The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare Creator: Army War College Release date: December 30, 2019 [eBook #61058] Language: English Credits: Produced by Richard Tonsing, Brian Coe, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON TRAINING FOR RIFLE FIRE IN TRENCH WARFARE *** Produced by Richard Tonsing, Brian Coe, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) _CONFIDENTIAL! FOR USE OF OFFICERS ONLY_ NOTES ON TRAINING FOR RIFLE FIRE IN TRENCH WARFARE COMPILED FROM FOREIGN REPORTS ARMY WAR COLLEGE APRIL, 1917 [Illustration] WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 WAR DEPARTMENT, Document No. 573. _Office of The Adjutant General._ WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, _April 24, 1917_. The following Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare are published for the information and guidance of all concerned. [2582933, A. G. O.] BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR: H. L. SCOTT, _Major General, Chief of Staff_. OFFICIAL: H. P. McCAIN, _The Adjutant General_. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ TRAINING IN THE USE OF THE RIFLE FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 1. Training in the use of the rifle includes that of the bayonet. Fire action is alone treated in this paper, instruction in the use of the bayonet having already been discussed elsewhere. 2. The rifleman in the trenches, no less than in the open, requires as preliminary preparation the courses of individual and combat instruction prescribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual. The object of this paper is not to supersede any portion of this manual, but to supplement it by stressing those features of trench rifle fire that the experience of actual war has shown to be possessed of an importance that was not fully appreciated when the manual was prepared. So far as rifle fire exclusively from trenches is concerned, the importance of _individual aimed fire_ up to the range of 400 yards is the principal feature that has been so developed by the peculiar conditions prevailing on the “western front” during the present European war, and the training that needs to be stressed naturally comes under the head of “individual instruction.” There is also a second feature, essential to efficient _collective_ firing either from trenches or in the open, that has never received the attention in our authorized manuals that its importance merits, though that importance has long been recognized and has been ably treated at the School of Musketry. It is that of the _necessity for satisfactory working methods of describing targets_. The growth of this necessity has been coincident with the development of fire discipline, direction, and control. 3. The special importance of individual aimed fire in trench warfare has been developed in Europe during the present war in connection with what is there termed “sniping,” which has become a specially important and highly technical service, though it is merely a development of what has long been known and practiced in the United States under the name of “sharpshooting.” A consideration of some of the conditions under which “sniping” is conducted will assist in emphasizing its importance and in indicating the special qualifications and instruction essential to efficiency. 4. In modern trench warfare, as it exists in Europe to-day, each belligerent occupies a system of trenches, of which the foremost, or fire trenches, are frequently separated by only a few yards, and rarely by more than four or five hundred yards. In rear of the fire trenches there is a labyrinth of cover, approach, support, reserve, and other trenches. Each system is strengthened by obstacles, the most formidable and also the most common of these are the barbed-wire entanglements. These trenches and obstacles are being continually damaged by the opposing artillery fire, and every opportunity is seized for raiding enemy trenches through the openings so made. One of the important functions of the sniper is that of protecting his own trenches from enemy raids and his comrades from fire of snipers and the prevention of repair of enemy trenches and obstacles in order to keep the road open to raids from his own side. To these ends he endeavors to meet with a bullet every exposure of even a few square inches of the head or limb of an enemy and at the same time to conserve his own life. To attain the first object, that of hitting the enemy, requires the best possible facilities for observation and fire, coupled with special qualities and technical skill on the part of the sniper. The attainment of the second object, that of conserving one’s own life, will depend largely upon the judgment and skill displayed in selecting and concealing the position of the firer. Each of these requirements calls for special training and for special qualities inherent in the sniper. To the training and skill of the expert game shot must be added the craftiness of the poacher. 5. From the preceding paragraphs it is evident that the service of sniping can not be conducted in a haphazard way, but, on the contrary, requires for its efficient conduct a carefully selected, organized, equipped, and trained personnel. (_a_) _Organization._—Based upon the best available information from Europe, there should be organized in each battalion of Infantry a “sniping” group composed of 1 noncommissioned officer and 24 privates. (_b_) _Qualifications governing selections._—Each member of the sniping group should be a well-trained, intelligent, disciplined soldier; a dead shot at short and mid ranges; brave, yet cautious; cool, observant, patient, resourceful, and prompt. In addition to the above, the noncommissioned officer in command of the group should be a competent instructor in all that is included in the training of the sniper and should possess good judgment in the selection and preparation of snipers’ posts. (_c_) _Training._—In addition to the preliminary training contemplated in (_b_), the following features should be specially developed: _Rifle practice._—The sniper must become expert in a broader sense than is implied by the word as employed in ordinary marksmanship classification. Ordinarily his target will be a small and fleeting one, and his training should be such as to enable him to quickly and accurately deliver a single shot at objects varying from a 4–inch loophole at 100 yards to those the size of a man’s body at 800 yards. The small object at short range will be the most frequent target and indicates the most important rifle training. The character of the target emphasizes the importance of extreme accuracy of fire, and accuracy of fire implies, in addition to correctness of aim, correct knowledge of range, a correct knowledge of external influences, such as light, heat, moisture, wind, and the personal equation of the firer and the rifle. The sniper must continually practice both with the military sights and with the adjuncts supplied him and under conditions closely resembling those that will obtain in actual trench work. The importance of concealment will usually result in fire being delivered from rest, and the handling of the rifle must not be accompanied by exposure of his position. The soldier who has been thoroughly trained in the courses prescribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual will have no difficulty in improvising firing exercises with small bobbing or disappearing targets that will develop skill along the lines indicated above. In every exercise the judgment of the firer should be expressed as to the influence of a cold piece, a hot piece; clouds, heat, moisture, wind; a worn rifle; fouling; recent cleaning and oiling, or whatever existing condition may exert an influence on the path of the bullet. The estimation of ranges and their determination by use of range finders should form an important part of the training of a sniper. _Reconnaissance_ and _scouting_.—Under this head is included all manner of observation with a view to obtaining information. The sniper’s field of action will be limited, but within its sphere it will be governed by the same principles that are prescribed for reconnaissance parties and scouts, and will include the intelligible rendering of reports. To this end the sniper must be trained in the reading of maps, the making of sketches, the use of the prismatic compass, the simpler and more common conventional signs, and the rendering of both verbal and written reports. That the subject may not seem too large and formidable to him, his instruction should be progressive and as simple as possible, with due care to impress him with the necessity for everything he is required to do. The American soldier will rarely fail to respond if he can see the reasonableness of the demand made upon him. Let him see that his own life and that of his comrades may depend upon the accuracy of his knowledge of the following: 1. The location of our own front line and that of the enemy, so far as they are within his visual range. 2. The location of any known or suspected enemy sniper’s posts, machine-gun emplacements, observation posts, listening posts, command stations, or probable routes of advance. 3. The location and importance of dominating points in either line. 4. The importance of being able to pick out on the ground any points of special importance or danger indicated on sketches or maps turned over to him, and to determine from maps drawn to scale the ranges to such points. 5. How to find his way by the aid of a map or sketch from his post to any specified point in our own trenches, and back again. 6. The importance of being able to intelligibly record and graphically represent matters of importance to his commanding officer or to the sniper who is to relieve him. In this connection the special importance of exact truth in statements of fact, and of the careful separation of matters of fact from those of mere report or conjecture, should be duly stressed. Hearsay and conjecture are often of great importance, but should be transmitted as such, and in the case of conjecture the reasons therefor should be stated. The above are simply a few instances to suggest to the instructor how to go about the matter of instruction. Many men will be already familiar with the subject, and the method may be abridged, but in the case of an entirely uninstructed man a step-by-step method of instruction must be followed. The training should be such that it will be an entirely natural matter for the sniper to observe and report as to: 1. The attitude of the enemy (whether aggressive, alert, active, etc.). 2. Description of enemy seen, uniform, arms, etc. 3. Any new work evident; such as trenches and obstacles strengthened, new emplacements, etc. 4. Position of machine guns, observation posts, sniper posts, etc., discovered. 5. Points in our own lines found to be specially dangerous, and points of enemy line that menace them. 6. Routes known to be used by the enemy. 7. Routes of patrols. 8. Points where ammunition or supplies are believed to be dumped. 9. Ranges to prominent or important points. This information will be less likely to mislead if the following rules are observed: Carefully indicate the point from which each range is taken. Use prominent, easily identified landmarks as reference points. Indicate by whom and how ranges were determined. 10. Report any repairs needed in trenches or obstacles. 11. Position of suspected mines. 6. _Equipment._—Telescopes, rather low power, are preferable to field glasses for observation and reconnaissance. Care must be taken to render them as inconspicuous as possible and prevent their location by the enemy through reflection of light from the object glass. Telescopic periscope. Rifle rest.—Various sorts have been devised, usually not merely to serve the purpose of a rest, but to expedite resumption of aim and change in direction or elevation. Telescopic sights. Sniperscope.—(A device for aiming with the head below the line of sight. Reports indicate that with this device the tendency is to shoot high, and that they are only reasonably accurate up to ranges of 200 yards. They are usually used over parapets, between sandbags. Proper adjustment is essential and great care necessary to prevent derangement.) Steel helmet and mask. Maps, sketches, note-book, message blanks, pencils, pocket knife. Each post should have a range chart for use of all reliefs. The above is additional to the normal equipment of the soldier. 7. _Duties of commander of sniping group_: (_a_) Training of snipers and maintenance of efficiency. (_b_) To supervise the work of his unit. (_c_) Responsibility for care of equipment. (_d_) To receive and transmit to the proper authority all information turned over by the posts he relieves and by his own posts. (_e_) To select the positions for sniper’s posts and supervise the construction of loopholes and other special arrangements when not already provided. [Illustration: A SNIPERSCOPE. ] 8. _Location of sniper’s posts._—Though engaged in trench warfare snipers are not invariably located in trenches. When not so located the sniper will avail himself of such cover as best suits his purpose. If practicable he will so dress himself as to blend with his surroundings, giving particular attention to his face and hands. Masks of inconspicuous color are sometimes worn. He must study the maps and the ground and endeavor to determine in advance good localities for observation and good lines of approach. His line of retreat must also be decided on as early as possible. The arts of the deerstalker and poacher, or those practiced in our early Indian troubles will be of great use under these circumstances, as his success will depend largely upon his patience and cunning. Houses and other buildings should be viewed with distrust, as they may be closely observed by the enemy. Trees will also receive this scrutiny. The best cover will be that which is least likely to be suspected of affording concealment for a man. [Illustration: THE SNIPER WITH TELESCOPIC SIGHT. HIS OBSERVER WITH PERISCOPE. ] [Illustration: A PREPARED SNIPER POSITION. A SNIPER USING A SNIPERSCOPE. ] Sniper’s positions in trenches may, according to circumstances, be located in (_a_) the front line, (_b_) parados, (_c_) approach trenches, (_d_) connecting trench, (_e_) dummy trench, (_f_) support trenches, or any others affording the desired facilities. The commander must study the terrain, the enemy’s trenches, the advantages and disadvantages of each position considered, both with reference to facilities for observation, fire, and concealment, and with reference to danger from the enemy, and select that which will best serve the purpose. He must then decide as to measures for promoting observation and concealment, and supervise their execution and the construction of the necessary loopholes. Loopholes may be arranged of sandbags, iron pipes, boxes, etc. It is better to have them run obliquely rather than perpendicularly with respect to the trench line, and a curtain should be provided to prevent their being discovered by light showing through the hole. Loopholes near the ground are not as readily seen as those higher up, and those located among débris and loose earth, leaves, branches, tumbled sods, etc., are less easily detected than those located in a smooth slope. When constructing loopholes care should be taken to disturb previously existing conditions as little as possible lest the enemy observe the change and profit by the hint. Several loopholes should be provided for each post as the discovery of one by the enemy renders it worthless for future use, and continued use of one loophole will sooner or later result in detection. The best positions are usually in rear of the first line, so placed as to command a view of the enemy’s trenches up to at least 400 yards. This is not always possible and the best possible must be selected. In any case alternative positions must be arranged. Support trenches may afford better locations than the fire trenches, but they have the objection of increasing the range. If the post is detached an important consideration is whether or not it can be entered or left unobserved during daylight. 9. _Conduct of the sniper._—Snipers should work in pairs, exchanging duties of observer every 15 or 20 minutes. They should be relieved every two hours or oftener. It may be advantageous to relieve one every hour. They will never fire merely to annoy, as this will lead to disclosure of the position, with no adequate result. They will closely examine their shelter and see that the fire opening is so constructed as not to be affected by the blast of the rifle. If shooting through a small aperture in brickwork, the opening should be kept wet to prevent dust being blown out by the discharge. Newly constructed loopholes should be left unused for a time, so as to see if the enemy has detected it. The curtain will always be kept in such position as to prevent light showing through. Snipers must not be led by ruses to fire fruitlessly and disclose their positions. Fire to kill. If a large target is discovered, do not fire if it is possible to inform the machine guns or the artillery. Search constantly for machine guns and snipers; smash his periscopes. Attacks will afford great opportunities for the sniper, as the enemy will then not be so alert for them, being busy with other matters. Less caution will therefore be necessary. From a position on a flank or anywhere that he can fire without interference with our own men, he selects the most useful targets, such as machine-gun men, officers and noncommissioned officers, snipers, artillery observers, etc. He closely observes the flanks, which are favorite places from which to break up an attack, and endeavors to forestall the enemy’s fire. If the attack succeeds, he covers the working parties during the organization of the captured trench and watches for evidences of an intended counterattack. If this is made, he fires on the enemy as he shows himself in the approach trenches, picking off leaders when possible. Much night work for snipers will rarely be advantageous. The targets are then practically limited to patrols and sentries, and there is great danger of firing into our own men or being fired on by them. The flash of the rifle will disclose the position if care is not taken to conceal it. Avoid the enemy’s listening posts. Learn the hours at which the enemy repairs the gaps in his obstacles or parapets and watch for him. 10. _Description of targets._—In paragraph 2 reference was made to the necessity for a satisfactory working system for designating or describing targets. One of our present embarrassments lies in the multiplicity of methods and the incident confusion in the mind of the soldier. Another source of error lies in the tendency of men to fancy that the _ears_ of listening soldiers take in and digest a description as rapidly as the _eye_ can travel from point to point. The ear, as compared with the eye, is very slow. The immediate deduction from this is that descriptions must be shorn of all unnecessary words, and that they must be as simple and clear as possible. It also emphasizes the advantage of following so far as practicable fixed methods of expression. Recruits should be taught the general plan followed in describing targets in order that they may waste no time from lack of comprehension of the relation of the different elements of the description or the terms employed. The use of a single form will not suffice, since in some cases the target is so evident that no mistake can be made, and the simple designation such as “That troop of white-horse cavalry, range 1,000 yards,” will identify it beyond all question; while in other cases the particular target may be so obscure and liable to confusion with other targets that a reference point and some system of coordinates must be employed. In general, targets with reference to their designation will fall under the following heads: (_a_) Those that stand out so plainly that there can be no possibility of doubt as the target meant. (_b_) Those that are plainly visible, but are liable to be confused with other targets of a similar nature and range. (_c_) Those less distinctly visible and more difficult to pick up on account of peculiar background, confusion with other objects, etc. (_d_) Targets visible only through field glasses, and that may or may not present the additional difficulties of danger of confusion with other objects. Case (_a_) has already been referred to. The system consists in the simple announcement of: 1. The objective. 2. The range. Ingenious people sometimes combine horizontal and vertical clock systems in designating a target whenever possible to do so, but this is a violation of the rule of simplicity and should never be done unless evidently necessary. The mere fact that it is necessary or desirable to use a reference point does not in all cases require use of both systems, as the reference point may be so evident that no clock coordination is necessary. When such designation _is_ necessary, the horizontal clock face is used in coordinating the reference point and the vertical clock face for locating the subsequent points. 11. Instruction in target description is simple but must be thoroughly understood. An illustration by means of case (d) will cover the entire subject so far as necessary. (_a_) Explain to the recruits the use of the horizontal clock system as a means of indicating directions. Inform them that they are, in this system, _always_ at the center of the dial. Call out various hours and require each recruit to extend his arm in the direction he understands is indicated. Explain and correct errors. Explain the use of the vertical clock system, impressing the recruits with the fact that in this system the _reference point_ is always at the center of dial. Call out an hour and require the recruit to name some object that is located on the hand of the clock at the designated hour. A diagram on paper may be of assistance. Explain and correct errors. Explain to the recruit that the angle subtended by the width of one finger at arm’s length from the eye and that subtended by the leaf of the rear sight to his rifle at 14 inches from the eye has a chord 50 yards long at 1,000 yards distance. The finger width and the sight leaf thus become known as units, and either may be used in indicating distances laterally. Having selected a reference point, name some object near it and require the recruit to tell you how many units (_fingers_ or _sight leafs_) apart they are. [Illustration: SKETCH SHOWING GERMAN FIXED RIFLE REST FOR FIRING THROUGH LOOP HOLES. (Captured at the Bluff.) NOTE.—Both lateral and horizontal movement is given and the rifle can be very firmly clamped when the required aim is found. ] CASE (B). [Illustration: HORIZONTAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE VISIBLE). ] ┌─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┐ │ SYSTEM. │ EXAMPLE. │ EXAMPLE. │ ├─────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼─────────────────────┤ │1. Announce direction│Target 2 o’clock │Target 11 o’clock. │ │2. Announce objective│A hostile patrol │A hostile patrol. │ │3. Announce range │Range 1,000 │Range 900. │ └─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┘ PROCEDURE. 1. All look along the line pointing toward the indicated o’clock of a horizontal clock face whose center is at the firing point and whose 12 o’clock mark is directly perpendicular to the firing line. 2. Look for the objective at— 3. A point on this line at a distance equal to the designated range. NOTE.—The clock here represented must be considered as horizontal, not vertical as shown. For the purpose of illustration perspective was not considered. The observer occupies the center of clock. CASE (C). [Illustration: VERTICAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE SMALL OR INDISTINCT). ] ┌──────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ │ SYSTEM. │ EXAMPLE A. │ EXAMPLE B. │ EXAMPLE C. │ ├──────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │1. Announce the │Reference point │Reference point │Reference point │ │ general │ at 12 o’clock │ to our right │ to our right │ │ direction of the│ │ front │ front. │ │ reference point │ │ │ │ │2. Announce the │Single house │High peak │High peak. │ │ reference point │ with 2 │ │ │ │ (the most │ chimneys │ │ │ │ prominent object│ │ │ │ │ in the zone │ │ │ │ │ indicated) │ │ │ │ │3. Announce │Target at 8 │Target at 5 │Target at 4 │ │ position of │ o’clock │ o’clock │ o’clock. │ │ target with │ │ │ │ │ respect to │ │ │ │ │ reference point │ │ │ │ │4. Announce the │Machine-gun │A hostile patrol│A hostile │ │ objective │ │ │ patrol. │ │5. Announce range │Range 1,000 │Range 900 │Range 800. │ └──────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘ PROCEDURE. 1. All men look in direction indicated by 1. 2. Reference point is found in the indicated direction. 3. A clock face (vertical) is imagined centered on reference point and look along the line through the indicated o’clock, and 4. Find the objective at — 5. ...... yards from the firing line. CASE (D). [Illustration: SIGHT LEAF, FINGER, OR UNIT SYSTEM. (When targets are indistinct or invisible, and to define sectors.) ] ┌──────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ │ SYSTEM │ EXAMPLE A. │ EXAMPLE B. │ EXAMPLE C. │ ├──────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │1. Announce │Reference point │Reference point │Reference point │ │ direction of │ at 12 o’clock │ at 1 o’clock │ at 1 o’clock. │ │ reference point │ │ │ │ │ using horizontal│ │ │ │ │ clock system if │ │ │ │ │ necessary │ │ │ │ │2. Announce │House, with │Distant hill │Distant hill. │ │ reference point │ fence around │ │ │ │ │ it, on hill │ │ │ │3. Announce │Target, 8 │Target, 8 │Target, 5.30 │ │ position of │ o’clock 2 │ o’clock 4 │ o’clock. │ │ target with │ units │ units │ │ │ respect to the │ │ │ │ │ reference point │ │ │ │ │4. Announce the │Line of │Skirmish line, 2│Skirmish line, 2│ │ objective │ intrenchments,│ units │ units. │ │ │ 3 units │ │ │ │5. Announce the │Range 900 │Range 800 │Range 1,000. │ │ range │ │ │ │ └──────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘ NOTE.—“Units” mean 50 mils = finger = sight leaf. It is usual to indicate in this system the point of the target nearest the reference point. When he is fairly familiar with the use of the horizontal and the vertical clock system for indicating directions, and with the use of fingers and sight leaf for measuring lateral distances from a reference point, work him up from simple to difficult examples of target designation. With case (_d_) as an illustration, call the _direction_ of the reference point. See that all look in the right direction. _Name_ the reference point. Require it to be indicated on paper, _at the center of a clock dial_. Call, “Target 8 o’clock.” Have a line drawn from the center of the dial in the proper direction. Announce, “Four units.” Have these estimated by fingers and with the sight leaf in the proper direction and endeavor to then locate some object that should serve as a check on the work. Continue similarly with the actual announcement of the character of the target: “Skirmish line, etc.” It may sometimes be advantageous to indicate the range and have the sights set before describing the target, as men frequently lose the target while their eyes are off it in sight-setting. The training necessary to make a “war shot” does not stop with making the recruits skillful in shooting. Other qualities must receive attention and be developed. This is accomplished in his other drills. His development into a war shot must be systematic and progressive. In the diagram this idea is carried out. +----------------+ |Care of arms, | | |pages 25 |-|--+ |and 83–84. | | | +----------------+ | |Sighting | | | |drills, |-|--| |pages 25 to 35. | | | +----------------+ |--+Gallery Practice. |Position and | | | | |aiming drills, |-|--| | |pages 35 to 47. | | | | +----------------+ | | |Deflection | | | | |and elevation |-|--+ | |drills, pages | | | |47 to 50. | | +----------------+ |--+Known distance |Effect of wind | | | practice. |and advice to | | | | |riflemen, pages |-|-----| | |50 to 51; | | | | |78 to 82. | | | +----------------+ | | |Self-control. |-|-----+ | +----------------+ | |Use of ground | | | | |and cover, |-+--------+--Combat practice. +-- WAR SHOT. |Infantry Drill | | | | |Regulations. | | +----------------+ | |Estimating | | | |distance, |-|--------| |pages 53 to 57. | | | +----------------+ | |Target |-|--------| |description. | | +----------------+ | |Fire | | |discipline, | | | |Infantry Drill |-|--------+ |Regulations, | | |page 65. | +----------------+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. 2. Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON TRAINING FOR RIFLE FIRE IN TRENCH WARFARE *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.