The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Great Victory—Its Cost and Its Value
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: The Great Victory—Its Cost and Its Value

Author: M. Russell Thayer

Release date: July 18, 2015 [eBook #49477]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Ethan Kent, Library of Congress and the Online
        Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
        file was produced from images generously made available
        by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT VICTORY—ITS COST AND ITS VALUE ***




Produced by Ethan Kent, Library of Congress and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)









_The Great Victory.--Its Cost and its Value._

  AN
  ADDRESS
  DELIVERED AT
  CHESTNUT HILL, PENNSYLVANIA,
  JULY 4TH, 1865,

  BY
  HON. M. RUSSELL THAYER.

  PHILADELPHIA:
  KING & BAIRD, PRINTERS, 607 SANSOM STREET.
  1865.




In ancient Rome the first solemnity which took place after a victory
was a thanksgiving. The prætor suspended his judgment in the tribunal.
The wretched slave was unchained from his bench in the galley. Labor
forsook its accustomed task. All the ordinary occupations of daily
life ceased, and the people went in processions to the temples of
their gods to hang their statues with garlands of flowers, to salute
them with sacred odes, and to appease them with sacrificial victims.
Then followed the feast, with music, dancing and the games. To-day, in
a world undreamed of by those proud and conquering Romans, prepared
through silent ages for the abode of liberty, we celebrate not only
the commencement of the ninetieth year of our National Independence,
but our deliverance from a peril which threatened our very existence
with annihilation. We celebrate the termination of a war conducted
upon a scale of gigantic magnitude, and the return of blessed peace
throughout all the land. On mountain and river, on forest and prairie,
on the crowded marts of commerce, on the humming hives of industry, on
the cultivated fields, on the unredeemed wilderness, on the palaces of
the rich and the cottages of the poor, on the sea and on the land, the
calm sunshine of this gracious peace pours down; blessing, rejoicing,
purifying, elevating, comforting, strengthening the hearts and homes
and hopes of all men. At such a time we would, indeed, incur the guilt
of an immeasurable ingratitude and be rebuked by a voice from the ashes
of that heathen Rome itself if our first thoughts were not those of
grateful thanks to the GIVER of all Good for the blessings he
has bestowed, and our first words those words of humble acknowledgment
and thankful praise--“THY right hand and THY holy arm hath gotten us the
victory.”

The peace which, under the blessing of Divine Providence, hath been
achieved, is a peace, thank God, not wrung from our fears or built
upon our dishonor. It is not the result of an iniquitous and patched
up compromise between good and evil. It is not the wretched bargain of
time-serving politicians. It is not the miserable and temporary truce
where hostile principles shake hands with each other for the moment,
only to turn and tear each other with greater fury than before. It
is not founded on mere expediency. It is not made in the mean spirit
which would spare ourselves but ruin our posterity, which would save
ourselves but destroy our country. No; it is a peace snatched from the
arms of victory. It is born of the fearful struggles of successful
war. It is the triumph of liberty and law. It is the assertion of the
Nation’s right to live. It is the just sequel of that great revolution
whose successful accomplishment we celebrate to-day. It is the
vindication of the Declaration of Independence, of the Constitution, of
the flag of our fathers, of the unity of the Nation, of the integrity
of our country, of civilization, of freedom, of political equality, of
our honor, our duty, and our privileges.

The present despotic ruler of France declared, among his earliest
utterances for the purpose of allaying the apprehensions of his
subjects and foreign powers, “The Empire--it is Peace,” an aphorism
which, under a grandiloquent phrase, secreted a lie, and which, in the
light of subsequent events, we can see simply meant that his policy
would be peace until war should become more convenient or better
adapted to his ends. With greater sincerity, and in a higher and truer
sense, we may say, “The Republic--it is Peace.” Its preservation means
its power. Its power means its ability to enforce respect abroad and
obedience and order at home. Its power to preserve and protect the
liberties and rights which it guaranties to all depends upon the
preservation of itself, of its own authority and its own integrity.
It was for this we took up the gage of battle insolently thrown down
at Fort Sumter. It was because we knew that disunion, notwithstanding
the cunning arguments made by the instigators and apologists of the
rebellion, meant not only loss of public honor and private security,
but perpetual war, that we were content to bear with patience the
hardships and privations, the burthens and sorrows of the war, let
it last one year or fifty, rather than surrender ourselves and our
posterity to anarchy and endless, hopeless war. Therefore it was that
Abraham Lincoln declared in his first inaugural address, “Plainly the
central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy;” and announced
it as his deliberate purpose, that he “would, to the extent of his
ability, take care that the laws of the United States be faithfully
executed in all the States,” and that he would “hold, occupy, and
possess the property and places belonging to the Government, and
collect the duties and imposts;” ending with this solemn appeal, “You
have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I
shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect, and defend it.”
Oh, great, good man! Oh, brave and faithful servant of the people! how
well he kept that oath, sealing it in the hour of the great victory
with his blood!

In order to appreciate properly the peace which has come at last, let
us remember that the magnitude of the struggle in which we have been
engaged is only equalled by the magnitude of the results which have
been attained. The war, although it extended over a period of only
about four years, was waged with an unexampled expenditure of resources
and with numbers seldom witnessed in the history of human warfare. The
State of Pennsylvania alone, as appears by the official report of the
Adjutant-general of the State, placed in the field--

  In 1861,         130,594 men.
  In 1862,          71,100  “
  In 1863,          43,046  “
  In 1864,          73,828  “
  Re-enlistments,   17,876  “
                   -------
        Total,     336,444  “

not including the 2,500 militia of 1862. I have not at hand
the statistics which show the number of men furnished by the other
States, but it is probably not an exaggerated statement, to say that
on both sides there have been engaged in this great contest not
less than two millions of men. The scene of active operations has
extended over an area of many thousands of square miles. The material
expenditure has been upon a scale of commensurate magnitude. During
the single fiscal year ending June 30, 1863, there were purchased by
the Government 174,382 horses, 86,254 mules, 12,730 army wagons, 3,511
ambulances, 340,906,893 pounds of oats, 283,940,284 pounds of corn,
578,113,890 pounds of hay and fodder, 95,437,787 pounds of mixed grain.
The transportation by the Quartermaster’s Department alone, during
the same year, was, of subsistence stores by land 784,833 barrels and
kegs, 17,654 cattle; of subsistence stores by water, 4,478,143 barrels
and kegs, 102,914 cattle; of ordnance stores by land, 354,659 barrels
and kegs, 883 guns, &c. of ordnance stores by water, 386,756 barrels
and kegs, 1,093 guns, &c. of quartermaster’s stores by land, 430,666
barrels and packages, 126,584 animals, 39,354 tons of forage, fuel,
&c. of quartermaster’s stores by water, 753,569 barrels and packages,
109,009 animals, 88,438 tons of forage, fuel, &c. There were 1,264,602
troops transported during the year by land, and 567,397 by water. The
amounts paid for the above transportation were, by land, $8,030,003.03;
by lakes and rivers, $9,476,681.73; and by the ocean, $4,798,385.02.
There were paid during the same year for horse and mule shoes and
nails, $286,191.38; for medicine for horses and other animals,
$39,292.39; for forges, blacksmith’s and shoeing tools, $90,919.10;
for barracks and quarters, $2,359,765.66; for transportation and supply
of prisoners, $95,836.47; for clothing and camp and garrison equipage,
$55,887,505.58. There were purchased by the War Department during the
same year, 214,718 cords of wood, 130,820 tons of coal, (this of course
does not embrace the enormous quantity purchased by the Navy Department
during the same period,) 64 locomotives, 899 freight cars, 196 medicine
wagons, 39,412,889 feet of lumber, 56,000 bricks, 1,436,566 pounds of
nails, 2,078,530 horse shoes, 236,288 pounds horse shoe nails, 414,700
pounds of leather, 548,044 pounds of rope, 17,969 saddle blankets,
4,273 pack saddles, 235,497 wagon covers. There were employed in the
Quartermaster’s Department during the same year 32 ships, 42 brigs, 554
schooners, 4 sloops, 72 propellers, 88 steam tugs, 12 ferry boats, 13
tow boats, 649 barges, 1,222 steamers; for the earnings of which were
paid $17,788,043.53.

These figures, taken at random from only a partial report of a single
bureau of a single department of the Government for a single year,
convey but an imperfect idea of the scale of material expenditure
upon which this great struggle was carried on. During the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1863, the expenditures by the War Department
were $599,298,600.83. By the Navy Department, $63,211,105.27.
During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1864, the expenditures of
the War Department were $690,791,842.97. By the Navy Department,
$85,733,292.77. But we need not dwell upon particulars. We know the
fact, that the debt incurred during the prosecution of the war amounts
to about $3000,000,000.

But this is the smallest part of the sacrifices which the Nation has
made to defend its life and perpetuate in the world the principle
of self-government. What shall we say of the thousands and tens of
thousands of brave men who have laid down their lives in our defence,
and who sleep in their beds of glory from the heights of Gettysburg to
the plains of Texas. Heroic, self-sacrificing men! They died for the
Declaration of Independence, for the Constitution, for their country,
for mankind. They have consecrated to everlasting freedom the soil in
which they repose. They stand in no need of our poor eulogies. Their
memory and their deeds will be revered while the world shall stand.
As he--the last, the greatest, noblest martyr of them all--said at
Gettysburg:--“The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here,
have consecrated this ground far above our power to add or detract.
The world will little note or long remember what we say here, but it
can never forget what they did here. It is rather for us to be here
dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they
here gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly
resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that the Nation
shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that the Government
of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from
the earth.”

Nor, in counting up the cost of this dread struggle, must we overlook
that great army of stricken and wounded men who, although they have
survived the conflict of arms, have returned to us maimed and crippled
for life. If we shall neglect our duty to them and disregard the mute
appeal of their honorable scars; if we shall ever cease to treat them
with that respect and tender consideration to which their services
and their sufferings alike entitle them; or, if we shall forbear to
extend to them that generous succour which they need, we shall be alike
insensible to the claims of gratitude and the demands of honor.

If we turn our eyes to the region in which this great convulsion
originated, we behold stretched out before us the prostrate, desolated
South; its resources exhausted, its commerce blighted, its agriculture
deserted, its industrial interests paralyzed, its internal improvements
destroyed, its people bankrupt, its homes darkened, and the genius
of her once fair and beautiful domain sitting in silence and tears,
and awaiting the generous hand which shall soon raise her from her
humiliation and her grief, and set her again in the place of a
companion and an equal. If the crime was great, who shall say that
the retribution is not sufficient! God forbid that in the presence of
calamities so wide-spread and so profound we should indulge in any
spirit of pride or exultation.

    “Roll not a drum, sound not a clarion note
      Of haughty triumph to the silent sky;
    Hush’d be the shout of joy in every throat,
      And veiled the flash of pride in every eye.

    “Not with _Te Deums_ loud and high hosannas
      Greet we the awful victory we have won,
    But with our arms revers’d and lowered banners
      We stand--our work is done!

    “THY work is done, God, terrible and just,
      Who lay’dst upon our hearts and hands this task,
    And kneeling, with our foreheads in the dust,
      We venture PEACE to ask.”

But let us turn from the contemplation of the sufferings and sacrifices
of this great war, to weigh the fruits of the victory which the country
has by the blessing of God achieved.

First, It has been established once and for ever, that the people who
dwell between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, the Great Lakes and
the Gulf are a Nation--one and indivisible. That the Constitution of
the United States is the supreme law of this Nation; that this Nation
exists, not as a partnership between States, but as a Government “of
the people, by the people and for the people.” That State Sovereignty
is an idea fundamentally and absolutely false and inconsistent with the
Constitution. That it is indeed the “monster” which Washington called
it in his letter of March 10, 1787, to John Jay.[A] That political
sovereignty resides with the people alone in their collective capacity,
and the only organ for its expression in matters affecting the National
interests is the Constitution and Government of the United States. That
all State Governments are based upon the principle of unconditional and
perpetual loyalty to the Government of the United States, subordination
to its power, and submission to its Constitution and laws. That the
doctrine of secession is a folly and a crime. Nay, not only a crime,
but, as the history of the war has proved, the compendium of all
crimes. Since the formation of the Government, this wicked doctrine,
the legitimate offspring of the flagitious heresy of State sovereignty,
has laid in wait to undermine our strength and to assault our peace
and prosperity. General Washington declared in his letter to Congress
transmitting the Constitution framed by the Convention of which he was
the President, “that the greatest interest of every true American was
the consolidation of our Union, in which is involved our prosperity,
felicity and safety.” The conspiracy, which had for its object the
destruction of the principles of the Declaration of Independence and
the principles of Washington, has met an overthrow more complete and
a destruction more absolute than any which has ever attended any
revolution of similar pretensions. State sovereignty and secession are
absolutely and utterly destroyed by the war. No foundered ship that
lies rotting in the soundless depths of the ocean is more deeply buried
than they.

  [A] Jay’s Life, vol. 1, p. 258.

Another effect of the war is the total destruction of the institution
of slavery. The evil spirit which vexed us with continual alarms,
which poisoned the very fountain of our National life, which denied
and reviled the Declaration of Independence, which degraded us at
home and disgraced us abroad, has been put to death by the war. It
made the war. It perished by the war. Who now would seek to reanimate
its revolting corse as it lies blackened and scathed by those very
flames of war which it kindled for our destruction? It is true, we
aimed not originally at its destruction. Neither did our ancestors
in the beginning aim at independence. Even when in its arrogance
and insolence it laid hold of the pillars of the Government and
attempted to crush us beneath its falling fragments, we were for a long
time too blind to see that its extermination was necessary for our
safety. In the opening stages of the war we treated with tenderness
and consideration the demon which was even then drenching the land
with fraternal blood. But a Higher Power than that of man shapes the
destinies of Nations as well as those of individuals.

In the proclamation of a fast by the Continental Congress in June,
1775, one of the motives for recommending it was stated to be, “to
beseech the Almighty to bless our rightful sovereign King George III.,
and inspire him with wisdom.” This was after the battle of Lexington,
and after the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. But one short
year elapsed before the Congress declared of this “rightful sovereign
King George III.,” in the immortal instrument, the promulgation of
which we celebrate to-day, “A prince whose character is thus marked
by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a
free people.” In 1775 Congress, in its address to the people of Great
Britain, said: “You have been told that we are seditious, impatient
of government and desirous of independency. Be assured that these are
not facts but calumnies.” In their petition to the king they declared:
“We ask but for peace, liberty, and safety. Your royal authority over
us and our connexion with Great Britain we shall always carefully and
zealously endeavor to support and maintain.” In less than a year they
affixed their signatures to the paper which pledged their lives,
their fortunes, and their sacred honor to that independence which they
had thus so solemnly disclaimed. The commencement of the war and the
rapid progress of events drove them to conclusions not embraced or
contemplated in their original calculations. Does any one doubt the
sincerity of the Continental Congress in their address to the people of
Great Britain and their petition to the king? In his Inaugural Address,
on the 4th of March, 1861, Abraham Lincoln said: “I declare that I have
no purpose directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of
slavery in the States where it exists;” and his acts and the policy
of the Government were, as we know, consistent with that declaration.
Does any one doubt now the sincerity of Abraham Lincoln when he made
that declaration? Yet, on the 1st of January, 1863, he wrote “Abraham
Lincoln” at the foot of that imperishable Proclamation which declares,
“And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order
and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated
States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be free; and
that the executive Government of the United States, including the
military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain
the freedom of said persons:” adding solemnly, “And upon this act,
believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon
military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and
the gracious favor of Almighty God.” An English earl, the leader of
a great party and representative of the aristocracy of England, has
lately given to the world a new translation of the Iliad, which has
been much and no doubt justly praised. An emperor, also, straying
into the fields of authorship, has written a life of that Cæsar who,
like himself, overthrew the liberties of the people and erected upon
the ruins of the Republic the standard of imperial absolutism. Weigh
these labored efforts against the few grand words of our beloved and
martyred President, and say which are the heaviest. Compare them, and
say which will live the longest. Write them down in history, and say
which will occupy the largest space. Consider which is the grandest,
the praise bestowed upon the accomplished and titled peer and the
imperial monarch, or the grateful ejaculations of the poor slave women
of Richmond, who, as he proceeded on foot through the crowded streets
attended by twelve sailors in their round blue caps, recognized the
tall form and the gaunt and craggy features of the President, and cried
out in passionate ecstacy: “God bless you, Massa Lincoln! Bless the
Lord Jesus we have seen this day!”

We shall see that tall form no more. The great, good, wise, heroic
President has gone to his great reward. He who so loved the Declaration
of Independence, whose strong, clear mind so often and so powerfully
defended its great principles, whose hand so bravely enforced its
eternal truths, cannot unite with us in the celebration of the day
which he so greatly revered and loved. Oh, how the heart of the people
yearns for him to-day: for that care-worn, sad countenance, that
rugged, manly form; those words of hope, of honest purpose, of high
resolve, of humble trust in God.

    “Oh, slow to smite and swift to spare,
      Gentle, and merciful and just!
    Who, in the fear of God, didst bear
      The sword of power, a Nation’s trust

    “In sorrow by thy bier we stand,
      Amid the awe that hushes all;
    And speak the anguish of a land
      That shook with horror at thy fall.

    “Thy task is done: the bond are free,
      We bear thee to an honored grave,
    Whose proudest monument shall be
      The broken fetters of the slave.

    “Pure was thy life: its bloody close
      Hath placed thee with the sons of light,
    Among the noble host of those
      Who perished in the cause of right.”

In the long history of human affairs individuals occupy but small
spaces. Generation succeeds generation like the waves of the sea. Man
goeth to his long home, and there be few who, in the retrospect of
time, are distinguishable from the general mass. But while history
shall be written, while liberty shall find a refuge on earth, the name
of Lincoln shall stand beside that of Washington. There they are,
written together; for ever safe against the assaults of envy, malice
or detraction. The Founder and the Restorer. The man who first gave
life and form to our National existence, and the man who saved it from
destruction in the crisis of its fate, and in doing it restored liberty
and hope to four millions of the human race.

There are other great results of the war which time fails me to
enumerate. We have demonstrated that liberty is not necessarily
weakness. We have consolidated our strength at home. We have rendered
ourselves for the first time absolutely independent abroad. We are
henceforth in a position in which we are not to be much affected either
by foreign favors or foreign frowns. We ask of them nothing but what
is right, and will submit to nothing that is wrong. Wherever our flag
floats there are we, in the majesty of our triumphant republicanism, in
the conscious power of our renovated nationality.

Let us rejoice then at this auspicious day. Let us rejoice that the
black cloud of war hath spent its fury and that white robed peace walks
again through all the land. This is the day to which our great departed
chief looked so longingly when he said in his hopeful, trusting way,
although all was then still dark and inscrutable: “Peace does not
appear so far distant as it did. I hope it will come soon, and come
to stay, and so come as to be worth the keeping in all future time.
It will then have been proved that among freemen there can be no
successful appeal from the ballot to the bullet, and that they who take
such appeal are sure to lose their case and pay the cost.”

Let us, who enjoy the fruits of his labors and of the labors of the
brave men who toiled and hoped with him, who struggled and died with
him, be mindful of the great sacrifices which have been made for the
preservation of our country and the triumphant peace which now returns
to bless it. Let us value our free institutions, not only for the
blessings they bestow, but for the great price which has been paid for
them. So shall our love of country be elevated, ennobled, strengthened
and enlarged.

When Charlemagne was crowned at Rome, the people, believing that the
Roman Empire had been restored, exclaimed with shouts of joy, “Carolo
augusto, magno, et pacifico imperatori, vita et victoria!” Let us thank
Heaven to-day that after the trials and sufferings, the darkness and
dismay of war, we are permitted, upon this day, which blends the memory
of our first great struggle with that of our last great deliverance, to
exclaim, in a higher sense and with a profounder meaning, “Long life
and victory to the Republic, great, and strong, and peaceful!”




Transcriber’s note:

Spelling and punctuation have been retained as they appear in the
original publication.







*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT VICTORY—ITS COST AND ITS VALUE ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.