought, for why, after displaying so
much cunning did he betray himself the moment he came up by that loud
laugh? Did not his white breast enough betray him? It was surprising
to see how serenely he sailed off with unruffled breast when he came
to the surface, doing all the work with his webbed feet beneath. His
usual note was this demoniac laughter, yet somewhat like that of a
water-fowl; but occasionally when he had balked me most successfully
and he came up a long way off, he uttered a long-drawn, unearthly howl,
probably more like that of a Wolf than any bird. This was his looning,
perhaps the wildest sound that is ever heard here, making the woods
ring far and wide. At length, having come up fifty rods off, he uttered
one of those prolonged howls, as if calling on the Gods of Loons to
aid him, and immediately there came a wind from the east, rippled the
surface, and filled the whole air with misty rain. And so I left him
disappearing far away on the tumultuous surface."




THE MOCKINGBIRD.


Wishing to verify a statement which we had seen in a contemporary, we
wrote to Mr. R. F. Bettis, of Tampa, Florida, requesting, if it were
true, that he would confirm it, although, from our acquaintance with
the bird, we had no doubt of its substantial correctness. In response
Mr. Bettis writes us as follows:

"Yours of June 24 received. Will say in regard to the Mockingbird, I
live one and one fourth miles north of the courthouse in Tampa. I have
a lot containing two acres of land, and it is grown up in live and
water oak bushes which are very dense in foliage. It is a fine place
for birds to nest and raise young. I do not allow any one to shoot or
destroy the birds on my place, and it doesn't take the birds long to
find out a place where they are protected. I think there are about
twenty-five or thirty Mocking birds on my place, and they become very
tame.

About two years ago one of the birds took to coming into the house,
and sitting on the chairs and warbling in a low tone, and my wife and
children began to talk to it and put bread crumbs on the window sill
for it, and it soon began to come for something to eat. It would sit on
the trellis in front of the window and sing for hours at a time, and on
moonlight nights would sit on the chimney and sing for half the
night. * * *

It would recognize the family, and when my wife and daughter would
go from home, it would fly along and alight on the fence and give a
chirping noise as though it did not want them to go, and on their
return would meet them the same way, but the chirping would be in a
different tone, as though glad to see them. When they were in the house
it would sing some of the sweetest notes that ever came from a bird's
throat. Every morning at about 5 o'clock it would peck on the window
pane until we got up and opened up the house. About six months ago
while all the family were away some Cuban and negro boys came by my
place and shot it, and it seems as if something were missing from the
place ever since. But I have three more that will come in on the back
porch and eat crumbs. Two are on the back porch now about fifteen feet
from me while I write, but they are not as gentle as the other one.
There has been so much shooting about my place since the soldiers came
that it frightens the birds some. The soldiers have a sham battle every
day, around my house and sometimes in my yard.

Hoping you can cull out of this what you want for your magazine, I am

                                Yours truly,
                                        R. F. BETTIS."




THE BOBOLINK'S SONG.


Suddenly from the dead weed stalks in the draw, where the Blackbirds
had sung yesterday, there broke forth the most rollicking, tinkling,
broken-up, crushed-glass kind of bird melody that he had ever
heard--something in perfect accord with his mood again; and looking up
he saw a flock of black and white birds all mingled in, some plain,
streaked, sparrow-like kinds--the former given to the utmost abandon of
music. He had seen these birds before occasionally, but he never knew
their names, and now he found there was more he had not known, for he
had heard the Bobolink sing for the first time.--_From Baskett's "At
You All's House."_




HOW BUTTERFLIES ARE PROTECTED.


In the July number of BIRDS AND ALL NATURE we quoted from an
interesting article in the _Boston Transcript_ some information
concerning the commercial aspect of Butterflies. From this study of the
remarkable collection of the Denton Brothers of Wellesley, we print
another extract, which will indicate to our readers something of what
they may expect to see in future numbers of BIRDS, as it is our purpose
to present all of the remarkable specimens of these insects. Some
of our Subscribers tell us that they would rather have the pictures
than the specimens themselves. In an early number we shall present a
picture of the wonderful Butterfly Croesus. It is an inhabitant of
India, and even there is rarely seen and difficult to secure. It is of
deep dead black, with broad splotches on the wings, which are exactly
the color of new, untarnished gold, its name being given it for this
characteristic. But, as the _Transcript_ says, "perhaps the most
interesting thing in looking over the Dentons' collection is to have
them explain the wonderful ways in which they are protected from their
natural enemies, the birds. Perhaps the most remarkable instance of the
way in which this is done is the leaf butterfly, a native of India. The
upper side of this insect's wings has the characteristically brilliant
coloring of its country, but the under side is of a dull brown, the
significance of which is not seen until the insect alights and closes
its wings. When it is in this position it has exactly the appearance,
in shape and color, of a dead leaf, and this is so exact that even the
little dark spots caused by decaying fungi on the leaves are reproduced.

"What is most wonderful of all is that these spots vary, and in
different specimens have the appearance of different kinds of fungi,
the imitation being invariably a perfect one.

"This characteristic is to be seen in nearly all kinds of butterflies,
the under side of the wings of the most brilliantly colored species
being of a dull color which does not readily attract attention. Almost
the only variation to this is in certain species which ordinarily
carry their wings erect, and droop them when they alight. In these
the brilliant coloring is on the under side of the wing, and the dull
color on the upper side. Perhaps the most remarkable single case known
is that of a certain Indian moth, which is a heavy flyer, and found
in the woods. When this moth alights, it leaves only the tip of its
wings sticking out of the leaves, and this tip, in marking, color, and
attitude, has exactly the appearance of the head of a cobra. The same
general scheme may be observed in our native moths, and also in most
other heavy flyers, in the sharply defined round markings, one on each
wing. These have the appearance of an eye of some good-sized animal,
and keep many birds from making any closer investigation.

"Another interesting instance of the self-protecting instinct is
found here in the habits of some kinds of our native butterflies. Some
of these are naturally protected by having so strong and unpleasant
taste that the birds will not eat them. The habits of these kinds are
imitated by other kinds that have a strong resemblance to them, but
which are not naturally protected, and this is so successfully done
that the birds let them alone and prey upon other varieties that have
just as strong a resemblance to, but do not imitate the actions of the
protected ones."

  [Illustration: Papilio asterias.
                 Catopsilia argante.
                 Papilio ajax.
                 Grapta coma.

                 BUTTERFLIES.

                 5/6 Life-size.
                 Papilio rutulus.
                 Papilio lycimenus.
                 Papilio macrosilaus.]




MID-SUMMER.


The hills are sweet with the brier-rose.--WHITTIER.

----

Sweet is the rose, but grows upon a brier.--EDMUND SPENCER.

----

As though a rose should shut, and be a bud again.--KEATS.

----

  What mortal knows Whence comes the tint and odor of the rose.

  THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH.

----

    The rose saith in the dewy morn,
      I am most fair;
    Yet all my loveliness is born
      Upon a thorn.--CHRISTINA G. ROSSETTI.

----

    The roses grew so thickly, I never saw the thorn,
    Nor deemed the stem was prickly until my hand was
          torn.--PETER SPENCER.

----

    Gather ye rosebuds while you may,
      Old Time is still a-flying;
    And this same flower that smiles to-day
      To-morrow will be dying.--HERRICK.

----

    If this fair rose offend thy sight,
      Placed in thy bosom bare,
    'Twill blush to find itself less white,
      And turn Lancastrian there.--UNKNOWN.

----

    I know a bank where the wild thyme blows,
    Where ox-lips and the nodding violet grows,
    Quite over-canopied with luscious woodbine,
    With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine.--SHAKESPEARE.

----

    The rose is fairest when 'tis budding new,
      And hope is brightest when it dawns from fears;
    The rose is sweetest washed with morning dew,
      And love is loveliest when embalmed in tears.--SCOTT.

----

    My life is like the summer rose
      That opens to the morning sky,
    But ere the shades of evening close,
      Is scattered on the ground--to die!
    Yet on the rose's humble bed
      The sweetest dews of night are shed.--RICHARD HENRY WILDE.




THE RED FOX.


Except in South America and Australia, Foxes are distributed over
all the great continents. There are known to be between twenty-five
and thirty species. They differ from the dog family in the greater
sharpness of the nose and the greater length and bushiness of the tail.

The Red Fox of eastern North America is closely allied to the common
Fox of Europe, and is regarded by many naturalists as only a variety of
the common species, an opinion which is somewhat confirmed by the fact
that no remains of the Red Fox have been found in the cave deposits,
although remains of the Grey Fox have been. It is larger than the
common Fox of Europe, the fur longer and softer, and the color more
brilliant. It is said that it does not possess the wind of the English
Fox. It runs for about a hundred yards with great swiftness, but its
strength is exhausted in the first burst, and it is soon overtaken
by a Wolf or a mounted horseman. In Canada and the United States
it is largely hunted for its valuable fur, many thousands of skins
being annually exported. The Fox is exceedingly shy and difficult of
approach, owing probably to the persistency with which it is hunted
by the fur traders. Only the Red and Grey Foxes are hunted. There are
several permanent colors of this species similar to those found in
our Squirrels, the young presenting a variety of colors in the same
litter. In Ohio and others of the middle states, Foxes are said to be
hunted as follows: On an appointed day, the whole of the population of
the neighborhood turn out and inclose as large a tract of country as
possible, all hands leisurely advancing toward some point near the
center of the circle; as they advance a great noise is made that the
game may be driven before them. When the circle is quite small, and
the Foxes are seen running about looking for an opening by which to
escape, small boys are sent in with directions to catch the animals, a
task which is not accomplished without much exertion and perhaps a few
bites. When a Fox is caught, it is sold to pay the expenses of the hunt.

Fox hunting as practised in England was transported to this country
as early as the middle of the eighteenth century. In the mother
country it is one of the greatest pleasures accorded to the titled
gentry; the Horses are bred for the purpose, and a first-class hunter
commands a large price. Many Virginia planters of leisure and means
were accustomed before the Civil War to keep a number of Hounds, and
with the best riders of the neighboring county, frequently held their
"meets," when, with horn and whipper-in, and all other accompaniments,
according to true English Fox-hunting rules, they would start Reynard
and follow him to the death. The wealthy and leisure class of New York
pursue the sport in true English style in many places on Long Island.

When pursued, the Fox gives out a strong, disagreeable scent, which
lies so long on the ground that it may be perceived for nearly an
hour after he has passed. Of its cunning when pursued, many tales are
related, such as driving another Fox out of its lair and forcing it to
substitute itself as the chase; diving into a heap of manure, to throw
the dogs off the scent; fording streams, doubling on its track, and so
forth.

  [Illustration: From col. Mr. F. Kaempfer.
                 AMERICAN RED FOX.
                 1/5 Life-size.
                 Copyright by
                 Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.]

Like the Squirrels, Foxes vary in size and color according to the
countries in which they live. Their habits are mostly nocturnal, that
is to say, they prowl around after dark.

By day the Fox lies concealed in his burrow--if he owns a house of that
sort--or else in the depths of some thicket. Toward evening he goes out
in search of something to eat--Hare, Rabbit, Pheasant, Mouse, or Bird.

Reynard, as the Fox is often called, does not attempt to chase the
Hare, for it would be too swift for him, nor the Rabbit, for it would
quickly dive into its hole, nor the Pheasant, for it would fly away.
No, indeed! Mr. Fox is too cunning for that. He just quietly creeps to
some place where Hares or Rabbits or Pheasants are likely to pass, and
then as they run by him, out he pounces and secures his evening meal.

When the Rabbit has a nest full of little "Bunnies," she takes good
care to keep them at the end of the burrow. It is too small for the Fox
to creep into, so she thinks they are safe. But Mr. Fox finds a way, a
much better way, he thinks, to get at the little, soft, furry things,
which will hardly make him a meal anyway. He sniffs around, locates
the spot right above the burrow, digs downward, and soon--well, when he
gets through there are no "Bunnies" in the nest. Mr. Fox smiles, winks
one eye, and trots off.

Sometimes he steals into a hen-roost, and woe to nearly every chicken
in the roost. He eats all he can, carries some of them home, and the
remainder he buries for future use.

"Cunning as a Fox." That is an old saying, you know, and we apply it to
persons who take advantage of their fellow beings.

However, no matter how great a rascal the Fox is, we must pity him when
pursued for "sport" by a pack of hounds, as well as men and women. When
irritated or alarmed, the Fox gives off a strong, disagreeable scent,
which lies so long on the ground that it may be perceived for nearly
an hour after he has passed. He has been known to dive into a heap of
manure to throw the dogs off the scent; jumping over a wall, run a
little way, come back again, lie under the wall until all the dogs had
passed, then leap a second time over the same place where he had passed
before, and make off on his old track.




THE LEAST SANDPIPER.


This lively, social little Sandpiper is common throughout America,
nesting in the Arctic regions. It is migratory, arriving the last of
March to the first of May, a few occasionally remaining till November.
It has been found breeding as far south as Sable Island, Nova Scotia,
but its usual breeding grounds are north from Labrador and Alaska to
Greenland, wintering from California and the Gulf states southward. It
is more restless and active than the larger Sandpipers, but in habits
it differs little, if any, from them. It runs nimbly about, often with
the large waders, feeding around and beneath them, apparently heedless
of danger. While watching the birds, they will often pass close to
the feet, but at the least motion the whole flock will spring into
the air "like a flash, with a startled _Peep, peep_, and in a compact
form swiftly sweep about in an uncertain manner, canting from side to
side, showing rapidly the white beneath and the dark above, a wavy,
pretty sight, the white at times fairly glistening in the sunlight."
When migrating or going any distance their flight is steady and direct.
Audubon, who observed the breeding habits of the birds in Labrador,
says that at all periods, excepting those at which they have nests
containing eggs, or young so small and feeble as to require all the
care of their parents, the flight of this species resembles that of
the Common Snipe (see BIRDS, Vol. IV., page 7); but when started from
the nest, or from any place in the immediate vicinity, it rises and
moves off low over the ground, with deeply incurved wings, and with a
whirling motion thereof, which, if as rapid as those of a Partridge,
would appear quite similar, but on such occasions the Lesser Sandpiper
moves slowly, and instead of uttering the note of independence, as
it were, which it emits at other times, while freely and fearlessly
traveling, it gives out sounds weakened by grief or anxiety, for the
purpose of inducing the observers to follow it. If on the ground, it
acts in a similar manner, moves off slowly, and limping as if crippled,
and this at times quite as much as if one had come upon it while on its
nest, or surprised it with its young.

The Sandpiper's nest is placed on the ground in a slight depression,
scantily lined with leaves and grasses. The eggs are three or four, of
ground color cream buff to light drab, spotted and blotched irregularly
with varying shades of brown, thickest about the larger end.

The Least Sandpiper is always found associated with the Semi-palmated
Sandpiper, which in the later summer throng our shores and form staple
sport to the youthful and city tyros. Flocks of birds are often
composed of both species. When this is the case, the latter, even if
largely in the minority, take the lead, as they are of somewhat larger
size, stronger in flight, and have a louder note. When not in company
with other species, none of our shore birds are more confiding and
unsuspecting than these, says Davie, large flocks continuing their
search for food almost under the feet of the observer.

The black and white outlines which are often seen of this bird make it
possible, perhaps, to recognize it, but the perfect likeness which we
present will enable the observer to distinguish it at a glance from
all others of the family, of which there are about a dozen well-known
species.

  [Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.
                 LEAST SANDPIPER.
                 Life-size.
                 Copyright by
                 Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.]




INSTINCT AND REASON.


In a recent issue of the New York _Evening Post_, Caroline H. Dall
writes interestingly on this subject as follows:

"I wish to draw the attention of such of your readers as are interested
in the discussion of the nature of instinct, to a curious example of
it, as distinct from reason, which I have lately witnessed.

"Entering the parlor of a friend the other day, my attention was
instantly attracted to a Florida Mockingbird. He was flying about in
an eager manner, with something like a long black straw in his bill.
My friend entering, I asked: 'What is your bird doing?' 'Building a
nest,' she answered. 'Has he a mate?' 'No, he has never had one,' she
replied, 'nor has he ever seen a nest. That black straw is a shaving of
whalebone which lasts him better than anything else.' At this moment
the bird flew into a corner of the cage, and, stooping, dropped the
whalebone, waited a moment as if for some response, and then flew away
to repeat the manoeuvre.

"'Does he not want something soft?' I asked. 'I sometimes give him yarn
or wool; he tears it all up, works it all over, and then carries it to
that corner. He evidently thinks it his duty to provide material, but
he does not undertake to use it.' 'And what will he do next?' I asked.
'He will, after a day or two, brood over that corner, sitting close
and spreading his wings out as broadly as possible. He does this two
or three times a day.' 'And after that?' 'Later the paternal instinct
seems to be aroused in a different way. He goes to his food cup, takes
some food in his mouth, and drops it into his corner. He repeats this
several times, as if he were feeding his young. I do not know how many
young birds he ought to expect, but I should like to know, to see if he
counts right!'

"I have sometimes known a male canary to build a nest in the spring,
carrying the process nearer to completion, but I have never heard of an
instance like this, and think it may interest others than myself."

       *       *       *       *       *

In spite of all the efforts that have been made in the interests of
common sense and common humanity, there appears to be no doubt that the
savage and indiscriminate slaughter of all birds of bright plumage is
still going on for the gratification of feminine vanity. Indeed, the
position of the unfortunate birds possessing the fatal gift of beauty
seems to be worse than ever. There was sold the other day in London
a consignment of nearly half a million birds, or parts of birds, as
follows: Osprey plumes, 11,352 ounces; Vulture plumes, 186 pounds;
Peacock feathers, 215,051 bundles; Birds of Paradise, 2,362 bundles;
Indian Parrots, 228,289 bundles; Bronze Pigeons, including the Goura,
1,677 bundles; Tanagers and sundry birds, 38,198 bundles; Humming
birds, 116,490 bundles; Jays and Kingfishers, 48,759 bundles; Impeyan
and other jungle fowl, 4,952 bundles; Owls and Hawks, 7,163 bundles.
In one of the most widely circulated English papers the fashionable
news from Paris begins: "Birds are worn more than ever, and blouses
made entirely of feathers are coming into fashion." "Rare tropical
feathers," ordered by specialists from abroad, are specified as those
most likely to be in demand, but no bird of any kind is safe that has a
feather capable of being used for feminine decoration.




THE MOUNTAIN SHEEP.


Bighorn is the name by which this interesting animal is chiefly known
to western people, it being found in greater or less abundance from
the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean. It also occurs in New Mexico,
Arizona, and Southern California, but it has not been discovered in any
numbers south of the United States. It is more numerous in the Rocky
Mountains, the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and the Coast Range, but it is
by no means confined to the mountains, being also numerous along the
_Mauvaises Terres_ or the "Bad Lands" of the White River, the Little
Missouri, Yellowstone, and Upper Missouri, in whose desolate and arid
wastes it apparently delights. The Bighorn, in fact, finds in every
rough country sufficient for its requirements, and it demands only that
there shall be steep and difficult heights to which it may retreat when
pursued. Every species of sheep would prefer a hilly habitat, but the
Bighorn could scarcely exist on a level plain.

Somebody has said that Mountain Sheep would be aptly described as
having the head of a sheep with the body of a deer. In size, however,
it exceeds the largest deer, and a full-grown specimen will weigh from
300 to 350 pounds. Sir John Richardson gives the following measurements
of an old male: Length to end of tail, 6 feet; height at shoulder,
3 feet 5 inches; length of tail, 2 inches; length of horn along the
curve, 2 feet 10 inches; circumference of horn at the base, 1 foot 1
inch; distance from top of one horn to top of its fellow, 2 feet 3
inches. The coat is soft to the touch, the hair resembling that of the
Caribou Deer, and, in some degree, that of the Antelope. It is short,
fine, and flexible in its first growth in the autumn, but becomes
longer as the season advances, until in winter the hair is so thick and
close set that it stands erect. As the winter advances the dark tips
of the hair are rubbed off so that by spring the old males are quite
white. Under the hair a fine wool covers the skin.

The movements of the Bighorn are quite graceful, and the agility and
lightness with which it scales steep bluffs, runs along the narrowest
edge on the face of a precipice, or leaps from rock to rock in its
descent from some mountain-top, are excelled by no other animal. These
Sheep feed early in the morning, and retire during the middle of the
day to points high up on the bluffs or mountains where they rest until
sundown, when they return to their feeding grounds. Except during the
month of December the old rams are found in small bands by themselves,
the females and young associating together in companies of from five to
twenty. In a country where they have not been disturbed by man they are
occasionally seen in much larger herds.

No animal is more shy and wary than the Bighorn, and it therefore
requires in its successful pursuit the greatest patience and
deliberation, as, if it receives the slightest hint of the enemy's
presence, it immediately disappears. Many a hunter of experience has
never killed a Mountain Sheep, as these vigilant mountain climbers are
usually able to elude their enemies.

  [Illustration: From col. Mr. F. Kaempfer.
                 MOUNTAIN SHEEP.
                 1/10 Life-size.
                 Copyright by
                 Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.]

The instinct of self-preservation is remarkably developed in the
Mountain Sheep, and only animals of equal agility and superior cunning
can secure them. In their mountain fastnesses they are comparatively
free from the pursuit of man; the things they have most to fear
are the avalanche and glaciers. The elements of danger, however, only
serve to render its pursuit more attractive to the ardent sportsman,
and when in a country where it abounds, deer, antelope, and even elk
are likely to be neglected for the Mountain Sheep. The flesh, too, is
most delicious, and is regarded as much superior to any wild meat which
the west affords. Hallock says that he knows of no more delicate dish
than is afforded by a yearling ewe in good order seasoned with that
wonderful sauce furnished by the free, open-air life of the plains and
mountains. "The glory of fat cow pales, and even elk and black-tailed
deer meat hide their diminished heads before the rare toothsomeness of
a juicy saddle or the dripping ribs of a young and tender Bighorn."

"To hunt the Mountain Sheep successfully the candidate for honors
should have some experience with large game, should have the patience
and endurance possessed only by the most enthusiastic sportsman, and
should be a fair shot with the rifle. In the gray of the morning,
before attempting to look for his game, he should seek the highest
ground in his vicinity whence a wide view of the surrounding country
may be obtained, and from this point, with the good glass that is an
indispensable part of a hunter's outfit, he should search the little
ravines and grassy meadows running down from the hills. The sheep are
always on the watch for enemies upon the lower ground, but rarely turn
their glances to the heights, which, if disturbed, they will seek for
safety."

It is indeed marvelous that these animals should be able to descend
with facility the most abrupt precipices and cross canons, the sides
of which are almost vertical, and this has given rise to the idea that
they can throw themselves from great heights, and striking on their
horns, can rebound uninjured and alight on their feet. Indeed, this is
somewhat imaginative as it is apparently unreasonable. It is on account
of the vast size of the horns, and the fact that these are often
battered and splintered that this statement has been accepted as worthy
of belief. It has been suggested, however, that even if the animal's
head could stand so great a shock, it's neck would not. If it were
true, how could females and young males, whose horns are little larger
than those of the goat descend the cliffs, which they do as actively
and successfully as the old males? The fact is that the splintered
condition of the horns of the bucks is due to their battles and their
play at all times of the year. The feet of Mountain Sheep are precisely
adapted for their life among the crags, and they seem to be able to
cling to any surface which presents the slightest inequality. Only the
Wild Goat could pass over the same dangerous places. May or June are
given in some of the best works on natural history as the time when the
young are brought forth.




A SEMINARY FOR TEACHING BIRDS HOW TO SING.


Buying and importing song birds, says the _Scientific American_,
occupies the time and attention of several scores of people in New
York, and as the distributing center of this peculiar trade, the city
is often the home of considerable numbers of song birds gathered from
all quarters of the globe. On the East side, in Fourth street, there
are several remarkable aviaries where, without doubt, a study of one
branch of ornithology can be pursued under conditions more favorable
than elsewhere on this continent, and a visit to one of these bird
conservatories of music is better than a trip to the fields or woods
to listen to the songs of the wild warblers. The owner of the aviary
is a German--more than probable from some little village in the Hartz
Mountains, where bird-raising is the chief industry,--and he not only
feeds and tends his little birds with loving care, but teaches them to
whistle and sing in tune to the accompaniment of an old reed organ or
flute.

There are several large importing houses of song birds in New York,
and in the busy season they employ from twenty to forty travelers who
go back and forth from Europe to purchase the pick of the Canaries,
Bullfinches and other European songsters. The consignments come chiefly
from Germany and England. Nearly all the Canaries raised in the world
for cage purposes come from these two countries, and most of the
German exporting houses have distributing branches in New York. The
birds are sent over by steamer in large consignments under the charge
of an expert care-tender, who does nothing else but feed and doctor
the little pets placed under his charge. One experienced man can take
charge of five large crates, each one containing two hundred and ten
cages of birds, or a little over a thousand in all. Sometimes during
the rush season the care-tender has five hurricane deckers to watch, or
fourteen hundred cages and birds to look after during the long hours of
the days and nights.

That this work is not easy, any one who has had the privilege of
looking after a single canary for a week can well understand. Feeding
and watering over a thousand birds, and cleaning out their cages every
day, makes up a routine of work on shipboard that begins at four
o'clock in the morning and does not end until late in the afternoon.
When seasickness makes life miserable for the passengers, the canaries
are apt to be uncomfortable in their crowded quarters. Sometimes a
disease known as "schnappen" breaks out among the Canaries at such
times, and as this is fearfully contagious, it sweeps through the
crowded bird quarters on shipboard and decimates the ranks at a
terrible rate. Cases are known where only ten birds have survived
out of an importation of eight hundred to a thousand, the disease
performing its terrible work in a week's time. This is supposed to be
caused as much by the over crowded and poorly ventilated condition of
the birds' quarters as by the rolling of the ship. If you ask Fritz if
his birds get seasick, he will answer emphatically "No;" but he will
add softly to himself "schnappen." And in that word is conveyed much of
meaning that the lay mind cannot appreciate.

When the imported birds arrive in port, they are hurried immediately to
the importing houses, or to the different quiet aviaries in the German
quarters, where experienced bird raisers take them in charge. It is at
this latter place that one may make an inspection of the singers which
are destined to carry song and delight into so many homes. Most of them
are trained birds and they whistle and sing to perfection, and all that
their German attendant has to do is to feed and water them properly. If
disease breaks out among them, he is supposed to know just what to do,
and in most instances he does prove an expert bird doctor.

In the mating and breeding season, however, young birds appear in the
great aviary which must be taught to sing and whistle accurately. Most
people imagine that all the perfection of song cage-birds is inherited,
and they would be surprised to learn the amount of labor bestowed upon
them in order to make their tunes accurate. The young birds that have
the proper voices for great artists are trained in the most careful
manner. In the Hartz Mountains, where Canary training reaches its
highest development, the throat and voice of each young Canary are
tested, and those selected for the highest training are set apart by
themselves. They are sent to a school of instruction that is unique in
its methods. At the head of this school is probably a Canary of the St.
Andreasberg type, which strikes the right note for all the youngsters
to imitate. The young birds are taken into the room in their cages,
with cloth draped over them to shut out the light until the proper time
has come for singing. Then the light is admitted and the teacher begins
her warbling. The young birds, which have probably never yet attempted
to pipe, leave off their feeding and listen to the marvelous outburst
of pure song. They become uneasy and enraptured, and in a short time
they try to imitate the song; but they make miserable failures for many
days. Eventually some of them strike the right note, and at the end of
the week the most promising ones are separated from the rest and placed
in rooms with the best singers. In this way their voices are gradually
cultivated, and new songs are taught them.

There are several such schools for canaries in New York, but they
are devoted entirely to the comparatively few Canaries raised for
the trade in this country. Most of those imported have already been
trained to sing accurately, although after their long sea voyage they
need a little extra training to bring their voices to perfection. The
best trained Canaries are the St. Andreasberg Canaries, whose notes
are considered the finest of any in existence. Originally these notes
were obtained by placing a Nightingale in the breeding room of the
young Canaries, and the natural, clear-toned voices quickly blended
the song in with their natural notes. In time, by careful breeding and
selection, the present type of the St. Andreasberg Canary was produced,
but the pure, bracing air of the Hartz Mountains is considered
necessary for the proper development of one of these superb singers. A
true St. Andreasberg singer cannot, it is believed by bird trainers,
be reared outside of the Hartz Mountains, and it is claimed that only
about ten per cent of those raised in their native place ever pass the
critical examination of the judges. They are sold according to the
perfection of their song power, the best imported bringing as much as
$25 to $50 apiece, and ordinary ones as little as $4 to $5. As a rule
they are very small and insignificant looking birds, and not until they
have opened their little throats to sing, does one comprehend their
mission in life.




SUMMARY.


Page 46.

=COMMON TERN.=--_Sterna hirundo._ Other names: "Sea Swallow," "Wilson's
Tern," "Red Shank," "Mackerel Gull," and "Summer Gull."

RANGE--The greater part of the northern hemisphere and Africa. In North
America chiefly confined to the eastern province, breeding variously
throughout its range.

NEST--Above high water line on the beach and on the sides of the
bluffs; made of grass and sea weeds.

EGGS--Three, greenish to deep brown in color.

----

Page 50.

=PRAIRIE WOLF.=--_Canis latrans._ Other name: "Coyote."

Found in the western part of North America.

----

Page 54.

=FOX SQUIRREL.=--_Sciurus cinereus._ Other name: "Cat Squirrel."

A common North American species.

----

Page 58.

=LOON.=--_Urinator imber._

RANGE--Northern part of northern hemisphere. In North America breeds
from the northern tier of states northward; in winter south to the
Gulf of Mexico and lower California.

NEST--At or near the edge of the water on marshy or boggy grounds; they
are quite bulky and made of water grasses with a mixture of moss and
mud.

EGGS--Two, olive brown, more or less spotted and blotched with blackish
brown.

----

Page 67.

=AMERICAN RED FOX.=--_Vulpes fulvus._ Common in the United States.

----

Page 71.

=LEAST SANDPIPER.=--_Tringa minutilla._ Other name: "Peep."

RANGE--The whole of North and South America, breeding north of the
United States.

NEST--On the ground.

EGGS--Three or four.

----

Page 74.

=MOUNTAIN SHEEP.=--_Ovis Montana._ Other name: "Bighorn."

Inhabitant of the mountains of western America. Its northern range
extends as far as Alaska.




  +----------------------------------------------------------------- +
  | Transcriber's Note:                                              |
  |                                                                  |
  | Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.     |
  |                                                                  |
  | Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant |
  | form was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.    |
  |                                                                  |
  | Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.            |
  |                                                                  |
  | The Mountain Sheep illustration has been moved from page 75 to   |
  | page 74.                                                         |
  |                                                                  |
  | Duplicated section headings have been omitted.                   |
  |                                                                  |
  | Italicized words are surrounded by underline characters,         |
  | _like this_. Words in bold characters are surrounded by equal    |
  | signs,  =like this=.                                             |
  |                                                                  |
  | The Contents table was added by the transcriber.                 |
  +------------------------------------------------------------------+







*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS AND ALL NATURE, VOL. 4, NO. 2, AUGUST 1898 ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.