Frontispiece: THE BATTERED "EMDEN" AFTER GOING ASHORE ON COCOS ISLAND.

AUTHOR'S NOTE

It is too soon to attempt the telling at large and in detail of all that has been done by Australia and New Zealand in the Great War. There is much that has, for military reasons, not yet been revealed; and what has been told has come to us from various sources in more or less fragmentary fashion, so that one must read several accounts of the same event in order to get anything of an adequate idea of it. All I have done here is to collate such documents as are available and gather together a connected narrative, not only of the actual campaigning, but of the spiritual and mental experiences the Australasians have passed through since August 1914, the way they have faced this crisis in their history, and the effect the war has had on their national life. I have drawn on official documents, on the dispatches of Sir Ian Hamilton, the reports of the various correspondents of our English and the chief Australian and New Zealand newspapers, on the speeches of public men and letters of private citizens, and on a few conversations I have had with some of the wounded Anzacs whom I have met in these latter days about London. In all which I have been little more than an enthusiastic and, I hope, faithful compiler, endeavouring to set down as vividly as I could the impressions I formed from my reading and hearing of these things, and trying occasionally to guess, according to my lights, at the spirit and inner significance of this wonderful uprising of our Australasian kinsfolk–at the ideal for which they are fighting with such glorious heroism and for which so many of them have ungrudgingly laid down their lives. Some, who have had no hand in the fighting, have very confidently criticised both the Commander-in-Chief who has led these gallant soldiers in the sternest of their battles and the Government that has been responsible for the campaigns they have undertaken; but I have not ventured to compete with such critics, chiefly because I accept the judgment of the sturdy New Zealander who said to me, discussing the nagging diatribes of a certain newspaper: "It's all fluff. If these fellows knew a little more they wouldn't have so much to say."

CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Britons All!

FRENCH MEN-OF-WAR AND AUSTRALIAN TROOPSHIPS IN SUEZ CANAL, PORT SAID.

MEN OF THE AUSTRALIAN LIGHT HORSE IN CAIRO.

CHAPTER I
MAKING READY

All things considered, you cannot help sympathising a little with Germany's outcry against the deceptive character of the British Empire. When an eminent physician has carefully diagnosed a patient's complaint and pronounced, quite emphatically, that he cannot possibly survive for more than a very brief period, it is up to that patient to fade away within the time limit prescribed for him. Otherwise, he must not expect his doctor to be pleased, or to express any but uncomplimentary opinions concerning his behaviour and the general defects of his system. Well, as everybody knows, Treitschke, Bernhardi, and other accomplished German professors devoted many years of their valuable lives to feeling the pulse of John Bull, and they found that, by all the known laws of science, he was on his last legs. They assured the world {6} at large, with the portentous cocksureness so peculiarly German, that he was so far gone that a properly administered shock was certain to bring about his immediate dissolution. The shock was administered all right; Germany saw to that; but instead of keeping to his part of the programme and dying, John promptly woke up, got out of bed, developed a lot more legs than anybody had credited him with, and has ever since been firmly standing on them all.

And Germany is naturally indignant at this. What is the use of scientific laws if they can thus be disregarded with impunity? Bernhardi praised the British for some things, but he was sure he knew what he was talking about, and most of the things they had done were much too foolish to obtain his approbation. He explained how we had neglected to train up our Colonies in the way they should go; we had never sternly imposed our own kultur on any of our "subject peoples"; we exercised no control over Australasia, Canada, South Africa: we had failed to hold them in subjection, and they were rapidly losing all trace of the British spirit and would not remain permanently within the Empire. Moreover, India and Egypt were seething with disaffection, he said, and if a beneficent Germany only gave them half a chance they would break into open revolt and throw off the hated British yoke. He had studied the whole position most thoroughly and foresaw hopeful possibilities of great Colonial rebellions–Australasia, Canada, South Africa would decide before long to become independent States, and the old country would have to go out and fight them in order to reduce them to submission, and then would come Germany's golden opportunity. But it might not be necessary to wait for those rebellions. If ever England were involved in a big war nearer home, the shrewd Bernhardi was quite convinced that the self-governing Colonies would naturally consult their own interests and decline to take any part in it. He laid it down emphatically that, at all events (to quote from Mr. Allen H. Powles's translation of his "Germany and the Next War"), "the Colonies can be completely ignored so far as concerns any European theatre of war."

All which indicates what a strange gulf there must be between the fossilised Prussian mind and the mind of a modern civilisation. These pretentious speculations looked so profound, and were actually so shallow; yet, simply by taking themselves seriously, the German professors and militarists bluffed most of the world into {7} accepting them as masterly students of psychology. There is something amusing in the essentially Prussian idea that we were ignorant of the art of Empire-building because we had not held our Colonies firmly in subjection and forced our own kultur upon our "subject peoples" and thus have made them indissolubly one with us. We have not done so for two reasons. For one, they would never have allowed us to do it; the men of British blood are not so docile as that, thank heaven! And for another, as a nation we have no such stupid, swaggering desire to lord it over our fellows. We had once, but have outgrown it. As for sending our armies out to make war on the great free Colonies if they resolved to set up as independent States–they are independent already, and if ever they decided to sever the formal, natural tie that links them easily with ourselves in a federated Empire, no Government in Great Britain would be so foolish as to do anything but reluctantly acquiesce in their decision.

The fact is, and it is now revealing itself, Germany does not understand what freedom means. She does not know the difference between slavery and brotherhood, and, with all her owlish wisdom, has never realised that love is a mightier bond than fear. She has learnt nothing from her failures in Poland, in Alsace, in her own Colonies. So immature is her conception of Empire that she took it as a sign of weakness in us when, after spending blood and treasure in the South African War, we withdrew and left the Boers and our own people living there to join hands and make their own laws and govern themselves. "The low-Dutch are in the ascendant in South Africa now," wrote the egregious Bernhardi, and he pronounced that when Germany launched her legions against England the South Africans would be quick to seize the occasion and rise and strike for freedom.

But people do not strike to obtain what they possess. The long-premeditated blow has fallen, and instead of shattering the British Empire past repair has merely tightened any loose rivets in it and welded it more firmly together than ever. German psychology has proved a vain thing; not a single one of the solemn prophecies of her professors has come true. South Africa has {8} crushed the enemy at her gates, has added German West Africa to the Empire, and is sending troops over to fight in the British battle-line in France. The Princes of India have rallied eagerly to the flag, and France and the Dardanelles have undying stories to tell of the loyalty and courage of those sons of hers who have fought and died for its honour. The moment the word of alarm flashed over the seas, Canada, Australia, New Zealand leaped to arms and were ready, and sent their thousands forth and are sending them still to hold inviolate the Empire that is theirs no less than ours.

But this is to be the story of the boys from Down Under; the equally glorious stories of Canada, South Africa, India I leave to other tellers.

In those August days of 1914 when war and peace were still in the balance, and we of the British Isles were waiting in tensest anxiety, not fearing that war was to come, but dreading lest the diplomatists should arrive at a compromise that would justify us in standing meanly aside and leaving France to her fate; all through Australia and New Zealand men waited as anxiously, torn with the self-same fear. And on the morning of the 5th, when the cable told them that Great Britain had declared war upon Germany they felt the same deep sense of relief that the same news had brought to us at midnight on the 4th–relief, and even thankfulness that, with Belgium's neutrality ruthlessly broken, the Empire had done the only right and honourable thing. When the storm burst, the Federal Parliament of Australia had been dissolved and electioneering was in full swing. Nevertheless, in two days, with the whole-hearted approval of all parties in the country, the Prime Minister had offered to send 20,000 men to the front, as a first contingent, and our Government had gladly accepted the offer. The Australian Commissioner in London called at the War Office in connection with this proposal, and wrote home to say that Lord Kitchener told him, "I know the Australian soldier, and know he will give a good account of himself"; and that his final words were, "Roll up! Roll up!"

And no sooner was the call made for volunteers for foreign service than they did roll up–they went swarming in thousands to the recruiting stations at Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart, Perth, and other great centres, and in a very short time more than the required number had been enrolled and were rapidly gathered into vast camps at Broadmeadows, at Helena Vale, {9} and elsewhere, and all the States of the Commonwealth were humming with warlike preparations. The militia were called out; Rifle Clubs were formed; the women organised for Red Cross work and to look after the needs of the soldiers and their families; troops slept by their guns in the forts round the coast, for German cruisers were prowling then in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean and there were possibilities of raids and bombardments. Negotiations were opened with the Imperial Government, which readily granted a War Loan of £18,000,000. There was prompt seizure of German and Austrian ships lying in Australian ports; there was a drastic hunting down of German spies and rounding up of alien enemies. Word that war had been declared was received on the morning of the 5th August, and at noon of the same day Australia's first shot was fired from the fort at Point Nepean, when a German cargo steamer, the Pfatz , was held up and captured. The first expeditionary force was raised within two or three days; and before the end of August a second large contingent had been formed and had gone into camp for training, this second contingent including a Light Horse Brigade; and "the Australian Light Horse," as Lord Denman, sometime Governor-General of the Commonwealth, has said, "is the finest Light Horse in the world."

A goodly percentage of these volunteer armies–for the compulsory service in Australia and New Zealand is for home defence only–were bushmen, farm-hands, clerks, miners, many of whom had thrown up lucrative appointments and journeyed long distances, hot-foot to be in time. A writer in The Melbourne Age spent an hour at one of the depots in Melbourne and gave the following list of the recruits who presented themselves whilst he was there: "jeweller–1; cricketer–1; actor–1; collar-maker–1; musicians–3; hairdressers–3; cooks–7; journalists–5; teachers–8; draper's assistant, 'private means,' hotel porter, military officer, chemist, wool classer, tailor, axeman, rubber planter, investor, insurance agent, signwriter, and student–1 each. There were two or three storekeepers, ten motor mechanics, and half a dozen travellers. This list," the reporter continues, "is a typical one, though of course in some States particular occupations would be differently represented. Generally speaking, it would be correct to say that at least 80 per cent. of the men–eight in every ten–have in some way earned their livings with their hands. The remaining 20 per cent. would be made up of clerks, accountants, shopkeepers, professional men, and others who were {10} not manual labourers. In the great field entered for the greatest of all races, 'private means' shows up rather badly."

But we must not forget that "private means" represents the smallest section of the community. What is infinitely more significant is that before the end of November 1914 more than the 20,000 men offered had been raised, had finished their preliminary training and sailed for Egypt; and a second force of 16,500 was then in training to follow them. There was also a force of some 7,000 mobilised for home defence. Something of what Australia was doing, of the ardour and spirit and spontaneous patriotism that animated her people may be gathered from a communication which Sir Charles Lucas made to The Times . Sir Charles, who used to be head of the Dominions Department of the Colonial Office, was on a visit to Australia in those early days of the war, and what impressed him greatly was the prevailing common sense and patriotic enthusiasm with which public bodies and private citizens worked, the promptitude and swiftness with which they prepared themselves, as if the war had been at their very doors instead of thousands of miles away. He saw no violent anti-German outbreak; no bombast nor boastfulness; nothing but a sober, willing, resolute desire to participate to the utmost in the great fight for freedom that was not to be the motherland's only, but the Empire's. "Political parties, the churches, and all classes spoke with one voice," says Sir Charles. "War funds seemed to be almost unduly multiplied; young men everywhere were eager to go to the front, and all were making sacrifices in time, and money, and work"; and he expresses the keenest admiration of the men he saw at the military camps, and the zeal, cheerfulness, and efficiency with which all ranks were fitting themselves for the task to which they had put their hands. "Australia will support the cause of the Empire in this war to the last man and the last shilling"–Mr. Fisher knew the hearts of his people before he drew that limitless bill upon their loyalty, and this is the glorious story of how they are meeting it.

As it was in Australia, so it was in New Zealand. There was the same intense suspense in those first days of August 1914, the same nameless fear lest the old country should be lulled into accepting German pledges or otherwise induced to remain neutral and leave France to her fate, the same fierce indignation against the unprovoked attack upon Belgium, and the same immeasurable sense of relief and thankfulness when the word came that Britain had {11} declared war. There was, too, the same spontaneous uprising, the same sinking of party differences, the same swift, passionate gathering up of all the energies, all the resources of the nation and placing them at the service of the Empire–not with any lust for glory or conquest, but with a high realisation that in so doing New Zealand was devoting herself also to the higher service of humanity. For, as you may hear on all hands, it was the terrible story of Belgium's martyrdom that stirred such a passion of sympathy and blazing wrath throughout New Zealand as in Australia–the thought of that gallant little people so brutally wronged and battling with such desperate heroism to drive back the barbaric hordes of a mighty invader: it was this that so tore at the hearts of people there that they rejoiced, as at the best of good tidings, when Britain took up the cause of the weak and the wronged and gave them the chance to fight, and if need be die beside her in so just a cause. No tocsin sounded in any dark hour of attack ever called forth such myriads and such more than willing myriads of defenders as have rallied from all quarters of the earth to the cry that went up from those violated homes of Belgium. Australia and New Zealand in generous rivalry made haste to subscribe funds for the relief of the Belgian refugees, and to send them shipments of food, blankets, and clothing. Meanwhile, military preparations went forward in New Zealand with amazing rapidity. An expeditionary force of 10,000 was raised, and by the time they were ready to sail for Egypt a further 3,000 were training in camp at Wellington, recruits were offering themselves in undiminishing numbers, and arrangements were made to send out reinforcements of at least 3,000 every two months–a figure which has since been largely increased. There was a demand that the age limit should be raised to fifty, such multitudes of older men were keen to go on active service; but as this was not done, they organised themselves, as our older men have done in the homeland and in every one of the British dominions, into Citizen Armies for home defence. In less than three weeks Christchurch alone had enrolled an army of this sort 1,200 strong, made up, like the New Zealand army for the field, and like all the new British armies, of men drawn from all classes of the community. The Premier, and other leading men of the nation, declared in unqualified terms that New Zealand was ready to give her all, and to shrink from no sacrifice for the honour and the integrity of the Empire, and she has ever since been fulfilling that pledge to the utmost.

{12} One has read many such stories as that of the college professor who threw up his appointment at Dunedin in order to enlist as a private; and as that of the prosperous farmer miles away across the lonely plains of South Island, who had heard nothing of any crisis until news burst upon him that war had been declared two days ago, then, fearing he might be too late, left his farm to the care of his wife and whoever could be got to look after it, hurried by horse and rail to Canterbury, took a few years off his age, and got into the first expeditionary force. And one could tell numerous similar stories of the Australians. There is that record of Cormick, the young Queensland grazier, who, immediately the call reached him, rode 460 miles to the nearest station at Hergott Springs, then travelled 450 miles by rail to Adelaide, only to find that the Light Horse regiment there had made up its full number. He telegraphed to Tasmania, but the Light Horse section there had no opening for him. He had made up his mind to go, however, and, though he must have spent more than a year's pay in journeying from place to place on his quest, he succeeded at last and sailed with the first overseas contingent.

But better than I can hope to express it you find the high, indomitable soul of Australasia revealing itself in two letters from which I will make some short extracts. One is written by Mr. Edward Grimwade, who went out and settled in New Zealand some years ago, to his brother, Mr. L. L. Grimwade, of Stoke-on-Trent, in England. "My boy, Len, went away with his regiment yesterday," writes Mr. Grimwade. "All we can say is 'The Lord bless the lad.'... On this subject his mother is in liquidation, and his dad not much better. None the less, if the Motherland calls, Ted must go too.... I am prepared to give another son (as I have given one) and I am prepared to get into the fighting line myself. Further, I am prepared to suffer loss of fortune and see starvation, rather than sacrifice the honour of our Empire."

NEAR THE PYRAMIDS: THE CAMP OF THE AUSTRALIANS, AGAINST
WHOM NO GERMAN-TRAINED TURKISH ARMY CAN BE SUCCESSFUL.

"STRANGERS IN THE LAND OF EGYPT."
The Australian Remounts Depot at Abassia near Cairo.

FOOTBALL IN CAMP AT ABASSIA.

And here is a letter written in these later days which will serve to show the splendid spirit that lives in Australia's volunteers. It was written by Second Lieutenant Meager, of the 3rd Australian Infantry. He took part in that daring and triumphant landing at Gallipoli, and was promoted from the ranks for bravery. Later, he was killed in action, leaving a widow and child in Australia, and this last letter from him was received by his mother on the same day as the announcement of his death reached her:

"During the next few days we shall be facing death every {13} minute. If I am taken off, do as the Roman matrons of old–keep your tears for privacy, steel your heart, and get a dozen recruits to fill my place. Pray hard for me, and if God wills it, I shall see it through. I shall go into action with a clean heart, and if I emerge safely I hope I shall have proved myself a man and a leader, and thereby have justified the confidence of my commanders."

This is the stuff of which our Australasian brothers are made; these are the men upon whose degeneracy or disloyalty Treitschke, Bernhardi, and that pitiful brood of Prussian wiseacres relied. Never was any royal utterance more profoundly significant or more simply true than the message that King George sent to his Overseas Dominions at the end of the first month of the war:

"During the past few weeks the peoples of my whole Empire at home and overseas have moved with one mind and purpose to confront and overthrow an unparalleled assault upon the continuity of civilisation and the peace of mankind. The calamitous conflict is not of my seeking. My voice has been cast throughout on the side of peace. My Ministers earnestly strove to allay the causes of strife and appease differences with which my Empire was not concerned. Had I stood aside when in defiance of pledges to which my Kingdom was a party the soil of Belgium was violated and her cities laid desolate, when the very life of the French nation was threatened with extinction, I should have sacrificed my honour and given to destruction the liberties of my Empire and of mankind. I rejoice that every part of the Empire is with me in this decision.

"My peoples in the Self-Governing Dominions have shown beyond all doubt that they whole-heartedly endorse the grave decision which it was necessary to take. My personal knowledge of the loyalty and devotion of my Oversea Dominions had led me to expect that they would cheerfully make the great efforts and bear the great sacrifices which the present conflict entails. The full measure in which they have placed their services and resources at my disposal fills me with gratitude, and I am proud to be able to show to the world that my people overseas are as determined as the people of the United Kingdom to prosecute a just cause to a successful end.

"The Dominion of Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Dominion of New Zealand have placed at my disposal their naval forces, which have already rendered good service to the {14} Empire. Strong Expeditionary Forces are being prepared in Canada, in Australia, and in New Zealand for service at the front, and the Union of South Africa has released all British troops and has undertaken important military responsibilities, the discharge of which will be of the utmost value to the Empire. Newfoundland has doubled the numbers of its branch of the Royal Naval Reserve, and is sending a body of men to take part in the operations at the front.... All parts of my Oversea Dominions have thus demonstrated in the most unmistakable manner the fundamental unity of the Empire amidst all its diversity of situation and circumstance."

WITH OUR COLONIAL TROOPS IN EGYPT.

AUSTRALIAN ARMY FIELD-KITCHENS MARCHING PAST AT A REVIEW OF TROOPS IN EGYPT.

CHAPTER II
PATROLLING THE PACIFIC

Whilst the new armies were still training, the fleet of Australia put to sea, joined the New Zealand fleet, and together they proceeded to co-operate with the British naval forces in sweeping the Pacific for German merchantmen, and hunting down the few elusive German cruisers that were prowling the seas thereabouts in search of prey. Three of these cruisers in particular, the Gneisenau , the Scharnhorst , and the Emden , were dodging all pursuit, successfully capturing and sinking British and French trading and passenger ships, and bombarding the coast towns of some of our South Sea Islands; and the Emden , before it could be rounded up and destroyed, had gone as far afield as India and shelled Madras. "The German cruisers are playing a game of hide-and-seek on the broad expanse of the Pacific," an Australian naval officer wrote home, "and are avoiding a trial of strength with the vessels of the Australian fleet. We have been looking for them ever since war was declared, and are more than anxious to have a go at them, but they keep out of the way. The task of definitely locating them and getting to grips is an enormous one. The Pacific is so wide, and there are so many thousands of islets that we could pass within five minutes of them and yet fail to be aware of their presence. Once they are cornered, it will be a fine fight–a fight to a finish.... Once we thought we had the German boats bottled up in Simpson Haven. Orders were issued to the destroyers to ferret them out, and in the dead of night the three little boats, with all lights out and crews at their stations, crept into the harbour, which might have been mined. However, after sweeping round the bay {18} we found our quarry was not there. We landed a small party which smashed up the telegraphic instruments, then dashed out again."

So for some weeks the warships of Australia and New Zealand were alertly at work, chasing the nimble Germans in and out among those thousand islands of the South Seas. British and French and Japanese vessels took up the difficult hunt with them, but in that vast wilderness of waters, with such innumerable creeks and bays and obscure hiding-places to skulk in, it was far easier to lose the wily enemy than to find him. In due course, however, the Gneisenau and the Scharnhorst were cornered and accounted for; but the Emden remained at large and ran a long and brilliantly triumphant career before it was trapped and beaten at last in a desperate fight with the Australian battle cruiser, the Sydney .

Meanwhile, on the 30th August, 1914, the island of Samoa was captured without opposition by the combined fleets of Australasia, Britain, and France, under the command of Rear-Admiral Patey. When the fleets arrived off the island, the Admiral sent an officer ashore with a letter to the Acting Governor, Herr S. N. Rimburg, saying:

"I have the honour to inform you that I am off the port of Apia with an overwhelming force, and in order to avoid unnecessary bloodshed, I will not open fire if you surrender immediately. I therefore summon you to surrender to me forthwith the town of Apia and the Imperial possessions under your control. An answer must be delivered within half an hour to the bearer."

To some of us now there seems a touch of unconscious humour in Herr Rimburg's reply, when we remember how the ships of his own nation bombarded unfortified English towns without giving them any preliminary warning at all, for this is the letter that Admiral Patey's messenger brought back:

"According to the principles of the rights of nations, especially of the agreements of the second Hague Peace Conference, the bombardment of our harbours and protectorates is forbidden, as is the threat to do so. I therefore respectfully protest against your Excellency's proposal. But to avoid the military measures you propose, I have given orders for the wireless telegraph station to be demolished and that no resistance shall be offered."

It always went against the grain with many Britishers that the last home of Stevenson, the island that has his grave on one of its hill-tops, should ever have been ceded to the Germans, and the {19} news that it had been recovered from them was an occasion for enthusiastic rejoicing on that sentimental ground, as well as because it meant that a valuable colony had been added to the Empire. One very pleasant circumstance in connection with this bloodless victory was that the French and British residents in the Samoan Islands bore testimony to the kindness with which they had been treated by the German authorities and spontaneously petitioned the conquerors to show special consideration to the German ex-Governor and his officials, and the request was met at once in the friendliest possible spirit. It almost seemed as if the gracious, humane influence of Tusitala were still potent in the very atmosphere of the place. Colonel Robert Logan, the new British Administrator of Samoa, took up residence with his staff at Stevenson's own house "Vailima," which had been occupied by the German Governor, Dr. Schultz, and says in his report:

"I conferred with the German heads of departments and their subordinates, and, as they have given their parole to do nothing inimical to British interests and to carry out their duties loyally, I have retained them, with two exceptions, in their respective offices at the same salaries as they were previously receiving."

Equally pleasant, too, in connection with the capture of Samoa, were certain details mentioned concerning the appointment of Mr. Williams to the post of Deputy-Administrator of the island of Savali. "Mr. Williams has been in the islands for over forty years," wrote Colonel Logan, "and from the inception of German rule in Samoa until the declaration of war acted in the capacity of Deputy Administrator of Savali, under the German Government. On the declaration of war he was given the option of resigning his British citizenship or being relieved of his office, and he chose the latter alternative, although this entailed the loss of his pension."

The transfer of Samoa being arranged in this humane, reasonable fashion, the allied fleets departed to continue their other business, leaving a garrison of some 2,000 New Zealand troops at Apia in charge of the islands. A fortnight later those roving ships of the German Pacific squadron came round that way and shelled Apia, and were energetically shelled in return; but the firing did not last long; there was no attempt at a landing, very little damage was done, and ever since the New Zealanders have remained in peaceable possession of their first trophy.

In the interval, on the 11th September, at 7 in the morning, the Australian squadron occupied Herbertshohe, the principal {20} town in the island of New Pomerania, which is the largest island of the Bismarck Archipelago. It was discovered by Captain Cook, who named it New Britain, but the British Government never formally took possession of it, and in 1884 Germany seized and rechristened it, and at the same time annexed half of the neighbouring island of New Guinea and changed its name to Kaiser Wilhelmsland. The remainder of New Guinea had long been shared betwixt the Dutch and the British, and there was profound dissatisfaction in Australia when the Germans were thus allowed to steal a march on us. There was already a feeling abroad that they were hankering after world-dominion and were dangerous neighbours. This uneasiness had been lulled by the passing of years, but the aggressive boastfulness of Germany and the outbreak of the war had naturally revived it and sharpened it to more than its first acuteness, and the knowledge that this menace to her peace had been finally removed was received throughout Australia with a lively satisfaction that was echoed from every quarter of the Empire.

On that morning of the 11th September a party of fifty men of the Australian Naval Reserve, under the command of Commander J. A. H. Beresford, and accompanied by Lieutenant-Commander Elwell and Lieutenant Bowen, landed at Herbertshohe. There was a small group of Germans gathered on the wharf, and these, being hailed, replied that no opposition would be offered. As soon as the landing party had fallen in on the beach they set out to march through the forest to the wireless station, which was about six miles inland, and luckily, in spite of the Germans' assurance that they would meet with no resistance, Commander Beresford was on the alert against treachery, had thrown out scouts, and was prepared for any surprise attack that might be attempted. There was no sign or sound of an enemy for a while, but when they had gone some two miles into the forest the invaders suddenly realised that they had walked into a trap. A volley fired from the bush and dense tropical undergrowth which shut the road in on either side took them unawares. A German force had entrenched themselves close ahead athwart the road, and a number of blacks, hidden among the trees on both sides, started and kept up a harassing enfilade. But the Australians took the half-expected surprise with the most perfect sangfroid. They energetically returned the enemy's fire with a raking volley or two, then hurled themselves on the trenches, and, after a furious hand-to-hand struggle, carried them at the point of the bayonet. They captured several prisoners, and leaving these in a hut under a small guard the rest of the party pushed on resolutely, taking what cover was possible by the way and maintaining a continuous fight with snipers who kept pace with them, lurking in the depths of the forest. The advance was necessarily slow, for, in addition to the death that momentarily threatened them from among the trees, the road was mined in many places, and nothing but the utmost caution and coolness saved the indomitable little army from annihilation. As it was, they suffered heavy losses.

A SMALL PORTION OF THE ARMY IN EGYPT.
A part of the camp at Menai.

THE AUSTRALIAN TROOPS IN EGYPT.

FROM DIFFERENT POINTS OF THE COMPASS.
A meeting of sons of the Empire. This picture was taken about a mile
from the Pyramids in Egypt. It illustrates how Britannia's sons from
various parts of the Empire have rallied to the Flag. These four men are
in the same Australian regiment, but (left to right) they were born in
Canada, Australia, Scotland, and England respectively.

{21} Within 500 yards of the wireless station they found themselves faced with more entrenchments and came to a halt. A careful reconnaissance was made, and the position discovered to be so powerfully fortified that a dispatch-runner was sent back to ask for reinforcements from the fleet, and as it was by now almost dark Commander Beresford decided to encamp for the night. All night scouts were out keeping a close watch, and the men slept beside their rifles, but nothing happened. Even the snipers remained silent; many had been shot down, and the rest had either used up their ammunition or withdrawn disheartened; and the entrenched Germans lay low, apparently contented to wait till they were attacked.

Before dawn a great cheer rang from the awakening camp as the expected reinforcements, a detachment of Australian sailors, were seen approaching along the forest road. They brought several quickfirers and some 12-pounders with them, but no sooner were the guns in position and a storming party in readiness to advance than the enemy blew up the station and fled. Shots were sent after them, but they escaped into the bush, and the pursuit was not continued, since the object of the Australian expedition had been to destroy the wireless equipment there, and this had been accomplished.

Later in the day, however, the enemy reappeared behind the town and indulged in some casual sniping, but a few well-placed shells from one of the warships in the harbour discouraged them and drove them back into the interior.

The fighting for the wireless station had occupied eighteen hours, and it fell into the hands of the Australians at 1 o'clock in the morning on the 12th September. Between twenty and thirty Germans were killed; there were many wounded, and the Commandant and one other officer, fifteen German non-commissioned {22} officers, and fifty-six native police were taken prisoners. The Australian losses were Lieutenant-Commander B. Elwell, Captain B. A. Bockley, R.A.M.C., and four seamen killed, and Lieutenant Rowland B. Bowen and three seamen wounded.

The Governor of New Pomerania (now restored to its earlier name of New Britain) remained at large for a day or two, and then was captured with his suite ten miles inland, and they were sent as prisoners to the port of Rabaul.

The capture of this port of Rabaul was one of the most daring and successful episodes in the campaign on New Pomerania. It was thought possible that the German cruisers were somewhere in the vicinity, and the Australian Commander had no knowledge of Rabaul Harbour, and knew nothing of its fortifications; nevertheless, with all lights out he raided the port at night, caught the Germans napping, and landed a naval force without opposition. They had taken possession of the post and telegraph stations and destroyed the plant before the inhabitants were roused and came out to find it was too late for them to attempt to do anything. Some of the German residents subsequently refused to take the oath of neutrality, and these, with two German officers, were sent as prisoners to Sydney. There was also some little trouble with the natives, who resorted to a sort of guerilla warfare, but it was not long before these were reduced to order, and the Australian garrison remained in peaceable control of the island, which had been the centre of the German government in the Bismarck Archipelago.

Whilst Rabaul was being raided, another Australian warship landed a small squad of sailors under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Bloomfield at Nauru, the capital of the Marshall Islands. With the party were Lieutenant Cooper, Engineer-Lieutenant Creswell, and Staff-Surgeon Brennard, to act as interpreter. The surf round the island is very heavy, and there were difficulties in getting a boat through it, but this once accomplished the rest was easy. There were no defences, and the landing was unopposed. The Governor surrendered at discretion, and the wireless station, one of the most powerful in the German Pacific series, was demolished.

Shortly after the fall of Rabaul, the Australian fleet captured a German steamer that was making for the harbour there, and learned from two Englishmen who were aboard that the elusive German cruisers had recently been sighted off Kaweing, New Hanover. {23} But though a warship was dispatched forthwith to that quarter and toured all about the islands, searching diligently, no enemy vessels were anywhere discoverable. They had been seen thereabouts a few days previously, but had mysteriously vanished again.

The conquest of the German Pacific islands was completed on 24th September, when Kaiser Wilhelmsland (German New Guinea) surrendered without firing a shot, the British flag was hoisted at Friedrich Wilhelm town, and a garrison established there. Most of the available German soldiers had been sent thence a fortnight before to assist in the defence of New Pomerania; but when they arrived it was already taken over by the victorious Australians and they simply fell into their hands as prisoners. The principal officials of Kaiser Wilhelmsland were also absent; the four that remained, with some fourteen other Germans, took the oath of neutrality. So, with every German wireless station in the Pacific put out of action, and the British flag flying over all enemy territory in those waters, the Australian fleet was free to render more assistance to the New Zealand, the British, and French fleets in their dogged hunt after the German commerce raiders, and presently added a new glory to its name by overtaking, giving battle to, and sinking that most dashing raider of them all, the Emden .

CHAPTER III
THE TRIUMPH OF THE SYDNEY

When we are all at peace again–when the Great War is a thing of yesterday and tales of its thousand fights have passed into the history and folk-lore of the nations that took part in it–then, I think, perhaps Germany may be glad to forget about the hundreds of women and children slaughtered by her runaway warships in bombarding defenceless English coast towns without warning, by her midnight Zeppelins with bombs that were dropped on peaceful villages and unfortified towns, by the torpedoes fired by her dishonoured submarines into helpless passenger steamers; but she will find consolation and some healing for her pride in remembering the brilliant exploits of the Emden , and the splendid chivalry and heroism of the Emden's commander. She will talk of Karl von Müller, and rightly, much as we talk of Drake and Hawkins, or as the Americans talk of that daring privateer Paul Jones, and of Captain Semmes and the Alabama . But his enemies were the first to pay tribute to his gallantry and welcome him into the glorious company of their traditional sea-heroes; for such courage as his naturalises an alien even in the land of his enemy, and, for all the harm he did us, we have nothing but the friendliest admiration of von Müller, because he harried and fought us with clean hands and was always a gracious and honourable as well as a fearless foe.

At the outbreak of the war, the German Admiral von Spee was at Kiao-Chau with his China squadron of some half-dozen vessels. He lost no time in putting to sea, bent on preying upon and, as far as might be, stopping the ocean-trade of Britain and France and their Allies. Before long he seems to have decided to set von Müller free to follow his own devices; the Emden parted company with the Admiral and thereafter, playing a lone hand, proved a more resourceful and more dangerous marauder than all the rest of von Spee's fleet put together. For three months it cruised about the Pacific and the Indian Oceans and was the terror of the seas. To-day it would be sighted off Borneo, and whilst the Australian and New Zealand fleets, called by wireless, were scouring the China Sea for it, it would unexpectedly appear off the Caroline Islands or in the Bay of Bengal. It left its mark on the harbour works of Madras, shelled the fort there and set the oil-tanks ablaze, and was gone into the unknown again before any pursuer could be put on its track. And all the while its gallant captain was making sudden dashes into those ocean highways where the merchant traffic was thickest, taking toll of our traders with the gayest good humour and always with the strictest consideration for the lives of his victims.

{28} Our experts assured us that this game could not last; sooner or later von Müller would have to put into port somewhere for coal and stores, news of his whereabouts would be flashed to the ships in chase of him and they would be waiting in readiness for him when he came out, and there would be an end of him. It sounded so simple and true, but von Müller knew a trick worth two of that. His practice was to bear down upon his quarry, make her heave to by sending a shot across her bows, then board her and help himself to what he needed in the way of coal and other stores, transfer the crew and passengers to the Emden , and sink his abandoned prize with a bomb or with a well-aimed shell or two. After he had repeated this proceeding so many times that he had more prisoners aboard than he could comfortably accommodate, he dumped them all on the next merchantman he overhauled and allowed it to go free with them. He was so good a sailor, and knew the sea and the ways of the sea so well, that, instead of making his captures one by one, he occasionally contrived to round up four or five at a time, shepherded them into suitable proximity, went through them in succession, helped himself liberally from their cargoes, collected all the passengers and crews on one of them, which he politely set at liberty, and swiftly sunk the remainder and was off again about his business. He had a sense of humour, and that invariably goes with humanity. One of the ships he stopped was a small affair with no particularly valuable cargo, so he relinquished it intact, jestingly making a present of it to the wife of the captain, who was making the voyage with her husband. History does not say whether the owners subsequently confirmed the gift. He discovered that there were women among the passengers on another ship, and, genially apologising for causing them any discomfort, withdrew and let his catch go again. Many such stories were rumoured about him, and even if some were legendary the fact that it occurred to his enemies to tell them sufficiently indicates the character of the man. His luck and his daring and his courtesy made a sort of popular hero of him even in the British Isles and Australasia, but the damage he was doing to our shipping was so serious that it became more and more imperative that his career should be ended. By an ingenious ruse he sunk a French destroyer and a Russian cruiser at Penang; and, to say nothing else of our Allies' losses, he had destroyed over 74,000 tons of British shipping, the total value of which has been estimated at upwards of £2,000,000, before he was brought to bay, and put up a good fight, but was beaten.

THE HORSE LINES AT ABASSIA, EGYPT.

THE AUSTRALIAN REMOUNTS DEPOT AT ABASSIA.
Over 1,000 horses are in lines here and about and
also ready for transport to any part of the world.

OUR TROOPS IN EGYPT.
Cavalry galloping out into the desert.

{29} His little cruiser could make a speed of twenty-four knots, and so long as he kept out at sea he was able to show his pursuers a clean pair of heels. Possibly his three months of immunity had rendered him a little over-confident; anyhow, it occurred to him that he might increase the difficulties of the chase by destroying the wireless plant on Keeling Cocos Island, and at 6 o'clock on the morning of the 9th November he carried out his intention. He sent an armed launch ashore, towing two boats containing forty men, three officers, and four maxims. They effected a landing without trouble in a quarter of an hour; the officers behaved with the correctest courtesy towards the officials and damaged nothing but the wireless installation, which they very efficiently reduced to ruins. But it happened that an hour earlier the approach of the Emden had been detected, and the wireless operator had immediately flung a warning into the air and an urgent appeal to the Sydney , which was believed to be somewhere in the vicinity. This belief was so well founded that as the expeditionary force from the Emden were returning to their boats, after completing their mission, a dense smoke was seen on the horizon, and breaking through it the Sydney , coming under full steam, hove rapidly into sight.

Captain von Müller was as quick to observe it, recognised that there was no escape, and instantly prepared for action. Leaving his landing party to look after themselves, he steamed for the open sea, and his men on shore with equal promptitude commandeered {30} a schooner that lay at anchor in the bay, hastily provisioned it, cut the cable, made a dash for liberty and got away.

As soon as she was clear of the island the Emden opened fire on the Sydney and at first made excellent practice, but the Sydney answered by pouring in such an accurate and deadly fire that the enemy's three funnels were shot away, some of his guns silenced, and all the speaking-tubes smashed, so that the captain had difficulties in transmitting his orders, and his firing began to fall off considerably. If there were pluck and determination enough on the Emden , there was at least as much of both on her antagonist. For three months the Sydney had been kept waiting for this hour, with her crew spoiling for a fight, and now they had got what they had been waiting for, and officers and men alike were keen to render a good account of themselves. Before the Sydney left the harbour she was named after, three boys came aboard from the training ship Tingua and offered themselves as volunteers for service in any capacity. The captain thought they were too young and did not want to take them, but they were so desperately bent on going that he yielded and let them have their way. Two of them were now attached to the officers of the gun crew, and throughout the action with the Emden they were as eager and as perfectly cool as the hardiest seaman of them all. One of these youngsters was told off to help in carrying ammunition to the guns, and he went briskly, capably to and fro on his job, with the enemy's shells bursting around and overhead, and never even seemed to think of attempting to take cover. The fearful joy of battle possessed him as it possessed the rest of the crew. The cheerfulness and reckless ardour of them all were amazing; nobody thought of danger; nobody thought of anything except that they were at grips with the enemy at long last and did not mean to let him go.

It was a short, sharp, heroic combat; there was no flinching on either side; but the Sydney's guns were the more powerful and her gunners the better marksmen. She was very little damaged and her only loss was three men killed and fifteen wounded; but the Emden was so terribly punished that her decks became a very shambles; there were over two hundred killed and wounded, and the finish came when the whole after-part of the vessel burst into flames. The Sydney at once ceased firing, and von Müller threw up the sponge and smartly beached his ship to save it from sinking. The Britishers ashore and rescue parties in the Sydney's boats assisted to get the wounded out of the blazing wreck, and, accepting {31} the inevitable with his customary good grace, the German captain surrendered. But Captain Glossop, the Sydney's commander, knew how to respect a brave enemy and refused to deprive his beaten foe of his sword. It was characteristic of von Müller that when one of his officers, smarting under the sense of defeat, accused the Sydney of continuing to fire after the white flag had been shown, he called the remnant of his forces together and repeated the charge to them, only to repudiate it indignantly, saying that no white flag had ever been hoisted on his vessel.

He and the Kaiser's kinsman, Prince Franz Joseph Hohenzollern, with the rest of the captured German officers and men, were sent as prisoners of war to Australia, and the most romantic and one of the most momentous episodes in the war at sea came to a fitting conclusion when the vast crowd which gathered at Sydney Harbour to welcome with storms of cheering the triumphant Captain Glossop and his men, broke into a generous ovation for the hero of the Emden as his conquerors brought him in.

The Indian and Pacific Oceans were now swept completely clear of all enemies, except for the small German fleet that was still groping about precariously off Chili, and on the 8th December a British squadron drew this fleet into an engagement and totally destroyed it; but the significance of the Sydney's dashing victory was not merely that it removed the last serious menace from the ocean trade routes of the Empire–it created the profoundest impression throughout India, and did more to restore confidence among our Indian fellow-subjects in the eventual triumph of British arms than the hurling back of the German hordes from before the walls of Paris or the greater successes of our Navy in the North Sea.

WITH OUR TROOPS IN EGYPT.
The 6th Hamakai (New Zealand) Regiment entrenching
at Ismalin on the banks of the Suez Canal.

AN AUSTRALIAN SCOUT IN THE EGYPTIAN DESERT.

CHAPTER IV
EN ROUTE FOR EGYPT

With Australasia, as with the motherland, the first honours of war fell to the fleet; and whilst the fleet was gathering them in, recruiting for the armies continued briskly through August, September, October, with intervals of suspension because the recruits kept offering themselves in such numbers and so much faster than they could possibly be equipped. By September the New Zealand Maoris refused to be left out of it any longer, and applied for permission to raise and supply a separate corps of volunteers for active service, and no sooner was the offer accepted than the corps was ready, with a big overflow of applicants on a waiting list, in case reinforcements were needed. At the same time the Urewara Maoris, the tribe most recently in arms against the State, presented the Government with 1,600 acres of land to be turned to account as a contribution to the Empire Defence Fund.

All Australia and New Zealand were roused as nothing had ever roused them before; and the glowing enthusiasm and determination of their peoples, instead of wearying a little with the passing of the days, rose and intensified. In the beginning the thousands of soldiers to be sent to the front were fixed at definite totals; but before the end of September, New Zealand had made it clear that {36} the size of her contingent would be limited by nothing but the number of her men who were fit to handle a gun; and Mr. Fisher had said for Australia, at a meeting in connection with the Australian Expeditionary Force, "Not 1 per cent. of the people of the Commonwealth are unfavourable to sending as many contingents as may be necessary to ensure victory over Germany and settle this matter once for all. Many Australians would rather be dead than in the grip of the dominion of another people. We mean to leave an honourable name behind us, even if we must perish to maintain it." And that these were no idle words Gallipoli has borne and is bearing witness.

In that month of September, Melbourne and Adelaide, Sydney and Brisbane, all the great cities of the Commonwealth States, were filling their streets to pay homage to the troops that marched through from the training grounds in full war equipment, ready and eager for the order to embark. To describe one such memorable spectacle is to describe them all, for the same great spirit was abroad from end to end of the land.

"For the first time since the war broke out," says The Melbourne Age for the 26th September, "Melbourne was afforded an opportunity of seeing in force the troops who are to form Victoria's contingent at the front. To the number of about 5,000 they marched through the city between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m." It was a day of rain and sleet, but the weather was of little consequence either to the soldiers or the onlookers. "From the north, by train and by road the troops poured into the city, and while they were mustering on the northern boundaries the people were assembling in tens of thousands along the principal streets. For this was to be the city's farewell to these men who were going out to take their place in the fight for the integrity of the Empire, and it was clear from the start that it was going to be no half-hearted affair. For weeks past soldiers had been passing through Melbourne, sometimes in small parties, sometimes in large squads, while ever and anon there had been lines of ambulance wagons going by, or the houses had shaken to the rumbling of big guns. But yesterday all these units were gathered into an Army to be reviewed by the Commander-in-Chief of the Commonwealth forces." The Light Horse rode in from camp through a pelting rain; hardy bushmen, most of them, drawn from the remote back-lands of the State. They and their horses were drenched, but their cheerfulness was not even damped. They rode in and halted along King Street, between Collins and Bourke Streets, to await the arrival of the infantry. Wild squalls of wind and sleet drove the crowd to scatter and find temporary shelter where they could, but as soon as the clamant call of the bugle sounded and the infantry divisions were seen marching sturdily up through the rain from Spencer Street Station the waiting myriads forgot everything else and raced back into their places, till the long streets were narrowed to a living, cheering lane from start to finish of the line of route.

CAMP OF THE AUSTRALIANS AT MUDROS BAY.

SULTAN OF EGYPT VISITS THE DARDANELLES WOUNDED.

SECOND DIVISION LEAVING MUDROS BAY WITH AUSTRALIANS ON THE FORE DECK.

{37} It was not more than five or six weeks since most of the soldiers in these disciplined, perfectly ordered ranks had gone out of the city, pallid, weedy, slack, slouching, from sedentary, cramping shop or office or factory life: now they came back into it, from the training grounds, bronzed, hardened, alertly alive. They went out straggling regiments of raw recruits, shouting to passers-by, singing and laughing carelessly as they went: they came back silent, steady men-at-arms, erect, soldierly, and with the look and bearing of men who had dedicated themselves to a great purpose, and meant to fulfil it.

At the word of command, the Light Horse moved forward, and, preceded by their field ambulances and service wagons, company after company of the smartest, keenest infantry that ever stepped in khaki followed them.

At intervals the rain stopped, the clouds blew apart, and the sun shone, and under sun or rain, with swords and bayonets gleaming and regimental bands crashing out lively marching tunes, these warrior sons of Australia advanced into the city whose streets and shops and houses were all a-flutter with flags and handkerchiefs and endlessly a-roar with friendly voices of welcome. It was a day of high and great emotions; a day to be remembered by all who shared in its stirring pageantry until their last of days; and if there were tears in the eyes of hundreds who were cheering in the dense-packed throng that lined the way, they were tears of pride in these sons and brothers and sweethearts who had given themselves so wholly and so gallantly to the service of their country. I spoke of them just now as raw recruits, and most of them were; but 700 of that 5,000 had war ribbons on their breasts, for they had fought in the South African Campaign. One such was Colonel Elliott, who led the 7th Battalion; fifteen years before he had marched through these same streets as a private in the contingent that was then leaving for South Africa.

The waiting mass of spectators ahead in Russell Street could {38} look up the long perspective of Collins Street and see the sinuous khaki line flowing in from the hills beyond, between the dark banks of cheering people, and they took up the cheering and passed it on to thousands gathered farther in the city. As the troops came forward the multitude closed in behind and followed, an ever-swelling, tumultuous, joyous sea of humanity. Two flags marked the saluting base in front of the steps of Parliament House, in Bourke Street, and in readiness on the steps were the Prime Minister, Mr. Fisher, Senator Pearce, the Minister of Defence, and Major-General Bridges, in command of the whole Australian contingent, and they were presently joined by Colonel J. W. McCay, who had led the march through the streets to this spot. Shortly before the soldiers came in sight, the Governor-General and Lady Helen Ferguson drove up; and standing at the foot of the steps under the united flags of Great Britain and Australia the Governor took the salute as the long procession of horse and foot went streaming past.

"The immensely significant and important thing about yesterday's demonstration," continues the reporter, "was that every man who took part in it was a volunteer. No military despotism had driven them to war. From many parts of Victoria, from the public schools, and the State schools, from the cities and the back blocks, from homes of comparative luxury, and from homes of poverty these men had volunteered. In the march past yesterday all social distinctions were blotted out. They were all Australians–Britons by blood and descent, by temperament and tradition–and yet essentially Australians–the biggest contingent for the biggest war ever taken part in by Australia"–or, indeed, by any nation on the face of the earth since the beginning of time.

Once well past the saluting point, the ceremonial march was practically finished, and it came to an actual end at the top of Elizabeth Street. Here, as everywhere, there were countless crowds to give the khakied ranks a rousing reception; some swarmed after the cavalrymen, who rode aside into the Hay Market and there dismounted to feed and water their horses and take an interval of rest and refreshment. The infantry, however, wheeled into Flemington Road and continued its march until it arrived in Royal Park, where a halt was called, and directly the word to "stand at ease" was given, arms were grounded, bayonets sheathed, the ranks broke up, and the men drifted this way and that to find among the thousands of civilians who were overflowing {39} the Park the friends or relatives who were there in search of them.

There was an hour of impromptu picnicking, soldiers and civilians clustering in little groups; for the sky had cleared by now, and the wet grass was a matter of no account on such a day as this; then the bugles sounded the "fall in," and in a few minutes the men had lined up in ranks again, and in a few more minutes, with mounted officers before and beside them and to the music of drums and brasses, the four battalions swept out into Royal Park Road at the quick march and set forth on the return journey to their camp at Broadmeadows.

When the principal part of the town was left behind "march at ease" was the order of the hour, and rifles were slung over shoulders, cigarettes or pipes lighted, and presently the last of the following crowd, that had thinned out and dropped away and was going back home, could scarcely hear the playing of the band above the gay uproar of the hundreds of voices singing "Who'll go a-fighting with the Kaiser and me?" and, when they had had enough of that, joining as heartily in "It's a long way to Tipperary"–the song that none of us can ever hear again unmoved, so many thousands of our own people have gone singing it to death or glory on the stricken fields of Flanders.

In this wise Melbourne welcomed and said good-bye to that 2nd Brigade of hers; and in similar fashion Sydney, Adelaide, Brisbane honoured their soldier sons; then, for certain weeks they continued their preparations and waited impatiently in their camps for the signal from oversea that should summon them into the battle-line; and it was hailed everywhere with exultant enthusiasm when it came at last and they could strike their tents and go.

By this date, the third week in November of 1914, the effective Army of Australia had grown to nearly 40,000 troops of all arms, and there were not far short of 2,000 men in the Navy. In addition there was now a Citizen Army of 56,298, fully armed and equipped; 51,153 members of rifle clubs, and 67,153 reservists, making a grand total of 164,633. But even these figures look small when compared with what they have risen to in the year that has passed since then.

It was on the 18th November that the combined Australian and New Zealand Expeditionary Forces set out from Albany, Western Australia, for the front. They filled thirty-six transports that steamed out of King George's Sound in four stately columns, {40} with the Orverto as flagship. All on the wharves and round about them a dense, innumerable throng stood to watch the departure–stood and watched it in a strangely impressive silence. Not until the last ship had its living freight aboard and the tug was towing it out to take its place in the great armada did the crowd seem to catch its heart up suddenly and shatter the almost unbearable stillness with volley after volley of thunderous cheers. And the men on the ships, clustering along the sides, or climbing the rails, waved their hands and hats and sent back an answering salvo that only dwindled and altogether ceased when the shore had receded so far that the crowds that were watching the ships till they had passed from sight could barely be distinguished. But the emotions such a parting stirred were too painful, too harrowing, and "There should be no farewells like that," said one of the troopers when it was over.

The destination of the troopships was unknown, except to the chief officers; some had an idea that they were going to England, some that they were making direct for France and the trenches in Flanders, but all knew before the earlier half of their fortnight's voyage was done that they were to land, in the first place, at Alexandria. None of them cared particularly where it was, so long as they were brought, without too much delay, within reach of the enemy.

The navies of the Empire made a safe pathway over the thousands of miles of sea, and the journey was as uneventfully peaceful as if there had been no war in progress. It might even have been a little monotonous if the men had not been so high-spirited and so fertile in inventing amusements when they were not kept well occupied with drilling and physical exercises. At six in the morning réveillé was sounded, and by the time the bugle pealed for "lights out," at nine at night, everybody was comfortably tired and ready enough to sleep. During the day, between intervals of drilling, signalling practice, and general exercise, there were rifle practice, wrestling, jiu-jitsu, racing, jumping matches, to improve the fitness of the troops in all directions; and from time to time, in quiet corners about the deck, small groups would gather to listen while an officer read descriptions of past battles and expounded military tactics; and on the vessels that carried the cavalry there was a good deal of extra work to do in exercising and looking after the horses. Every evening the band played, and after it had finished the men got up free-and-easy sing-songs among themselves. But {41} before 10 o'clock the ships were all in darkness and no sounds were to be heard except the surge and splash of the waters and perhaps a busy rattle of typewriters from the cabins of the headquarters staff. The genial spirit of comradeship between officers and men helped to make the wheels of the whole organisation run smoothly as well as effectively; the most perfect discipline was maintained without anything of that Prussian arrogance in the higher commands which passes for military capacity; for your Australasian private is an especially free man, and is rightly conscious of no inferiority to his officers, but has the good sense to recognise that they are appointed to lead him and that as a matter of simplest common sense he must render them a strict and willing obedience whilst he is on duty. And the officers are as democratic as their men and wear their dignity easily, and as an official not as a personal superiority. All which naturally tends to promote general harmony and good feeling, and they tell me that this was the prevailing atmosphere on every one of the transports, this and an unquenchable gaiety and cheerfulness that made the long voyage as jolly as if it had been a holiday outing instead of the grim, determined business that it really was.

On the last day of November the transports entered the Red Sea and had glimpses of Turkish territory on the starboard bow. They left the Gulf of Suez behind, and as they were passing through the Canal had their first welcome from some of the men who were to be their comrades in the battles that lay before them. There was a camp of Indian troops a little above Suez, and, says a Melbourne Age correspondent who was on one of the transports, "we saw a squad of them come running over the sand, jumping over trenches, while others came pouring out from behind fortifications down to the banks of the Canal, where they cheered in answer to the cheers of the 5th Battalion on the flagship."

About here, or when they sighted Port Said, the Australasians carefully oiled their boots, for the first time since they left Albany, and began to make ready for the end of the journey and going ashore; and by the 3rd December they had emerged into the Mediterranean and landed with all their stores and equipment at Alexandria.

THE LAST SERVICE ON BOARD THE "LONDON" FOR THE AUSTRALIANS.

THE DARDANELLES–AUSTRALIANS AND BLUEJACKETS ON A TRANSPORT.

CHAPTER V
CHRISTMAS AT THE PYRAMIDS

But there were to be another two months of waiting yet–of waiting and tireless preparation, before any fighting was to come their way. And this delay had the best of good reasons behind it. For one thing it would not have been wise to bring the fighting men of Australia and New Zealand straight out of their own summer to face the rigours of a northern winter in England, or in France; and for another, Lord Kitchener has a habit–a very disconcerting habit for his enemies and some of his self-important critics–of looking ahead and providing for to-morrow; he foresaw that things might soon be happening in the sunny land of the Pharaohs and knew that when they did happen it would be good to have such a hefty band of warriors ready there and waiting for them.

"I am pleased to be able to announce," said Mr. Fisher in the Australian House of Representatives on the 4th December, "that the Australian and New Zealand contingents have safely arrived and have disembarked in Egypt to assist in the defence of that country and to complete their training there. They will go direct to the front to fight with other British troops in Europe when their training is complete. Acting on the strong recommendation and advice of Lord Kitchener, the Commonwealth Government agreed {46} to the Australian Imperial Force being landed in Egypt for training instead of in England. It was pointed out that to house Australians in tents in an English mid-winter after a long voyage in troopships through the tropics and sub-tropics would be a very severe trial and impose unnecessary hardships on our men. Lord Kitchener's proposals were entirely due to his anxiety to secure the best possible conditions for the success of our forces, in which he takes a very special interest."

A similar announcement was made by New Zealand's Premier, who said that his Government also had readily acquiesced in Lord Kitchener's suggestions.

Some thousands of the troops went off almost at once to form part of the Army of English Territorials and Egyptian regiments that were occupying Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula; but the great majority of the Australasians pitched their camps in the desert round about Cairo. The Light Horse were at Maadi; the New Zealanders at Sertun, on the opposite bank of the Nile; and the Australian infantry were at Menai, ten miles outside Cairo at the foot of the hills, in the shadow of the Pyramids. This which had been trackless waste before they came was transformed within a fortnight after their arrival into a vast canvas city, with long streets of white tents intersected here and there by wooden booths that were used as shops and cafés. Men and stores were carried from Alexandria by rail to the temporary station of Abu Ela, just beyond Cairo, and thence by wagon, mule, camel, and afoot, or in the electric trams that run from Cairo to the Pyramids. It was impossible by threats or entreaties to hustle the leisurely natives who assisted in this arduous transport work; nevertheless it was all accomplished, the camp erected and organised, and by the middle of December the strangers from oversea had made themselves comfortably at home in the desert. The streets of white tents stretched for miles across the sands; brown-visaged, white-robed natives would come and hover on the outskirts of them hawking sweetmeats and fruit, or would squat patiently on the alert to offer their services as guides to soldiers going off on leave, or would gather in picturesque, chattering groups to gaze admiringly whilst the troops went through their usual drill exercises or on some days carried out more extensive military manœuvres.

Every day the big camp hummed with miscellaneous activities; and every day there were regiments busy at bayonet practice, at heavy trench digging, at long route marches under the blazing sun {47} across the apparently interminable flats of sand; but almost every day, too, there were hundreds set free to crowd into and on the electric trams and descend upon Cairo to lounge through the bazaars and to fraternise with their English comrades in arms who were to be met with there and who joyously did the honours of the city and took them round to see the wonders of it. And almost every day there were parties of such holiday-going fighting men captured by vociferous Arab guides, and driven furiously off on sturdy little mules, with their drivers tearing and panting after them, to make a nearer acquaintance with the Sphinx, or to explore the dim, mysterious chambers of the Pyramids.

I like to think of those keen young Australians, men of the youngest of nations, who have put their hands to the building of the happier world of to-morrow which shall be a greater and more lasting monument to them than any pyramid of brick and stone–I like to think of them, eager, splendidly alive, on the threshold of a new day, turning aside to wander in those dusty halls and passages haunted by ghosts of a wondrous civilisation that has been dead these thousands of years. I like to think, too, of those hoary pyramids, dark with long memories, towering up into the bright sky on Sunday mornings when church service was being held in the camp, and hearing the faint preludings of the military band and then the swell of a myriad voices joining in some such nobly simple hymn as "Rock of Ages"–an alien melody to them, but with all of home in it for the singers. Strange hours they must have been when those voices of the future broke the silence of the past.

Another circumstance that appeals to the imagination is that amongst this continuous coming and going of troops, the stir and noise of warlike preparations, there was a small prohibited area where Dr. Reisler, the American Egyptologist, was all the while making excavations and reverently unearthing the ancient tombs at the base of one of the pyramids, serenely undisturbed. But though that area was officially forbidden to the soldiers, Dr. Reisler made them heartily welcome when any happened to stray into his neighbourhood. The Age correspondent asked him whether the proximity of the troops inconvenienced him and "Why, surely," said he with a pleasantly strong American intonation, "I don't mind the troops coming down here. I welcome all you Australians. And, believe me, the natives have taken a great fancy to your men. They are tickled to death with them."

{48} There were two great days towards the end of December, when Lieutenant-General Sir John Maxwell, Commander of the forces in Egypt, rode into Menai camp, and, with General W. R. Birdwood, commanding the Australian and New Zealand contingents, and Sir George Reid, the Australian High Commissioner, held a review in which cavalry, infantry, and all branches of the Australian service took part, one regiment, on the second day, arriving back from a long desert march with their coats off and shirt-sleeves turned up, hot and dusty, but in the highest spirits, and falling into line immediately to parade past with the rest. They say that the sight of these hardy fellows approaching in sensible deshabille, but fresh as paint after miles of tramping under a broiling sun, moved General Maxwell to ejaculate emphatically to the High Commissioner, "This is a splendid sight, Sir George. They're a grand lot!"

But I have a notion that the most memorable event of those two months was the Christmas which they all spent in the desert. From 3 o'clock in the afternoon of Christmas Eve parades were dispensed with, and for two days the homely spirit of Yule triumphed over the spirit of Mars on the banks of the Nile. Instead of small tourist parties, thousands went pouring out on camels and donkeys to the Sphinx and the pyramids, and thousands went to crowd and enliven the bright streets of Cairo and chaffer at the booths for gifts to send to the folk down south. The adjacent palm groves were laid under contribution and the tents lavishly decorated within and without; and after dark, when the revellers were back, every tent was brilliantly lighted up, and Chinese lanterns hung glowing at the entrances to many of them. Sentries along the moonlit road that led from Cairo tried to maintain the usual punctilious military formalities, but as often as not the returning groups would have none of their challenges, in such a time as that, and answered with insubordinate flippancies. "You can see who goes here right enough, Joe–it's me." "Look here," the outraged sentry would protest, "if you don't halt when I tell you to I'll call the guard out and put you under arrest." "No, don't do that, Joe, it's chilly, and the poor chaps will catch cold. Merry Christmas, old boy." And the rebel passed on with his friends, and the sentry, since after all it was Christmas, grinned and let them go.

Though they returned to camp they were not going to bed; hardly anybody thought of sleep until daybreak. Something after midnight a cornet-player in one of the tents started a Christmas carol, and the singing and laughter that had been coming from the {49} other tents quieted down; another cornet farther along the canvas street joined in; then another farther off still, a street or two away. When they stopped, a drum sounded and a string band somewhere took up the burden and filled the blue dark with memories that did not belong to the desert. Towards 4 o'clock, when all the other music had dwindled into silence, the band of the 4th Sydney Battalion began a series of such carols–the old, old familiar tunes that catch at the heart-strings with dear and sacred associations–and so played the last of the night away and the first of the morning in. And with the morning came the Christmas mails, and there was scarcely a tent in all those miles of them at which the postmen did not call with letters from home.

Early in the day the camp kitchens were getting busy, but outside help had been called in so as to give the regimental cooks a holiday. After church parade the men laid themselves out to make the most of the day. There were the wildest donkey races, and several attempts to organise a camel race, but the camels could not be persuaded to run. Two scratch teams were got together for a cricket match with make-shift bats and wickets; and the New South Wales regiment carried through a successful football tournament. Dinner was, of course, the crowning event of the day. This was served in two miles of wooden huts, four of which were allotted to each regiment. There was a turkey for every table, and a supply of turkeys held in reserve in case any table demanded more than one. There were Christmas puddings in plenty, and other seasonable fare, and some of the tables had even succeeded in supplying themselves with crackers. In spite of the time and the place, the old festival was observed with all the good cheer and jollity that traditionally belong to it; and not the least pleasant moment of the festivities came when the Colonels of the different regiments looked in at hut after hut to see that their men were well supplied and to wish them a Merry Christmas; and you might track the way those Colonels went by the cheers that followed them.

One of the Australian officers sent home the following as the menu of his Christmas dinner in the desert:

The festivities were continued to some extent through most of the following day, then the suspended routine was resumed, the relaxed discipline tightened up again; holiday-making was over, and officers and men were presently heartened by a prospect of coming to grips with the enemy at last.

AN AUSTRALIAN LANDING PARTY FOR THE DARDANELLES.

AUSTRALIANS PREPARING TO DISEMBARK IN THE DARDANELLES.

AUSTRALIANS LANDING NORTH OF GABA TEPE.

CHAPTER VI
THE FIGHT FOR THE SUEZ CANAL

The hotels and bazaars of Cairo buzzed through the last days of December and the early half of January with portentous and growing rumours of a powerful Turkish force that was making ready for an overwhelming attack on Egypt. Men who went out on a day's leave from the camps at Maadi, at Sertun, or Menai came back from the city and spread the glad tidings that at last there was a possibility of their having something to do. It was all the flying talk of more or less irresponsible gossipers, to begin with, but before long definite statements were allowed to appear in the local papers; official information was cautiously given out; spies and scouts came flitting back from beyond the desert with detailed news that was as momentous as it was welcome, and it was known that an expedition of 20,000 Turks under German officers, and commanded by Major von den Hagen, was being organised and elaborately equipped and was coming to seize the Suez Canal–or to make an attempt to do so.

Cairo talked about it and was keenly interested, but quite unperturbed. The men in the camps would have felt no anxiety only it was said that there would be no need for most of them to be taken into action, and every regiment was anxious not to be one of those that were left out of it. They cheered the lucky battalions, told off for active service, that went singing down the long white road to the railway station in Cairo, whence they were to entrain for the fighting line; then they drifted back to their tents to discuss the hopeful possibility that the Turkish forces might prove larger {54} than was anticipated and so make room on the war-path for all the reserves.

The Canal forts bristled expectantly; English, Australian, New Zealand, and Indian troops were entrenched all along the western bank; but the slow days passed and the visitor still tarried, though they were willing and eager to receive him and give him a warm reception. Every morning when the darkness began to lift and the sentries could see across the shining waterway, they peered expectantly into the dead sea of desert that stretched for miles from the opposite side and, in the far distance, billowed into rolling hills against the horizon–and there was never an enemy in sight. Every day Australian scouts and scouting parties of the camel corps were coming and going across that dreary, sandy plain; and to watch their gradual disappearance among or over the hills, or their gradual re-emergence from them, gave you a sense of being asleep and looking at quietly moving figures in a dream. Aircraft soared high into the dazzling blue and flew above the waste, and above the hills, and vanished beyond them, but came back time after time only to report that the Turks had not yet started from their base.

The long wait was getting tedious; except for the cutting down and clearing away of bush and scrub on the eastern shore, and the emptying and levelling of a village so as to leave the enemy as little cover over there as possible, there was nothing to relieve the monotony of things but the customary routine drills and military exercises and some little occasional work in further strengthening the fortifications. So that when at length an airman came racing back with tidings that the Ottoman Army was on the move a thrill of excitement and grim joy ran like a fire from trench to trench in the vast chain of them.

But the great hour was still some days away. The advance was slow and methodical; it was encumbered with heavy rafts and steel or zinc pontoons that were to be used in crossing the Canal, in addition to huge stores of munitions and the enormous supplies of food that were needed for a large army in a barren land where nobody lived. It was no easy matter to drag baggage wagons and artillery through the shifting, yielding sands, and in the teeth of intermittent whirling dust-storms; and if the Turk had not been a doughty and doggedly determined foeman, and one there was some credit in fighting and defeating, he never would have held on and brought himself even within firing range of the goal he was {55} not destined to reach. Here and there he lingered for rest and repairs; here and there he halted for a day by the wells to replenish his stock of water; though he followed the charted caravan routes, he was finding the desert as difficult to cross as Napoleon and his army found it a hundred years ago. Presently our patrols were in touch with him, sniping him from the hills and steadily retiring as he advanced. But he plodded on, over the unstable flats, over line after line of crumbling hills, until, with only one more series of hills to negotiate, he set up his last camp at Katib-el-Kheil, some twelve miles from the Canal.

In the night of the 1st February and throughout most of the next day the Turks were busy there completing their arrangements for the attack. There were frequent small skirmishes between their patrols and ours, who were tenaciously hovering on their line, and it was not till evening was sending its swift shadows before that the last of our scouts came hastening in and crossed the water with word that the offensive had commenced. At about 6 o'clock the Turkish legions could be seen streaming down the hills at numerous points on a front that extended for eighty along the Canal's hundred miles of length, but they showed no hurry to get their guns speaking.

Most of these attacks seem to have been in the nature of feints to discover whether there were any weak joints in the armour of the defence, or to distract the attention of the defenders from the main assault which was rapidly developing against the narrowest section of the Canal, between Toussoum and Serapeum. Even here, however, the Canal is over 200 ft. wide, and the problem for the invaders was how to span that space, in face of gun and maxim and rifle fire, effect a landing on the other side, dash up an embankment that rose to a height of 40 ft., and drive out of their trenches at the point of the bayonet thousands of the hardiest and most coolly determined troops in the British Army. More impossible-looking attempts have succeeded before now, but the Turks, after sticking to it heroically for forty-eight hours, found that it could not be done.

The nearest of the enemy forces were still several miles from the farther shore of the Canal, and more and more of them could be seen pouring over and down the hills in support of the advance-guard, when the twilight gathered round them and then "at one stride came the dark," and unseen in the cloudy, almost moonless night they made their dispositions, and before dawn the covering {56} troops to be held in reserve had dug themselves into the sand and were formidably entrenched. All through the night teams of bullocks were dragging forward the steel pontoons that were to bridge the Canal; gangs of toiling men carried the pontoons on their shoulders through a gap in the bank down to the edge of the water, where the engineers got to work with them, swung them round into position one beyond the other, and by three in the morning had pushed out nearly as far as mid-stream. The defenders might all have been asleep for any sign of life that came from them; but keen eyes were unceasingly searching the gloom and were quick to notice the growing black line that was creeping stealthily out towards them on the dull gleam of the water. They waited patiently and silently till they considered it had been allowed to come far enough, then the word was passed along the line, the company officers' whistles shrilled startlingly, and the next moment a blaze of fire from machine guns and rifles swept the doomed beginning of the pontoon bridge and left it strewn with dead and wounded, and kept such a hail of lead pelting over it as to render it untenantable.

Already the Turks had launched five boats and loaded them with picked men, and as soon as they realised that they were discovered they flung precautions to the wind, and made a rush across with these, purposing to land and entrench them so as to establish a bridge-end in readiness for the completed pontoon. Three of the boats were riddled and sunk, and of the struggling, shouting mob that was flung into the water some swam back and some swam pluckily on at the tail of the other two boats, which dodged across desperately in the baffling darkness and were successfully beached. As the first boat touched land, its occupants sprang out and charged impetuously up the high embankment, but were shot down to a man before they could reach the top. The second boatload, profiting by the failure of their comrades, hastily dug themselves into the mud and sand with hands and bayonets, and lay close in holes that sloped into the ground and gave shelter against the relentless fire from the British trenches. But the coming of daylight exposed their exact location and made it so untenable that the few who had not been shot threw down their arms and came out and were taken prisoners.

Though the Turks had thus failed at the first onset, they were a long way from beaten–there was plenty of fight in them yet. Boat after boat was launched in forlorn attempts to scutter over and land a small force that should cover the landing of others, and {57} the completion of the bridge; but what had been impracticable in the dark was hopelessly impossible after the sun was up. Every boat that put forth on this mission was deluged with shot and shell and sent to the bottom. There was a wild attempt made to manufacture and push across a bridge of planks on empty kerosine tins, but this promptly went the same way of destruction as soon as it began to get afloat.

All day the fighting continued along the whole front from Ismalia to Suez. The Turks by now had brought their big guns into action and were shelling the British posts and trenches; but one after the other these guns were silenced by the accuracy of our gunfire, and when two or three destroyers and a British cruiser steamed up the Canal from their anchorage in Lake Timsah and, having casually shattered the remnants of the pontoons, turned their guns on to the harassed lines of the enemy, scattering and levelling the sandy hummocks and searching the holes and trenches that were giving him shelter, he began to feel it was time to go, and only waited for the dark to come and hide his doings before he hastened to something of a rout the retreating movement he had cautiously commenced by daylight.

Sniping was kept up all through the night of the 3rd February on both sides, whilst this confused and headlong retirement was in progress; and when the morning of the 4th dawned all the Turks had departed, except a strong detaining force that was left behind in the trenches to cover the retreat. A detachment of Britishers was dispatched across the Canal to clear them out, and after a fierce resistance, surrounded and almost annihilated them, the firing only ceasing when the exhausted survivors, after futile attempts to make a run for it, dropped their rifles and surrendered at discretion.

From the shore of the Canal to the distant hills, discarded stores and baggage, broken carts and abandoned guns marked the tracks by which the beaten army had fled. And all about the sands lay the Turkish dead. They carried hundreds of wounded away with them, left hundreds of prisoners in our hands, and had lost over a thousand slain, including their German commander, Major von den Hagen.

The shipping on the Canal had not been delayed for much more than twenty-four hours; in forty-eight from the firing of the first shot the Turks were in flight, and by the morning of the 5th February there were none of them, but the prisoners, within twenty miles of the British chain of defences. The Australian Light Horse and the {58} New Zealanders, with English and Indian troops, crossed and went in pursuit, and there were rear-guard actions fought around the sand-hills, and here and there straggling parties of the enemy rounded up and captured. The elaborately appointed, German-officered army of Turks that had marched out into the desert prepared for a mighty struggle, but confident of victory, escaped from its pursuers and got back with difficulty to Beersheba, a disheartened and disorganised rabble.

For over a month they lay there inactive, and it was thought they had abandoned their Egyptian enterprise for good; but about the 10th March a flying column of 1,000 men made a twelve days' dash through the desert again and put up a vigorous attempt to break the Canal defences at Kubri. The bombardment of the Dardanelles had given rise to a notion that troops had been sent from Egypt for the invasion of Gallipoli, and that therefore the Canal defences had been weakened, but all the Turks who were not shot or taken prisoners went back as hurriedly as they had come, and must have been able to assure their German masters that the Canal defences were as impregnable as ever. "Our officers told us," said one of the prisoners (and their officers were mostly German), "that the enemy here were not soldiers, but farmers and peace men from the British Colonies, who had never been in battle and could not fight, but," he looked his stalwart New Zealand interlocutor up and down, "they did not know. Bismillah! if you are not fighting men, I do not want to meet the others."

From that day to this, the Suez Canal has seen no more of war. The warships swing watchfully at anchor in the bitter lakes through which it flows, and the hundred miles of posts and trenches on the western bank are still peopled with vigilant men in khaki who have held their own there triumphantly and may be trusted to go on holding it till the war-drums throb no longer and the German menace is a tale of yesterday.

In the first seven months of the war the sons of Australia and New Zealand, fighting beside the soldiers of the homeland and of India, had won a decisive victory and saved Egypt to the Empire; and before twelve months were past they had crowned their names with a greater and more terrible glory in the valleys of death and on the bloody heights of Gallipoli.

THE DARDANELLES–AUSTRALIAN TROOPS AT THE LANDING.

AUSTRALIA'S SPLENDID CORPS OF MOUNTED AMBULANCE MEN.
The Red Cross wagons have scarcely arrived, when the bearers
are seen approaching them with wounded in the emergency slings.

THE BRAVE AUSTRALIANS.
The Australian troops have done magnificently in the land fighting
in the Dardanelles. Typical Australian members of the expedition.

AUSTRALIA'S SPLENDID CORPS OF MOUNTED AMBULANCE MEN.
Transferring the wounded to the wagons.

CHAPTER VII
THE EPIC OF THE DARDANELLES BEGINS

When the full story of the Great War comes, at last, to be written, no part of it will thrill our children or our children's children more, or make them prouder of their race, than the chapters which shall tell of how men of England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Australia, New Zealand, and India fought stubbornly side by side, and side by side with our gallant French allies, on those hills and plains of Gallipoli.

All the country thereabouts has been dedicated to war and romance from time immemorial. At its entrance, between Kum Kale and Sedd-el-Bahr, the Dardanelles is only two miles wide; it broadens to five miles as you go in, and contracts, when you reach the narrows, to the width of a single mile. Here it was, nearly five hundred years before Christ, that Xerxes threw a bridge of boats across for his conquering army to pass over; and here it was that Leander nightly swam the mile of water that separates Abydos from Sestos, where Hero lived. On the eastern shore, near the mouth of the Dardanelles, and within sight and sound of {62} the thunderous battles of to-day, is the site of that ancient Troy whose long siege rages for ever in Homer's Iliad; but the Greek and Trojan heroes he has immortalised knew no such terrific fighting, did no such deeds of mighty valour as have fallen to the share of the incomparable heroes who are fighting there now.

The powerful forts along either coast-line, the masked batteries among the hills, the torpedo tubes cunningly concealed on the rocky beaches, the sunken-mine fields that bar the channel, and the floating mines that can be sent drifting down on the current to strike and blast an enemy's ships to the bottom, make the forcing of the Dardanelles an infinitely more difficult undertaking than it was when Admiral Duckworth made a bold dash for it and got through with his fleet in 1807; and there are not wanting amateur experts among our arm-chair critics who say confidently that the dispatch of the British and French fleets to force a passage there, last February, without the support of a military expedition on shore, was a casual and wild blunder. It may have been; but it were more rational not to pass judgment until we have all the evidence before us. It was a sudden and vigorous attempt, and we should have been loud in our praise of the daring initiative of whoever was responsible for it if it had succeeded; but it failed, as even some of our best-laid schemes are bound to do, for the age of miracles is past, though the grumblers who expect us to win every time and the enemy to lose every time do not appear to be aware of this.

The most we can safely say is that the February attack by the allied fleets was an unfortunate adventure, for it not only failed, it put the Turks on the alert and spurred them to strengthen their defences and hurry reinforcements to the Peninsula until they had some 200,000 men garrisoning the forts and ready in mile behind mile of trenches to meet the British and French troops that were presently to be sent against them.

On the 13th March General Sir Ian Hamilton left London with his staff to take command of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Army, and a day or two later landed at Tenedos in the Ægean Sea, where, in the dim past, the Greeks had landed when they marched to besiege Troy. After consultations with Vice-Admiral de Robeck, commanding the British Eastern Mediterranean Fleet, with General d'Amade, commander of the French Corps Expéditionnaire, and Contre-Amiral Guepratte, who commanded the French squadron, Sir Ian made careful reconnaissances up the Gulf of Saros along the outer coast of Gallipoli, and rapidly matured his plan of campaign, {63} using Malta as a base of operations, bringing troops thence and from Egypt and concentrating his vast fleet of loaded transports in Mudros Bay, off the Island of Lemnos, which lies out in the Ægean, some twenty miles before the gates of the Dardanelles. Here, with new regiments from the British Isles, from India, and from France, were Australians and New Zealanders who had received their baptism of fire in the Suez Canal campaign; and whilst they lingered for the transport arrangements to be completed they improved the shining hours, or, rather the hours that had no shine in them, by practising every evening the work of rapidly disembarking and making a landing on the shores of Mudros Bay, their genial comrades, the bluejackets, helping them with tips in the art of climbing rope-ladders, in steering a boat and using a boathook.

"What can I say about the Army?" says Mr. Ashmead Bartlett, in his "Dispatches from the Dardanelles." "It is no ordinary body of men. It is essentially Imperial in its composition, and only the British Empire could have brought together such a force from all corners of the earth. Also the majority of the men are volunteers and Colonials. It is the great counter-attack of Australia against the enemy in the east whilst our regular armies are holding the line so gallantly in the west.... I do not suppose that any country in its palmiest days ever sent forth to the field of battle a finer body of men than these Australian, New Zealand, and Tasmanian troops. Physically they are the finest lot of men I have ever seen in any part of the world. In fact, I had no idea such a race of giants existed in the twentieth century." Sir Ian Hamilton, too, was full of praise for his troops from "down under," and considered them "a magnificent lot of men, and as keen as mustard for the job."

In the afternoon of 23rd April an impressive battle service was held aboard the crowded transports, and soldiers and sailors stood bare-headed and listened reverently whilst the chaplain prayed for them, and that, fighting a clean fight for the rights of humanity, they might be strengthened to go on unflinchingly in the face of every difficulty and danger till their arms were crowned with victory. It was the last consecration of those brave men to the high and perilous duty to which they had given themselves. In the evening of the same day transports carrying the troops who were to make the first landing on Gallipoli, and act as a covering force for the main army, moved out of Mudros Bay, with their {64} convoy of warships, and the rest of the expedition followed in their track–a mighty fleet of nearly a hundred transports in all, guarded on every side by a wonderful array of gunboats, destroyers, swift armoured-cruisers, and stately dreadnoughts, including the mammoth Queen Elizabeth .

On the morning of the 24th April the transports anchored off Tenedos. The day was occupied in transferring the troops to a number of cutters and smaller war vessels, and at midnight these were taken in tow by certain of the larger ships, and, silently and without lights, moved away through the darkness, stringing out into long, serpentine lines, towards Gallipoli.

The expedition was divided into two landing parties. Whilst the French created a diversion by bombarding Kum Kale, on the eastern coast, strong forces of English, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh were to land at five points, on the beach below Krithia, above Cape Tekeh, at Cape Helles, at Sedd-el-Bahr, and near Totts Battery, on the extreme end of the Peninsula; and after a fierce half-hour's shelling of the forts and defences by the fleet this landing was carried out with the most brilliant success. Simultaneously the Australians and New Zealanders, who had left Tenedos in advance of the rest, were to penetrate the Gulf of Saros and land above Gaba Tepe, where the Peninsula narrows to a sort of bottle-neck, to keep the Turks fully engaged there and prevent them from dispatching reinforcements to oppose the landing farther south. It is a rugged and difficult part of the coast, this above Gaba Tepe, and had been selected for that reason, because the enemy was less likely to anticipate an attack there and would be less prepared for it.

"The beach on which the landing was actually effected," writes Sir Ian Hamilton, in his vivid report, "is a very narrow strip of sand, about a thousand yards in length, bounded on the north and south by two small promontories. At its southern extremity a deep ravine, with exceedingly steep, scrub-clad sides, runs inland in a north-easterly direction. Near the northern end of the beach a small but steep gully runs up into the hills at right angles to the shore. Between the ravine and the gully the whole of the beach is backed by the seaward face of the spur which forms the north-western side of the ravine. From the top of the spur the ground falls almost sheer, except near the southern limit of the beach, where gentler slopes give access to the mouth of the ravine behind. Further inland lie in a tangled knot the under-features of Saribair, {65} separated by deep ravines which take a most confusing diversity of direction. Sharp spurs, covered with dense scrub and falling away in many places in precipitous sandy cliffs, radiate from the principal mass of the mountain, from which they run north-west, south-west, and south to the coast."

Another description says that the strip of beach with the cliffs sloping steeply up from it has resemblances to Folkestone; another compares it with its wild hinterland to the grimness and barrenness of Dartmoor; and yet another pictures the whole Peninsula as like a sea petrified in the height of a storm, heaving to gaunt ridges and falling away into deep troughs and hollows, to sweep up and over again in a wave-like succession of tumultuous hills.

This was the terribly inhospitable country that the Australasians approached warily in the smallest dark hours of the morning. The land lay almost invisible in the black depths of the night; no sound came out to them, and no light glimmered anywhere. Silently and shrouded in the shadows the warships took up their appointed positions in readiness, at the right moment, to cover the landing with a hail of shell-fire; the steam pinnaces, with their strings of boats loaded to the gunwale with eager troops, glided past them towards the coast; and after a brief interval a flotilla of destroyers crept on their track, packed with more men to be rushed ashore as soon as the covering parties had obtained a footing.

At this stage happened one of the most daring of the many instances of individual heroism with which the progress of the Gallipoli campaign has been marked; a deed that was fittingly rewarded with the D.S.O. It had been suggested that three boatloads of men should be sent ahead of the rest to land and light a series of flares along the beach with the two-fold object of enabling the invaders to get a glimpse of where they were going, and of drawing the enemy's fire and so disclosing his whereabouts for the benefit of the ships' gunners who were waiting to begin the bombardment. Major Freyberg, a born New Zealander and in command of the landing party at this point, had suggested to Major-General Paris, his chief, that the men who went on such a desperate mission would certainly be annihilated, and had offered to swim ashore and light the flares himself; and Mr. Malcom Ross, who accompanied the New Zealand forces as official war-correspondent, has related the story of this plucky adventure in The New Zealand Herald .

A destroyer was to have dropped the major into the sea within {66} half a mile of the beach, but the distance was misjudged in the darkness, and he found he had to do a swim of nearer two miles, "with three oil flares and two Holmes lights which he carried in a waterproof bag, with sufficient air to support the weight in the water. He also carried, attached to a belt round his waist, a small revolver and a sheath knife." He calculated that he was swimming for an hour and a half before the sea shallowed and he could feel the earth under his feet, and as the usual landing-place was powerfully protected with barbed-wire entanglements, he had to grope his way along till he found an accessible spot where he could emerge from the sea. He was threatened with cramp, for the water was bitterly cold, but without loss of time he cautiously made his way inland to a place where on the previous day, when he had reconnoitred the coast in a destroyer, he had seen what he had taken to be a line of trenches. When he arrived at them, a quarter of a mile from the sea, he discovered that they were dummies, intended for the ships to waste their shells on, "and he could hear the Turks talking and see them striking matches to light their cigarettes in the lines higher up."

Crawling back to the beach, he lit his first flare, dived, and swam for his life. Firing commenced immediately from the Turkish trenches, but the major landed again safely farther along the beach, lit his second flare, dived, and got away, and still farther along landed once more and set his third blazing; then took to the water and was swimming for an hour before the destroyer could find him and pick him up.

Meanwhile the destroyer, guided by the Turkish fire, had opened on the enemy's trenches with her guns and maxims, and the warships farther out were not slow to take a hand in the proceedings.

It was now towards five in the morning, and already the dawn was showing a pale glimmer above the crests of the hills. The boats with their loads of troops were nearing the shore, and squads of Turks could be dimly seen scattering about the beach to intercept them. Their firing from below and the fire of rifles and machine guns from the heights was terribly effective, but, with their comrades falling dead or wounded beside them, the men in the boats remained grimly, resolutely silent, their coolness and steady discipline never for an instant shaken.

"The moment the boats touched land the Australians' turn had come," in Sir Ian Hamilton's glowing words. "Like lightning {67} they leaped ashore, and each man as he did so went straight as his bayonet at the enemy. So vigorous was the onslaught that the Turks made no attempt to withstand it and fled from ridge to ridge, pursued by the Australian infantry.

"The attack was carried out by the 3rd Australian Brigade under Major (temporary Colonel) Sinclair Maclagan, D.S.O. The 1st and 2nd Brigades followed promptly, and were all disembarked by 2 p.m., by which time 12,000 men and two batteries of Indian Mountain Artillery had been landed. The disembarkation of further artillery was delayed owing to the fact that the enemy's heavy guns opened on the anchorage, and forced the transports, which had been subjected to continuous shelling from the field guns, to stand further out to sea."

All day the fighting continued with unflagging determination and ferocity on both sides. The Turks had been cleared out of their first trench in a flash, and the Australians and New Zealanders went swarming up the steep, scrub-covered cliff to the trench that was devastating them from above; they wasted no time in firing back, and troubled little about taking cover; they just swung and scrambled up as swiftly and straightly as was practicable, hurled themselves into that second trench, and brawny giants among them were literally pitching the Turks out on the points of their bayonets before the enemy had fully realised what was happening to him and made haste to climb out unassisted and bolt headlong up the cliff and over the ridge with the Australasians in hot pursuit. Officers and men were mixed indiscriminately. Here would be a small group, unofficered, holding an advanced ridge and triumphantly hurling back the desperate counter-attack of a force of thrice their numbers; here and there a solitary sniper, snugly ensconced behind a boulder, putting in some useful work entirely on his own; and here again would be a detachment of Australians, New Zealanders and Maoris, flitting nimbly from cover to cover through the brushwood to dash suddenly into the open with fearsome war-cries and drive the Turks from some post where they had rallied farther inland.

To maintain anything like order in such an attack, over ground so broken into hills and gullies, and so obscured with brushwood that you could seldom see many yards before you, was impossible. Scattered groups, as Sir Ian says, went on with such headlong valour that they pushed farther across the Peninsula than had been intended, and, being unsupported, were presently compelled {68} to retire before the onrush of Turkish reinforcements. But they fell back steadily; order was gradually evolved out of the inevitable confusion; special detachments were sent to hold critical stations, and soon the invaders were "solidified into a semicircular position, with its right about a mile north of Gaba Tepe and its left on the high ground over Fisherman's Hut."

All that day and all the next night the fighting continued with little intermission. The Turks brought up reinforcements and, before our positions could be strengthened, made a furious drive along the whole line with 20,000 men. This lasted from eleven in the morning to three in the afternoon, but was crushingly repulsed, the ships out in the Gulf helping vigorously with their guns. It was succeeded by a second attack, and, between five and six-thirty in the afternoon, by a third, both of which failed completely and left the victors in full possession of all the ground they had taken. In the night the Turks attacked again and again with increasing fury, the Australian 3rd Battalion at one point heroically repelling a deadly bayonet charge; but the morning of the 26th found our line everywhere unbroken. Our casualties had been very heavy, but the enemy had suffered far more. They had punished us with shrapnel, but many times when they had come surging forward in close formation our machine guns had decimated their ranks, and in the light of morning all the surrounding country was seen to be strewn with their dead.

Throughout the 26th and 27th April the struggle was resumed intermittently, day and night, but the enemy only shattered themselves against the Australasian front as the sea shatters itself on a rock. By now, our line had been securely entrenched, and arrangements completed for systematically bringing ammunition, water, and supplies up the difficult ground to the ridges; and on 28th-29th April the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps was reinforced with four battalions of the Royal Naval Division.

Gaba Tepe itself proved to be so strongly fortified and so amazingly well protected with barbed-wire entanglements that the notion of carrying it by storm had to be abandoned, but divers dominating posts and observation stations were wrested from the Turks and added to our possessions, and by degrees the warfare settled down to occasional attacks by one side or the other and everlasting sniping. No longer daring to press an attack home, the Turks devoted much of their energy to persistent firing from caves and sheltering holes on the hill-sides, to crawling out into the scrub and, lying low in the plentiful cover of that uneven country, sniping the Australians and New Zealanders in their shelter trenches. The New Zealanders, at one section of the line, stalked a party of this kind very neatly, were on them before they could escape and gave them a lesson with the bayonet that the few survivors were not likely to forget in a hurry. When this lesson had been several times repeated, at various points, the Turks took it generally to heart, and did their sniping from a more respectful distance, or more cunningly.

THE DARDANELLES–SOLDIERS TAKING THEIR HORSES FOR A BATHE.

GENERAL BIRDWOOD, IN COMMAND OF THE AUSTRALIANS AT THE DARDANELLES.

{69} One ingenious way of theirs was for a man to strip naked, paint himself green and sit up in a convenient tree with a stock of provisions; and as it was impossible to detect him among the leaves, and he only fired when an incautious head appeared above the trenches, he would often have a run of two or three days and do considerable damage before he could be located and disposed of. Or he would tie umbrageous branches all about his person and lie near-by in the open, looking like an innocent patch of scrub, till somebody caught the flash of his gunfire or an incautious movement betrayed him. The Australasians filled in a little time by snaking forth to hunt for these pests, and frequently caught them red-handed and shot them down, or caught them alive and brought them in with all their greenery attached to them. More than once the snipers proved to be women, who were more vicious and implacable even than the men. All the while, on the other hand, the Australasians were doing a great deal of thoroughly efficient sniping on their own account, for, as Sir Ian bears witness, "the Turkish sniper is no match for the kangaroo shooter, even at his own game."

This was the state of affairs on the 5th May, by which date the homeland troops and the French, with a Naval Brigade formed of the Plymouth and Deake battalions, and a Composite Division of the 2nd Australian and New Zealand Infantry Brigades withdrawn from the section up north, above Gaba Tepe, had established themselves impregnably right across the southern point of the Peninsula to a depth of 5,000 yards from their landing-places. There was sterner and more terrible work ahead of them, down south as well as in the north. So far they had triumphed gloriously over what seemed almost insuperable difficulties; they had won a footing on the shores of Gallipoli at two places, and had made that footing sure. There was still before them the more tremendous task of advancing on those valleys and ridges of death and attacking {70} the powerful network of trenches that stretched in bewildering involutions from end to end of the fifty miles of the Peninsula.

I am conscious that I have not done full justice to the unprecedented story of this heroic landing; but nobody yet can describe it adequately, for no one eye-witness can tell you more than of the events that happened on the mile or so of ground where he was himself engaged, and it is still too soon to gather all these stories into a clear and detailed impression of the whole great event. Many who were in the thick of it were too keenly absorbed in their own share of the action to take notice of the doings of the men who were fighting around them. I met one such, a wounded Australian, a few weeks ago, and tried to get from him some account of what he had gone through, and here is as much as he seemed to remember:

"Oh, I dunno," he said–a big, genial, reticent giant, with a bandage on his right hand. "It was just hell, but I tell you I am glad I was there. I wouldn't have missed it for a good deal. I was along with the covering force in the first boats, and though there was hardly any light I reckon there was enough for the Turks to see whereabouts we were. They kept quiet till we were pretty well in, then they let us have it. Some of our boys were hit, and it was too hot. So we dropped overboard and started wading ashore. Then we found ourselves tripping into barbed wire which they'd fixed under the water for us. We got it bad there. But we worried through or round it somehow; I scarcely know how we managed it, but we did. Not all of us. A lot of good chaps went under there, and it was nasty to hear the shots plunking into the water close around you. As soon as any of us got on to the beach we made for cover. There wasn't too much of it. I went hands and knees over a span of open, and got behind a jagged little line of rock. Several of our fellows were there already, firing up at the beggars in their trenches on the side of the hill, or the cliff, if you like to call it that. Away along the beach there was some sharp firing; other boats had landed and there was a bit of a scrap on, and we guessed by the cheering that our chaps were doing all right. But directly I crawled in among the boys behind those rocks and went to start firing, I found I couldn't use my hand. I hadn't felt anything. I'd been carrying my gun in my left hand, and when I passed it to the other it just slipped through as if the hand was numbed. Then I found it was all wet and in a mess. I'd had a shot through it. I was done. One of the others helped me {71} to bandage it up and I lay down out of the way. It began to be painful, and I believe I must have fainted a bit. Things got muddled and there was a queer singing in my head, and I woke up, so to speak, to find the R.A.M.C. boys taking care of me, and my company was gone from behind the rocks and tearing away up the cliff at the Turkeys' trenches. It was hard luck on me, but plenty of others lying around had got it worse. They took me with a boatload of wounded out to the hospital ship. They'd chipped a bit out of my leg here, too. I didn't know that till afterwards–never felt it at the time. That's all better again; and the hand's pretty well right now. They had to amputate the little finger, but the rest's nearly all healed up and I reckon I shall be able to go back to the front in another few weeks. Do I want to go? I do that! I've still got plenty of hand to manage a gun, and I want to pay some of them for that finger. I only saw the landing, and only a little bit of that, but it beat everything in the fighting way that I have ever read about. These people at home who are grousing now and saying the job ought never to have been started, and that we ought to slope out and leave it alone–what do they know about it? Most of them have never seen the place, I guess, and none of them saw that fight. If they had they might know that the boys who could do that landing can put the whole thing bang through, if they'll shut up and back them up properly with all the ammunition and reinforcements they will need."

A faith which is amply justified by Admiral de Robeck's reference to the landing in his report on the operations. "At Gaba Tepe," he writes, "the landing and the dash of the Australian Brigade for the cliffs was magnificent; nothing could stop such men. The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps in this, their first battle, set a standard as high as that of any army in history, and one of which their countrymen have every reason to be proud."

CHAPTER VIII
THE DARE-DEVIL ANZACS

On that narrow strip of ground above Gaba Tepe, the Australians and New Zealanders have been living, at this writing, for a full six months. They have burrowed the rugged hill-sides into human warrens, and when they are not on duty in the trenches return to a manner of life that was natural to the ancient cave-dwellers before the dawn of civilisation. Here and there, between the hills, great pits that have been excavated by bursting shells are transformed into convenient bathing-places; but it has been a common thing to see parties of men come joyously down, released from the firing line, to wash the feel of dust and grime from them in the cool waters of the adjacent sea; and they have grown so accustomed to their environment that even if the enemy breaks into sudden activity they go on enjoying themselves there, indifferent to the splash of bullets round about them and the occasional whine and shriek of a shell that bursts overhead and scatters a rain of shrapnel that does not always fall harmlessly. From the tents and huts on the beach, where the stores are kept, they have made good roads up the cliffs to facilitate the labour of transport. Behind their first line of trenches they have turned the bit of territory they have won and hold so tenaciously into a queer little town of snug caverns and bomb-proof shelters, and have made all the place so peculiarly their own that somebody has been {76} happily inspired to christen the district Anzac, a name formed from the initials of the force, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps; and by that name it has become officially and generally known.

The marvel is that after living and fighting in such a dreary spot for six months the men are still as high-spirited and as fertile in contriving ways to amuse their leisure as if they had never known anything better or fuller than the precarious, perilous existence on this barren patch of land. They are not only indomitably cheerful, but full of fight and enterprise, and indomitably determined to see this terrible job right through, if only the homeland will back them as efficiently as it ought to.

The foe they are holding up outnumbers them by two or three to one; and they were never sent there with any notion that they could do more than they have accomplished. They were sent there to keep as many of the Turks as possible thoroughly occupied whilst the larger part of the expeditionary force landed at Cape Hellas and fought its way up the Peninsula to join hands with them; and they have achieved this successfully, and more than this. "Anzac, in fact," as Sir Ian Hamilton has told us, "was cast to play second fiddle to Cape Hellas, a part out of harmony with the dare-devil spirit animating these warriors from the south. So it has come about that the defensive of the Australians and New Zealanders has always tended to take on the character of an attack."

Since the 28th April the French and British troops pushing in from Hellas have hurled themselves again and again against the hills and defences before the grim mountain of Achi Baba, whose great spurs, stretching from Saros Gulf across to the Dardanelles, command the whole southern section of the Peninsula; and again and again, after performing prodigies of valour, strewing the soil with the enemy's dead and capturing trenches over wide stretches of hard-fought ground, they have been forced by the avalanche of shell and machine gun fire from the mountain heights and the furious counter-attacks of irresistible numbers to relinquish their winnings and fall back stubbornly to their own positions.

AUSTRALIA'S SPLENDID CORPS OF MOUNTED AMBULANCE MEN.
A wounded man about to be transferred from an emergency blanket sling to the regulation stretcher.

THE DARDANELLES–MEN BATHING AFTER RETURNING FROM AN ATTACK.

{77} Between the 6th and 12th May a series of desperate attacks on the powerful, scientifically prepared fortifications before Achi Baba were repelled, but certain strategical points and some hundreds of yards of front were taken and successfully held. One such attack, which saw some of the most Homeric fighting that has been done even on this terrible peninsula, lasted almost continuously for three days ending on 8th May. The French and British forces all took part in it, and among the latter were the 2nd Australian and the New Zealand Infantry Brigades. These were at first kept in reserve, but on the evening of the 6th the Lancashire Fusiliers, who had been trapped in a wood on the left wing of the advance and suffered heavy losses from concealed machine guns, were transferred to the base, and the New Zealand Brigade was sent to replace them, with orders to go forward in the morning through the line held during the night by the 88th Brigade, and develop the attack towards Krithia.

On the 7th, Sir Ian Hamilton reports, "at 10.15 a.m. heavy fire from ships and batteries was opened on the whole front, and at 10.30 a.m. the New Zealand Brigade began to move, meeting with strenuous opposition from the enemy, who had received his reinforcements." They advanced beyond the wood, or clump of fir trees, in which the Lancashires had suffered so badly, and by 1.30 had gained about 200 yards beyond the most advanced trenches that had been occupied by the 88th Brigade. Then the French reported that they could not advance up the spur they were to storm on the right till the British had made further progress. So at 4 p.m. Sir Ian gave orders that "the whole line, reinforced by the 2nd Australian Brigade, would fix bayonets, slope arms, and move on Krithia precisely at 5.30." After a quarter of an hour of effective bombardment by the heavy artillery and the guns of the ships, the movement was promptly and vigorously carried out. It was characteristic of the alert, self-reliant spirit of all the Australasians that "some of the companies of the New Zealand regiments did not get their orders in time, but, acting on their own initiative, they pushed on as soon as the heavy howitzers ceased firing, thus making the whole advance simultaneous." Then the French swept forward and stormed the first Turkish redoubt on the ridge that faced them with a wonderful élan that was not to be baulked of its object. Decimated by shrapnel and machine guns, they were driven back, but rallied and returned to the charge with redoubled fury, were beaten back, and re-formed and dashed ahead once more, and as the darkness fell "a small supporting column of French soldiers was seen silhouetted against the sky as they charged upwards along the crest of the ridge of the Kereves Dere." Then the night closed down, and all the {78} battlefield and whatever was doing on it were hidden in blackest darkness.

"Not until next morning did any reliable detail come to hand of what had happened. The New Zealanders' firing line had marched over the cunningly concealed enemy's machine guns without seeing them, and these, reopening on our supports as they came up, caused them heavy losses. But the first line pressed on and arrived within a few yards of the Turkish trenches which had been holding up our advance beyond the fir wood. There they dug themselves in. The Australian Brigade had advanced through the Composite Brigade and, in spite of heavy losses from shrapnel, machine gun, and rifle fire, had progressed from 300 to 400 yards."

The result of those three days of stubborn fighting was a net gain of 600 yards on the British right, and 400 on the left and centre; and the French had captured the redoubt they had fought for so heroically as well as a considerable area of ground. In the next two days the Turks made repeated and costly efforts, harried on by their German leaders, to regain their losses; but their prodigal cannonading and reckless hand-to-hand combats were unavailing and they were everywhere repulsed. The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps "strengthened their grip on Turkish soil," and on the whole, says Sir Ian, "now for the first time I felt that we had planted a fairly firm foothold upon the point of the Gallipoli Peninsula.

"The determined valour shown by these two brigades," he notes in concluding this phase of his dispatch, "the New Zealand Brigade under Brigadier-General F. E. Johnston, and the 2nd Australian Infantry Brigade under Brigadier-General the Hon. J. W. McCay, are worthy of particular praise. Their losses were correspondingly heavy, but, in spite of fierce counter-attacks by numerous fresh troops, they stuck to what they had won with admirable tenacity."

All along the line they had dug themselves in securely, and remained immovable. The Turks threw away thousands of men in fruitless assaults on the new positions; occasionally the British or the French by sudden rushes captured here and there an enemy trench and scored small local successes, but more and more the fighting became a matter of reconnaissance, of sapping and mining, till by the first week of June both sides had settled down to the dogged conditions of siege warfare.

{79} During these same weeks the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps at Anzac, between Gaba Tepe and Saribair, had held their little half-moon of conquered land with its 1,100 yards of diameter, and were not to be ousted from any part of it by intrepid massed attacks or by a constant shelling of their trenches and the beach beyond, often with as many as over 1,000 shells in an hour. How many bayonet charges succeeded these merciless bombardments, how many fierce night-attacks boiled over from the enemy trenches, which were everywhere within twenty and thirty yards of the Anzac front, to be unfailingly dammed all along the line and hurled back broken, decimated, defeated, I have given up trying to count. Over and over again, when the Anzacs hurled the Turks back in this fashion they swarmed out of their defences, chased the flying foe, leaped after him into his own trenches, drove him out of them and kept him out till he brought up a continuous stream of reinforcements and by sheer weight of numbers forced the Australians and New Zealanders to give up their new possessions and withdraw once more to their old ones.

The fiercest, most sanguinary fighting went on round about such advanced positions as Pope's, Courtney's, and Quinn's Posts–especially about the last, which was won and lost and went on changing hands at frequent intervals until it was finally taken by the Anzacs, and strengthened and strongly garrisoned and permanently retained. On 9th May the Turkish trenches in front of Quinn's were carried at the point of the bayonet, but at dawn next morning the enemy came hurtling back in such multitudes that the Anzacs had to retire to the Post, and stubbornly repel a hot attack upon that. Day after day the same sort of thing continued with little cessation, here and at all sections of the line. Between the attacks there were endless bomb-throwing, tempests of shells from big guns and howitzers, sniping, withering outbursts of machine gun fire, subtle sapping and mining, in which now one side, then the other successfully blew up trenches, and, dashing for the breach, made grim onslaughts that had to be held off and beaten and cleared out of the way before the shattered defences could be repaired. In our second and third and fourth line trenches the men might sit in dug-outs and bomb-proof shelters and yarn and play cards or write letters or sleep as comfortable under the roaring, whistling hail of shells and bullets and almost as safe as if they were at home; but some of the foremost trenches were little more than giant gullies on the verge of steep precipices, and {80} if they more or less commanded the enemy's positions in the valley, they were in turn commanded more or less by the enemy's guns and trenches on higher ridges farther in-shore.

The stories of individual heroism and self-sacrifice–of the carrying of wounded comrades in under fire, of scouts crawling out on exposed heights and calmly completing their observations after they had been discovered and become targets for hundreds of rifles, of the bringing of supplies of food and ammunition to the firing line over hills and bare plateaus that were swept by the enemy's guns–these are numberless. There were bombing parties who went out unobtrusively at twilight or at dawn to raid an apparently inaccessible trench on the opposite hill-side and silence a troublesome gun, and as often as not they succeeded, though few of them returned to tell the tale; there was a doughty little remnant of Anzac heroes who fought and slew terribly and had to be shot or bayoneted to the last man before the Turks could get back into a trench that had been newly wrested from them. And there is a story of an unnamed New Zealander that stands out even amidst the splendour of the rest. This man, during an attack in force, found himself isolated and cut off from his friends. He was on a high, bald promontory, and the Turks were swarming on all sides of him. Escape was impossible; he had been wounded and left behind, overlooked by his comrades when they were compelled to retire; and there seemed nothing for it but surrender. The full strength of the reinforced Turks was unknown to our commanders, but from his lofty eminence the New Zealander could see the oncoming hordes flooding the lower levels, and proceeded to take careful observations. And a chief scout of the New Zealanders who, from the distance, had detected the solitary figure aloft there was suddenly amazed to see the man begin signalling with his arms; he was signalling information as to the position and numbers of the Turks. How many shots reached their mark in him nobody will know; twice he fell, but each time he regained his feet to semaphore with his arms and continue his message. "The last shot disabled one arm," says the scout, "yet the dying man raised himself and completed the message before he dropped dead." If one started to repeat such stories one would never know where to end, and there is the less need for me to make the attempt since I hear that the best of them are now being gathered into a book of their own by another hand.

Through all that thunderous storm of conflict, the incessant {81} attacking and counter-attacking, our losses were appallingly heavy, but those of the Turks exceeded them enormously. A diary found on a dead Turkish officer showed that in the stern engagement on the 10th May alone, two Ottoman regiments lost 3,000 in killed and wounded. They had been mown down and bayoneted in tens of thousands round Anzac and in the titanic struggle at the southern end of the Peninsula, but they had been so reinforced that their power had increased rather than diminished; and so by degrees at both places the opposing forces fought each other to something of a standstill. All the Turkish boasts that they would fling the invaders into the sea proved futile; all our attempts to advance beyond the territory on which we were immovably established proved equally unavailing; and by degrees things at Anzac as well as between Cape Hellas and Achi Baba settled down to that condition of siege warfare.

It was not a condition that suited the temperaments of these active, energetic fellows; they were not the sort to find much satisfaction in systematically peppering the other side with lead and wearing them down from behind the safe shelter of barricades; but they were practical enough to see that for the time there was no other effective course open to them, and, with occasional sudden sallies into the midst of the enemy, when they killed a few and captured a few and gathered in some guns, they grimly suited themselves to a state of things that did not suit them, and made the best of it.

The Turks knew enough of them by now to have a wholesome respect for their fighting qualities, and seemed contented to shell them occasionally from a distance or let them alone, so long as they did not come out and make trouble. And the fact that this was the hottest period of the year may have helped to reconcile the Anzacs to the necessity of going slow for a while. The blazing heat, indeed, was more intolerable than the fire of the Turks, and to cope with it they discarded one garment after another until, at length, they were to be seen on duty or amusing themselves, when they were not lying cool in holes and shelters, dressed in nothing but a pair of breeches cut down to "shorts" which did not nearly reach to their knees. Some, with a lingering sense of propriety, or tender feet, retained their boots and socks, but others abandoned even these. Mr. Ashmead Bartlett, who saw them, says, "I suppose that since the dervishes made their last charge at Omdurman no such naked army has ever been seen in the field." {82}

It must have puzzled the Turks considerably to find themselves confronted by trenches filled with apparently naked warriors, and to ascertain, when they came to the test, that these naked warriors were as tough and as full of ginger as the men in khaki who had mysteriously vanished. Possibly they suspected this was a new wild race of secretly landed reinforcements from some remote end of the British Empire, especially after a few weeks, when the skins of the Anzacs had become so tanned and burnt by the sun that they were as dark as the Maoris. And of the Maoris the Turks had all along had suspicions, even when that contingent was clothed in full khaki. For they have weird war-cries and a weird dance of their own, and to hear and see these mysteries in operation is calculated to disquiet those who are not accustomed to them. On special occasions, after the General had been addressing them and complimenting them on their fighting ability, or when they had caught a rumour of the joyous possibility that they would quit the monotonous trenches and move out against the enemy to-morrow, they liked to indulge in this dance by way of expressing the intensity of their satisfaction. An officer of the New Zealand contingent described the dance in The Times in the following terms:

"The Maoris, officers and privates, lined up. With protruding tongues and a rhythmic slapping of hands on thighs and chests, with a deep concerted 'a-a-ah,' ending abruptly, they began the Maori haka–the war dance. Shrill and high the leader intoned the solo parts, and the chorus crashed out. As the dancers became more animated the beat of their feet echoed through the gullies of Gallipoli. The leader now declaimed fiercely, now his voice sank to an eerie whisper, still perfectly audible, and as he crouched low to the ground so the men behind him posed. Suddenly, after a concerted crash of voices, the chant ended with a sibilant hiss, a stamp of the right foot, and the detonation of palms slapping the high ground."

From their trenches, less than a hundred yards away, the Turks could not see the dancers, for the dancers knew better than to show themselves, but they must have heard the strange, rhythmic stamping of their feet and their startling outcries, and you get a notion of what they must have thought of them from a passage which the same New Zealand officer quotes from a Constantinople newspaper of about that date in which the Ottoman journalist remarks that he is still without information as to the composition {83} of the enemy's forces, but has reason to believe that they consist of black men from Africa and Australia, and "thus the Straits for the first time in history have had to endure attacks by cannibals." So it is worth adding that though the Maoris delight, as they should, in keeping up the old customs of their race, theirs is a contingent of as gallant and chivalrous men as any in the British millions, and the leader in that particular war dance was a highly educated gentleman who has the distinction of being an M.A. and an LL.D.

The state of siege lasted for some two months, and I have not spoken to any man who endured it and was prepared to say that he wished it had been longer.

"I was fed up with it," said a bronzed giant, convalescing from his wounds in London, with whom I foregathered by chance in a railway carriage. "We were sick of sitting in our holes potting an odd Turk when he bobbed his head up. We wanted to be getting ahead. The boys down by Hellas had got a tough job, too, but we just prayed that they might make a big push up and we might be ordered to go out and cut a way through to meet them. It was no fun, living like rabbits and doing nothing, or next to nothing, and when I was hit by accident while I was fooling around, having a dip at Hell Spit, I wasn't sorry to get out of it for a change. I should have been, though, if I'd known we were in for a real, good scrap a few days later."

That was a pretty general feeling, he said; the inactivity, the sameness of the trench fighting, the sense of being cooped up within narrow limits and not given a chance to do anything, was infinitely boring. Everybody was impatient to be moving, and would sooner have gone on at all risks than have stopped there strategically marking time. Moreover, there was a shortage of tobacco and of the smaller luxuries of civilisation that might have helped to make that dull period of waiting endurable. You get a vivid glimpse of this in the report of Mr. W. Jessop, who went out in charge of a mission from the Y.M.C.A., which has done such magnificent service in looking after the welfare of the troops in all the fighting areas, with comforts for the men at the Dardanelles.

"It was pathetic," he says, "to see the eagerness with which the men viewed our preparations and the way they came about the tent.... I looked up two batteries of artillery I had been told about, and took with me several pounds of Havelock tobacco and some pipes. To the first of these men I came across I held up a tin of the tobacco and asked him if it was a friend of his {84} (Havelock is Australian tobacco, and very popular in the Colonies). His eyes glistened, and then he said, 'It's all I have' (holding up a sovereign), 'but if you will give me a pipe with it I shall be glad to exchange, as I have not had a smoke for three weeks.' When I told him the pipe and tobacco were his for nothing, he was greatly touched. I went round to about fifty of these men and made similar gifts."

But such minor inconveniences would not have worried them if it had not been for the wearisome waiting for something to happen; and when the word went round that a new British force was to make a surprise landing higher up the gulf at Suvla Bay, and that the Anzacs were to create a diversion and keep the Turks fully occupied whilst it was done, there was no more grousing; it was exactly what they wanted.

The unquenchable ardour of the men was of a piece with the splendid spirit of brotherhood and good comradeship that prevailed among all ranks. It could not well have been otherwise, led by such officers as they had and under a commander so gallant and so genially considerate of them as General Birdwood, who from the outset, as Sir Ian Hamilton testifies, "has been the soul of Anzac. Not for one single day has he ever quitted his post. Cheery and full of human sympathy, he has spent many hours of each twenty-four inspiring the defenders of the front trenches, and if he does not know every soldier in his force, at least every soldier believes he is known to his chief." He was invariably under fire with his troops, and wounded in one engagement had his wound dressed on the field and refused to retire. No wonder his men are devoted to him, and that when you mention his name to any among those who are here, invalided home, they answer you with the warmest enthusiasm.

In preparation for the new movement fresh British and Indian troops had been landed at Anzac under cover of darkness two nights in succession. The Turks were aware of this; they had shelled the transports and the beach unstintedly, but so deftly were the landing parties handled by the naval service that the landings were successfully carried out with only two casualties. On the 6th August the British at Cape Helles commenced a heavy and continuous bombardment of the Turkish positions round Krithia, below the Achi Baba heights; at the same time the Anzacs got busy with guns and howitzers along the whole of their front to discourage the enemy from dispatching reinforcements in any direction.

HEROES FROM THE DARDANELLES. Wounded from the Dardanelles, leaving the hospital train in Egypt.

HEROES OF THE DARDANELLES.

During the night of the 6th a vast array of transports, accompanied by warships, destroyers, and smaller craft, passed quietly up the Gulf of Saros and glided into Suvla Bay, six or seven miles north of Anzac Cove. All along the other side of the Dardanelles, from Kum Kale to Chanak, and at Anzac and in the southern extremity of Gallipoli, the Turks were either under attack or on the alert and expecting it. But here, at Suvla Bay, they were anticipating no danger, and hundreds of small boats had rushed the invading force safely ashore before they were aware of their coming. An observation post was taken by surprise; its garrison of fifty surrendered, and the British had marched six miles inland and it was getting on towards evening before an enemy force came into view hastening forward to oppose the advance. The Turks had been warned of what had happened, and before next morning had swiftly concentrated as many as 70,000 men to bar the way. All night there were numerous spasmodic and furious local fights for points of vantage, and all night the two forces were rapidly throwing out barbed-wire entanglements and digging themselves in, and as soon as the day came the battle developed in deadliest earnest.

Both sides were well supplied with artillery, and all day the merciless struggle raged with growing fury; in repeated attacks and counter-attacks first the Turkish, then the British lines swayed this way and that, but always straightened out again and could at no point be broken through. A dozen times the Turks flung themselves forward in dense masses, and when they shattered and came thundering in over and past the wire entanglements, the British leaped from their trenches to meet them and fell upon them with spades and bayonets till they fled panic-stricken, leaving their dead and wounded heaped about the ground.

The enemy had the advantage in position; they were on the higher levels, and they were superior in numbers; but when night fell again over the field of carnage, if the British had made no further advance they still held every inch of their line, and they passed the night in entrenching it more firmly.

The plan of campaign was for one section of the force to push on straight across the Peninsula whilst another section moved to the south-east towards Anzac, whence the Australians and New Zealanders were to fight a way up and join them.

The Anzacs carried out their part of this arrangement with a dash and daring that were irresistible. They had been reinforced {86} by a brigade of Gurkhas and by regiments of our new armies, and it was resolved to make a beginning by sending the First Australian Infantry Brigade to attack the Lone Pine plateau. "The Third Brigade," writes Captain C. E. W. Bean, the Official Press Representative with the Australian forces there, "had immortalised itself on the day of the landing–they were the miners' brigade from Broken Hill and the gold-fields and Queensland and Tasmania. The Second Brigade–the Victorians–had made their wonderful charge at Helles, when for a quarter of an hour they went straight as a die for 1,000 yards across country as bare as the palm of your hand, in the face of shrapnel and withering rifle fire. Now, at last, it was the chance of the First Brigade–the men from New South Wales."

The officers' whistles shrilled the signal, and in a moment the First Brigade was out and making a bee line for the low, scrub-covered hill on which the Turks were entrenched; but when they came to the trenches they found them stoutly roofed with logs and timbers, and spread out scattered along them looking for a way in, fired at through loopholes and by machine guns, and pelted with shrapnel from a battery in the rear. But they were not there to be beaten. Here and there along the roof man-holes had been left; some of the Anzacs dropped recklessly down these small openings ("like burglars through a sky-light," says Mr. Bean) on to the Turks below; others by sheer force of muscle tore up logs or planks to make an entry and flung themselves in and clubbed their rifles or got to work with their bayonets, and after a short, sharp fight the enemy either lay dead in their burrow or were in full flight up their communication trenches. Other of the Australians had run right on over the roof of logs and as swiftly captured the second trench and thence poured on into the communication trenches to stop the fleeing Turks or give chase and shoot them as they fled.

In other parts of the field the battle was spreading mightily and the Australians and New Zealanders, with the Gurkhas and their new comrades from the homeland, were carrying all before them. The Maoris and New Zealand Mounted Rifles, fighting afoot, cleared the foot-hills with the bayonet, and soon over all the lower hills, in the rugged gullies and ravines and up the sides of the Anafarta height, the fighting became general, gathering tempestuously in sound and fury.

For four days and nights it continued with little intermission–desperate {87} and bloody fighting, much of it, with bayonets and clubbed rifles; and steadily the combined force of Anzacs, English, and Indians forced their way up the steep slopes towards the ridge that was pouring a blasting hail of lead and fire down upon them perpetually. Trench after trench on the savagely contested ascent was taken and left behind, choked with Turkish dead. Generals and colonels, armed with rifles, fought shoulder to shoulder with their men, and many of them, including General Baldwin, who through the nightmare of those four days of carnage fought heroically beside his men, were killed; but by the evening of the 10th August, though the formidable heights of Anafarta, which had been stormed with almost incredible heroism by the Australians, the New Zealanders, and some English regiments, for lack of support, could not be held, all the lower ground on the western side was in our possession, and the army from Anzac Cove had triumphantly linked up with the troops that had landed at Suvla Bay.

Here they dug themselves in; a lull of exhaustion fell over the contending armies, and the British profited by the interval to consolidate their greatly extended lines and secure their communications.

The original purpose of the Suvla Bay landing had been to strike right across the Peninsula at that point, cut the Turks off from their supplies, so that they would be compelled to abandon or weaken the defences of Achi Baba and thus make it possible for the British and French at Helles to drive a path over that impregnable mountain and sweep up the length of Gallipoli and crush the enemy between our northern and southern forces. The scheme is said to have failed through the blundering of one officer at Suvla, who should have rushed his corps promptly and straightway through and seized certain dominating heights before the Turks were aware of the surprise attack and could rally to make any effective resistance.

We are still very much in the dark about the details of this enterprise. All we know is that whatever blundering there may have been in the higher command, the men of all ranks and all regiments met every demand that was made upon them with the most unflinching steadiness and acquitted themselves with a valour and efficiency that no troops in the world could excel. "The Anzac Corps fought like lions," says Mr. Ashmead Bartlett, "and accomplished a feat of arms, in climbing those heights, almost without a parallel.... It was a combat of giants in a giant country, and if one point stands out more than another it is the marvellous {88} hardihood, tenacity, and reckless courage shown by the Australians and New Zealanders."

This magnificent tribute is amply confirmed by the special order that was issued by Sir Ian Hamilton whilst the great battle was still unfinished:

"The Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, desires formally to record the fine feat of arms achieved by the troops under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir W. R. Birdwood during the battle of Sari Bair. The fervent desire of all ranks to close with the enemy, the impetuosity of their onset, and the steadfast valour with which they maintained the long struggle, these will surely make appeal to their fellow-countrymen all over the world. The gallant capture of the almost impregnable Lone Pine trenches by the Australian Division, and the equally gallant defence of the position against repeated counter-attacks, are exploits which will live in history. The determined assaults carried out from other parts of the Australian Division's line were also of inestimable service to the whole force, preventing as they did the movement of large bodies of reinforcements to the northern flank.

"The troops under the command of Major-General Sir A. J. Godley, and particularly the New Zealand and Australian Division, were called upon to carry out one of the most difficult military operations that have ever been attempted–a night march and assault by several columns in intricate mountainous country, strongly entrenched, and held by a numerous and determined enemy. Their brilliant conduct during this operation and the success they achieved have won for them a reputation as soldiers of whom any country must be proud. To the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, therefore, and to those who were associated with that famous corps in the battle of Sari Bair–the Maoris, Sikhs, Gurkhas, and the new troops of the Divisions from the Old Country–Sir Ian Hamilton tenders his appreciation of their efforts, his admiration of their gallantry, and his thanks for their achievements. It is an honour to command a force which numbers such men as these in its ranks, and it is the Commander-in-Chief's high privilege to acknowledge that honour."

There was memorable fighting again above Helles on the 21st August, when a Yeomanry corps, in action for the first time, delivered a determined assault on the hill known as Hill 70, charging right up to the summit without a halt, and chasing the Turks down the other side. But the enemy clung on to one {89} strongly fortified knoll, and in the night enfiladed the victors with such a deadly fire from artillery and machine guns that they were forced to abandon their hard-won position, and by daylight had withdrawn to their own lines.

Since then, there, as on the seven-mile front from Anzac to Suvla Bay, the war has resolved itself again into steady trench fighting and a state of siege. Since then, too, there has been a change in the command, and General Sir C. C. Monro has succeeded Sir Ian Hamilton, who has returned home, honoured with the goodwill and admiration of troops whose confidence in him is unshakable; and in these latter days of October the next step in the Dardanelles expedition is still a matter of rumour and conjecture.

THE DARDANELLES OPERATIONS.
Ambulance wagons passing through gully.

THE DARDANELLES–AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND TROOPS IN A RAVINE.

CHAPTER IX
THE AUSTRALASIAN IDEAL

It is so easy to be wise after the event that I don't suppose many of us are much impressed by the aggressive wisdom of those critics in our midst who are still noisily telling us of the naval and military blunders made in the inception and development of the Dardanelles campaign and with what beautiful simplicity they might all have been avoided. One has no patience with such chatter and no use for such cheap sagacity. You cannot remedy any errors by wasting time in learned talk about them; there is only one way of atonement, and that is to put them at once behind you and go resolutely on, seeing to it that they are not committed again. Even Napoleon made his mistakes, for the ablest commander is not infallible. And it is the most youthful folly to belittle our own leaders and urge them to take lessons from the perfect organisation and supreme military tactics of our enemy when we know that Belgium, Calais, Paris, Riga, and a score of other places stand witness to that enemy's crude blunderings and the failure of his arms. I remember how in the early days of the war certain of our very clamorous newspapers were filled with joy over the complete breakdown of German diplomacy: German diplomacy, they said, had not had the skill to detach Russia from France, so that they might have made easy {94} war on France alone; they had failed to keep Britain out of it; they had failed to keep Italy out of it; they had failed to capture the sympathies of America; and those journals poured scorn on the German diplomatic service as a pompous and unintelligent futility. Yet when Turkey sided with the Huns, when Bulgaria joined them, and when Greece insisted on remaining neutral, these same sapient papers cried out lustily that British diplomacy was fumbling and worthless, and broke into pious wishes that we had diplomats as clever and triumphant as the Germans. Which means, of course, that their failure with three of the smaller Powers makes our diplomats inferior to those who failed with four of the greatest.

Let us have done with such pitiful nonsense, and get on with the work we mean to do. Let us make up our minds that the Germans will have their full share of incidental victories; no sensible person ever dreamt that they would not. It is the big, inexperienced schoolboy idea, this, that your side is losing if it is not winning all the time. The adult mind knows that the way of conquest is never so smoothly paved; that the best and bravest, coping with a powerful and subtle enemy, must needs be often baffled, but what matters is that he is only baffled to fight better, knowing that if he does so no check is a defeat, for in the long run it is only the final victory that counts.

There have been rumours that, because the Suvla Bay attempt did not achieve its objective and, for the moment, a condition of stalemate prevails there, the Dardanelles campaign is to be abandoned, but they find no favour in Australia or New Zealand. There were indignant protests against such a course in the Australasian press, protests that the gallant fellows who had laid down their lives on that battle-torn peninsula should not be allowed so to have died in vain; that the work to which they and their dauntless comrades had set their hands should be carried through determinedly and their high self-sacrifice justified. Yet, they added, it was a question for the military authorities, and, at the worst, they would loyally accept their decision. You may take it that Mr. Hughes, the new Australian Premier, replying to questions in the House of Representatives at the end of October, spoke for all Australasia when he said, amidst tumultuous cheering, "Our business is to carry out the instructions of the Imperial Government, and to give the Government the enthusiastic support we owe it as a duty. We must refrain from criticising the actions of men placed in a position of frightful responsibility, and also from {95} listening to the thousand-and-one critics who have not the slightest authority to speak." Obviously, if those critics are as expert as they would have us believe they should be wearing khaki and utilising their transcendent ability in doing things better, instead of dissipating it in unhelpful words.

The fact that Canada has just completed arrangements to bring her forces in the field up to a total of 250,000, and that Australia and New Zealand are recruiting and training and enlarging their armies so rapidly that they will soon have reached the same total, and do not mean to stop there, is sufficient indication of the stern spirit of resolve in which the Britains oversea are facing this great issue which no half-measures can decide. And we of the homeland, who do not take our opinions or all our information from our newspapers, know that the soul of the old country marches with them, and will march with them dauntlessly step by step to the end, however far off it may be.

If it were otherwise–if we were the cravens that a few of our noisy, irresponsible journalists would make us out to be–do you imagine that the manhood of those new countries, sons of the great men who were our fathers also, would have risen so spontaneously to save from destruction the Empire of a generation so unworthy of their past, and the civilisation for which we and our Allies stand? They are not out for territory, they are not out for conquest; they are the vanguard of the new democracy, and they are out in the place that is theirs, in the forefront of the battle, fighting and dying for the highest ideals of the human race, for the freedom and natural rights of our common humanity. The German junkerdom, the Prussian militarism and out-of-date war-lust that is abhorrent to us, is ten times more abhorrent to them, for in their ideas of freedom and equal human brotherhood they have outstripped us. They are less shackled than we are by old use and wont, by conventions and precedents that hamper our onward movement; but they know their ideal is ours, for they lit their torch at our fire, and they are breasting the onslaught beside us at this hour because they know it, and could by no means stand aside and see that fire trampled out under the hoofs of a race in whom the brute savagery and primitive ideals of war and domination are so damnably renascent.

All the blasphemous and discredited formulas and political doctrines that oppressed our peoples in a past whose ancient tyrannies and legalised inhumanities we have long repented, still {96} survive with more degenerate and diabolical manifestations in twentieth century Germany. The gospel of the divine right of kings flourishes there, and the whole nation would seem to have been so dehumanised in their training that, in the main, they have accepted the dicta of their most modern professors that the State is above morality and can do no wrong; that war is a beautiful and a glorious thing; that a country clothes itself in dignity and honour by crushing and pillaging its neighbours and reducing them to subjection, and to that god-like end is justified in violating treaties, and outraging and massacring the innocent and the helpless. They are so incapable of realising the shame of these things that the horror of the civilised world at the Belgian martyrdoms, the sinking of unprotected passenger ships laden with civilian men and women, the wanton slaughter by bombs and shells of non-combatants in unfortified towns, and the callous assassination of Edith Cavell, genuinely surprises them: they are so wholly brutalised that they are not even sensible of their brutality. The growing demand among the humaner races which are perforce in arms against them that, before peace is made, strict justice should be done upon the barbarous breakers of international law, as it is done on those minor criminals that break national laws, strikes them as purely fantastic. They would sanctify murder when a king or his ministers commit it, and make it accursed only when it is done by lesser men. They have not yet advanced far enough in the path of reason to have a glimmering suspicion that the man, crowned or uncrowned, who deliberately plans a war of aggression for the aggrandisement of his own State and, after years of cunning and dastardly preparation, falls with fire and slaughter on his victim, is an outlaw and a criminal against the common laws of decent nations. We realise, in these days, that, except when it is in self-defence and for the freedom not of one race but of all, war is plain murder, and the wholesale murderer should and must be amenable on that count at the bar of civilisation. The surest way to end war is to strip it of its glamour, treat it as the blackguardly crime it is, and punish the criminals. The German savages have not even stopped short at murder on the field of battle, and I for one shall lose some faith in the democracies of the world if, in due season, von Bissing does not take his stand in the dock of an international police-court and undergo his trial and sentence for the assassination of Edith Cavell, as any common butcher would for any common murder; and there are those as high and higher than von Bissing who must, {97} unless we would make the name of justice a byword, take their turn in the same dock and answer in the same fashion for the hundreds of unarmed men and blameless women and children who have been systematically done to death in cold blood away from the fighting line.

It is our duty to make it clear, in this enlightened age, that no State is above morality; that there are natural, human laws which cannot be broken with impunity, and are not to be set aside by any the most self-important State that ever reared itself under heaven. This feeling is growing in intensity in the hearts and minds of Britain and her Allies, and nowhere is it held with a more passionate conviction than among the great democratic peoples of Canada, New Zealand, and Australia.

"I am one of those," said Mr. W. A. Holman, the Premier of New South Wales, speaking the other day at Sydney, "who hope that when victory is achieved there will be no weakness on the part of the Allied Governments. I hope, when we have gained peace, the Allied Governments, acting in the interests of civilisation, will avail themselves of so unprecedented an opportunity to declare that the public law of Europe is no longer a law without sanction and without punishment, but that those who break the public law of Europe are to be treated like criminals who break any other law. I hope we shall have the pleasure of seeing some of the members of the German Ministry placed upon their trial for wilful murder and brought to account for the various acts committed at their instigation. I am as confident about the ultimate result of this struggle as is any one here. I have no fear and no doubt. I have never wavered. But if there are those who doubt, let me say this: it is better that we should perish in the trenches than contemplate the possibility of succumbing in the struggle that is now before us."

That is the authentic voice of Australia–of all the young democracies who are joint heirs and will more than ever in the future be joint sharers with us of the destinies of the British Empire. They have some sentimental regard for the old country, but they are not drawn to us in this business merely by that; their motives are higher, their ideals rooted in a deeper emotion. They have turned their backs on the night and set their faces towards the morning, and they are not fighting so much to save the British Empire as the hopes of human progress that would go down with it if it fell. Germany, who is leprous with iniquity, declares herself {98} pure and noble in God's sight. Great Britain is faulty enough, as all human institutions are; she has done many grievous wrongs in the past, has been unjust to smaller nations and tyrannous to the weak, but she has become conscious of this, has the grace to acknowledge it, and has endeavoured and is endeavouring to atone for some of her unrighteousness. In this frank self-knowledge lies her hope of salvation. We no longer live for the crude aims and glories that inspired us three or four centuries ago; we have, as a nation, grown beyond them a little, have climbed by painful degrees a little higher out of the primal slime. We have blundered into dirty ways, but have not been contented to wallow in them. Through all our divagations we have, in some short-sighted fashion, followed the gleam; we are still far from arriving at a realisation of the later ideal that has subdued us, but we are still moving towards it, and the chief reason why our great self-governing Colonies are with us in this crisis is that they are travelling the same road, towards the same goal.

But I despair of saying clearly in words of my own just what it is that has secured to us the glorious loyalty of our kindred of Greater Britain. Members of the same family, they are under no illusions about us; they are familiar with our weaknesses, our hypocrisies, our injustices; but it is our pride that knowing the worst as well as the best of us, as those of a family circle must, they still have faith in our ultimate right-mindedness, and can give reason for their faith. There are hints of that reason scattered about their literature, but I don't think it has ever been more fearlessly, more fully, or more poignantly revealed than it is by John Farrel in his "Australia to England"–one of the greatest things in Australian poetry:

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