CONTENTS

Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second class matter, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

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The Journal of Entomology and Zoology

William A. Hilton, Editor

Claremont, California, U. S. A.

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Another Record of a Small Whip Scorpion in California

M. L. MOLES

In April, 1916, Dr. W. A. Hilton collected some small whip-scorpions in the Pomona College Park at Claremont. These creatures were without eyes and yet they seemed to avoid forceps. They were able to run backwards or forwards with equal ease. On examination it was found that there were long hairs on the legs such as shown in the figure. Other specimens were afterwards found in one of the nearby canyons, and two specimens in the college collection were marked “C. Metz, in the mountains near Claremont.”

Upon looking through the literature the species was determined to be Trithyreus pentapeltis Cook. In 1899 Dr. Hubbard collected some at Palm Springs under stones in the canyon near the stream. Those which we have found this year were under the dried oak leaves some distance from water. Cook gave the generic name Hubbardia which has not been sustained.

The following are the measurements of two types of the twenty or more specimens found.

Measurements —supposed Male:

Length of whole body, 7.5 mm.
Length of cephalothorax, 2 mm.
Length of abdomen, 3 mm.
Length of tail, 2.5 mm.
Length of first leg, 8 mm.
Length of maxillæ, 1.5 mm.
Width of abdomen, 1 mm.
Width of cephalothorax, 8 mm.

Measurements —Supposed Female and Juvenile, Fig. 1:

Length of whole body, 4.5 mm.
Length of cephalothorax, 1.5 mm.
Length of abdomen, 2 mm.
Length of tail, 1 mm.
Length of first leg, 5.5 mm.
Length of maxillæ, 2 mm.
Width of cephalothorax, 6 mm.
Width of abdomen, 1 mm.

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Color of supposed Male —Cephalothorax and maxillæ, dark reddish brown. Abdomen and legs light yellow brown.

Color of supposed Female and Juvenile —All parts bright yellow brown.

Cephalothorax suboval, upper margin strongly concave at the sides and tapering to a point at the median line. Sides convex at upper edge; lower margin strongly convex. The cephalothorax is strongly chitinized, showing two small oval spots. The small suboval area between the chitinized cephalothorax and the abdomen is soft with five chitinized plates.

On the dorsal surface of each abdominal segment are two muscle depressions, while on the ventral surface the fourth, fifth and sixth segments have dark colored plates near the segmental divisions which are used for muscle attachments; besides the two muscle depressions.

The book-lungs openings are found on the ventral surface of the first abdominal segment, as is also the epigynum.

The caudal appendage of the juvenile and female is made up of three small joints tapering to a blunt end. It is held in an upright position above the abdomen. Cook in his description supposed this form to be a female or juvenile; Krayselin considers it a different species, but upon close study of the rest of the organs of this form it was finally decided that it was a juvenile and probably a female, the supposition being held that the juvenile took the form of the female, as is often the case, until the last few molts. The epigynum of this form was extremely undeveloped, having only a small epigastric furrow with depressions at either end.

The caudal appendage of the supposed male is made up of two stout joints to which is attached a heart-shaped body tapering to a blunt apex. This body has deep pits both on the dorsal and ventral sides near the base.

On the tibia of the first pair of legs are two long special sensory hairs set in little pits. On the second, third and fourth legs one hair was found, also on the tibia. These hairs are three-fourths as long as the leg.

The mouth parts consist of a pair of strong mandibles and labium. The labium is placed between the two coxæ of the maxillæ. « 3 » The long process of the coxa clothed with its long simple hairs seems to have some performance in the work of the mouth parts. The labium is suboval, clothed thickly with simple short hairs, the upper margin having a single row of long heavy straight hairs with many long single curved hairs covering them.

The mandibles are provided with three distinct kinds of hairs or spines. The large subquadrate proximal joint was clothed with long barbed spines, the movable finger having on its median surface a row of fifteen back curved barbed spines. In the space between the movable and stationary finger were long hairs, enlarged in the center and tapering off to a fine point, the tapered portion being barbed. The mandibles are set well down in the sephalothorax.

The sexual openings were found in the usual place; the ventral surface of the first abdominal segment, this being enlarged so as to do away with the second abdominal segment. The epigynum consists of a long epigastric furrow with a large lip-like opening near its median line. Just above this opening and on either side were small longitudinal creases.

Prof. Dr. Friedrich Dahl places the external sexual organs of this family on the legs and in the Thelyphonidæ which is closely related. They are found in the second joint of the tarsus of the first legs. Careful study failed to find any trace of secondary sexual organs in Trithyreus pentapeltis .

( Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College. )

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EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Drawing of the upper side of a young Trithyreus pentapeltis Cook ×10.

Fig. 2. Lower or ventral view of T. pentapeltis ×10.

Figs. 3, 4, and 5. Various views of the caudal end of an adult T. pentapeltis. Much enlarged.

Fig. 6. Labium. Much enlarged.

Fig. 7. Maxilla. Much enlarged.

Fig. 8. Mandible of Trithyreus. Much enlarged.

Fig. 9. One jaw of mandible. Much enlarged.

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Notes on Chalcid Flies, Chiefly From California

A. A. GIRAULT

The following descriptions are chiefly from specimens sent by the Department of Zoology of Pomona College.

Eusandalum californicum n. sp.

Female : Similar in every respect to coquillettii Ashmead except as follows: The hyaline cross-stripe between the fuscous cross-stripes of the forewing is distinctly narrower than either fuscous cross-stripe (broader than either in the other); the stylus of the abdomen is a little shorter than the ovipositor valves (their extruded portion), both equal in length in coquillettii . Otherwise the same. Antennæ 11-jointed, tapering, the club single and no longer than the pedicel, funicle 1 quadrate, 2 longest, elongate, somewhat compressed, over thrice the length of the pedicel. Types compared.

A female from Claremont (C. F. Baker).

Types : Catalogue No. 20357, U. S. National Museum, the female on a tag, a fore wing antenna and hind leg on a slide.

In the U. S. National Museum a female from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, part of the type of coquillettii (now a single female from Los Angeles).

Eusandalum obscurum n. sp.

The type is one female from Easton, Washington (Kincaid). Catalogue No. 20358, U. S. National Museum, the female on a tag. See table.

Eusandalum alpinum n. sp.

The type is a part of the type of coquillettii from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California; Catalogue No. 20359, U. S. National Museum, the specimen on a tag. See table.

Eusandalum georgia n. sp.

One female, pinned, Georgia, Catalogue No. 20369, U. S. National Museum. A second female from Washington, D. C. See table.

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Eusandalum arizona n. sp.

A female, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona (Schwarz), May 27. Catalogue No. 20361, U. S. National Museum, tag. See table.

Synopsis of the North American Species of Eusandalum . Females. (From the types.)

Dialinus begini Crawford

One female, Santa Clara County (C. F. Baker).

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Elachistus coxalis Howard

One pair, San Mateo County, California, the male; and Laguna Beach, Southern California, the female (C. F. Baker).

The following species is an Eudecatoma (there being no distinct substigmal spot but only a very minute one) but for the present I include this segregate within the older one.

Decatoma subimmaculata n. sp.

Female : Length, 2.00 mm. Of the usual habitus and sculpture, the punctation not coarse.

Honey yellow, the wings hyaline, the following black markings: Ocellar dots obscurely, upper margin of occiput (a crescent), median channel nearly to apex and cephalic margin of the propodeum (except laterad); abdominal petiole and the median line of abdomen dorsad narrowly, from just before apex of segment 2 nearly to the apex of segment 4. Abdomen compressed, segments 2, 4 and 5 subequal, longest, the abdomen glabrous, its petiole about twice longer than wide. Propodeum openly rugoso-punctate, the median channel single, distinct, no median basin. Pedicel black above, nearly twice longer than wide, a little longer than funicle 1, the other four funicle joints subequal, subquadrate. Club 2-jointed, the first joint shortest.

One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker); on oak.

Type : Catalogue No. 20400, U. S. National Museum, the female on a tag, the antennae and a caudal leg on a slide.

Differs from catesbaei Ashmead (types compared), in being larger, the median channel of the propodeum is distinct for its whole length and does not consist principally of two large foreae, the cross-carina passing profimad of it has an area on each side of the meson which runs at first nearly parallel to the channel (the forking) but in the Florida species, this carina continues more or less parallel with the cephalic margin of the propodeum.

Scutellista cyanea Mots

One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).

Cleonymus californicus n. sp.

Female : Length, 4.00 mm.

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Dark metallic green, the tegulae, antennae (except the club and pedicel) and the legs (except the concolorous coxae, the apex of caudal femar lateral and the last two pairs of tibiae dorsad more or less), reddish brown, the venation fuscous, the fore wings bifasciate, the first stripe from the base of the marginal vein and broken distad of the middle, the second from the postmarginal vein, obovate in shape, twice the width of the first. The (triangular) head, the thorax and abdomen, scaly punctate, the propodeum and abdomen 2 subglabrous, the distal margins of the abdominal segments glabrous. Propodeum foreolate along the cephatic and caudal margins, and along the median carina on each side, the lateral carina represented by a distinct, curved, foreate sulcus, the spiracle large, subreniform. Scutellum simple. Antennæ inserted near the clypeus, a little below the eyes, 11-jointed, the club pointed ovate, acuminate at apex, embraced by the long projection from one side of the apex of the distal funicle joint which reaches to distal three-fourths of the club. Funicles 1 and 2 narrowest, grading into 3, all subquadrate, 4 longest, a little longer than wide and subequal to the pedicel; 8 wider than long. Postmarginal vein a little longer than the slender, curved stigmal, about a third the length of the marginal. Stigmal vein parallel, in general trend, with the costal margin.

Two females, mountains near Claremont (C. F. Baker).

Types : Catalogue No. 20348, U. S. National Museum, the females on tags, a fore wing and an antennae on a slide.

The abdomen is subpetiolate; it was distinctly, quadrately petiolate in a male specimen of cleonymus depressus in the U. S. National Museum.

Entedon occidentalis Girault

Several specimens, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).

Isosoma grande Riley

One winged female, mountains near Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).

Metapleura spectabilis Westwood

One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).

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The Rose Flea-Beetle
( Haltica probata Fall)

G. F. MOZNETTE,
ASSISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
CORVALLIS, OREGON

INTRODUCTION

From a careful perusal of the literature it is apparent that scarcely anything but the original description of Haltica probata Fall appears in print. As this species has at various times been reported on several of our cultivated plants, and as there is some possibility of its becoming destructive to our cultivated roses, observations have been made from time to time and this paper brings together, so far as possible, the recorded facts concerning the species.

HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES

The species was first described by Dr. H. C. Fall in 1910. [A] Mr. Arthur Gibson [B] mentions it as attacking leaves of strawberry plants at Nelson, British Columbia. The species is referred to as Haltica evicta Lec., but after a comparison with specimens in the writer’s collection and later in Dr. Fall’s collection at Pasadena, California, I am led to believe that the species reported by Mr. Gibson as evicta is not evicta but probata . It has been reported from Spokane, Washington, on strawberries, and at various times has been reported feeding on cultivated crops in Oregon.

The species is distributed along the Pacific Coast from British Columbia to California. It has been reported from Nelson in British Columbia; Everett and Spokane in Washington; from Corvallis, Pamelia Lake, Mary’s Peak, the Three Sisters, and Josephine County in Oregon; and from Santa Rosa, Belmont, Siskiyou, and Trinity Counties in California.

SEASONAL LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE SPECIES

With the approach of warm weather in the spring, when the buds of the wild rose are showing their green, the little bronze « 14 » beetles ( Pl. I, Fig. 2 ) come from their winter quarters, about the middle of April or earlier depending on the spring weather conditions, and commence feeding on the tender small leaves of the expanding buds. The beetles possess a very brilliant lustre and when approached manifest a saltatorial habit, and may leap for a considerable distance. The insect passes the winter in the adult stage and during that time may be found concealed in convenient places. The writer has taken numerous individuals from beneath the moss of the scrub oak, which grows abundantly along the creeks in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. The first individuals were taken on April 11, 1913, feeding on a species of wild rose, Rosa nukatana Presl. near Corvallis, Oregon. The adults were at the time resting in the sun on the dried fruits of the rose and also on the moss which covered the oaks. In 1915, the first beetles were out on March 19 or somewhat earlier. Sometimes the March weather is too severe so that the beetles do not appear until later, and the inclement weather frequently puts a stop to the activity of the beetles and retards oviposition.

After emerging from their hibernating quarters, the beetles jump or fly to the nearest rose bush and soon begin to satisfy their appetite after the long winter’s fast. At this time the tender bursting rose buds seem to be the favorite food, and the beetles engorge themselves with bites from the prospective crop of leaves, then locked up in the buds. The beetles seem to be most active during the warmer sunshiny portions of the day, when they may be seen jumping and flying about the rose bushes. When touched or jarred, they at once drop quickly to the ground, where they feign death for a short time, later returning to the foliage. Their shining bronze color renders it easy to discover and watch them at their destructive work. They begin gnawing an unsightly hole into either the side or top of the bursting leaf bud, often boring into the bud so far as to be almost hidden from view. It usually takes the beetles a few days to satisfy their vigorous spring appetites; then they turn their attention to the propagation of their kind. The later emerging adults feed voraciously on the foliage ( Pl. I, Fig. 5 ) eating out irregular places in the leaves.

« 15 »

Many individuals were found in copulo on April 12, 1913, and on April 14, 1915. Eggs were laid in great numbers April 15, 1913, but not until the first of May in 1915, due to a long stretch of cold wet weather. By May 18 many eggs were to be found but usually no larvae. The eggs are laid in masses ( Pl. I, Fig. 3 ) of from two to fifteen in a cluster with an average of between seven and nine. They are deposited usually on the lower surface of the leaf. No eggs are deposited until the foliage is well along usually, as this is the food of the larvae. The writer observed a female during oviposition. She thrusts out the egg and by a mucilagenous substance causes the egg to adhere fast to the leaf. She decorates the egg, as it were, with a fluid which later turns black and appears as a streak across the ova. The adults do not live long after egg deposition, usually about a week and a half. A number of females were observed to lay from forty to fifty eggs each.

The length of the egg stage was found to vary considerably even in the insectary, due no doubt largely to the weather conditions. In indoor observations it ranged from seven to fifteen days, with an average of twelve. In the open, eggs under screen cloth were deposited on May 24, 1913, and hatched June 10, 1913, a duration of seventeen days. By June, 1913, practically all of the egg masses had hatched and scarcely an adult could be found anywhere. The larvae are at first yellow, changing over to a black after a short period of time ( Pl. I, Fig. 7 ). The eggs split at the side when the young emerge and the larvae remain quiet for some time apparently feeding first on the remaining egg juices. After a while they begin to move about for convenient feeding spots. The larvae moult three times, and after each moulting appear yellow, soon changing to a black. Several of the grubs usually work on the same leaf, continuing to eat small irregular holes, through, or nearly through, the leaf until it appears skeletonized ( Pl. I, Fig. 7 ), when they seek new pastures.

When full grown the larvae drop to the soil and after burrowing to a depth of about an inch or less, they construct soil cells of earth ( Pl. I, Fig. 6 ), not unlike the cell of the common cherry and pear slug, in which they pupate. By July 3, 1913, many larvae were « 16 » falling to the soil. The length of the larval stage varies from fifteen to twenty-five days with an average of twenty days. By July 10 many pupae ( Pl. I, Fig. 4 ) were found in the soil. The writer neglected to ascertain the exact length of the pupal stage, but from the meager observations made up to this time ventures the opinion that it is about eighteen days. By the first of August many adults could be found. They are a beautiful metallic color when just emerged. The writer bred from the adults a species of Diptera a Tachinid but has not been able to ascertain the species. Subsequent observation revealed no eggs, so undoubtedly the species is single brooded. The life-cycle is calculated to last about fifty-five days from eggs to adults, but this is greatly influenced by the weather conditions. The length of the adult stage is about ten months, depending, of course, upon the time the warm days approach in the spring and upon the cold stretches which intervene, conditions which influence emergence from their hibernating quarters.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS STAGES

The Eggs ( Pl. I, Fig. 3 ) are of an orange color, oblong oval or bean-shaped. The egg has a delicate covering by which it is attached to the leaf. Nearly every egg has a sort of spine-shape structure attached, although it is not exactly a spine but a part of the egg covering, which, when it has dried, gives it a black streaked appearance at that point. The egg measures 1 mm. in length by .25 mm. in width.

The Larvae ( Pl. I, Fig. 7 ) when full grown have the body wider at the anterior end, tapering gradually to the anal segment and covered with many hairs. They are covered with an oily substance in which they often collect their excrement as they feed and travel. The entire larva is black and the segments of the body possess numerous tubercles bearing setae. Each segment of the abdomen has a group of tubercles on a side above the spiracles. When full grown the larvae measure from 6 to 8 mm. in length.

The Pupa ( Pl. I, Fig. 4 ) is yellow, 4 to 6 mm. in length, with the wing pads and legs of a paler yellow to nearly white. Two setae are located on the vertex and two on the occupit of head. The « 17 » prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax bear spines varying in number. The abdomen possesses three rows of setae on each side above the spiracles.

The Adult ( Pl. I, Fig. 1 ) is green bronze, entire upper surface polished and strongly shining sculpture throughout, nearly as in Haltica ignita . Antennæ piceous, slightly more than half the length of the body, joints 2-3-4 gradually increasing in length, the fourth very nearly three times as long as wide. Eyes rather small and not very prominent, their width as seen from the front distinctly less than half the interocular distance. Prothorax two-thirds wider than long, sides parallel in basal half, convergent anteriorly. Elytra fully two-thirds as wide as long, and nearly three-fourths wider than the prothorax. Body beneath piceous; abdomen alutaceous, rather coarsely punctate and transversely rugulose. Length 3.7 mm. to 4 mm.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Figure 1. The adult beetle (greatly enlarged).

Figure 2. The adult beetle (natural size).

Figure 3. Eggs in situ on leaf greatly enlarged.

Figure 4. Pupa greatly enlarged.

Figure 5. Rose leaves showing work of adult beetles.

Figure 6. Pupal soil cell.

Figure 7. Larvae at work skeletonizing leaf.

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Notes on Birds of Laguna Beach and Vicinity for 1916

H. H. NININGER

In addition to the work done by Mr. Leon Gardener and others on the distribution of birds in the vicinity of Laguna Beach I noted the following species in the summer of 1916:

70. Sturna hirundo (Common Tern)

This species was found occasionally about the muddy flats at Balboa.

74. Sturna antillarum (Least Tern)

The Least Tern is much more common than the former. They were often seen in small flocks diving for fish along the coast from Laguna to Balboa. They probably nest along the sandy shores; but none of their nests were taken by the writer.

95. Puffinis griseus (Dark Bodied Shearwater)

These birds were found ten to twelve miles from shore, in flocks feeding over schools of fish. They are called by the fishermen “Barracuda Birds.”

210. Rollus obsoletus (Calif. Clapper Rail)

Found in the swampy tracts about Balboa.

214. Porzana carolina (Sora Rail)

A specimen of this Rail was taken at one of the lakes in Laguna Canyon in the latter part of July.

421. Chordeiles acutipennis (Texas Night Hawk)

Either at dusk or at dawn these birds could be found abundantly, in certain localities, feeding over fields, pools and streams to which they came at dusk, from the hills where they spent the daylight hours. Mr. C. C. White found a pair of young almost ready for flight on one of the hills bordering on Laguna Canyon, July 7, 1916.

425. Aeronautes melanoleucus (White-throated Swift)

Mr. Charles A. Keeler in “Bird Notes Afield” (1889) records this species from Capistrano. To one accustomed to meeting with « 21 » this bird only among the high and almost inaccessible cliffs of the mountains it is no little surprise to find it in a district so nearly level as the region about this old mission settlement. But surely it is there. A visit to the place in the latter part of July revealed the fact that they are, seventeen years since Mr. Keeler’s writings, still using the same broken walls as a retreat. I think they are nesting at the time we visited the place, for upon the entrance of an adult into one of the crevices there came cries of young birds which seemed to be coming from birds that were being fed.

530a. Astragalinus P. hesperophilus (Green-backed Goldfinch)

Common around Laguna and the neighboring hills. Nests with eggs were found, probably the second brood for the season.

634. Vireo vicinior (Gray Vireo)

Found along the streams near Capistrano.

685a. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pileolated Warbler)

Fairly common in trees along streams near Capistrano.

364. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (American Osprey)

One of these magnificent birds was found on the rocky cliffs bordering the shore between Laguna and Balboa. It was seen several times and was reasonably tame.

BREEDING NOTES

In addition to the nests of the more common birds the following were noted:

Several Raven nests on the cliffs bordering the shore and are in Boat Canyon about a mile from the sea were found deserted, but feathers of their owners and the remains of their food betrayed their identity.

A brood of Ruddy Ducks was seen on one of the lakes in Laguna Canyon several times.

Coots were found breeding about the lakes in abundance.

( Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College )

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Solpugids From the Claremont-Laguna Region

J. NISBET

The following list of solpugids represents a collection obtained by students and others during the past four or five years. Drawings are given of one large specimen and top and side views of the head region of several others. The determinations are by Dr. N. Banks.

Eremobates formicaria Koch

This species has been taken from our region although such large specimens have been reported only from dryer regions. This specimen, a male is from Brawley, Cal. (Figs. 1 and 2). Figs. 3 and 4 were taken from a young specimen collected at Claremont.

The movable finger of the cheliceræ of the male has two large teeth. Anterior margin of rephalothorix straight. Hind tarsi one segment.

Eremobates californica Sim.

The drawings are from a specimen taken at Laguna Beach (Figs. 5 and 6). Specimens were also taken at Claremont. Movable finger of the cheliceræ with a large tooth. This is not so marked in the female. Hind tarsi one segment.

Hemerotrecha californica Banks

Specimens were obtained at Claremont. Upper finger of cheliceræ without teeth or many small teeth. Male has an elongated flayellow of two parts on the upper finger of chalicera. Hind tarsi with three joints. Specimens obtained were about evenly divided between this and the previous species (Figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10).

( Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College )

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EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Eremobates formicaria Koch. ×2.

Figure 2. Eremobates formicaria Koch, side view of cheliceræ. ×2.

Figures 3-4. Cheliceræ from young E. formicaria . ×2.

Figures 5-6. Cheliceræ from E. californica Sim. ×2.

Figures 7-8. Cheliceræ from Hemerotrecha californica Banks,
views of the cheliceræ. ×2.

Figures 9-10. H. californica views of cheliceræ, another specimen. ×2.

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Record of Two Pseudoscorpions From Claremont-Laguna Region

WINIFRED T. MOORE

Garypus Californicus Banks

Description: Fig. 1. Length 5 mm.

Color: Cephalothorax and pedipalps dark brown, abdomen and legs light yellow; each abdominal scutae with a dark central spot; anterior ventral scutae also with dark spots. Cephalothorax emarginate; four eyes; femur of pedipalps longer than cephalothorax, tibia hardly convex on inner side, hand about as long as tibia, fingers longer than hand; legs long and slender.

Habitat: Specimen found under rocks near ocean at Laguna Beach, collected by Walter Sturgis.

Chelanops pallipes Banks

Description: Fig. 2. Length 2 mm. including mandibles.

Color: Cephalothorax light reddish brown, pedipalps darker, abdomen and legs pale yellow.

Similar to C. dorsalis, but fingers a little longer than hand; no eye spots, clavate hairs found on all parts of two types, on legs and pedipalps more clavate on one side (Fig. 3) on body evening clavate (Fig. 4). Simple hairs found on under surface of tarsus. All parts covered with small chiton plates.

Habitat: Specimens taken from under stones in wash near Claremont.

( Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College )

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EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Garypus Californicus. ×20.

Figure 2. Chelanops pallipes. ×20.

Figure 3. Hair from legs and pedipalps of C. pallipes much enlarged.

Figure 4. Hair from body of C. pallipes much enlarged.

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The Central Nervous System of a Sipunculid

WILLIAM A. HILTON

A number of specimens of the genus Phascolosoma were obtained at Laguna Beach. These were preserved in various fluids. Flemming’s fluid and mercuric chloride, were especially valuable for study. The nerve cords were dissected out and mounted after staining. Some were imbedded, sectioned and stained. The stain which brought out the cells with greatest clearness was copper haematoxylin.

The general character of the nervous system of sipunculids is well known, and the specimens examined at this time were typical as to the form of the brain and cord. The brain is imbedded in the proboscis just below the tentacles. It has a similar appearance in section to the photographs of Spengel, 1912. The brain is small. Two main branches supply nearby tentacles and muscles. There is a pair of small branches from the connectives. Extending from the epithelium of the tentacular region is a pair of tubes leading into the brain, the cerebral organs. These epithelial tubes lead to a pigmented area on each side, and these pigmented areas in section look like simple eyes. A few irregular spots of pigment were found near the larger masses. The epithelium at the outer end of the tube was also deeply pigmented.

Throughout the body the ventral nerve cord kept about the same width, although the muscle bands at the sides increased somewhat. The strands connecting the muscles and nerves to the animal’s body were more or less regularly arranged. In specimens with the proboscis drawn in, the nerve cord is of course doubled back on itself. In the specimen drawn at the junction of the two parts, that of the proboscis and that of the ventral body-wall, there is a lack of lateral branches, as shown in the upper portion of the second line of the drawing. Towards the caudal end the lateral branches come off more irregularly.

When the animal is contracted the nerve cord seems to be segmented, but sections show that this appearance is due to the slight « 31 » folding of the nerve cord within the muscle bands; the nerve tissue does not seem to be elastic.

Very little has been written on the histological structure of sipunculids. Haller, 1889, discusses a number of points, especially in sipunculus nudus , relating to the ventral cord only. I find a number of differences in this form. I did not find any very clear evidence of special neuroglia cells, such as described and figured by Haller, such elements may be present, but at least they are not evident, not so evident as in many other invertebrates which I have examined. Nerve cells may anastomose with each other as shown in Haller’s figure, but of this I can not be sure. If fibres do not unite they are in very intimate contact.

In the ventral cord no small fibrils were seen only rather small fibers which may have been fibrils. The lack of connective material in part at least, perhaps because the nervous system is often extended and folded, shows the cell processes with great distinctness. This may be why a clearer picture than usual is presented of the relationship of cells.

Cells are abundant on the ventral side of the cord, especially in the middle line. The more dorsal fibrous region is practically without cells of any kind. No very marked tracts of fibers are evident, the fibers are about equally distributed in all directions and may be subdivided as follows:

1. Fibers which enter the fibrous mass from cells and run short distances up and down.

2. Fibers which pass from cells to other cells near by in the cellular area.

3. Fibers which leave the ganglion laterally from ventral cells.

4. Fibers which enter from the lateral nerves to end in the fiber area or in among the cells.

There are no indications of long fibers, either ascending or descending. After the examination of the cord of this animal one is impressed with the suggestion that many cells of similar sort act alike, that is groups of cells, not individuals are involved in the simplest transmissions of impulses. This general suggestion which, of course, is not new, comes to mind with great clearness after the « 32 » study of thin sections of the cord of this animal. Whether the cells actually anastomose or not is a question hard to decide, but in the numerous contacts of naked fibers there is, I believe, ample opportunity for the transmission of complex changes from cell to cell, to all parts of the nervous system. In this form there is no particular localization of definite centers.

The brain differs in structure from the cord, the central fibrous mass is more dense, the cells are very much smaller and more numerous. Some cells of the brain send their fibers out directly without the common pathway of a distinct nerve trunk. No special features of the brain were determined except the cerebral organs already described.

( Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College )

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EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Central nervous system of Phascolosoma ×15. The cord is shown in three separate pieces. The lower end of the first or left-hand drawing should join with the second and so on. The central nerve band is shown with the lateral branches of muscle and nerve. The brain is shown attached to the first segment at the left. The pigment spots, cerebral tubes and chief nerves are shown. The brain is drawn from reconstructions made from serial sections.

Figure 2. Cross section of the nerve cord. ×75.

Figure 3. Longitudinal section of the nerve cord. ×75.

Figures 4 to 6. Drawings of sections taken through the brain at various levels, only one-half is shown in each case. ×75.

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Littoral Ascidians Collected at Laguna Beach

The specimens reported upon are from a collection made by P. A. Lichti during the summer of 1915, and from a small collection brought in during the summer of 1916. The determinations of all but the fifth were kindly made by Prof. W. E. Ritter.

Ascidia californica Ritter and Forsythe

These simple forms were found quite abundantly under stones and in kelp holdfasts. The form of the body was determined largely by the position the animal took on the stone or seaweed.

Styela barnharti Ritter and Forsythe

The specimens obtained were young, simple, of a redish-brown color and about 4 mm. high. They were found under stones at low tide but not as commonly as some others.

Styla montereyensis Dall

A single specimen of this large, simple species was taken just off shore. It was slender at the base, expanded near the openings and of a redish-brown color.

Euherdmania claviformis Ritter

This slender species was often found in clusters under stones. They were about 2 mm. in diameter and 10-20 mm. long, sometimes free from sand, at other times covered with sand grains.

Goodsiria dura Ritter

Bright red or orange masses of these were often found in bits of seaweed from deeper water. The individuals were 2 to 3 mm. across and often closely massed on the seaweed or other support.

Eudistoma diaphones Ritter and Forsythe

This was the common compound species found closely attached to the lower sides of stones. It was often quite extensive but not thick or colored.

Eudistoma psamion Ritter and Forsythe

Great masses of this tough, pinkish or slightly colored form were found under rock ledges. It resembles one of the sponges in « 37 » general appearance and is found in among sponges and polyzoans. This was one of the most bulky forms which we found.

Glossophorum planum Ritter and Forsythe

Irregular masses of this species were found under rock ledges and under stones. Our specimens are largely covered with sand grains.

Distaplia occidentalis Ritter and Forsythe

This compound stalked form was found on a rock ledge at low tide near Salt Creek.

W. A. H.

( Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College )

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Summer School at Laguna Beach

The summer school at Laguna Beach during the past season was in many respects the most valuable of the past five or six years. There were more students, more teachers and fully as many visitors. The harvest of specimens was very satisfactory. Many creatures not before gathered here were brought from the nearby waters. Amphioxus was obtained here for the first time, as well as many other interesting and valuable specimens.

Several new courses were offered. A course in Ecology was given by Professor Bean. In this the local distribution of animals was especially studied. A similar course is to be offered this summer to those who have had some zoology. It is believed that this work will bring greater and greater advantages to us here as we come to know the local conditions better. In the nature of the material this will always be to a large extent a field study.

The course in birds given by Professor Nininger was interesting and valuable. A number of new records for this region were obtained during the summer.

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For the first time Miss Hills gave a course in drawing in connection with zoological subjects. This much-needed and valuable work will be continued during the coming summer, not only in a special course, but also in an optional way in connection with several of the other courses.

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In connection with the ecology especially, more off-shore collecting was done than ever before. A number of longer trips were found interesting and valuable. Laguna at all times offers attractive walks and many short trips were taken by all classes. Some of these were for a few miles along the coast, back in the hills or by water or land for a considerable distance.

The rocks and coves were again explored, yet much remains unknown. Many new specimens to the locality were found, some of these were from deeper water, rare fish, large sea cucumbers, a large number of strange crabs and many other smaller but no less interesting creatures.

As in the past, a number of workers from other institutions used the private laboratories. The eight research rooms were in use most of the time by those doing more advanced work. It is expected that there will be a number of advanced workers from the northern and eastern universities during the coming season. For the first time the laboratory is provided with a satisfactory lighting system. Electricity is now established at Laguna Beach and the laboratory and tent city are well provided with an ample lighting system.

The tent city and dining hall will again offer accommodations at reasonable prices. The cost of tuition is $7.50 general charge and $3.00 an hour per hour taken. By an hour is meant the equivalent of an hour’s work in a regular college semester. There are eight private rooms for special investigators.

For further information write to the Director, William A. Hilton, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. (Laguna Beach, Cal., from June 26 to September 20.)

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Courses Offered at the Summer School
of the Laguna Beach Biological
Laboratory 1917

To reach Laguna Beach from Los Angeles take the electric or Santa Fe to Santa Ana. From Santa Ana a morning stage leaves at ten, an afternoon stage at four.

Work begins June 27 and regular courses last six weeks, but the laboratory is open all summer.

No one may register for more than six hours. By an hour is included the equivalent of an hour’s work during a regular college semester.

The staff of the Laguna Marine Laboratory for the summer will be as follows, several others from eastern institutions may be added later.

In addition to these courses special C. or D. work for 2 or 3 hours may be taken as follows:

The following work in art will be offered by Miss Anna A. Hills:

Rates for two and three, 75 cents per hour. Each should be taken in three periods of three hours each.

Miss Hills has had the following preparation: Student in Olivet College, Art Institute, Chicago; Graduate of Cooper Union, New York City; special work under Rhoda Holmes Nicholls and Arthur W. Dow, New York. During four years study in Europe worked under Wilhelmina H. de Koning in Holland, Jean Paul Laurens and William Lappara in Julian’s Academy, Paris, and in England two years out of doors under J. Noble Barlow.

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Supply Department
Laguna Marine Laboratory
LAGUNA BEACH, ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS FOR CLASS AND MUSEUM
MARINE AND FRESH WATER FORMS
DETERMINED INSECTS FOR SCHOOL COLLECTIONS
MICROSCOPIC PREPARATIONS OF ALL SORTS, BOTH
WHOLE MOUNTS AND SECTIONS
ZOOLOGICAL CHARTS IN COLORS
ANATOMICAL MODELS AND DISSECTIONS

All orders for material should be sent in not later than August 1st

ATTENTION GIVEN TO SPECIAL MATERIAL
From September 15th to June 20th, address Department
Zoology, Pomona College, Claremont, California.
From June 20th until September 15th, address

Supply Department
LAGUNA MARINE LABORATORY
Laguna Beach, California

Living protozoa, hydroids, planarians, rotifers, frogs, lizards and salamanders may be furnished if time is given. Enough for a class of twelve of any one of the first four, $1.00. Frogs, lizards and salamanders may be furnished at from $1.00 to $3.00 a dozen.

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Eggs or young crabs, lobsters, starfish, etc., can be furnished either mounted and stained for microscopic examination or in bottles.

Amphipods, isopods, etc., can be furnished at any time.

The following land animals can be furnished at from 25c to $1.00 a dozen preserved in alcohol or formalin.

Spiders, phalangids, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, dragon and damsel fly larvæ, aquatic beetle larvæ, grasshoppers, crickets, termites, bugs, beetles, etc.

Other sets of determined insects may be obtained to order.

ZOOLOGICAL CHARTS

These are made on cloth and may be made to order. The charts may be in colors and cost from $1.00 to $3.00 each, according to the details. Special prices given on Anatomical, Physiological, Zoological or Entomological diagrams in one or several colors.

ZOOLOGICAL OR ANATOMICAL MODELS IN CLAY OR
WAX AND IN COLORS

These also may be made to order, their cost depends upon the complexity. The following are some of the series:

(OVER)

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ZOOLOGICAL OR HISTOLOGICAL MICROSCOPIC
SLIDES

Sections of starfish, whole small starfish, young crustacea, etc., sections of organs for classes in Physiology. These slides will be made to order from any animal or any tissue for from 25 cents to 75 cents a slide with reduction in price for sets of twelve or more.

Serial sections of embryos of mammals, reptiles, birds, fish or invertebrate embryos or adults will be made to order at from 25 cents to 75 cents a slide, depending upon the stain and character of the object.

Prices include preservatives and containers in most cases.

The KA Binocular Microscope

Is of great value in all biological work where low and medium powers are employed. In embryology the true stereoscopic image shows the relative position of important details. This feature is of great assistance to the student and makes the instructor’s work easy.

Write for booklet

Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.
of California

154 Sutter St., San Francisco, Cal.

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The Journal of Zoological Research Edited by WALTER E. COLLINGE, M. Sc., F. L. S., F. E. S. The Gatty Marine Laboratory The University, St. Andrews, Scotland The subject matter is strictly confined to original zoological research—systematic and anatomical. Fully illustrated by lithographic plates and text figures. Each volume will consist of 4 parts, price $5. All subscriptions should be forwarded to Messrs. Dulau & Co., Ltd. 37 Soho Square, London, W., England
GRIFFITH Incubators A simple, well constructed bacteriological incubator	The Journal of Parasitology A Quarterly devoted to Medical Zoology This journal will be a medium for the prompt publication of briefer papers and research notes on animal parasites. Emphasis laid on the morphology, life history and biology of zooparasites and the relations of animals to disease. Subscription, $2.00 a volume Managing Editor, HENRY B. WARD, Univ. Illinois, Urbana, Ill.

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Gage—The Microscope

An Introduction to Microscopic Methods and to Histology

By SIMON HENRY GAGE

Twelfth edition in press. Entirely rewritten, with many new illustrations.

Price $2.00.

This work aims to give help to everyone who uses the microscope, whether he is a beginner or an advanced worker.

Comstock—A Manual for the Study of Insects

By JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology in Cornell University, and ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, member of the Society of American Wood-Engravers. 8vo. cloth, IX.+701 pages, 797 figures in the text, and six full page plates. Nearly all of the figures were engraved especially for this work. Postpaid $4.07; net $3.75.

This handbook is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public schools and of students in high schools and colleges.

Needham—General Biology

A book of outlines and practical studies for the general student

By JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Professor of Limnology and General Biology in Cornell University. Cloth 8vo. XIV.+542 pages; 288 figures, mostly original. Postpaid $2.00.

This book is expressly designed to help the general student obtain a comprehensive grasp of the principles of biology.

Comstock—Handbook of Nature-Study

By ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, Lecturer in Nature-Study in Cornell University. Cloth 8vo. XVIII.+938 pages, more than 1,000 illustrations. Prices, postpaid: Bound in one volume, $3.65; bound in two volumes, $4.50; Volume I., including Animal Life, $2.25; Volume II., including Plant Life, $2.25. Sample pages sent on application.

A handbook of Nature-Study for teachers and parents, based on the Cornell Nature-Study Leaflets, with much additional material and many new illustrations.

GAGE—Optic Projection

By SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor Emeritus of Histology and Embryology in Cornell University, and Henry Phelps Gage, Ph. D.

This work of over 700 pages and with over 400 figures is of especial interest to workers in all fields of Biology in that it deals especially with the use of the Projection Microscope for demonstrations and for drawing. It also gives the fundamental principles of all the forms of projection. A 16-page circular will be sent on request. Postpaid, $3.00.

RILEY—Handbook of Medical Entomology

By WM. A. RILEY, Ph. D., Professor of Insect Morphology and Parasitology in Cornell University and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph. D., Professor of Biology in Cornell University.

A concise account of poisonous, and disease-carrying insects and their allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal species, with keys for their determination, and method of control. Bound Library Buckram, medium 8vo. Nearly 375 pages. Price $2.00 net.

The Comstock Publishing Company
Cornell Heights, Ithaca, N. Y.

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Choice Mineral Specimens

It affords this establishment pleasure to state that though we are over fifty years old we are still seeking with youthful energy new finds of choice mineral specimens.

A few of our recent additions will show from what widely distributed areas we draw:

New lots of fine specimens are constantly arriving. Ask for price-list No. 160.

Cheap minerals are described in No. 158.

Circular No. 170 enumerates all of our many catalogues and price-lists.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment
84-102 College Avenue
Rochester, N. Y.

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Entomological News

A forty-eight page illustrated magazine, published monthly except August
and September, devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list
of the titles of the current Entomological Literature, and also
articles by the leading Entomologists in the United
States and Canada. Valuable information
for the beginner, the economic
entomologist and the
systematist.

To new subscribers, $1.90; Renewals, $2.00; payable in advance.
Single copies 25 cents. Address

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

CLASS WORK MATERIAL

CAN BE PROCURED AT ANY TIME OF
THE YEAR FROM

C. S. BRIMLEY, Zoologist

1135 Newberne Avenue
RALEIGH, N. C., U. S. A.

To Entomologists

I can supply Entomologists with all orders of insects from all parts of the world, as I am continually receiving fresh consignments from my own collectors.

General lists of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera on application; also special lists of Sphingidæ, over 300 species, of Pieridæ in papers, over 100 species. Collections just received from Natal, Madagascar, Peru, Ivory Coast, French Guiana, Java and Argentine; selections of these at low rates. Particulars on application.

E. LE MOULT
4 Rue Duméril, Paris XIII, France

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Pomona College

Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean afford many special advantages for the study of things not in books. Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced work in the large universities. In addition, well-manned departments of music and art afford exceptional advantages.

For further information, address

Secretary of Pomona College
Claremont, California