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Title: Top of the Ladder: Marine Operations in the Northern Solomons

Author: John C. Chapin

Release date: April 27, 2015 [eBook #48808]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Brian Coe, Charlie Howard, and the Online
        Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
        file was produced from images generously made available
        by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TOP OF THE LADDER: MARINE OPERATIONS IN THE NORTHERN SOLOMONS ***




Produced by Brian Coe, Charlie Howard, and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)









Transcriber's note: Table of Contents added by Transcriber and placed
into the Public Domain. Boldface text is indicated as =equals signs=.


Contents

  Top of the Ladder: Marine Operations in the Northern Solomons
    SIDEBAR: Major General Allen H. Turnage, USMC
  Planning the Operation
    SIDEBAR: 3d Marine Division
  Diversionary Landings
    SIDEBAR: The Coastwatchers
  Battle at Sea
  Action Ashore: Koromokina
    SIDEBAR: 37th Infantry Division
  The Battle for Piva Trail
    SIDEBAR: War Dogs
  The Coconut Grove Battle
    SIDEBAR: Navajo Code Talkers
    SIDEBAR: ‘Corpsman!’
  Piva Forks Battle
  Hand Grenade Hill
  The Koiari Raid
  Hellzapoppin Ridge
  Epilogue
  Bougainville Finale
  Sources
  About the Author
  About this series of pamphlets
  Transcriber’s Notes




    TOP OF THE LADDER:

    MARINE OPERATIONS IN THE
    NORTHERN SOLOMONS

    MARINES IN
    WORLD WAR II
    COMMEMORATIVE SERIES

    BY CAPTAIN JOHN C. CHAPIN
    U.S. MARINE CORPS RESERVE (RET)

[Illustration: _Riflemen clad in camouflage dungarees await the
lowering of their landing craft from_ George Clymer _(APA 27) for
their dash to the beaches in their amphibious assault landing on
Bougainville_. (National Archives Photo 80-G-55810)]


[Illustration: _Raiders, up to their hips in water, man a machine gun
along a jungle trail_. Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 70764]




Top of the Ladder: Marine Operations in the Northern Solomons

_by Captain John C. Chapin, USMCR (Ret)_


Assault landings began for the men in the blackness of the early
hours of the morning. On 1 November 1943, the troops of the 3d Marine
Division were awakened before 0400, went to General Quarters at 0500,
ate a tense breakfast, and then stood by for the decisive command,
“Land the Landing Force.” All around them the preinvasion bombardment
thundered, as the accompanying destroyers poured their 5-inch shells
into the target areas, and spotters in aircraft helped to adjust the
fire.

As the sun rose on a bright, clear day, the word came at 0710 for the
first LCVPs (Landing Craft, Vehicle and Personnel) to pull away from
their transport ships and head for the shore, a 5,000-yard run across
Empress Augusta Bay to the beaches of an island called Bougainville.

Almost 7,500 Marines were entering their LCVPs (with Coast Guard
crew and coxswains) for an assault on 12 color-coded beaches. Eleven
of these extended west from Cape Torokina for 8,000 yards to the
Koromokina Lagoon. The 12th was on Puruata Island just offshore from
the beaches. The six beaches on the right were assigned to Colonel
George W. McHenry’s 3d Marines and Lieutenant Colonel Alan Shapley’s 2d
Raider Regiment (less one battalion). The five on the left and Puruata
Island were the objectives of Colonel Edward A. Craig’s 9th Marines and
Lieutenant Colonel Fred D. Bean’s 3d Raider Battalion.

[Illustration]

As the men headed for shore, 31 Marine torpedo and scout bombers,
covered by fighters, came screaming in from their base at Munda,
bombing and strafing to give the beaches a final plastering. At 0726,
the first wave touched ground, four minutes ahead of the official
H-Hour. As the other waves came in, it was immediately apparent that
there was serious trouble in two ways. A high surf was tossing the
LCVPs and LCMs (Landing Craft, Medium) around, and they were landing
on the wrong beaches, broaching, and smashing into each other in the
big waves. By the middle of the morning, 64 LCVPs and 22 LCMs were
hulks littering the beaches. Three of the designated beaches had to be
abandoned as unusable.

[Illustration:

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 62751

_Marine riflemen keep their heads down as they get closer to the
assault beach on D-Day._]

Major Donald M. Schmuck, commanding a company in the 3d Marines, later
recalled how, in the “mad confusion” of the beachhead, his company
was landed in the midst of heavy gunfire in the middle of another
battalion’s zone on the beach of Torokina. Running his company on the
double through the other battalion and the 2d Raiders’ zone across
inlets and swamp, Major Schmuck got his men to the right flank of his
own battalion where they were to have landed originally. His surprised
battalion commander, Lieutenant Colonel Hector de Zayas, stared at
the bedraggled new arrivals exclaiming, “Where have you been?” Major
Schmuck pointed back to Cape Torokina and replied, “Ask the Navy!”

[Illustration: _As seen from a beached landing craft, these Marines are
under fire while wading in the last few yards to the beach._]

The other trouble came from the Japanese defenders. While the 9th
Marines on the left landed unopposed, the 3d Marines on the right met
fierce opposition, a deadly crossfire of machine gun and artillery
fire. One Japanese 75mm gun, sited on Cape Torokina, was sending heavy
enfilade fire against the incoming landing waves. It smashed 14 boats
and caused many casualties. The boat group commander’s craft took a
direct hit, causing the following boat waves to become disorganized and
confused. Machine gun and rifle fire, with 90mm mortar bursts added,
covered the shoreline. Companies landed in the wrong places. Dense
underbrush, coming right down to the beaches, shrouded the defenders in
their 25 bunkers and numerous rifle pits. The commanding officer of the
1st Battalion, 3d Marines, Major Leonard M. “Spike” Mason, was wounded
and had to be evacuated, but not before he shouted to his men, “Get
the hell in there and fight!” Nearby, the executive officer of the 2d
Raider Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. McCaffery, was directing
an assault when he was severely wounded. He died that night.

[Illustration:

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC)

_Sgt Robert A. Owens was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor._]

In spite of the chaos, the intensive training of the Marines took hold.
Individuals and small groups moved in to assault the enemy, reducing
bunker after bunker, dropping grenades down their ventilators. For an
hour, the situation was in doubt.

The fierce combat led to a wry comment by one captain, Henry Applington
II, comparing “steak and eggs served on white tablecloths by stewards
... and three and a half hours and a short boat ride later ... rolling
in a ditch trying to kill another human being with a knife.”

The devastating fire from the 75mm cannon on Cape Torokina was finally
silenced when Sergeant Robert A. Owens, crept up to its bunker, and
although wounded, charged in and killed the gun crew and the occupants
of the bunker before he himself was killed. A posthumous Medal of Honor
was awarded to him for this heroic action which was so crucial to the
landing.

Meanwhile, on Puruata Island, just offshore of the landing beaches, the
noise was intense; a well-dug-in contingent of Japanese offered stiff
resistance to a reinforced company of the 3d Battalion, 2d Raiders.
It was midafternoon of D plus one before the defenders in pill boxes,
rifle pits, and trees were subdued, and then some of them got away to
fight another day. A two-pronged sweep and mop-up by the raiders on D
plus 2 found 29 enemy dead of the 70 Japanese estimated to have been on
that little island. The raiders lost five killed and 32 wounded.

An hour after the landings on the main beaches a traditional Marine
signal was flashed from shore to the command and staff still afloat,
“Situation well in hand.” This achievement of the riflemen came in
spite of the ineffective prelanding fire of the destroyers. The men
in front-line combat found that none of the 25 enemy bunkers on the
right-hand beaches had been hit. Some of the naval bombardment had
begun at a range of over seven miles, and the official Marine history
summarized, “The gunfire plan ... had accomplished nothing.”

[Illustration: _On a beach, rifles pointing toward the enemy, Marines
get ready to fight their way inland._

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 69782
]

Unloading supplies and getting them in usable order on the chaotic
beaches was a major problem. Seabees, sailors, and Marines all turned
to the task, with 40 percent of the entire landing force laboring as
the shore party. They sweated 6,500 tons of supplies ashore.

[Illustration: THE LANDING AT CAPE TOROKINA

I MARINE AMPHIBIOUS CORPS

1 NOVEMBER 1943

Yellow beaches for cargo unloading during assault phase]

Simultaneously, the batteries of the 12th Marines were struggling to
get their artillery pieces ashore and set to fire. One battery, in
support of the 2d Raider Battalion, waded through a lagoon to find
firing positions. Amtracs (amphibian tractors), supplemented by rubber
boats, were used to ferry the men and ammunition to the beaches. The
90mm antiaircraft guns of the 3d Defense Battalion were also brought
ashore early to defend against the anticipated air attacks.

The Japanese had been quick to respond to this concentration of
American ships. Before the first assault boats had hit the beach, a
large flight of enemy carrier planes was on its way to attack the
Marines and their supporting ships. New Zealand and Marine fighters
met them in the air and the covering destroyers put up a hail of
antiaircraft fire, while the transports and cargo ships took evasive
action. Successive Japanese flights were beaten off; 26 enemy planes
were shot down.

[Illustration: THE SOLOMON ISLANDS

1943]

[Illustration:

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 61899

_LtGen Alexander A. Vandegrift was an early commander of IMAC._]

The men in the rifle battalions long remembered the sight. On one
occasion, a Marine Corsair was about to pull the trigger on an enemy
Zeke (“Zero”) fighter set up perfectly in the pilot’s sights when
a burst of fire from Marine .50-caliber machine guns on the beach,
meant for the Zeke, shot the American down. One of the riflemen later
recalled that the Marine pilot fell into the ocean and surfaced with a
broken leg. “We waded out to get him. He was ticked off--mostly because
he missed the Jap.”

In spite of all these problems, the assault battalions had, by the
end of D-Day, reached their objectives on the Initial Beachhead Line,
600-1,000 yards inland. One enormous unexpected obstacle, however, had
now become painfully clear. Available maps were nearly useless, and a
large, almost impenetrable swamp, with water three to six feet deep,
lay right behind the beaches and made movement inland and lateral
contact among the Marine units impossible.

The night of D-Day was typical for the ground troops. By 1800, darkness
had set in and the men all knew the iron-clad rule: be in your foxhole
and stay there. Anyone moving around out there was a Japanese soldier
trying to infiltrate. John A. Monks, Jr., quoted a Marine in his book,
A Ribbon and a Star:

  From seven o’clock in the evening till dawn, with only centipedes
  and lizards and scorpions and mosquitoes begging to get
  acquainted--wet, cold, exhausted, but unable to sleep--you lay
  there and shivered and thought and hated and prayed. But you stayed
  there. You didn’t cough, you didn’t snore, you changed your
  position with the least amount of noise. For it was still great to
  be alive.

At sea, the transports and cargo ships were withdrawn; there was
intelligence that enemy naval forces were on the move.




[Sidebar (page 5):] Major General Allen H. Turnage, USMC


[Illustration]

Allen Hal Turnage was born in Farmville, North Carolina, on 3 January
1891. After attending Horner Military Academy and then the University
of North Carolina, at age 22 he was appointed a second lieutenant in
the U.S. Marine Corps. Sent to Haiti, he served with the 2d Marine
Regiment from 1915 to 1918, becoming a company commander in the Haitian
Gendarmerie.

A captain in 1917, Turnage did get to France where he commanded the 5th
Marine Brigade Machine Gun Battalion. Home in 1919, he was assigned
to the 5th Marines at Quantico and became regimental adjutant and an
instructor for the first Field Officers School, 1920-22.

A major in 1927, Turnage had three years with the Pacific fleet, and
then he served with the U.S. Electoral Mission in Nicaragua (1932).
He came back to Washington, made lieutenant colonel in 1934 and
full colonel in 1939. He was director of the Basic School at the
Philadelphia Navy Yard, and, in the spring of 1939, he was sent to
China to head Marine forces in North China.

In summer of 1941, on the eve of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,
he returned to Headquarters in Washington. In 1942, as a brigadier
general, he commanded the burgeoning Marine Base and Training Center at
New River, North Carolina.

When the 3d Marine Division was formed in September 1942, he was
named assistant division commander. In the summer of 1943 Turnage was
promoted to major general and selected to head the division. He then
led the division on Bougainville and in the liberation of Guam, the
first American territory to be recaptured from the enemy.

After the war, he was appointed Assistant Commandant, followed by
promotion to lieutenant general and command of FMFPac (Fleet Marine
Force, Pacific). He retired 1 January 1948, and died 22 October 1971.

His awards included the Navy Cross, the Navy Distinguished Service
Medal, and the Presidential Unit Citation (which his men received for
both Guam and Iwo Jima).




_Planning the Operation_


[Illustration:

    Photo courtesy of Cyril J. O’Brien

_LtGen Haruyoshi Hyakutake, commanded the Japanese forces on
Bougainville._]

This kind of strong enemy reaction, in the air and at sea, had been
expected by American staff officers who had put in long weeks planning
the Bougainville operation. Looking at a map of the Solomon Islands
chain, it was obvious that this largest island (130 by 30 miles) on
the northwest end was a prime objective to cap the long and painful
progress northward from the springboard of Guadalcanal at the south
end. As Guadalcanal had been the beginning of the island chain, so
now Bougainville would mark the top of the ladder in the Northern
Solomons. From Bougainville airfields, American planes could neutralize
the crucial Japanese base of Rabaul less than 250 miles away on
New Britain. From Bougainville, the enemy could defend his massive
air-naval complex at Rabaul. “Viewed from either camp, the island was a
priority possession.”

There were the usual sequences of high level planning conferences, but,
on 1 October 1943, Admiral William F. Halsey, Commander, South Pacific
Area, notified General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Allied Commander,
Southwest Pacific Area, that the beaches on Empress Augusta Bay in the
middle of Bougainville’s west coast would be the main objective. This
location was selected as the point to strike because with the main
Japanese forces 25 miles away at the opposite north and south ends of
the island, it would be the point of least opposition. In addition,
it provided a natural defensive region once the Marines had landed
and their airfields had been gouged out of the swamp and jungle.
Finally, the target area would provide a site for a long-range radar
installation and an advanced naval base for PT (patrol torpedo) boats.

It promised to be a campaign in a miserable location. And it was.
There were centipedes three fingers wide, butterflies as big as little
birds, thick and nearly impenetrable jungles, bottomless mangrove
swamps, crocodile infested rivers, millions of insects, and heavy daily
torrents of rain with enervating humidity.

Major General Allen H. Turnage, the 3d Marine Division commander,
summarized these horrors. “Never had men in the Marine Corps had to
fight and maintain themselves over such difficult terrain as was
encountered on Bougainville.”

To carry out this operation, Lieutenant General Alexander A.
Vandegrift, Commanding General, I Marine Amphibious Corps (IMAC),[A]
had in his command for the operation:

  3d Marine Division

  1st Marine Parachute Regiment

  2d Marine Raider Regiment

  37th Infantry Division, USA (in reserve)

    [A] Gen Vandegrift, 1st Marine Division commander on
        Guadalcanal, relieved MajGen Clayton B. Vogel as IMAC
        commander in July 1943. He in turn was relieved as IMAC
        commander by MajGen Charles D. Barrett on 27 September. Gen
        Vandegrift was on his way home to Washington to become 18th
        Commandant of the Marine Corps when, on the sudden death of
        Gen Barrett on 8 October, he was recalled to the Pacific
        to resume command of IMAC and lead it in the Bougainville
        operation. He, in turn, was relieved by MajGen Roy S.
        Geiger on 9 November.

The Marine riflemen in these units were supplemented by a wide range
of support: 155mm artillery; motor transport; amphibian tractor; and
signal, medical, special weapons, Seabee, and tank battalions. The 3d
Division had its own engineers and pioneers in the 19th Marines and
artillery in the 12th Marines.

Immediately following Vandegrift’s operation order, practice landing
exercises were conducted in the New Hebrides and on Guadalcanal and
Florida Islands.

[Illustration: TREASURY ISLANDS LANDINGS

I MARINE AMPHIBIOUS CORPS

27 OCTOBER 1943]

[Illustration: _LtCol Victor H. Krulak was commander of the Choiseul
operation._

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC)
]

The objectives assigned on Bougainville were to seize a substantial
beachhead and build airstrips. Then American planes could assure final
neutralization of the Japanese airfields at Kahili, Buka, and Bonis
airfields at the north and south ends of Bougainville. (By 31 October,
American planes had initially rendered the Japanese fields inoperable.)
After that would come a massive increase in air operations against
Rabaul.

Facing the invading Marines was a formidable enemy force dispersed
on the island. At Buin, for instance, there were 21,800 Japanese.
Responsible for the defense was an old adversary, Lieutenant General
Haruyoshi Hyakutake, commander of the _Seventeenth Army_, and the man
the Marines had defeated at Guadalcanal. His main force was the _6th
Division_.

Working with the ground U. S. forces were the aviators of Air Solomons:
New Zealand fighters, Army Air Force bombers, and the 1st and 2d Marine
Aircraft Wings. As early as 15 August fighter planes from VMF-214
(the famous Black Sheep squadron) had strafed the Kahili airfield at
the southern end of Bougainville. Now, in October, there were repeated
strikes against the Japanese planes at other Bougainville airfields.

At sea, Halsey had designated Rear Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson as
commander of Task Force 31. Under him were Rear Admiral Frederick C.
Sherman with the carriers (TF 38) and Rear Admiral Aaron S. “Tip”
Merrill with the cruisers and destroyers (TF 39). Their job was to
soften up the defenders before the landing and to safeguard the
Marine-held beachhead.




[Sidebar (page 8):] 3d Marine Division


With Japan’s initial conquests spread over vast reaches of the Pacific,
it quickly became obvious that additional Marine divisions were sorely
needed. Accordingly, a letter from the Commandant on 29 August 1942
authorized the formation of the 3d Marine Division.

There was the 3d Marines, which had been activated first on 20 December
1916 at Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic. Deactivated in August
1922, the regiment was again brought to life on 16 June 1942 at
Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, and strengthened by boots from Parris
Island. Its commander, Colonel Oscar R. Cauldwell, soon led to it to
Samoa, arriving there in September 1942. Intensive training in jungle
tactics and practice landings took place there. Then, in March 1943,
it received a substantial number of reinforcing units and became a
full-fledged regimental combat team, beefing up its strength to 5,600.
Finally, in May 1943, it sailed for New Zealand, where the 3d Marine
Division would come together.

Also with World War I roots, the 9th Marines was born 20 November 1917
at Quantico, Virginia, and was sent to Cuba. From there it moved to
Texas, before being deactivated at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in April
1919. Reactivated on 12 February 1942 at Camp Elliott, California,
under Colonel Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., it underwent training at the new
Camp Pendleton. Similarly reinforced, by 1 January 1943 it was ready as
a regimental combat team with 5,500 men. Movement overseas brought it
to New Zealand on 5 February 1943.

The third infantry regiment that would make up the division was the
21st Marines. It was formed from a cadre of well-trained men from the
6th Marines, who had just returned from duty in Iceland. Arriving at
Camp Lejeune on 15 July 1942, the cadre was augmented by boots from
Parris Island and officers from Quantico. Colonel Daniel E. Campbell
assumed command and the training began. Moving to join the other
elements, the regiment arrived in New Zealand 11 March 1943.

The reinforcing of the infantry regiments to make them into
self-sustaining regimental combat teams drew heavily on their two
complementary regiments: the 12th Marines and the 19th Marines. The
12th Marines was a salty old unit, led by Brigadier General Smedley D.
Butler in China in the 1920s. It’s antecedent was a small provisional
contingent sent to protect American interests in China and designated
the 12th Regiment (infantry), 4 October 1927. The 12th was reactivated
at Camp Elliott on 1 September 1942 for World War II as an artillery
regiment under command of Colonel John B. Wilson. Concluding its
training, the regiment arrived in New Zealand on 11 March 1943.

The 19th Marines was different. It was made up of Seabees, engineers,
bakers, piledrivers, pioneers, paving specialists, and many old timers
from the 25th Naval Construction Battalion at the U.S. Naval Advance
Base, Port Hueneme, California. It, too, was formed at Camp Elliott
and its birthday was 16 September 1942. This was the regiment with
pontoons for bridges, power plants, photographic darkrooms, bulldozers,
excavators, needles, thread, and water purification machinery. No
landing force would dare take an island without them. Colonel Robert M.
Montague took command of the unit in New Zealand on 11 March 1943.

The division’s first commander was Major General Charles D. Barrett,
a veteran of World War I. He assumed command in September 1942, but
left a year later to take charge of IMAC and the planning for the
Bougainville operation.

His assistant division commander had been Brigadier General Allen
H. Turnage, and, upon Barrett’s death, he was promoted to major
general and given command of the division which he would soon lead at
Bougainville.




_Diversionary Landings_


There was another key element in the American plan: diversion. To
mislead the enemy on the real objective, Bougainville, the IMAC
operations order on 15 October directed the 8th Brigade Group of the
3d New Zealand Division to land on the Treasury Islands, 75 miles
southeast of Empress Augusta Bay. There, on 27 October, the New
Zealanders, under Brigadier R. A. Row, with 1,900 Marine support
troops, went ashore on two small islands.

One was named Mono and the other Sterling. Mono is about four miles
wide, north to south, and seven miles long. It looks like a pancake.
Sterling, shaped like a hook, is four miles long, narrow in places to
300 yards, but with plenty of room on its margins for airstrips.

In a drizzly overcast, the 29th NZ Battalion (Lieutenant
Colonel F. L. H. Davis) and the 36th (Lieutenant Colonel K. B.
McKenzie-Muirson) hit Mono at Falami Point, and the 34th (under
Lieutenant Colonel R. J. Eyre) struck the beach of Sterling Island off
Blanche Harbor. There was light opposition. Help for the assault troops
came from LCI (landing craft, infantry) gunboats which knocked out at
least one deadly Japanese 40mm twin-mount gun and a couple of enemy
bunkers.

A simultaneous landing was then made on the opposite or north side of
Mono Island at Soanotalu. This was perhaps the most important landing
of all, for there New Zealand soldiers, American Seabees, and U.S.
radar specialists would set up a big long-range radar station.

The Japanese soon reacted to the Soanotalu landing and hurled
themselves against the perimeter. On one occasion, 80-90 Japanese
attacked 50 New Zealanders who waited until they saw “the whites of
their eyes.” They killed 40 of the Japanese and dispersed the rest.

There was unexpected machine gunfire at Sterling. One Seabee bulldozer
operator attacked the machine gun with his big blade. An Army corporal,
a medic, said he couldn’t believe it, “The Seabee ran his dozer over
and over the machine gun nest until everything was quiet.... It all
began to stink after a couple of days.”

Outmanned, the Japanese drew back to higher ground, were hunted down,
and killed. Surrender was still not in their book. On 12 November,
the New Zealanders could call the Treasuries their own with the radar
station in operation. Japanese dead totaled 205, and the brigade took
only eight prisoners. The operation had secured the seaside flank of
Bougainville, and very soon on Sterling there was an airfield. It began
to operate against enemy forces on Bougainville on Christmas Day, 1943.

A second diversion, east of the Treasury Islands and 45 miles from
Bougainville, took place on Choiseul Island. Sub-Lieutenant C. W.
Seton, Royal Australian Navy and coastwatcher on Choiseul, said the
Japanese there appeared worried. The garrison troops were shooting at
their own shadows, perhaps because American and Australian patrols had
been criss-crossing the 80-miles-long (20-miles-wide) island since
September, scouting out the Japanese positions. There were also some
3,500 transient enemy troops on Choiseul, bivouacked and waiting to
be shipped the 45 miles north to Buin on Bougainville, where there
was already a major Japanese garrison force. Uncertainty about the
American threat of invasion somewhere was enough to make the Japanese,
especially Vice Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, Commander, Southeast Area
Fleet, at Rabaul jittery. It was he who wanted much of the Japanese
_Seventeenth Army_ concentrated at Buin, for, he thought, the Allies
might strike there.

General Vandegrift wanted to be sure that the Japanese were focused
on Buin. So, on 20 October, he called in Lieutenant Colonel Robert H.
Williams, commanding the 1st Parachute Regiment, and Lieutenant Colonel
Victor H. Krulak, commanding its 2d Battalion. Get ashore on Choiseul,
the general ordered, and stir up the biggest commotion possible, “Make
sure they think the invasion has commenced....”

It was a most unusual raid, 656 men, a handful of native guides, and
an Australian coastwatcher with a road map. The Navy took Krulak’s
reinforced battalion of parachutists to a beach site near a hamlet
called Voza. That would be the CP (command post) location for the
duration. The troops slipped ashore on 28 October at 0021 and soon had
all their gear concealed in the bush.

By daylight, the Marines had established a base on a high jungle
plateau in the Voza area. The Japanese soon spotted the intruders, sent
a few fighter planes to rake the beach, but that did no harm. They did
not see the four small landing craft which Krulak had brought along and
hidden among some mangroves with their Navy crews on call.

Krulak then outlined two targets. Eight miles south from their CP at
Voza there was a large enemy barge base near the Vagara River. The
Australian said some 150 Japanese were there. The other objective was
an enemy outpost in the opposite direction, 17 miles north on the
Warrior River. Then Krulak took his operations officer, Major Tolson A.
Smoak, 17 men, and a few natives as scouts, and headed for the barge
basin. On the way, 10 unlucky Japanese were encountered unloading a
barge. The Marines opened fire, killing seven of them and sinking the
barge. After reconnoitering the main objective, the barge basin, the
patrol returned to Voza.

The following morning, Krulak sent a patrol near the barge basin to
the Vagara River for security and then to wave in his small landing
craft bringing up his troops to attack. But, back at Voza, along came
a flight of American planes which shot up the Marines and sank one
of their vital boats. Now Krulak’s attack would have to walk to the
village of Sangigai by the Japanese barge basin. To soften up Sangigai,
Krulak called in 26 fighters escorting 12 torpedo bombers. They dropped
two tons of bombs and it looked for all the world like a real invasion.

Krulak then sent a company to attack the basin from the beach, and
another company with rifles, machine guns, rockets, and mortars to get
behind the barge center. It was a pincer and it worked. The Marines
attacked at 1400 on 30 October. What the battle didn’t destroy, the
Marines blew up. The Japanese lost 72 dead; the Marines, 4 killed and
12 wounded.

All was not so well in the other direction. Major Warner T. Bigger,
Krulak’s executive officer, had been sent north with 87 Marines toward
the big emplacement on Choiseul Bay near the Warrior River. His mission
was to destroy, first the emplacement, with Guppy Island, just off
shore and fat with supplies, as his secondary target.

Bigger got to the Warrior River, but his landing craft became stuck
in the shallows, so he brought them to a nearby cove, hid them in the
jungle, and proceeded on foot north to Choiseul Bay. Soon his scouts
said that they were lost. It was late in the day so Bigger bivouacked
for the night. He sent a patrol back to the Warrior where it found a
Japanese force. Slipping stealthily by them, the patrol got back to
Voza. This led Krulak to call for fighter cover and PT boats to try to
get up and withdraw Bigger.

But Bigger didn’t know he was in trouble, and he went ahead and blasted
Guppy island with mortars, because he couldn’t get to the main enemy
emplacement. When Bigger and his men barely got back to the Warrior
River, there were no rescue boats, but there were plenty of Japanese.
As the men waited tensely, the rescue boats came at the last moment,
the very last. Thankfully, the men scrambled on board under enemy fire.
Then two PT boats arrived, gun blazing, and provided cover so Bigger’s
patrol could get back to Voza. One of the PT boats was commanded by
Lieutenant John F. Kennedy, USN, later the President of the United
States, who took 55 Marines on board when their escape boat sank.

[Illustration: CHOISEUL DIVERSION

2d PARACHUTE BATTALION

28 OCTOBER-3 NOVEMBER 1943]

Krulak had already used up all his time and luck. The Japanese were
now on top of him, their commanders particularly chagrined that they
had been fooled, for the big landing had already occurred at Empress
Augusta Bay. Krulak had to get out; Coastwatcher Seton said there was
not much time. On the night of 3 November, three LCIs rendezvoused off
Voza. Krulak gave all his rations to the natives as the Marines boarded
the LCIs. They could hear their mines and booby traps exploding to
delay the Japanese. Within hours after the departure, a strong Japanese
pincer snapped shut around the Voza encampment, but the Marines had
gone, having suffered 9 killed, 15 wounded, and 2 missing, but
leaving at least 143 enemy dead on Choiseul.




[Sidebar (page 9):] The Coastwatchers


It was on Bougainville, as well as on other islands of the Solomons
chain, that the Australian coastwatchers played their most decisive
role in transmitting vital advance warnings to Allied forces in
the lower Solomon Islands. Japanese war planes and ships summoned
in urgency to smash the beachhead at Guadalcanal had to pass over
Bougainville, the big island in the middle of the route from Rabaul.

Paul Mason, short, bespectacled, soft spoken, held an aerie in the
south mountains over Buin, and dark, wiry W. J. “Jack” Read watched
the ship and aircraft movements of the Japanese in and around Buka
in the north. One memorable Mason wireless dispatch: “Twenty-five
torpedo bombers headed yours.” The message cost the Japanese Imperial
Navy every one of those airplanes, save one. Read reported a dozen
or so Japanese transports assembling at Buka before their trip to
Guadalcanal, with enough troops loaded on board to take the island
back. All of the transports were lost or beached under the fierce
attack of U.S. warplanes.

In 1941, as the war with Japan commenced, there were 100 coastwatchers
in the Solomons. There were 10 times that number as the war ended,
later including Americans. Assembled first as a tight group of island
veterans in 1939 (although there had been coastwatchers after World War
I) under Lieutenant Commander A. Eric Feldt, Royal Australian Navy,
their job was to cover about a half million miles of land, sea, and air.

The very first moves of the Japanese on Guadalcanal were observed
by coastwatchers in the surrounding hills. The coastwatchers could
count the Japanese hammer strokes, almost see the nails. When the
Japanese began the airfield (later to be called Henderson Field),
the report of the coastwatchers went all the way up the American
Joint Chiefs of Staff and across the desk of Admiral Ernest J. King,
Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet.

Later, General Alexander A. Vandegrift on Guadalcanal banked heavily on
the intelligence coming in from the radios of the coastwatchers. The
attacks on the Treasuries and Choiseul were based on the information
provided them. On New Georgia, long before Americans decided to take
it, a coastwatcher had set up a haven for downed Allied pilots. And
if the Americans needed a captured Japanese officer or soldier for
interrogation, the local scouts were often able to provide one.

The key to coastwatching was the tele-radio or wireless, good to 600
miles by key, 400 by voice. Cumbersome, heavy, the set took more than
a dozen men to carry it--an indication of how much the Allies depended
upon the local natives.

The risks were great. Death would come after torture. But Mason
recalled the risk was worth it, seeing the sleek, orderly formations
heading for Guadalcanal, then limping back home with gaping holes
in their hulls. Mason and Read were highly decorated by both the
Australians and Americans for their vital services.




_Battle at Sea_


A final part of the planning for the main landing on Bougainville had
envisioned the certainty of a Japanese naval sortie to attack the
invasion transports. It came very early on the morning of D plus 1. On
the enemy side, Japanese destroyer Captain Tameichi Hara, skipper of
the _Shigure_, later recalled it was cold, drizzly, and murky, with
very limited visibility as his destroyer pulled out of Simpson Harbor,
Rabaul. He was a part of the interception force determined to chew
up the U.S. invasion troops that had just landed at Empress Augusta
Bay. The _Shigure_ was one of the six destroyers in the van of the
assigned element of the _Southeast Area Fleet_, which included the
heavy cruisers _Myoko_ and _Haguro_, together with the light cruisers
_Agano_ and _Sendai_. At 0027, 2 November 1943, he would run abreast
of U.S. Task Force 39 under Rear Admiral Merrill, who stood by to bar
the enemy approach with four light cruisers and eight destroyers. Among
his captains was the daring and determined Arleigh Burke on board the
_Charles S. Ausburne_ (DD 570) commanding DesDiv (Destroyer Division)
45.

This encounter was crucial to the Bougainville campaign. At Rabaul,
Rear Admiral Matsuji Ijuin had told his sailors, “Japan will topple if
Bougainville falls.”

At 0250, the American ships were in action. Captain Burke (later to
become Chief of Naval Operations) closed in on the nearest of the
enemy force under Vice Admiral Sentaro Omori. Burke’s destroyers fired
25 torpedoes, and then Merrill maneuvered his cruiser to avoid the
expected “Long Lance” torpedo response of the Japanese and to put his
ships in position to fire with their six-inch guns.

“I shuddered,” Hara wrote later, “at the realization that they must
have already released their torpedoes. The initiative was in the hands
of the enemy. In an instant, I yelled two orders: ‘Launch torpedoes!
Hard right rudder.’” Not a single Japanese or American torpedo found
its mark in the first exchange. Merrill then brought all his guns to
bear. The Japanese answered in kind. The Japanese eight-inch gun salvos
were either short or ahead. The Americans were luckier. One shell of
their first broadside slammed amidships into the cruiser _Sendai_
which carried Admiral Ijuin. There was frantic maneuvering to avoid
shells, with giant warships, yards apart at times, cutting at speeds
of 30 knots. Still _Sendai_ managed to avoid eight American torpedoes,
even with her rudder jammed. Then a Japanese torpedo caught the U.S.
destroyer _Foote_ (DD 511) and blew off her stern, leaving her dead in
the water.

Samuel Eliot Morison in _Breaking the Bismarck Barrier_, tells how
“Merrill maneuvered his cruisers so smartly and kept them at such range
that no enemy torpedoes could hit.” Admiral Omori showed the same skill
and judgement, but he was a blind man. Only the American had radar.
Hara afterwards explained, “Japan did not see the enemy, failed to size
up the enemy and failed to locate it.... The Japanese fleet was a blind
man swinging a stick against a seeing opponent. The Japanese fleet had
no advantage at all....”

What Japan had lacked in electronic sight, however, it partially made
up with its super-brilliant airplane-dropped flares and naval gunfire
star shells. Commander Charles H. Pollow, USN, a former radio officer
on the _Denver_ (CL 58), recalled the “unblinking star shells that
would let you read the fine print in the bible....” The Japanese also
had a range advantage in their eight-inch guns, “Sometimes we couldn’t
touch them....” Three shells hit his _Denver_--not one detonated, but
the ship was damaged. _Columbia_ (CL 56) also took an eight-inch hole
through her armor plate.

Then Merrill confused the enemy ships with smoke so dense that the
Japanese believed the Americans were heading one way when they were
in fact steaming in another direction. But before Admiral Omori could
break away, Burke and his destroyer division of “Little Beavers” was
in among them. First the _Sendai_ was sent to the bottom with 335 men,
then _Hatsukaze_, brushed in an accident with _Myoko_, was finished
off by Burke’s destroyers and sank with all hands on board--240
men. Damaged were the cruisers _Haguro_, _Myoko_, and destroyers
_Shiratsuyu_ and _Samidare_. But, most important, the threat to the
beachhead had been stopped.

The Americans got off with severe damage to the _Foote_ and light
damage to the _Denver_, _Spence_ (DD 512), and _Columbia_. Hara later
wrote, “had they pursued us really hot[ly] ... practically all the
Japanese ships would have perished.” The Americans had left the fight
too soon.

And Admiral Ijuin’s prediction that Japan would topple after the loss
of Bougainville proved to be accurate, but not because of this loss,
particularly. It was just one of the number of defeats which were to
doom Japan.




_Action Ashore: Koromokina_


Back on Bougainville, following the landing, the days D plus 1 to D
plus 5 saw the initiation of Phase II of the operation, involving
shifting of units’ positions, reorganizing the shambles of supplies,
incessant patrols, road building, the beginning of the construction of
a fighter airstrip, and the deepening of the beachhead to 2,000 yards.

[Illustration: JAPANESE COUNTERLANDING

LARUMA RIVER AREA

7 NOVEMBER 1943]

Then, at dawn on the morning of 7 November (D plus 6), the Japanese
struck. Four of their destroyers put ashore 475 men well west of
the Marine perimeter, between the Laruma River and the Koromokina
Lagoon. They landed in 21 craft: barges, ramped landing boats, even
a motor boat, but, to their disadvantage, along too wide a front for
coordinating and organizing a strike in unison and immediately. A
Marine Corps combat correspondent, Sergeant Cyril J. O’Brien, saw the
skinny young Japanese who scampered up the beach with 80-pound packs
two-and-a-half miles from the Laruma to near the Koromokina, left flank
of the Marines, to join their comrades.

They were eager enough, even to die. A little prayer often in the
pockets of the dead voiced the fatalistic wish that “whether I
float a corpse under the waters, or sink beneath the grasses of the
mountainside, I willingly die for the Emperor.”

The first few Japanese ashore near the Laruma, however, did not die. An
antitank platoon with the 9th Marines did not fire because the landing
craft in the mist looked so much like their own, even to the big white
numbers on the prow. Near Koromokina, they seemed to be all over the
beach. One outpost platoon, which included Private First Class John F.
Perella, 19 years old, was cut off on the beach. Perella swam through
the surf 1,000 yards to Marine lines and came with a Navy rescue boat
and earned a Silver Star Medal.

[Illustration: _Sgt Herbert J. Thomas was posthumously awarded the
Medal of Honor._

    Department of Defense (USMC) 302918
]

Lieutenant Colonel Walter Asmuth, Jr., commanding officer of the 3d
Battalion, 9th Marines, ordered a company attack, called on mortars
and the artillery of the 12th Marines. The Japanese were well equipped
with the so-called knee mortars (actually grenade launchers) and Nambu
machine guns and fought back fiercely. In that jungle, you could not
see, hear, or smell a man five feet away. Private First Class Challis
L. Still found a faint trail and settled his machine gun beside it.
An ambush was easy. The lead Japanese were close enough to touch when
Still opened up. He killed 30 in the column; he was a recipient of the
Silver Star Medal.

Yet, the Japanese didn’t give way. Ashore only hours, they had already
dug strong defenses. Even a Marine double envelopment in water,
sometimes up to the waist, did not work. By 1315, the weakened 9th
Marines company was relieved by the 1st Battalion, 3d Marines, coming
in from the beachhead’s right flank.

During darkness on that night of 7 November, enemy infiltrators got
through to the hospital. Bullets ripped through tents as surgeons
performed operations. The doctors of the 3d Medical Battalion, under
Commander Robert R. Callaway, were protected by a makeshift line of
cooks, bakers, and stretcher bearers. (As a memorable statistic, less
than one percent died of wounds on Bougainville after having arrived at
a field hospital.)

[Illustration:

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 12756

_PFC Henry Gurke was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor._]

The 1st Battalion was close to the enemy, close enough to exchange
shouts. The Japanese yelled “Moline you die” ... and the Marines made
earthy references to Premier Tojo’s diet. Marine Captain Gordon Warner
was fluent in Japanese, so he could quickly reply to the Japanese, even
yell believable orders for a bayonet charge. He received the Navy Cross
for destroying machine gun nests with a helmet full of hand grenades.
He lost a leg in the battle.

Sergeant Herbert J. Thomas gave his life near the Koromokina. His
platoon was forced prone by machine gunfire, and Thomas threw a grenade
to silence the weapon. The grenade rebounded from jungle vines and the
young West Virginian smothered it with his body. He posthumously was
awarded the Medal of Honor.

General Turnage saw that reinforcements were needed. The day before
(6 November) the first echelon of the 21st Marines had come ashore.
Now the battle command was transferred to Lieutenant Colonel Ernest
W. Fry, Jr., of the 1st Battalion. With two companies, he was set for
a counterattack, but not until after two intense saturations of the
Japanese positions by mortars and five batteries of artillery. They
slammed into a concentrated area, 300 yards wide and 600 deep, early on
8 November. Light tanks then moved in to support the attack.

When Colonel Fry’s advancing companies reached the area where the
Japanese had been, there was stillness, desolation, ploughed earth, and
uprooted trees. Combat correspondent Alvin Josephy wrote of men hanging
in trees, “Some lay crumpled and twisted beside their shattered
weapons, some covered by chunks of jagged logs and jungle earth, [by]
a blasted bunker....” In that no-man’s land, Colonel Fry and his men
walked over and around the bodies of over 250 enemy soldiers. To
complete the annihilation of the Japanese landing force, Marine dive
bombers from Munda bombed and strafed the survivors on 9 November.

By now, the veteran 148th Infantry, the first unit of the Army’s 37th
Infantry Division, was coming ashore, seasoned in the Munda campaign
on New Georgia. Later, to take over the left flank of the beachhead,
would come its other infantry regiments, the 129th on 13 November and
the 145th on 19 November. The Army’s 135th, 136th, and 140th Field
Artillery came ashore, too, and would be invaluable in supporting later
advances on the right flank. Major General Robert S. Beightler, USA,
was division commander.




[Sidebar (page 13):] 37th Infantry Division


[Illustration: _Major General Robert S. Beightler, USA_]

Called the “Buckeye” Division, the 37th was among the very first
American troops sent to the Pacific at the beginning of the war.

The 37th was an outfit with a long history and many battle streamers,
dating from August 1917, when it was formed at Camp Sheridan, Alabama.
It left for overseas in 1918, and took part in five major operations in
France before returning in 1919, and facing demobilization that same
year.

As an Ohio National Guard unit, the “Buckeye” Division was inducted
into federal service in 1940, and by June of 1942, it was heading into
the Pacific war, sent to garrison the Fiji Islands. First combat was
on New Georgia, which included taking the critical Munda airfield. The
37th joined the 3d Marine Division on Bougainville, and then trained on
the island for the campaign on Luzon Island in the Philippines.

Landing with the Sixth Army at Lingayen Gulf, 9 January 1945, the 37th
raced inland to Clark Field and Fort Stotsenburg. It entered Manila,
and its commander, Major General Robert S. Beightler, accepted the
surrender of General Tomoyuki Yamashita. Next came the capture of
Baguio and liberation there of 1,300 internees at the Bilibid Prison.
The division came home for demobilization in November 1945.

Its commander, Major General Beightler, was born 21 March 1892, and
enlisted in the U.S. Army as a private in 1911. Promoted quickly to
corporal, sergeant, and then first sergeant of his company, he was then
commissioned as a second lieutenant in March 1914. After service on the
Mexican border, he took part in five major campaigns in World War I
with the famous 42d (Rainbow) Division.

[Illustration]

A graduate of Ohio State University, Beightler finished first in his
class in the Reserve Officers’ Course of the Command and General Staff
School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1926. After that he served as a
member of the War Plans Division of the War Department General Staff
(1932-36).

After World War II, he assumed command of the Fifth Service Command at
Fort Hayes, Ohio, and then was assigned (1947) to the Personnel Board
of the Secretary of War. In 1949, he was sent to the Far East and took
over the Marianas-Bonins Command on Guam. In 1950 he was named Deputy
Governor of the Ryukyus Command on Okinawa.

Major General Beightler received the Distinguished Service Cross, the
nation’s second highest honor, for his leadership in the Philippine
campaign, as well as a Distinguished Service Medal for the New
Georgia operation, with an Oak Leaf Cluster as a second award for his
outstanding service on Bougainville and then on Luzon in the Philippine
Islands. He also wore the Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster, the
Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Silver Star Medal, and the
Purple Heart.

He died 12 February 1978.




_The Battle for Piva Trail_


[Illustration: BATTLE FOR PIVA TRAIL

2d RAIDER REGIMENT

8-9 NOVEMBER]

Captain Conrad M. Fowler, a company commander in the 1st Battalion, 9th
Marines, later recalled how an attack down the trails was expected:
“They had to come our way to meet us face-to-face. The trails were the
only way overland through that rainforest.” His company would be there
to meet them. He was awarded a Silver Star Medal.

[Illustration: COCONUT GROVE

2d BATTALION, 21st MARINES

13-14 NOVEMBER]

[Illustration:

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 52622

_MajGen Roy S. Geiger assumed command of IMAC on 9 November 1943._]

With just such a Japanese attack anticipated, General Turnage had
dispatched a company of the 2d Raider Regiment up the Mission (Piva)
trail on D-Day to set up a road block--just up from the old Buretoni
Catholic Mission (still in operation today). At first the raiders had
little business, and by 4 November elements of the 9th Marines had
arrived to join them. The enemy, the _23rd Infantry_ up from Buin,
struck on 7 November. Their attack was timed to coincide with the
Koromokina landings. The raiders held, but “the woods were full of
Japs, dead.... The most we had to do was bury them.”

At this point General Turnage told Colonel Edward A. Craig, commanding
officer of the 9th Marines, to clear the way ahead and advance to the
junction of the Piva and Numa-Numa trails. That mission Craig gave
to the 2d Raider Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Alan B. Shapley.
The actual attack would be led by Lieutenant Colonel Fred D. Beans,
3d Raider Battalion, just in from Puruata Island and would include
elements of the 9th Marines and weapons companies.

The Japanese didn’t wait for a Marine attack; they came in on 5
November and threatened to overrun the trailblock. It soon became a
matter of brutal small encounters, and battles raged for five days.
They were many brave acts. Privates First Class Henry Gurke and Donald
G. Probst, with an automatic weapon, were about to be overwhelmed.
A grenade plopped in the foxhole between them. To save the critical
position and his companion, Gurke thrust Probst aside and threw
himself on the grenade and died. He was awarded the Medal of Honor
posthumously; Probst, the Silver Star Medal.

Mortars and artillery dueled from each side. The Japanese would
creep right next to the Marine positions for safety. Marines had to
call friendly fire almost into their laps. On the narrow trail, men
often had to expose themselves. The Japanese got the worst of it,
for suddenly, shortly after noon on 9 November the enemy resistance
crumbled. By 1500, the junction of the Piva and Numa-Numa trails was
reached and secured. Some 550 Japanese died. There were 19 Marines dead
and 32 wounded.

[Illustration: _Adm William F. Halsey (pith helmet) and MajGen Geiger
(“fore and aft” cover) watch Army reinforcements come ashore at
Bougainville._

    National Archives Photo 127-N-65494
]

To consolidate the hard-won position, Marine torpedo bombers from
Munda blasted the surrounding area on 10 November. This allowed two
battalions of the 9th Marines to settle into good defensive positions
along the Numa-Numa Trail with, as usual, “aggressive” patrols
immediately fanning out. The battle for the Piva Trail had ended
victoriously.

The key logistical element in this engagement--and nearly all others
on Bougainville--was the amtrac. There were vast areas where tanks
and half-tracks, much less trucks, simply could not negotiate the
bottomless swamps, omnipresent streams, and viscous mud from the
daily rains. The amtracs proved amazingly flexible; they moved men,
ammunition, rations, water, barbed wire, and even radio jeeps to the
front lines where they were most needed. Heading back, they evacuated
the wounded to reach the desperately needed medical centers in the
rear.

[Illustration:

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 65162

_A bloody encounter on 14 November at the junction of the Numa-Numa and
Piva Trails: Marine infantrymen had been stopped by well dug-in and
camouflaged enemy troops. Five Marine tanks rushed up and attacked on a
250-yard front through the jungle._]

Other developments came at this juncture in the campaign. As noted,
the 37th Infantry Division was fed into the perimeter. At the top of
the command echelon Major General Roy S. Geiger relieved Vandegrift
as Commanding General, IMAC, on 9 November and took charge of Marine
and Army units in the campaign from an advanced command post on
Bougainville.

The Seabees and Marine engineers were hard at work now. Operating
dangerously 1,500 yards ahead of the front lines, guarded by a strong
combat patrol, they managed to cut two 5,000-foot survey lanes east to
west across the front of the perimeter.




[Sidebar (page 16):] War Dogs


[Illustration]

In an interview with Captain Wilcie O’Bannon long after the war,
Captain John Monks, Jr., gained an insight into one of the least known
aspects of Marine tactics. It was an added asset that the official
Marine history called “invaluable”: war dogs. O’Bannon, the first
patrol leader to have them, related:

  One dog was a German Shepherd female, the other was a Doberman
  male, and they had three men with them. The third man handled
  the dogs all the time in the platoon area prior to our going on
  patrol--petting the dogs, talking to them, and being nice to them.
  The other two handlers--one would go to the head of the column and
  one would go to the rear with the female messenger dog.... If the
  dog in front received enemy fire and got away, he could either
  come back to me or circle to the back of the column. If I needed
  to send a message I would write it, give it to the handler, and
  he would pin it on the dog’s collar. He would clap his hands and
  say, “Report,” and the dog would be off like a gunshot to go to the
  third man in the rear who had handled him before the patrol.

The war dogs proved very versatile. They ran telephone wire, detected
ambushes, smelled out enemy patrols, and even a few machine gun nests.
The dog got GI chow, slept on nice mats and straw, and in mud-filled
foxholes. First Lieutenant Clyde Henderson with one of the dog platoons
recalled how the speed and intelligence of dogs was crucial in light
of the abominable communications in the jungle, where sometimes
communications equipment was not much better than yelling.

Under such circumstances, a German Shepherd named “Caesar” made the
difference between life and death for at least one company. With all
wires cut and no communication, Caesar got through repeatedly to the
battalion command post and returned to the lines. One Japanese rifle
wound didn’t stop him, but a second had Caesar returned to the rear
on a stretcher. A memorable letter from Commandant Thomas B. Holcomb
described how Caesar another time had saved the life of a Marine
when the dog attacked a Japanese about to throw a hand grenade. The
Commandant also cited in letters four other dogs for their actions on
Bougainville.

Sergeant William O. McDaniel, in the 9th Marines, remembered, “One
night, one of the dogs growled and Slim Livesay, a squad leader from
Montana, shot and hit a Jap right between the eyes. We found the Jap
the next morning, three feet in front of the hole.”

One Marine said that what Marines liked most was the security dogs gave
at night and the rare chance to sleep in peace. No enemy would slip
through the lines with a dog on guard.

There were 52 men and 36 dogs in the K-9 company on Bougainville.




_The Coconut Grove Battle_


On D plus 10, 11 November, a new operation order was issued. “Continue
the attack with the 3d Marine Division on the right (east) and the 37th
Infantry Division on the left (west).” An Army-Marine artillery group
was assembled under IMAC control to provide massed fire, and Marine
air would be on call for close support.

The first objective in the renewed push was to seize control of the
critical junction of the Numa-Numa Trail and the East-West trail. On 13
November a company of the 21st Marines led off the advance at 0800. At
1100 it was ambushed by a “sizeable” enemy force concealed in a coconut
palm grove near the trail junction. The Japanese had won the race to
the crossroads, and the situation for the lead Marine company soon
became critical. The 2d Battalion commander, Lieutenant Colonel Eustace
R. Smoak, sent up his executive officer, Major Glenn Fissell, with 12th
Marines’ artillery observers. They reported the situation as all bad.
Then Major Fissell was killed. Disdaining flank security, Smoak moved
closer to the fight and fed in reinforcing companies. (By now a lateral
road across the front of the perimeter had been built.)

The next day tanks were brought up and artillery registered around the
battalion. Smoak also called in 18 torpedo bombers. The reorganized
riflemen lunged forward again in a renewed attack. The tanks proved an
ineffective disaster, causing chaos at one point by firing on fellow
Marines on their flank and running over several of their own men.
Nevertheless, the Japanese positions were overrun by the end of the
day, with the enemy survivors driven off into a swamp. The Marines now
commanded the junction of the two vital trails. As a result, the entire
beachhead was able to spring forward 1,000 to 1,500 yards, reaching
Inland Defense Line D, 5,000 yards from the beach.

[Illustration:

    Photo courtesy of Cyril J. O’Brien.

_“Marine Drive” constructed by the 53d Naval Construction Battalion
enabled casualties to be sent to medical facilities in the rear and
supplies to be brought forward easily._]

One important result of this advance was that the two main airstrips
could now be built. The airfields would be the work of the Seabees.
The 25th, 53d, and 71st Naval Construction Battalions (“Seabees”) had
landed on D-Day with the assault waves of the 3d Marine Division--to
get ready at once to build roads, airfields, and camp areas. (They
had a fighter strip operating at Torokina by December). Always
close to Marines, the Seabees earned their merit in the eyes of the
Leathernecks. Often Marines had to clear the way with fire so a Seabee
could do his work. Many would recall the bold Seabee bulldozer driver
covering a sputtering machine gun nest with his blade. Marines on the
Piva Trail later saw another determined bulldozer operator filling in
holes in the tarmac of his burgeoning bomber strip as fast as Japanese
artillery could tear it up. Any Marine who returned from the dismal
swamps toward the beach would retain the wonderment of the “Marine
Drive.” It was a two-lane asphalt highway, complete with wide shoulders
and drainage ditches. It lay across jungle so dense that the tired men
had had to hack their way through it only a week or so before.

Meanwhile, back on the beach, the U.S. Navy had been busy pouring
in supplies and men. By D plus 12 it had landed more than 23,000
cargo tons and nearly 34,000 men. Marine fighters overhead provided
continuous cover from Japanese air attacks. The Marine 3d Defense
Battalion was set up with long-range radar and its antiaircraft guns to
give further protection. (This battalion also had long-range 155mm guns
that pounded Japanese attacks against the perimeter.)

By now, the 37th Infantry Division on the left was on firm ground,
facing scattered opposition, and able to make substantial advances. It
was very different for the 3d Marine Division on the right. Lagoons
and swamps were everywhere. The riflemen were in isolated, individual
positions, little islands of men perched in what they sarcastically
called “dry swamps,” This meant the water and/or slimy mud was only
shoe-top deep, rather than up to their knees or waists, as it was all
around them. This nightmare kind of terrain, combined with heavy,
daily, drenching rains, precluded digging foxholes. So their machine
guns had to be lashed to tree trunks, while the men huddled miserably
in the water and mud. They carried little in their packs, except that
a variety of pills was essential to stay in fighting shape in their
oppressive, bug-infested environment: salt tablets, sulfa powder,
aspirin, iodine, vitamins, atabrine tablets (for supressing malaria),
and insect repellent.

Colonel Frazer West, who at Bougainville commanded a company in the 9th
Marines, was interviewed by Monks 45 years later. He still remembered
painfully what constantly living in the slimy, swamp water did to the
Marines: “With almost no change of clothing, sand rubbing against the
skin, stifling heat, and constant immersion in water, jungle rot was a
pervasive problem. Men got it on their scalps, under their arms, in
their genital areas, just all over. It was a miserable, affliction,
and in combat there was very little that could be done to alleviate
it. The only thing you could do was with the jungle ulcers. I’d get
the corpsman to light a match on a razor blade, split the ulcer open,
and squeeze sulfanilamide powder in it. I must have had at one time
30 jungle ulcers on me. This was fairly typical.” Corpsmen painted
many Marines with skin infections with tincture of merthiolate or a
potassium permanganate solution so that they looked like the Picts of
long ago who went into battle with their bodies daubed with blue woad.

The Marines who had survived the first two weeks of the campaign were
by now battlewise. They intuitively carried out their platoon tactics
in jungle fighting whether in offense or defense. They understood their
enemy’s tactics. And all signs indicated that they were winning.




[Sidebar (page 18):] Navajo Code Talkers


[Illustration]

Marines who heard the urgent combat messages said Navajo sounded
sometimes like gurgling water. Whatever the sound, the ancient
tongue of an ancient warrior clan confused the Japanese. The Navajo
codetalkers were busily engaged on Bougainville, and had already proved
their worth on Guadalcanal. The Japanese could never fathom a language
committed to sounds.

Originally there were many skeptics who disdained the use of the
Navajo language as infeasible. Technical Sergeant Philip Johnston, who
originally recommended the use of Navajo talkers as a means of safe
voice transmissions in combat, convinced a hardheaded colonel by a
two-minute Navajo dispatch. Encoding and decoding, the colonel then
admitted, would have engaged his team well over an hour.

When the chips were down, time was short, and the message was urgent,
Navajos saved the day. Only Indians could talk directly into the radio
“mike” without concern for security. They would read the message in
English, absorb it mentally, then deliver the words in their native
tongue--direct, uncoded, and quickly. You couldn’t fault the Japanese,
even other Navajos who weren’t codetalkers, couldn’t understand the
codetalkers’ transmissions because they were in a code within the
Navajo language.




[Sidebar (page 19):] ‘Corpsman!’


Less than one percent of battle casualties on Bougainville died
of wounds after being brought to a field hospital, and during 50
operations conducted as the battle of the Koromokina raged and bullets
whipped through surgeons’ tents, not a patient was lost.

[Illustration: Painting by Kerr Eby in the Marine Corps Art Collection]

Those facts reflect the skill and dedication of the corpsmen, surgeons,
and litter bearers who performed in an environment of enormous
difficultly. Throughout the fight for the perimeter, the field
hospitals were shelled and shaken by bomb blasts, even while surgical
operations were being conducted.

Every day there was rain and mud and surgeons practiced their craft
with mud to their shoe laces. Corpsmen were shot as they treated the
wounded right at the battle scene; others were shot as the Japanese
ignored the International Red Cross emblem for ambulances and aid
stations.

Bougainville was the first time in combat for the corpsmen assigned
to the 3d Marine Division. Two surgeons were with each battalion
and, as in all other battles, a corpsman was with each platoon. Aid
stations were as close as 30-50 yards behind the lines. The men from
the division band were the litter bearers, always on the biting edge of
combat.

Many young Marines were not aware until combat just how close they
would be to these corpsmen who wore the Marine uniform, and who would
undergo every hardship and trial of the man on the line. The corpsman’s
job required no commands; he was simply always there to patch up the
wounded Marine enough to have him survive and get to a field hospital.

Naval officers seldom had command over the corpsman. He was responsible
directly to the platoon, company, and battalion to which he was
assigned.

Ashore on D-Day with the invading troops, Pharmacist’s Mate Second
Class Andrew Bernard later remembered setting up his 3d Marines
regimental aid station, just inland in the muck off the beach beside
the “C” Medical Field Hospital. Later, as action intensified, Bernard
saw 15 to 20 wounded Marines waiting at the hospital for care, and
commented, “this was when I noticed Dr. Duncan Shepherd.... The flaps
of the hospital tent went open, and there was Dr. Shepherd operating
away, so calm, so brave, so courageous--as though he was back in the
Mayo Clinic, where he had trained.”

On 7 December, the Japanese attacked around the Koromokina. The
official history of the 3d Marine Division described the scene:

  The division hospital, situated near the beach, was subjected to
  daily air raids, and twice to artillery shelling.... Company E of
  the 3d Medical Battalion, which was the division hospital under
  Commander R. R. Callaway, USN, proved that delicate work could be
  carried on even in combat. During the battle the field hospital was
  attacked, bullets ripped through the protecting tent, seriously
  wounding a pharmacist’s mate.

[Illustration: Painting by Franklin Boggs in _Men Without Guns_
(Philadelphia:/The Blakiston Company, 1945)]

Hellzapoppin Ridge was the most intense and miserable of the battles
for the corpsmen of Bougainville, according to Pharmacist’s Mate First
Class Carroll Garnett. He and three other corpsmen were assigned to the
forward aid station located at the top of that bloody ridge. The two
battalion surgeons were considered indispensable and discouraged from
taking undue risks. Regardless, Assistant Battalion Surgeon Lieutenant
Edmond A. Utkewicz, USNR, insisted on joining the corpsmen at the
forward station and remained there throughout the entire battle. The
doctor and his four assistants were often in the open, exposed to fire,
and showered with the dust thrown up by mortar explosions.

The corpsmen’s routine was: stop the bleeding, apply sulfa powder and
battle dressing, shoot syrette of morphine, and administer plasma.
The regular aid station was located at the bottom of the ridge where
the battalion surgeon, Lieutenant Commander Horace L. Wolf, USNR,
checked the wounded again, before sending them off in an ambulance, if
available, to a better equipped station or a field hospital.

Corpsmen (and Marines) were in deadly peril atop the ridge. Corpsman
John A. Wetteland described volunteers bringing in a wounded paramarine
who was still breathing when he and the medical team were hit anew by
a shell. One corpsman was killed, another badly wounded, and Wetteland
was badly mauled by mortar fragments, though he tried, he said, “to
bandage myself.”

Dr. Wolf later painted a grim picture of the taut circumstances under
which the medics worked:

  Several of my brave corpsmen were killed in this action. The
  regimental band musicians were the litter bearers. I still remember
  the terrible odor of our dead in the tropical heat. The smell
  pinched one’s nostrils and clung to clothing.... During combat in
  the swamps, about all one could do to try to purify water to drink
  was to put two drops of iodine solution in a canteen. Night was the
  worst, when we could not evacuate our sick and wounded. But, if one
  could get a ride to the airstrip on the jeep ambulance to put the
  sick and wounded on evacuation planes, one could see a female (Navy
  or Army nurses) for the first time in many months.




_Piva Forks Battle_


The lull after the Coconut Grove fight did not last long. On 18
November, the usual flurry of patrols soon brought back information
that the Japanese had set up a road block on both the Numa-Numa
Trail and the East-West Trail.

[Illustration:

    National Archives Photo 111-5C-190032

_The 155mm guns of the Marine 3d Defense Battalion provided firepower
in support of Marine riflemen holding the Torokina perimeter._]

[Illustration: _Just getting to your assigned position meant slow,
tiring slogging through endless mud._

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 68247
]

To strike the Numa-Numa position, the 3d Marines sent in its 3d
Battalion (Lieutenant Colonel Ralph M. King), to lead the attack. It
hit the Japanese flanks, routed them, and set up its own road block on
19 November.

The 2d Battalion of the 3d Marines immediately went after the Japanese
block on the East-West Trail between the two forks of the Piva River.
After seizing that position, the next objective was a 400-foot ridge
that commanded the whole area--and, in fact, provided a view all the
way to Empress Augusta Bay. (As the first high ground the Marines
had found, it would clearly produce a valuable observation post for
directing the artillery fire of the 12th Marines.)

[Illustration: PIVA ACTION

NOV 1943]

Lieutenant Colonel Hector de Zayas, commanding the battalion, summoned
one of his company commanders and gave a terse order, “I want you to
take it.” Thus a patrol under First Lieutenant Steve J. Cibik was
immediately sent to occupy it. This began a four-day epic, 20-23
November. The Marines got to the top, realized the importance of
the vantage point to the Japanese, dug in defensive positions, and
got ready for the enemy counterattacks that were sure to come. And
they came, and came, and came. There were “fanatical attempts by the
Japanese to reoccupy the position” in the form of “wild charges that
sometimes carried the Japanese to within a few feet of their foxholes
on the crest of the ridge.” Cibik called in Marine artillery bursts
within 50 yards of his men. The Marines held and were finally relieved,
exhausted but proud. Cibik was awarded a Silver Star Medal, and the
hill was always known thereafter as “Cibik Ridge.”

While the firestorm roared where Cibik stood, the 3d Marines were
pursuing its mission of driving the Japanese from the first and nearest
of Piva’s forks. The 2d Battalion caught up with Cibik, and Lieutenant
Colonel de Zayas moved it out down the reverse slope of Cibik Ridge.
The Japanese struck hard on 21 November and de Zayas pulled back. Then,
in true textbook fashion, the Japanese followed right behind him. The
Marines were ready, machine guns in place. One of them killed 74 out of
75 of the enemy attackers within 20-30 yards of the gun.

The 3d Marines was supported by the 9th, and 21st Marines, and the
raiders, while the 37th Infantry Division provided roadblocks, patrols,
and flank security. Support was also provided by the Army’s heavy
artillery, the 12th Marines, and the defense battalions. All the troops
were now be entering a new phase of the campaign, during which the
fight would be more for the hills than for the trails.

Reconnaissance patrols provided a good idea of what was out there, but
they also discovered that the enemy was not alert as he could or should
be. A Marine rifle company, for instance, came upon a clearing where
the Japanese were acting as if no war was on--the troops were lounging,
kibitzing, drinking beer. The Marine mortars tore them apart. Another
patrol waited until the occupants of a bivouac lined up for chow before
cutting them down with mortars in a pandemonium of pots, pans, and tea
kettles. (Jungle combat had taught the Marines the wisdom of General
Turnage’s order: Marines go nowhere without a weapon!)

[Illustration:

    National Archives Photo 127-N-67228B

_Marine communicators had the difficult task of stringing wire in dense
jungle terrain while remaining wary of the enemy._]

The various, successive objectives for the Marine and Army riflemen
were codenamed using the then-current phonetic alphabet: Dog (reached
15 November), Easy (reached 20 November, except for the 9th Marines,
slowed by an impassable swamp), Fox (finally reached by the Marines on
28 November) and How (part of it reached by the Army on 23 November
since it encountered “no opposition,” and the remainder as a goal for
the Marines). Thereafter, the Marines were to press on to the Item and
Jig objectives “on orders from Corps Headquarters.”

One account makes clear the overwhelming difficulties facing the Marine
battalions: “water slimy and often waist deep, sometimes to the arm
pits ... tangles of thorny vines that inflicted painful wounds ... men
slept setting up in the water ... sultry heat and stinking muck.”

In spite of this, elaborate plans were made to continue the attack
from west to east. The “strongly entrenched” Japanese defenses, with
1,200-1,500 men, were oriented to repel an assault from the south.
Accordingly, the artillery observers on Cibik Ridge registered their
fire on 23 November, in preparation for a thrust by two battalions of
the 3d Marines to try to advance 800 yards beyond the east fork of
the Piva River. All available tanks and supporting weapons were moved
forward. Marine engineers from the 19th Marines joined Seabees under
enemy fire in throwing bridges across the Piva River.

On 23 November, as the night fell like a heavy curtain, seven
battalions of artillery lined up, some almost hub-to-hub. There were
the Army’s 155s, 105s, mortars, 90mm AA; and the same array of the 12th
Marines’ cannons, plus 44 machine guns and even a few Hotchkiss pieces
taken from the enemy.

The attack in the morning began with the barrage at 0835, 24 November,
Thanksgiving Day; a shuddering burst of flame and thunder, possibly
the heaviest such barrage a Marine operation had ever before placed
on a target. The shells, 5,600 rounds of them, descended on a narrow
800-foot square box of rain forest, only 100 yards from the Marines,
so close that shell splinters and concussion snapped twigs off bushes
around them.

[Illustration: BATTLE OF PIVA FORKS

FIRST PHASE

19-20 NOVEMBER]

Yet, as the two assault battalions moved out, the redoubtable Japanese
_23d Infantry_ crashed in with their own heavy barrage. Their shells
left Marines dead, bleeding, and some drowned in the murky Piva River,
“the heaviest casualties of the campaign. Twice the enemy fire walked
up and down the attacking Marines with great accuracy.” But the 3d
Marines came on with a juggernaut of tanks, flame throwers, and machine
gun, mortar, and rifle fire.

[Illustration: BATTLE OF PIVA FORKS

FINAL PHASE

21-25 NOVEMBER]

Where the Army-Marine artillery barrages fell, however, there was
desolation. Major Schmuck, a company commander in one of the assault
battalions, later remembered:

  For 500 yards, the Marines moved in a macabre world of splintered
  trees and burned-out brush. The very earth was a churned mass of
  mud and human bodies. The filthy, stinking streams were cesspools
  of blasted corpses. Over all hung the stench of decaying flesh and
  powder and smoke which revolted [even] the toughest. The first line
  of strong points with their grisly occupants was overrun and the
  500-yard phase line was reached.

  The Japanese were not through. As the Marines moved forward a Nambu
  machine gun stuttered and the enemy artillery roared, raking the
  Marine line. A Japanese counterattack hit the Marines’ left flank.
  It was hand-to-hand and tree-to-tree. One company alone suffered
  50 casualties, including all its officers. Still the Marines drove
  forward, finally halting 1,150 yards from their jump-off point,
  where resistance suddenly ended. The Japanese _23d Infantry_ had
  been totally destroyed, with 1,107 men dead on the field. The
  Marines had incurred 115 dead and wounded. The battle for Piva
  Forks had ended with a dramatic, hard fought victory which had
  “broken the back of organized enemy resistance.”

[Illustration:

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 78796

_To enable a forward observer to adjust artillery fire, these 3d
Defense Battalion Marines used a jury-rigged hoist to lift him to the
top of a banyan tree._]

There was one final flourish. It had been, after all, Thanksgiving Day,
and a tradition had to be observed. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had
decreed that all servicemen should get turkey--one way or another. Out
there on the line the men got it by “the other.” Yet, few Marines of
that era would give the Old Corps bad marks for hot chow. If they could
get it to the frontline troops, they would. A Marine recalled, “The
carrying parties did get the turkey to them. Nature won, though, the
turkey had spoiled.” Another man was watching the big birds imbedded
in rice in five gallon containers, “much like home except for baseball
and apple pie.” For some, however, just before the turkey was served,
the word came down, “Prepare to move out!” Those men got their turkey
and ate it on the trail ... on the way to a new engagement, Hand
Grenade Hill.

[Illustration:

    National Archives Photo 127-N-69394

_Concealed in the heavy jungle growth, these men of Company E, 2d
Battalion, 21st Marines, guard a Numa-Numa Trail position in the swamp
below Grenade Hill._]

Before that could be assaulted, there was a reorganization on D plus
24. The beat-up 3d Marines was beefed up by the 9th Marines and the 2d
Raiders. Since D-Day a total of 2,014 Japanese dead had been counted,
but “total enemy casualties must have been at least three times that
figure.” And as a portent for the future use of Bougainville as a base
for massive air strikes against the Japanese, U.S. planes were now able
to use the airstrip right by the Torokina beachhead. With the enemy
at last driven east of the Torokina River, Marines now occupied the
high ground which controlled the site of the forthcoming Piva bomber
airstrip.




_Hand Grenade Hill_


The lead for the next assault on 25 November was given to the fresh
troops of Lieutenant Colonel Carey A. Randall, who had just taken over
the 1st Battalion, 9th Marines. They were joined by the 2d Raider
Battalion under Major Richard T. Washburn. Randall could almost see his
next objective from the prime high ground of Cibik Ridge. Just ahead
rose another knoll, like the ridge it would be the devil to take, for
the Japanese would hold it like a fortress. It would soon be called
“Hand Grenade Hill” for good reason. Two of Randall’s companies went
at it with Washburn’s raiders. But the Japanese gave a good account of
themselves. Some 70 of them slowed the Marine attack, but one company
got close to the top. The Marines were from five to 50 yards away from
the Japanese, battling with small arms, automatic weapons, and hand
grenades. The enemy resisted fiercely, and the Marines were thrown back
by a shower of hand grenades. One Marine observed that the hill must
been the grenade storehouse for the entire Solomon Islands.

It was on Hand Grenade Hill that Lieutenant Howell T. Heflin, big,
memorable, one of Alabama’s favorites, son of a Methodist minister,
snatched up a BAR (Browning Automatic Rifle) and sprayed the Japanese
positions. He pried open a way for his platoon almost to the hilltop,
but could not hold there. He was awarded the Silver Star Medal, and
later he went on to become Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court
and then the senior U.S. Senator from Alabama.

[Illustration:

    National Archives Photo 127-N-71380

_Evacuation of the wounded was always difficult. These men are carrying
out a casualty from the fighting on Hill 1000._]

At the end of the action-filled day, the Marines were stalled. In the
morning of 26 November surprised scouts found that the Japanese had
pulled out in the darkness. Now all of the wet, smelly, churned-up
terrain around the Piva Forks, including the strategic ridgeline
blocking the East-West Trail, was in Marine hands.

There now occurred a shuffling of units which resulted in the
following line-up: 148th and 129th Infantry Regiments on line in the
37th Division sector on the left of the perimeter. 9th Marines, 21st
Marines, and 3d Marines, running from left to right, in the Marine
sector.




_The Koiari Raid_


As a kind of final security measure, IMAC was concerned about a last
ridge of hills, some 2,000 yards to the front, and really still
dominating too much of the perimeter. Accordingly, on 28 November,
General Geiger ordered an advance to reach Inland Defense Line Fox.
As a preliminary, to protect this general advance from a surprise
Japanese attack on the far right flank, a raid was planned to detect
any enemy troop movements, destroy their supplies, and disrupt their
communications at a place called Koiari, 10 miles down the coast from
Cape Torokina. The 1st Parachute Battalion, just in from Vella Levella
under Major Richard Fagan, drew the assignment, with a company of the
3d Raider Battalion attached. While it had never made a jump in combat,
the parachute battalion had been seasoned in the Guadalcanal campaign.

Carried by a U.S. Navy landing craft, the men in the raid were put
ashore at 0400, 29 November, almost in the middle of a Japanese supply
dump. Total surprise all around! The Marines hastily dug in, while the
enemy responded quickly with a “furious hail” of mortar fire, meanwhile
lashing the beachhead with machine gun and rifle fire. Then came the
Japanese attacks, and Marine casualties mounted “alarmingly.” They
would have been worse except for a protective curtain of fire from the
155mm guns of the 3d Defense Battalion back at Cape Torokina. With an
estimated 1,200 enemy pressing in on the Marines, it was painfully
clear that the raiding group faced disaster. Two attempts to extricate
them by their landing craft were halted by heavy Japanese artillery
fire. Now the Marines had their backs to the sea and were almost out
of ammunition. Then, about 1800, three U.S. destroyers raced in close
to the beach, firing all guns. They had come in response to a frantic
radio signal from IMAC, where the group’s perilous situation was well
understood. Now a wall of shell fire from the destroyers and the 155s
allowed two rescue craft to dash for the beach and lift off the raiding
group safely. With none of the original objectives achieved, the
raid had been a costly failure, even though it had left at least 145
Japanese dead.




_Hellzapoppin Ridge_


Now the action shifted to the final targets of the 3d Marine Division:
that mass of hills 2,000 yards away. Once captured, they would block
the East-West Trail where it crossed the Torokina River, and they would
greatly strengthen the Final Inland Defense Line that was the Marines’
ultimate objective. A supply base, called Evansville, was built up for
the attack in the rear of Hill 600 for the forthcoming attacks.

The 1st Marine Parachute Regiment, under Lieutenant Colonel Robert H.
Williams, was informed, two days after its arrival on Bougainville,
that General Turnage had assigned it to occupy those hills which IMAC
felt still dominated much of the Marine ground. That ridgeline included
Hill 1000 with its spur soon to be called Hellzapoppin Ridge (named
after “Hellzapoppin,” a long-running Broadway show), Hill 600, and Hill
600A. To take the terrain Williams got the support of elements of the
3d, 9th, and 21st Marines (which had established on 27 November its
own independent outpost on Hill 600). By 5 December, the 1st Parachute
Regiment had won a general outpost line that stretched from Hill 1000
to the junction of the East-West Trail and the Torokina River.

Then on 7 December, Major Robert T. Vance on Hill 1000 with his 3d
Parachute Battalion walked the ridge spine to locate enemy positions on
the adjacent spur that had been abandoned. The spur was fortified by
nature: matted jungle for concealment, gullies to impair passage, steep
slopes to discourage everything. That particular hump, which would get
the apt name of Hellzapoppin Ridge, was some 280 feet high, 40 feet
across at the top, and 650 feet long, an ideal position for overall
defense.

Jumping off from Hill 1000 on the morning of 9 December to occupy the
spur, Vance’s men were hit by a fusillade of fire. The Japanese had
come back, 235 of them of the _23d Infantry_. The parachutists attacked
again and again, without success. Artillery fire was called in, but the
Japanese found protective concealment on the reverse slopes. Marine
shells burst high in the banyan trees, up and away from the dug-in
enemy. As a result, the parachutists were hit hard. “Ill-equipped and
under-strength,” they were pulled back on 10 December to Hill 1000. Two
battalions of the 21st Marines, with a battalion of the 9th Marines
guarding their left flank, continued the attack. It would go on for six
gruelling days.

Scrambling up the slopes, the new attacking Marines would pass the
bodies of the parachutists. John W. Yager, a first lieutenant in the
21st recalled, “The para-Marines made the first contact and had left
their dead there. After a few days, they had become very unpleasant
reminders of what faced us as we crawled forward, in many instances
right next to them.”

Sergeant John F. Pelletier, also in the 21st, was a lead scout. Trying
to cross the ridge spine over to the Hellzapoppin spur, he found dead
paratroopers all over the hill. There were dead Japanese soldiers still
hanging from trees, and it seemed to him that no Marine had been able
to cross to the crest and live to tell about it.

[Illustration: HELLZAPOPPIN RIDGE

NEARING THE END

6-18 DECEMBER]

Pelletier described what happened next:

  The next morning Sergeant Oliver [my squad leader] told me to
  advance down the ridge as we were going to secure the point. That
  point was to become our most costly battle. We moved down the
  center until we were within 20 feet of the point. The Japs hit us
  with machine gun, rifle, and mortar fire. They popped out of spider
  holes. We were in a horseshoe-shaped ambush. We were firing as fast
  as we could when Sergeant Oliver pulled me back. He gave me the
  order to pull back up the ridge. He didn’t make it.

When artillery fire proved ineffective in battering the Japanese so
deeply dug in on Hellzapoppin Ridge, Geiger called on 13 December for
air attacks. Six Marine planes had just landed at the newly completed
Torokina airstrip. They came in with 100-pound bombs, guided to their
targets by smoke shells beyond the Marine lines. But the Japanese were
close, very close. Dozens of the bombs were dropped 75 yards from the
Marines. With additional planes, there were four bombing and strafing
strikes over several days. A Marine on the ground never forgot the
bombers roaring in right over the brush, the ridge, and the heads of
the Marines to drop their load, “It seemed right on top of us.” (This
delivery technique was necessary to put the bombs on the reverse slope
among the Japanese.)

[Illustration: EXPANSION OF THE BEACHHEAD

I MARINE AMPHIBIOUS CORPS

1 NOVEMBER-15 DECEMBER 1943]

Helping to control these early strikes and achieve pinpoint accuracy
was Lieutenant Colonel William K. Pottinger, G-3 (Operations Officer)
of the Forward Echelon, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. He had taken a radio
out of a grounded plane, moved to the frontlines, and helped control
the attacking Marine planes on the spot. (This technique was an
improvised forerunner of the finely tuned procedures that Marine dive
bombers would use later to achieve remarkable results in close air
support of ground troops.)

The 3d Marine Division’s history was pithy in its evaluation, “It was
the air attacks which proved to be the most effective factor in the
taking of the ridge ... the most successful examples of close air
support thus far in the Pacific War.”

Geiger wasn’t through. He had a battery of the Army’s 155mm howitzers
moved by landing craft to new firing positions near the mouth of the
Torokina River. Now the artillery could pour it on the enemy positions
on the reverse slopes.

In one of the daily Marine assaults, one company went up the ridge for
two attacks against Japanese who would jump into holes they had dug
on the reverse slope to escape bombardment. The Japanese finally were
tricked when another company, relieving the first one, jumped into
the enemy foxholes before their rightful owners. It cost the Japanese
heavily to try to return.

In a final assault on 18 December, the two battalions of the 21st moved
from Hill 1000 to the spur in a pincer and double envelopment. But
the artillery and bombs had done their work. The Japanese and their
fortress were shattered. Stunned defenders were easily eliminated.

Patrick O’Sheel, a Marine combat correspondent, summed up the bitter
battle, “No one knows how many Japs were killed. Some 30 bodies were
found. Another dozen might have been put together from arms, legs, and
torsos.” The 21st suffered 12 killed and 23 wounded.

With Hellzapoppin finally behind them, Marines could count what
blessings they could find and recount how rotten their holidays were.
There had been a Thanksgiving Day spent on the trail while gnawing a
drumstick on the way to another engagement at Piva Forks. And now, on
21 December, four days until Christmas, and the troops still had Hill
600A to “square away.”

[Illustration: ATTACK ON HILL 600A

22-23 DEC 1943]

[Illustration: ADVANCE TO THE EAST

NOV-DEC 1943]

[Illustration: _Chaplain Joseph A. Rabun of the 9th Marines delivers
his sermon with a “Merry Christmas” sign overhead and a sand-bagged
dugout close at hand._

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 74819
]

Reconnaissance found 14-18 Japanese on that hill, down by the Torokina
River. A combat patrol from the 21st Marines moved to drive the
Japanese off the knob. It wasn’t hard, but it cost the life of one
Marine and one was wounded. But IMAC wanted a permanent outpost on the
hill, and the 3d Battalion, 21st, drew the assignment. It began with
one rifle platoon and a platoon of heavy machine guns on 22 December.
Hill 600A was a repeat of past enemy tactics. The Japanese had come
back to occupy it. They held against all efforts, even against a
two-pronged attack. A full company came up and made three assaults.
That didn’t help either. Late on the 23d, the Marines held for the
night, preparing to mount another attack in the morning. That morning
was Christmas Eve, 1943. Scouts went up to look. The Japanese had gone.
Christmas wasn’t merry, but it was better. For the 3d Marine Division,
the war was over on Bougainville.

[Illustration:

    National Archives Photo 80-G-250368

_The Piva airfields (shown here in February 1944 photograph) became key
bomber and fighter strips in the aerial offensive against Rabaul._]

The landing force had seized the beachhead, destroyed or overcome the
enemy, and won the ground for the vital airfields. Now they prepared
to leave, as the airfields were being readied to reduce Rabaul and its
environs.

Since 10 December, F4U Vought Corsairs of Marine Fighting Squadron
(VMF) 216 (1st Marine Aircraft Wing) had settled on the new strip on
Torokina, almost washed by the sea. The fighter planes would be the key
to the successful prosecution of the AirSols (Air Solomons) offensive
against Rabaul, for, as escorts, they made large-scale bombing raids
feasible. Major General Ralph J. Mitchell, USMC, had become head of
AirSols on 20 November 1943. By 9 January 1944, both the fighter
and bomber aircraft were operating from the Piva strips. Following
Bougainville, Mitchell would have twice the airpower and facilities
that the Japanese had in all of the Southwest Pacific area.

The campaign had cost the Marines 423 killed and 1,418 wounded. Enemy
dead were estimated at 2,458, with only 23 prisoners captured.

It was now time for the 3d Marine Division to go home to Guadalcanal,
with a “well done” from Halsey. (In the Admiral’s colorful language,
a message to Geiger said, “You have literally succeeded in setting up
and opening for business a shop in the Japs’ front yard.”) Now there
would be plenty of papayas and Lister bags, as well as a PX, a post
office, and some sports and movies. General Turnage was relieved on
28 December by Major General John R. Hodge of the Americal Division,
which took over the eastern sector. The 37th Infantry Division kept its
responsibility for the western section of the Bougainville perimeter.
Admiral Halsey directed the Commanding General, XIV Corps, Major
General Oscar W. Griswold, to relieve General Geiger, Commanding
General, IMAC. The Army assumed control of the beachhead as of 15
December. The 3d Marines left Bougainville on Christmas Day. The 9th
left on 28 December, and had a party with two cans of beer per man.
The 21st, last to arrive on the island, was the division’s last rifle
regiment to leave, on 9 January 1944.

Every man in those regiments knew full well the crucial role that
the supporting battalions had played. The 19th Marines’ pioneers and
engineers had labored ceaselessly to build the bridges and trails
that brought the vital water, food, and ammunition to the front
lines through seemingly impassable swamps, jungle, and water, water
everywhere.

[Illustration: _A chaplain reads prayers for the burial of the dead,
while their friends bow their heads in sorrow at the losses._

    From the Leach File, MCHC Archives
]

And the amtracs of the 3d Amphibian Tractor Battalion had proven
essential in getting 22,922 tons of those supplies to the riflemen.
They were “the most important link in the all-important supply chain.”

Working behind the amtracs were the unsung men of the 3d Service
Battalion who, under the division quartermaster, Colonel William C.
Hall, brought order and efficiency from the original, chaotic pile-up
of supplies on the beach. As roads were slowly built, the 6×6 trucks of
the 3d Motor Transport Battalion moved the supplies to advance dumps
for the amtracs to pick up.

The 12th Marines and Army artillery had given barrage after barrage of
preparatory fire--72,643 rounds in all.

The invaluable role of Marine aviation, as previously mentioned,
was symbolized by General Turnage’s repeated requests for close air
support, 10 strikes in all.

The Seabees, working at a “feverish rate,” had miraculously carved
three airfields out of the unbelievable morass that characterized
the area. And it was from those bases that the long-range, strategic
effects of Bougainville would be felt by the enemy.

The 3d Medical Battalion had taken care of the wounded. With
omnipresent corpsmen on the front lines in every battle and aid
stations and field hospitals right behind, the riflemen knew they had
been well tended.

General Turnage summarized the campaign well, “Seldom have troops
experienced a more difficult combination of combat, supply, and
evacuation. From its very inception, it was a bold and hazardous
operation. Its success was due to the planning of all echelons and the
indomitable will, courage, and devotion to duty of all members of all
organizations participating.”

Thus it was that the capture of Bougainville marked the top of the
ladder, after the long climb up the chain of the Solomon Islands.




_Epilogue_


There were, however, two minor land operations to complete the
isolation of Rabaul. The first was at Green Island, just 37 miles north
of Bougainville. It was a crusty, eight-mile-long (four-mile-wide) oval
ring, three islands of sand and coral around a sleepy lagoon, and only
117 miles from Rabaul. To General Douglas MacArthur, it was the last
step of the Solomon Islands campaign.

The task of taking the island fell to the 5,800 men of the 3d New
Zealand Division under Major General H. E. Barrowclough, less the 8th
Brigade which had been used in the Treasuries operation. There was also
a contingent of American soldiers, Seabees, and engineers, and cover
from AirSol Marine planes under Brigadier General Field Harris. Rear
Admiral Wilkinson had Task Force 31, whose warships would wait for
targets (although Green Island would get no preinvasion bombardment).
The atoll ring was too narrow and bombardment would pose a danger to
island inhabitants.

Late in January 1944, 300 men of the 30th New Zealand Battalion and
Seabees and engineer specialists went ashore, measured and sized up the
island’s potential, found spots for an airfield, checked lagoon depths,
and sought accommodations for a boat basin.

All of this warned the Japanese, but it was too late for them to do
anything. Then, on 14 February, Japanese scout planes warned the 102
defenders on Green Island that a large Allied convoy was on the way,
shepherded by destroyers and cruisers. Japanese aircraft from Rabaul
and Kavieng attacked the convoy by moonlight, but at 0641, the landing
craft had crossed the line of departure unscathed and were almost to
the beach. Within two hours, all were ashore, unopposed. Then Japanese
dive bombers came roaring in, but the Allied antiaircraft fire and
Marine fighter planes (VMF-212) were enough to prevent hits on the
transports or beach supplies. New Zealand patrols got only slight
resistance, a few brief firefights. By 19 February, the 33d, 37th, and
93d Seabees were laying an airfield on the island.

By 4 March, a heavy B-24 bomber was able to make an emergency landing
on the Green Island strip. Three days later, AirSols planes were
staging there giving the strip the name “Green.” Soon B-24s were there
to strike the vast Japanese base at Truk.

[Illustration: _Heavy, constant artillery support for the riflemen
required a regular flow of ammunition. Here shells are being unloaded
from a LST (Landing Ship, Tank)._

    Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 71180 by PFC Philip Scheer
]

The second operation saw the seizure of Emirau Island. It was well
north of Green Island, 75 miles northwest of the New Ireland enemy
fortress of Kavieng. Actually, Kavieng had been considered as a target
to be invaded by the 3d Marine Division, but higher authorities
decided the cost would be too high. Better to let Kavieng die on the
vine. Taking Emirau and setting up air and naval bases there would
effectively cut off the Solomon Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago
from the Japanese. It would be a small investment with big results.

Emirau is an irregularly shaped island in the St. Matthias Group, eight
miles long, four miles wide, with much jungle and many hills, but with
room for boat basins and airstrips. The natives said there had been no
Japanese there since January, and air reconnaissance could find none.

The unit selected for the landing bore a famous name in the lore of
the Corps: the 4th Marines. The original regiment had been the storied
“China Marines,” and had then been part of the desperate defense of
Bataan and the subsequent surrender at Corregidor in the Philippines.
Now it had been reborn as a new, independent regiment, composed of the
tough and battle-hardened veterans of the raider battalions.

The 4th Marines arrived at Emirau shortly after 0600 on 20 March
1944. The Marines and sailors fired a few shots at nothing; then the
amphibian tractors opened up, wounding one of the Marines. The Seabees
got right to work on the airfields, even before the island was secured.
In no time they laid out a 7,000-foot bomber strip and a 5,000-foot
stretch for fighters.

All was secured until attention fell on a little neighboring island
with a Japanese fuel and ration dump. Destroyers blew it all to
debris ... then spied at sea a large canoe escaping with some of the
enemy. Hardly bloodthirsty after this placid operation, the destroyer
casually pulled in close. The Japanese chose to fire a machine gun. It
was folly. The destroyer was forced to respond. The canoe didn’t sink
and was brought alongside with the body of a Japanese officer and 26
living enlisted men--who may have privately questioned their officer’s
judgement.




_Bougainville Finale_


These were small affairs compared to the finale on Bougainville. With
the withdrawal of the 3d Marine Division at the end of 1943, after
it had successfully fought its way to the final defensive line, the
two Army divisions, the 37th Infantry and the Americal, took over and
extended the perimeter with only sporadic brushes with the Japanese.

Then, in late February and early March 1944, patrols began making
“almost continuous” contact with the enemy. It appeared that the
Japanese were concentrating for a serious counterattack. On 8 March,
the 145th Infantry (of the 37th) was hit by artillery fire. Then the
_6th Division_, parent of the old enemy, the _23d Infantry_, attacked
hard. It took five days of “very severe” fighting, with support from
a battalion of the 148th Infantry, combined with heavy artillery fire
and air strikes, to drive the determined Japanese back. Meanwhile, the
129th Infantry had also been “heavily attacked.” The enemy kept coming
and coming, and it was a full nine days before there was a lull on 17
March.

On 24 March the Japanese, after reorganizing, launched another series
of assaults “with even greater pressure.” This time they also threw
in three regiments of their _17th Division_. The artillery of both
American divisions, guided by Cub spotter planes, fired “the heaviest
support mission ever to be put down in the South Pacific Area.” That
broke the back of the enemy attackers, and the battle finally was over
on 25 March.

Major General Griswold, the corps commander, after eight major enemy
attacks, wrote in a letter four days later:

  I am absolutely convinced that nowhere on earth does there exist
  a more determined will and offensive spirit in the attack than
  that the Japs exhibited here. They come in hard, walking on their
  own dead, usually on a front not to exceed 100 yards. They try
  to effect a breakthrough which they exploit like water running
  from a hose. When stopped, they dig in like termites and fight to
  the death. They crawl up even the most insignificant fold in the
  ground like ants. And they use all their weapons with spirit and
  boldness.... Difficult terrain or physical difficulties have no
  meaning for them.

The Americal Division had advanced along with the 37th in the
March-April period with its last action 13-14 April. This ended the
serious offensive action for the two Army divisions; the enemy had been
driven well out of artillery range of the airstrips, 12,000 yards away.

For Americans this marked the end of the Bougainville saga: a tale of
well-trained units, filled with, determined, skillful men, who fought
their way to a resounding victory. The 3d Marine Division had led the
way in securing a vital island base with the crucial isolation of
Rabaul thus ensured.




_Sources_


The author owes a substantial debt to Cyril J. O’Brien who was a Marine
Combat Correspondent on Bougainville. A draft he prepared describing
this operation used U.S. Army, Coast Guard, and New Zealand as well as
Marine Corps sources, and contained a variety of colorful vignettes and
personal interviews, with some photographs not in official USMC files,
all gratefully acknowledged.

As always, the basic official Marine history of the Pacific campaigns
covers Bougainville and the auxiliary landings in massive detail: Henry
I. Shaw, Jr., and Maj Douglas T. Kane, USMC, _Isolation of Rabaul_,
vol. 2, _History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II_
(Washington: Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine
Corps, 1963).

An earlier, more condensed official history is Maj John N. Rentz,
USMCR, _Bougainville and the Northern Solomons_ (Washington: Historical
Section, Division of Public Information, Headquarters, U.S. Marine
Corps, 1948).

The earliest, most modest official account is a mimeographed summary,
characterized as a “first attempt”: U.S. Marine Corps, Headquarters,
Historical Division. Unpublished monograph: “The Bougainville
Operation, First Marine Amphibious Corps, 1 November-28 December 1943,”
dtd Feb45. VE603 1st.A2, Library, Marine Corps Historical Center,
Washington, D.C.

A quasi-official history of the 3d Marine Division was “made possible
by the Commandant, who authorized the expenditure of the division’s
unused Post Exchange funds.

The final draft was approved by a group of 3d Division officers....”
The book is: 1stLt Robert A. Aurthur, USMCR, and 1stLt Kenneth Cohlmia,
USMCR, edited by LtCol Robert T. Vance, USMC, _The Third Marine
Division_ (Washington: Infantry Journal Press. 1948).

An account representing direct personal participation in the campaign,
supplemented by later interviews, is: Capt John A. Monks, Jr., _A
Ribbon and a Star: The Third Marines at Bougainville_ (New York: Holt
and Co., 1945).

Another history traces the campaign on the island past the Marine
operation to the subsequent U.S. Army battles, and concludes with
the Australians as the final troops leading to the overall Japanese
surrender in 1945: Harry A. Gailey, _Bougainville 1943-1945--The
Forgotten Campaign_ (Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky, 1991).

The full story of the crucial naval battle as the Marines landed is
in RAdm Samuel Eliot Morison, _Breaking the Bismarck Barrier, 22 July
1942-1 May 1944_, vol. 6, _History of United States Naval Operations in
World War II_ (Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1950).

A detailed account of the death of Adm Yamamoto is in R. Cargil Hall,
ed., _Lightning Over Bougainville_ (Washington: Smithsonian Institution
Press, 1991).

Personal Papers and Oral Histories files at the Marine Corps Historical
Center were unproductive, but the biographical and photographic files
were most helpful. The staff of the Marine Corps Historical Center was
always cooperative, in particular Catherine Kerns, who prepared my
manuscript copy.




_About the Author_


[Illustration]

Captain John C. Chapin earned a bachelor of arts degree with honors in
history from Yale University in 1942 and was commissioned later that
year. He served as a rifle platoon leader in the 24th Marines, 4th
Marine Division, and was wounded in action during assault landings on
Roi-Namur and Saipan.

Transferred to duty at the Historical Division, Headquarters Marine
Corps, he wrote the first official histories of the 4th and 5th Marine
Divisions. Moving to Reserve status at the end of World War II, he
earned a master’s degree in history at George Washington University
with a thesis on “The Marine Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1922.”

Now a captain in retired status, he has been a volunteer at the Marine
Corps Historical Center for 12 years. During that time he wrote
_History of Marine Fighter-Attack (VMFA) Squadron 115_. With support
from the Historical Center and the Marine Corps Historical Foundation,
he then spent some years researching and interviewing for the writing
of a new book, _Uncommon Men: The Sergeants Major of the Marine Corps_,
published in 1992 by the White Mane Publishing Company.

Subsequently, he wrote four monographs for this series of historical
pamphlets, commemorating the campaigns for the Marshalls, Saipan,
Bougainville, and Marine Aviation in the Philippines operations.




[Illustration]


THIS PAMPHLET HISTORY, one in a series devoted to U.S. Marines in
the World War II era, is published for the education and training of
Marines by the History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine
Corps, Washington, D.C., as part of the U.S. Department of Defense
observance of the 50th anniversary of victory in that war.

Editorial costs of preparing this pamphlet have been defrayed in part
by a bequest from the estate of Emilie H. Watts, in the memory of her
late husband, Thomas M. Watts, who served as a Marine and was the
recipient of a Purple Heart.


=WORLD WAR II COMMEMORATIVE SERIES=

    _DIRECTOR EMERITUS OF MARINE CORPS HISTORY AND MUSEUMS_

    =Brigadier General Edwin H. Simmons, USMC (Ret)=

    _GENERAL EDITOR,
    WORLD WAR II COMMEMORATIVE SERIES_

    =Benis M. Frank=

    _CARTOGRAPHIC CONSULTANT_

    =George C. MacGillivray=

    _EDITING AND DESIGN SECTION, HISTORY AND MUSEUMS DIVISION_

    =Robert E. Strudet=, _Senior Editor_;
    =W. Stephen Hill=, _Visual Information Specialist_;
    =Catherine A. Kerns=, _Composition Services Technician_.

    Marine Corps Historical Center
    Building 58, Washington Navy Yard
    Washington, D.C. 20374-5040

    1997

    PCN 19000314100


[Illustration: (back cover)]




Transcriber’s Notes


Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not
changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced
quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

To make this eBook easier to read, particularly on handheld devices,
some images have been made relatively larger than in the original
pamphlet, and centered, rather than offset to one side or the other.
Sidebars in the original have been repositioned between the chapters
of the main text, marked as [Sidebar (page nn):], and treated as
separate chapters.

Descriptions of the Cover and Frontispiece have been moved from page 1
of the book to just below those illustrations, and text referring to
the locations of those illustrations has been deleted.

Page 5: “had now become” was misprinted as “became”.

Page 10: “rendezvoused” was misprinted as “rendezoused”.

Page 22: “troops were now be entering” was printed that way.

Page 22: “slogging through endless mud” was misprinted as “though”.

Page 23: “men slept setting up” was printed that way.

Page 27: “650 feet long, an ideal position” was misprinted as
“and ideal”.







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