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Title: A Hausa botanical vocabulary

Author: J. M. Dalziel

Release date: August 13, 2024 [eBook #74245]

Language: English

Original publication: London: T. Fisher Unwin

Credits: Galo Flordelis (This file was produced from images generously made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library/University of Wisconsin)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HAUSA BOTANICAL VOCABULARY ***

                     A HAUSA BOTANICAL VOCABULARY


                                A HAUSA
                         BOTANICAL VOCABULARY

                                  BY
                 JOHN M. DALZIEL, M.D., B.Sc., D.T.M.
                      West African Medical Staff

                         T. FISHER UNWIN LTD.
                        LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE


                      _First published in 1916._

                        (_All rights reserved_)




                                A HAUSA
                         BOTANICAL VOCABULARY


                                  =A=


=abakuru=, a food made from the ground-bean; _vide_ under =kwaruru=.


=abantoko=, a var. of =dawa= _q.v._


=abawa=, _vide_ under =abduga=.


=abduga= or =auduga=, indigenous species of Gossypium
(Malvaceæ)—G. peruvianum, Cav. G. punctatum, Sch. et
Thon. G. obtusifolium, Roxb. G. arboreum, L. with varieties,
hybrids and other introduced species. The Cotton Plant or raw
cotton. Syn. =kaḍa= (Sok.). Varieties known in different districts
are:—_ba ka tuka_, or _ba tuka_, _ya tabshi_, _ya tsauri_, or
_ya ḳarifi_, _kwanta Ali da zugu_, _Ba-Gwandare_, _yar gari_
(G. obtusifolium, var. africana, Watt.), _gwundi_ (G. peruvianum
var. with red leaf veins), _chukwi_, _laḅayi_ (G. punctatum), and
_kanawa_ or _matan kanawa_ (G. arboreum, L. var. sanguinea, Watt.);
the leaves of the last or of _gwundi_ are used for making a red dye
for thread. _guriya_ (Sok.), _anguriya_ (Kano), or _yan guriya_
= cotton seed; _sutu_ or _subtu_ = cotton freed from the seed by
crushing with a stone and roller and pulled by hand before carding
with the _masaḅi_ or _bakan shiḅa_ (cotton carding bow); _saḅi_
or _shiḅa_ = carded cotton; _zare_ = thinly plied cotton thread,
used chiefly for the warp, and sometimes for warp and weft; _abawa_
(Kano), or _bartake_ (Sok.) = thicker loosely plied thread used for
the weft; (the coarse cloth _goddo_, or _nuru_ (East Hausa), woven on
a vertical loom in broad strips and with a fringe, has _abawa_ in warp
and weft); _waḍari_ = cotton yarn ready for weaving; _fari_ (Kano)
= woven cotton strips; _zugu_ (Sok.) = cotton strips in a roll (=
_kunkurun fari_, Kano); _sawaye_ (Sok.) = the same unrolled; _taḅe_
(Sok.), or _chin aduga_ (Kano) = to pluck cotton out of the pod.


=abokin kibiya=, a tall grass used for arrow-shafts; _vide_
=ḳyamro=.


=aburu=, a grass used for food; _vide_ =iburu=.


=acha=, Digitaria exilis, Stapf. (Paspalum exile, Kipp.) (Gramineæ);
a small grass cultivated as a cereal in several Hausa provinces,
in Bornu, and by many pagan tribes. Syn. =intaya= (Sok. Kamberi,
Kamuku, &c.), “Hungry Rice”. _cf._ also =tumbin jaki=.


=a chi da gero=, =a chi da kara=, =a chi da nono=, vars. of Guinea
Corn; _vide_ under =dawa=.


=aduruku=, Newbouldia lævis, Sun. (Bignoniaceæ); a tall slender
tree with handsome purple flowers; often planted around native
compounds. Syn. =ba reshe?=


=aduwa=, Balanites ægyptiaca, Del. (Simarubeæ). “Desert Date”;
a thorny tree common in the north, deciduous but with evergreen
branches, bifoliate leaves and yellow bitter-sweet fruit; its gum =
_ḳaron aduwa_; the seeds yield “Oil of Betu” (Kanuri, _bito_);
_dabagira_ = flowers of _aduwa_, boiled and eaten with _daudawa_,
_q.v._ salt and pepper; _kaikwaiyo_ (Sok. Kano, &c.) = the kernel,
sold as a medicine. Fruit edible; a common ingredient in fish-poison.


=ago= or =agu= (Gwari); a fish-poison, prepared usually from Tephrosia
Vogelii (_cf._ =baina=, _vide_ under =majimfa=); sometimes from the
pods of Cassia spp. (_vide_ =gamma faḍa=, &c.); _cf._ =aduwa=.


=agugu=, a native drug; the rhizome of a fern used for tapeworm;
probably = “Male Fern” (Nephrodium Filix-mas); not indigenous;
brought chiefly from Adamawa.


=agushi=, the seeds of a var. of the Water Melon, Citrullus vulgaris
(_vide_ =guna=); chewed raw or used in soup.


=aguwa= _vide_ =ḳaguwa=.


=akiye= or =akwiye=, the seeds of =kiriya=, _q.v._


=akwalu= (Kano and East), Trochomeria sp. (Cucurbitaceæ); a wild
twiner with a large tuberous root, edible when cooked. Syn. =basko=,
or =basgo= (West Sokoto).


=akwuya=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=alale=, Blighia sapida, Koenig (Sapindaceæ). “Akee apple”; a
tree found in the southern provinces, with red capsular fruit; the
spongy white aril around the seeds is edible. (?Nupé _ella_ = the
name of the fruit). In Hausa generally called =Gwanja kusa=, _q.v._


=alambo=, Sesbania leptocarpa, DC. (Leguminosæ); a slender
branched tree with yellow flowers and narrow jointed pods, common on
river-banks. (Kanuri, _paiya paiya_). Other species are included,
e.g. S. aculeata, Pers. S. ægyptiaca, Poir, &c. _cf._ also
=sasabani= and =zamarke=.


=alayafu=, Amaranthus caudatus, L. (Amaranthaceæ). Native spinage;
an excellent cultivated vegetable; a red variety resembles the
ornamental plant “Love-lies-bleeding.” =farin alayafu=, Celosia
argentea, L. (Amaranthaceæ); an erect weed of fields, 1 to 2 feet
high, with pink and silvery flowering spike, not cultivated but used
as a pot-herb.


=albasa=, Allium Cepa, Willd. (Liliaceæ). The onion. Two varieties
are distinguished, viz. _guda_ (Kano), or _gudaji_ (Sok.), the common
bulbous onion; and _shafa_ (Kano), _safa_ (Sok.), the spring onion;
_lawashi_ or _gabu_ (Sok.) = onion leaves pounded and dried, sold
in the form of balls and used in soup. _cf._ =tafarnuwa=.


=albasar kura=, Urginea nigritiana, Bak. (Liliaceæ), and other
common bulbous plants growing wild.


=albasar kwaḍi=, Crinum yuccæflorum, Salisb. (Amaryllideæ); a
common plant of damp places, with an umbel of large lily-like flowers,
white with a purple stripe. (Other species are included and the names
of this and the last are commonly confused.) The scarlet-flowered
Hæmanthus rupestris, Bak. (Amaryllideæ), “Blood Flower”,
bears the same name.


=algarif=, the seeds of the “Common” or “Garden Cress,”
Lepidium sativum, Linn. _vide_ =labsur=; sold as a medicine; a red
variety =algaru ja= in small masses, and a black variety usually
loose; preparations are made for external and internal use.


=alhaji=, Ærua tomentosa, Forst. (Amaranthaceæ); an erect plant
with hoary white leaves and flowers. (Etym. from the completely
white habit, but the name like =Ba-Fillatani=, _q.v._ is probably
applied to other white plants). More generally known as =furfura ta
gyatumi=, _q.v._


=alibida=, _vide_ =alubada=.


=aliliba=, Cordia abyssinica, R. Br. (Boragineæ); a tree with
broad leaves, white flowers, and sweet yellow berries used in making
_allewa_, &c.


=aliyara=, _vide_ =ḳaguwa=.


=alkama=, Triticum sativum, Lam. sub-race T. vulgare, Vill. “Common
Wheat;” or T. compositum, Linn. “Mummy,” “Miracle” or
“Egyptian Wheat;” grown chiefly in the north on river-banks
with irrigation. _taliya_, a sort of macaroni made from _alkama_
flour; _gurasa_, a sort of native wheaten bread; _punkaso_ (Kano), or
_fankaso_, wheaten cakes fried in oil. The following are delicacies
made from _alkama_:—_dashishi_, cakes like _masa_ but made with
honey-water; _sunasar_, a preparation of wheat with meat and butter;
_tuwon ḅaure_ = _tuwo_ made with finely ground wheat and butter
instead of water.


=alkaman tururuwa=, Spermacoce stachydea, DC. (Rubiaceæ); a common
weed eaten by goats, &c. (Etym. _tururuwa_, a species of social
harvesting ant).


=alubada= or =alibida=, Carpodinus hirsuta, Hua (Apocynaceæ);
a woody climber; one of the rubber vines in the south.


=amai mussa= (Sok.), Eragrostis major, Hochst. (Gramineæ); a grass
with an unpleasant smell. (Etym. “cat’s vomit”). Syn. =buddari=
(Sok.), _q.v_, and =bunsurun fadama= (Katsina and East).


=amara=, Tacca involucrata, Sch. et Thon. (Taccaceæ); a wild
perennial herb with an edible tuber; cultivated in some districts,
chiefly by Fulani; in the Benué district gathered wild and sold in
the form of a starchy meal. (The same as “South Sea arrowroot” of
the Sandwich and Society Islands). _vide_ also under =giginyar biri=.


=anguriya=, cotton seed, _vide_ under =abduga=.


=anza= (Sok. Kats. &c.), =hanza= (Gobir), Boscia angustifolia,
A. Rich. (Capparideæ); a pale-leaved shrub; the berries are edible
and sometimes the bark is prepared with cereals as a food similarly
to the plant =bagayi=, _q.v._ hence also called =anza rashin bagayi=;
including also the broader-leaved B. senegalensis, Lam. cf. =zayi=.


=arakke= (Sok.), _vide_ =rake=; Saccharum officinarum, L. one of
the two species of sugar-cane.


=ararabi=, _vide_ =hano=.


=ataras=, a var. of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.


=atillis=, a tree, the nut of which yields an oil used medicinally
as food, &c. Canarium Schweinfurthii, Engl. (Burseraceæ). “African
Elemi Tree.”


=auduga=, _vide_ =abduga=.


=awarwaro=, Ipomœa aquatica, Forsk. (Convolvulaceæ); a prostrate
purple-flowered convolvulus with hastate leaves, in muddy and marshy
places; (loosely applied to other species of convolvulus). Syn. =furen
gyado= (because the roots are eaten by wart-hog).


=aya=, Cyperus esculentus, L. the “Tiger Nut” or “Rush Nut;”
a sedge, cultivated for its small edible tuber.


=aya aya=, Cyperus rotundus, L. (Cyperaceæ); a common wild sedge
with edible slightly fragrant tuberous root. Syn. =giri giri= (Sok.);
_vide_ also =ḍan Tunuga=. Other wild sedges, e.g. Cyp. Fenzelianus,
Steud., &c. are included.


=ayaba=, Musa sapientum, L. (Scitamineæ); the Banana. Musa
paradisiaca, L. the Plantain. =ayabar daji=, Musa sp. a wild species
with astringent pulp and black stony seeds.


=ayana=, Vitis Thonningii, Baker, Vitis gracilis, Baker, and other
species (Ampelideæ); species of wild vines with small berries. From
the acidity of the leaves they are also called =yakuwar fatake=
or =y. mahalba=. _vide_ also =buḍa yau=.


                                  =B=


=ba-anguri=, a variety of =gero=, _q.v._


=baba=, =b. rini=, or =b. kore=; Indigo plant; chiefly Indigofera
arrecta, Hochst. and other cultivated species of Indigofera
(Leguminosæ); I. tinctoria, Linn. I. Anil, Linn., &c. _cf._
=talaki=. _kwosusu_ = the second crop of =baba=, said to be the
better; _shuni_ = prepared indigo, the extracted blue dye-stuff,
usually sold in cones or small masses and not used in dye-pits;
_shuḍi_ = cloth or thread dyed blue; _tamaseki_ = a sort of
home-made indigo prepared by women, from =baba= in pots.


=baba hun= (nasal =baba hm=), Gynura cernua, Benth. (Compositæ);
a common weed with purple flowers and lyrate leaves; used in soup, &c.


=babar fadama=, Indigofera sp. wild species growing in damp places.


=babar giwa= (Hadeija, &c.), _vide_ =bushi=.


=babar more= (Sok.), Ambrosia maritima, Linn. (Compositæ); an
aromatic plant, 1 to 2 feet high, with divided leaves, resembling
Wormwood. Syn. =bababa= (from its common occurrence in indigo fields);
also called =babar talak= and =tutubidi= (Sok.).


=baba rodo=, Rogeria adenophylla, J. Gay (Pedaliaceæ); an erect
plant with broad leaves, purple tubular flowers and viscid sap. Also
called =loda= (Sok.), but cf. =dafara=.


=babar talaki=, Lonchocarpus cyanescens,
Benth. (Leguminosæ). “Yoruba Wild Indigo.” _vide_ =talaki=
and cf. =farin sansami=.


=babar tamau=, Indigofera arrecta, Hochst. and other spp. wild or
escaped from cultivation.


=babba juji=, =b. jibji=; 1. In Sokoto and Katsina = Datura Metel,
Linn. (Solanaceæ), the “Hairy Thorn Apple.” Syn. =zaḳami=,
_q.v._ 2. Elsewhere usually = Boerhaavia adscendens,
Willd. (Nyctagineæ), a common prostrate weed of rubbish heaps
&c. with small pink flowers; also called =sarikin juji= _q.v._


=bădo=, Nymphæa Lotus, Willd. (Nymphæaceæ). White Water-lily;
the starchy rhizome and seeds are edible. (Other species are
N. guineensis, Sch. and Thonn. with white flowers; N. Heudelotii,
Planch. and N. cœrulea, Sav. with purplish flowers), _vide_
=kwankwarita=.


=Ba-Fillatani=, Heliotropium undulatum, Vahl. (Boragineæ); a small
weed with white flowers. (Similar names are however loosely applied
to other plants with pale foliage; e.g. the grass =karani=, _q.v._
and _cf._ =alhaji=.)


=bafuri=, _vide_ under =balbela=.


=bagaruwa= (Kano, Sok., &c.), or =gabaruwa= (Zaria), Acacia arabica,
Willd. (Leguminosæ). “Egyptian Mimosa.” Indian “Babool.” An
acacia with yellow flower-balls and jointed pods—“Sant pods”
or “Gambia pods”—used all over the Sudan for tanning; also
used in making a black dye for leather, called _kuloko_, _q.v._
The original source of true gum arabic. (Etym. the first name is a
metathetic form of the synonym =gaba ruwa=.)


=bagaruwar ḳassa=, Cassia mimosoides, L. (Leguminosæ); a common
weed with yellow flowers and pinnate leaves.


=bagaruwar Makka=, _vide_ =zogalagandi=.


=ba gashi=? (Kontagora), _vide_ under =sheḳani=.


=bagayi=, Cadaba farinosa, Forsk. (Capparideæ); a small-leaved
hoary shrub of scrambling habit. The leaves and twigs are
mixed with cereals to form a sort of pudding or cake common
in East Hausa and Bornu, called _parsa_ (Kanuri), _baleno_, or
_tsawa_. Syn. =balambo=. N.B. This plant is confused with =anza=,
_q.v._ and in some localities (Katagum, &c.) called by the latter
name.


=Ba-Gwandare= (or =bugundare=); 1. a var. of cotton, _vide_ under
=abduga=. 2. A var. of =dawa=, _q.v._ (from =Gwandara=, the name of
a tribe).


=baina=, 1. A grass with edible seeds. Syn. =baya=, _q.v._ 2. The
fish-poison prepared from Tephrosia Vogelii, _vide_ under =majimfa=.


=ba-jini=, Afrormosia sp. (Leguminosæ); a tree with pale leaves
and flat pods. (Etym. from the red resinous bark). Syn. =jina jina=.


=ba ka tuka= or =ba tuka=, a var. of cotton, _vide_ under =abduga=.


=baḳin bunnu= (Katagum), Indigofera pulchra, Vahl. (Leguminosæ);
a small undershrub with stiff stems, sometimes mixed with thatching
grass. (The name is probably applied to other species so used.)


=bakin kada=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=bakin mutum= (Sok.), Pleioceras sp. (Apocynaceæ); a shrub with milky
juice and long slender pods. Syn. =bakin mayu=, =sandan mayu= (these
names refer to mystical uses in divination, &c.); also =gamma sanwa=
(or =g. sauwa=), from the forked peduncle with 3 or 4 developing
carpels resembling the tripod stove for a cooking-pot = _sanwa_. (? =
Holarrhena Wulfsbergii, Stapf).


=bakin raḳumi=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._ Syn. =ḳerama=, and
=mallen kabi=.


=bakin suda=, Polycarpæa corymbosa, Lam. (Caryophylleæ); a small
wild herb with whitish chaffy flowers; scarcely distinguished from
=magudiya=, _q.v._ (_suda_ is the name of a bird).


=balagandi=, _vide_ under =rawaya=.


=balambo=, _vide_ under =bagayi=.


=balasa=, or =balasaya=, Commelyna nudiflora, Linn. (Commelynaceæ);
a “spiderwort,” a weed of pastures and waste places, with delicate
azure-blue flowers; gathered as cattle fodder. Syn. =kununguru=
(East Hausa).


=balbela=, Pulicaria crispa, Clarke (Compositæ); a white-leaved
weed with yellow flowers. (Etym. the name of the white padi
bird.) Syn. =bafuri=, and =fara saura=, _q.v._


=baleno=, _vide_ under =bagayi=.


=bambami= (Kontagora, &c.), Alchornea cordata, Benth. (Euphorbiaceæ);
a tall woody climber in ravines.


=bambamko= (East Hausa), _vide_ =falfoli=.


=bambana=, the flowering spike of =shalla=, _q.v._ a tall bulrush
of marshes.


=bambus= (East Hausa), a variety of Water-Melon; _vide_ =guna=.


=barabutu=, a corruption of “Bread-fruit” (Artocarpus incisa);
a name used by Hausas in Lagos, &c.


=barambo= (Gobir). Syn. =zogalagandi=, _q.v._


=ḅarankachi= or =ḅaranchaki=, Canavalia ensiformis, DC. “Sword
Bean.” “Overlook Bean” of the West Indies. A large climbing
bean common about native houses; not much eaten by Hausas; ripe
pods used as a rattle by children. Syn.? =ladiko=, _q.v._ _vide_
also =waken Ankwa=. =ḍan zago= (Kano), is a red-seeded variety of
the same. (Etym. _chăki_ = a rattle).


=barbaji= (East Hausa), Randia nilotica, Stapf (Rubiaceæ); a thorny
shrub or small tree found in the north. Syn. =tsibra= or =tsura=
(Sok.).


=ḅare=, half a kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.


=ba reshe=? (Kontagora). Syn. =aduruku=, _q.v._


=barkono=, Capsicum frutescens, Bl. (Solanaceæ). “Shrubby
Capsicum,” “Spur Pepper,” &c., and C. annum,
Linn. “Chillies” or “Red Pepper,” &c. Synonyms and
varieties are:—_tanka_ or _tankwa_ (Sok.) = _toshshi_ or _twashshi_
(Sok. Gobir and Zanfara), small red peppers; _tsidufu_ = the smallest
and hottest peppers; _bunsurun barkono_, a small spherical variety;
_tatasai_ (Sok. and Kats.) or _tugandai_ (Kano, &c.) = large and
less pungent chillies. _vide_ also =filfil=.


=barkonon biri=, Cephalandra sp. (Cucurbitaceæ); a wild twiner
with scarlet fruit having a superficial resemblance to capsicum;
not edible.


=barmatabo= (Katagum, &c.), Merremia pentaphylla,
Hall. f. (Convolvulaceæ); a convolvulus of fences, &c. with digitate
leaves and white flowers. =namijin barmatabo=, Ipomœa pilosa, Sweet
(Convolvulaceæ). Syn. =yako= (Sok. and Kats.); a coarse-leaved
convolvulus or “Morning Glory,” with blue or purple flowers,
common on fences. (The native names include several species.)


=ḅarna chiki= or =ḅata wandon Buzu=, a species of edible bean
over-indulgence in which causes unpleasant effects.


=bartake=, _vide_ under =abduga=.


=ba ruwana=, Salix sp. (Salicaceæ). Willow; found along the banks
of rivers. (Etym. from the treacherous yielding of the branches when
grasped by a drowning person). Syn. =rimni= (Sok.).


=ba samu= (Sok. and Zanfara). Syn. =hano= (Sok. and Kats.), and
=ararabi=, _q.v._ Boswellia odorata, Hutch. and Boswellia Dalzielii,
Hutch. (Burseraceæ). (The two species are scarcely distinguished
under the different native names). Species of “Frankincense
Tree,” with pale parchment-like bark and white flowers; yielding
a fragrant resin.


=basgo= or =basko=, a tuber, _vide_ under =akwalu=.


=ḅata wandon Buzu=, _vide_ =ḅarna chiki=.


=ba tuka=, a variety of cotton, _vide_ under =abduga=.


=Ba-Ude=, a variety of bean, _vide_ under =wake=, and =ḍan Uda=.


=bauje=, an Asclepiad plant with milky juice and a
turnip-like edible tuber; probably Xysmalobium Heudelotianum,
Decne. (Asclepiadeæ). Syn.? =rojiya=; cf. also =saniya= and =daiyo=.


=bauji= (East Hausa), Acacia Sieberiana, DC. (Leguminosæ). Syn. =fara
ḳaya=, _q.v._


=baurairai=, Gloriosa superba, L. (Liliaceæ); a climbing lily with
splendid crimson and yellow flowers and a tuberous root. Syn. =gatarin
kurege= (Sok.), and =gudumar zomo= (Kano and East), from the shape
of the versatile stamens.


=ḅaure=, Ficus gnaphalocarpa, A. Rich. (Urticaceæ). Rough-leaved
fig-tree, with edible figs. =ḅauren fadama=, =ḅ. rafi= &c. =
various spp. of Ficus, large broad-leaved trees of ravines; _farin
ḅaure_, _vide_ =uwar yara=. _lubiya_ or _rubiya_ = edible figs
of _ḅaure_ and other spp. of Ficus (_vide_ =durumi=, =cheḍiya=,
=gamji=).


=ḅauren kiyashi=; 1. Chrozophora Senegalensis,
A. Juss. (Euphorbiaceæ); a common weed used
medicinally. Syn. =damaigi=, _q.v._ (_kiyashi_ = a species of
ant). 2. A species of fig-tree (Ficus sp.).


=baushe=, Terminalia sp. nr. T. macroptera, G. et P. (Combretaceæ);
a large tree with flat winged fruits. Bows and walking-sticks are made
from the roots. (More than one species is included, e.g. T. Elliotii,
Engl. and Diels. T. Baumannii, Engl. and Diels. T. avicennioides,
Guill. et Per.).


=bawu=, _vide_ under =shinkafa=.


=baya= (Katag. and East), =baina= (Kano), Panicum albidulum,
Kunth. (Gramineæ); a wild grass with an edible grain used as food,
common in East Hausa. Syn. =saḅe=, and ?=garaji=, _q.v._


=bayama= (Kontagora, &c.), Swartzia madagascariensis,
Oliv. (Leguminosæ); a tree of the Cassia tribe, with white flowers
and cylindrical pods; (probably including other species, cf. =bogo
zage=, =gamma faḍa=, &c.).


=bayan mariya=, Andropogon ceresiæformis, Nees. (Gramineæ); a
common bush grass much used for thatch. (Etym. “cob’s back,”
from its russet colour when mature).


=bazaḳa= (Gobir). Syn. =zaḳo=, a var. of bean; _vide_ under
=wake=.


=Ba-Zanfare= (Katagum, &c.), Cassia occidentalis,
L. (Leguminosæ). Syn. =rai ḍore=, _q.v._


=bazana= (Zaria and Kano), Commiphora Kerstingii,
Engl. (Burseraceæ). Syn. =dali=, _q.v._ a tree with green smooth
bark, planted around native compounds.


=bazaume= or =bazarme= (a corruption of =Ba-Zabarme=); a var. of
=gero=, _q.v._


=bidi=, 1. a var. of earth-nut; _vide_ under =gujiya=. 2. A speckled
var. of bean; _vide_ under =wake=.


=bijaje= (Ful.), Ficus sp. nr. F. populifolia, Vahl. (Urticaceæ);
a fig-tree with pale bark and drooping branches, found on rocky
hills in Yola province, &c., said to be an ingredient in arrow-poison.


=bi ni da zugu=, or =chi ni da zugu=, Jatropha Curcas,
L. (Euphorbiaceæ). “Purging Nut;” “Physic Nut,” &c. A
soft-wooded shrub with broad leaves, commonly planted as a hedge;
one of the less important oil-seeds; seeds used in native medicine
(_vide_ =kufi=). (Etym. from the purging property and the suggested
necessity of being prepared with grave-cloth).


=bi ni zwei zwei= (=bi ta zei zei=); a native medicine
used by youths as a love-charm, &c., hard shining seeds of a
plant—Nat. Ord. Acanthaceæ. (Etym. haste or eagerness in following
the object of desire.)


=bishiya=, pl. =bishiyoyi=, generic for tree.


=bi ta ka tsira=, Vangueria Dalzielii, Hutch. (Rubiaceae);
a shrub with globular berries; used medicinally. (The name is
probably applied to several plants supposed to act as antidotes to
arrow-poison—_makarin dafi_, _q.v._).


=biya rana= or =bi rana=, Crotalaria obovata, Don. (Leguminosæ);
a yellow-flowered undershrub with inflated pods. (Etym. similar to
“heliotrope,” from the expanding of the leaf-surfaces towards the
sun). _b. awaki_, or _geḍar awaki_, _gujiyar awaki_, _hudar awaki_,
are names given to various species of Crotalaria, used as fodder;
_vide_ =geḍar awaki=.


=bogo zage= (Zanfara), Swartzia madagascariensis, Oliv. and other
species (Leguminosæ); a tree with long cylindrical pods used to
stupefy fish. _vide_ =ago=. Syn. =gwazkiya=, and cf. =gamma faḍa=,
and =bayama=.


=bubuchi= (Sok.), Panicum interruptum, Willd. (Gramineæ); a grass
of marshes and rivers, 2 or more feet high, with long narrow green
flowering spike.


=bubukuwa= or =sabko bubukuwa=, Tripogon minimus, Hochst. a small
tufted grass. (Etym. from its habitat where the pelican is supposed
to alight, and supposed to be the earliest grass of spring).


=buḍa yau=, the same as =ayana= or =yakuwar fatake=, _q.v._ and
perhaps other plants with acid leaves which are used to relieve
thirst; (_yau_ = saliva).


=buddari=, Eragrostis major, Hochst. (Gramineæ); a grass about 1
to 2 feet high, with an unpleasant smell. Syn. =amai mussa=, _q.v._
and =bunsurun fadama=. (Etym. _buddari_, a malodorous animal).


=bugundare= (a corruption of _Ba-Gwandare_), a var. of cotton and
a var. of Guinea Corn.


=bundin kurege=, _vide_ =wutsiyar kurege=.


=bununi=, the exserted stamens of any grass; most commonly applied
to =gero= and =dawa=.


=bunsuru=, a synonym for =burtuntuna=, _q.v._


=bunsurun daji=, a name applied to more than one species of rough
grass, e.g. Heteropogon contortus, R. and S. (“Wild oats”),
and others.


=buran jaki=, _vide_ under =gwazar giwa=.


=buran kare=, _vide_ under =ḳwododon kwaḍo=. (The name is also
used for certain fungi).


=buran zaki=, Cucumis metuliferus,
E. Hey. (Cucurbitaceæ). Syn. =nonon kura=, _q.v._


=burburwa= (Sok., &c.), Eragrostis tremula, Hochst. (Gramineæ);
a wild grass about 2 feet high; an excellent fodder; seeds eaten
in scarcity. Syn. =komaya= (Kano, &c.). _burburwar fadama_,
_komaya ta fadama_, Eragrostis biformis, Kunth. and perhaps other
species; grasses 2 to 4 feet high in meadows, &c. _vide_ also under
=tsintsiya=.


=burtuntuna=, Ustilago sp. a smut fungus which affects the fruiting
_dawa_, forming a black powder; also called =bunsuru=.


=burugu= (Sok.), Panicum stagninum, Koen. (Gramineæ); a grass whose
growth chokes up swampy streams; a good fodder; the soft juicy stems
are sucked or made into sugar-water.


=burungu=, unhusked rice. Syn. =shanshera=; _vide_ under =shinkafa=.


=ḅurzu=, Vernonia Perottetii, Sch. Bip. (Compositæ); a weed of
cultivated fields, with blue thistle-like flowers. =ḅurzun ḍinya=
= the stone of the fruit of =ḍinya=, _q.v._


=bushi= (Sok.), Bergia suffruticosa, Fenzl. (Elatineæ); a low
heath-like plant, used medicinally. Syn. =babar giwa= (Hadeija, &c.).


=buta=, one of the varieties of the “Bottle-gourd;” _vide_
under =duma=.


=bututu=, the narrow end of some forms of the “Bottle-gourd”
used as a blowing-horn; _vide_ under =duma=.


                                  =C=


=chauchaka=? (Zanfara), Capparis tomentosa; _vide_
=ḳabdodo=.


=checheko=, _vide_ =zamarke=.


=cheḍiya=, Ficus Thonningii, Blume (Urticaceæ); a very common tree
with dark green foliage and small figs; much planted as a shade tree.


=cheyi=, a fibre, _vide_ under =yawa=.


=chichiwa= (Sok.), Mærua angolensis, DC. (Capparideæ); a small
tree with white flowers and elongated beaded fruit.


=chi ni da zugu=, _vide_ =bi ni da zugu=; Jatropha Curcas, “Physic
Nut.”


=chiriri= (Sok. and Zanf.), Combretum Kerstingii, Engl. and
Diels. (Combretaceæ); a gum-yielding tree with smooth leaves and
4-winged fruit. Syn. =dagera= and probably also =zindi=, _q.v._


=chitta=, Amomum Melegueta, Roscoe (Scitamineæ). “Guinea Grains.”
“Grains of Paradise.” “Melegueta Pepper.” A capsular fruit
containing small red aromatic seeds used as a spice. _chitta komfa_,
or _chitta yaji_ = another var. of spice.


=chitta Afu=, Zingiber officinale, Roscoe
(Scitamineæ). Ginger. (_Afawa_, a pagan tribe in Nassarawa).


=chiwo= or =chuwo=, Landolphia owariensis, Beauv. and L. florida,
Benth. (Apocynaceæ). Rubber Vines; tall woody climbers with white
fragrant flowers and orange-coloured edible fruit. (The latex of
L. owariensis forms a good rubber, that of L. florida is useless).


=chizaki=, probably the same as =ḳabdodo=, _q.v._


=chuchun kariya= or =gaton kariya=, _vide_ =gujiyar hankaka=.


=chukwi=, a var. of cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=chusar doki=, a medicine or food to keep horses fit; made from
leaves of =kuka=, _q.v._ with _dusa_ and _kanwa_.


                                  =D=


=dabagira=, _vide_ under =aduwa=.


=dabino=, Phœnix dactylifera, Linn. (Palmeæ). Date Palm. Varieties
of date are:—_zabiya_ or _jan dabino_, a long red sweet variety;
_maga_ or _ḍan damana_, a stoneless date. _kilili_ = flowers of
the date. _dabinon biri_, a low species of palm with small yellow
date-like fruit, found in ravines; used in weaving mats, straw hats,
&c. Syn. _kajinjiri_. (Phœnix reclinata?).


=dabrin saniya=, _vide_ under =gadon machiji=.


=dadawa= or =dawa dawa=, a grass; _vide_ =gyazama=.


=daddawa= (Kano), or =daudawa= (Sok.), black fermented cakes made
from the seeds of the =ḍorowa=, _q.v._ Syn. =takaluwa=.


=ḍaḍori= or =ḍoḍoriya= (Kano and Sok.), Vitis quadrangularis,
Linn. (Ampelideæ); a vine with quadrangular succulent jointed stems,
climbing on trees. (Etym. connected with the multiple branching at
the joints). Syn. =tsatsarar kura=. “Edible-stemmed Vine.”


=dafaddu=, Elk’s-horn fern; an epiphyte. Platycerium æthiopicum.


=dafara=, Vitis pallida, Baker (Ampelideæ); a vine bearing a
kind of wild grapes; the root-bark forms a viscid solution which
is mixed with native cement for lining dye-pits, &c. Syn. =loda=
or =lodar marina=, cf. also =baba rodo=. The fruit, used in soup,
is sometimes called =lubiya=, _q.v._


=dagera=, Combretum sp. (Combretaceæ). A gum-yielding
tree. Syn. =chiriri=.


=daiyo= (Ful?), _vide_ under =lojiya=, =bauje=, &c.


=dakushe=, _vide_ =kas kaifi=.


=ḍakwora=, Acacia Senegal, Willd. (Leguminosæ); a thorny acacia,
with spikes of white flowers and grey bark; the source of the true
“gum-arabic.” Ar. _hashab_. _vide_ also =yawa= and =meḍi=. The
name includes the similar Acacia Dudgeoni, Craib.


=dalaka=, a variety of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.


=dali= (Kano, Katsina, &c.), also =dala=, Commiphora Kerstingii,
Engl. (Burseraceæ). A soft-wooded tree with smooth green bark,
planted around native compounds. Syn. =bazana= (Kano and Zaria),
=gurzun dali= (Katagum, &c.), =hana gobara= (Zanfara, from the
wood and foliage being difficult to ignite). =ka ḳi ganin bula=
(Zanfara); also =bar na gada= (because long-lived and inherited).


=dalo=, Combretum glutinosum, Perr. (Combretaceæ); a tree resembling
=chiriri= and =taramniya=, _q.v._


=damaigi=, Chrozophora senegalensis, A. Juss. (Euphorbiaceæ); a
common weed with small red flowers; used medicinally. Syn. =ḅauren
kiyashi=, _q.v._ One of the ingredients in the native prescription
=rigya kafi=, _q.v._


=damana biyu=, _vide_ =ḍan arbain=, a variety of bean.


=damba= = ?Andropogon tectorum, Sch. et Th. (Gramineæ); a tall
grass of marshes, &c., used as fodder when young, and for _zana_
when mature.


=damro= or =dauro=, a variety of millet (Pennisetum spicatum, B. and
S.), similar to =maiwa=, _q.v._ _cf._ =gero=.


=ḍan arbain=, a variety of bean planted near water and supposed to
ripen in 40 days. Syn. =damana biyu= (Sok. and Kano), and =kaka biyu=
(Gobir).


=ḍan damana=, a variety of date; _vide_ under =dabino=.


=dandami=, _vide_ under =lallen shamuwa=.


=dandana=, Schwenkia americana, Linn. (Solanaceæ); a herb with narrow
tubular flowers; used medicinally. Syn. =parpatse= or =farfatse=
(Kano).


=ḍan ḍata= (=ḍan ḍwata=), _vide_ =ḍataniya=, a bitter
grass. Thelepogon elegans, Roth.


=ḍan farkami= (Sok.), Monechma hispida, Hochst. (Acanthaceæ);
a common weed of pastures, with rough leaves and white
flowers. Syn. ?=fiso= (Sok. and Kats.), =fisawa= (Katagum).


=ḍan garraza= = flowers of the tamarind tree—(_hudar tsamiya_).


=ḍan kaḍafi= or =hankaḍafi=, the name of a crab-louse, hence
applied to more than one plant with seeds which adhere to the clothing
like burs. (Etym. similar to “Cleavers”). Chiefly = Desmodium
lasiocarpum, DC. (Leguminosæ). Syn. =maḍaḍafi=, _q.v._ Also
=Triumfetta pentandra=, A. Rich. (Tiliaceæ), _vide_ =suren fadama=.


=dankali= (Kano, &c.), Ipomœa Batatas, Lam. (Convolvulaceæ). Sweet
Potato. Red and white varieties are known. Syn. =dukuma= and
=kudaku= (Sok. and Zanfara), generally = the red one; =lawur= =
the white one. _kugundugu_, a name used on the Benue, Yola, &c. =
Yor. _kukun duku_.


=dankon kuyangi=, dried leaves of the convolvulus Ipomœa pilosa,
Sweet, and other species; _vide_ =yako= and =barmatabo=; used
medicinally.


=danko maiwari=, Ficus sp. a tree in the south, yielding an inferior
rubber.


=ḍan kwataho=, a variety of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.


=ḍan kwoloje=, a variety of bean; _vide_ under =wake=.


=ḍan marike= (Katagum, &c.), Indigofera secundiflora,
Poir. (Leguminosæ). _vide_ under =marike=.


=ḍan Tunuga= or =kajiji ḍan Tunuga=; the fragrant tuber of
a sedge, Cyperus sp. (Tunuga = a town in French Borgu). Probably
Cyperus rotundus, _cf._ =aya aya= and =kajiji=.


=ḍan Uda= or =Ba-Ude=, a variety of bean, half white half black;
(cf. a variety of sheep of the same name. _Udawa_ a section of
Fulani); _vide_ under =wake=.


=danya=, Spondias sp. (Anacardiaceæ); a tree with pinnate leaves
and yellow plum-like fruit of pleasant flavour. The fruit is called
_nunu_. cf. also =tsadar Masar=.


=ḍanyen gumi= = husked but unboiled rice; _vide_ =gumi= and
=shinkafa=.


=danyi= (Sok.), _vide_ =dayi=.


=ḍan zago=, a kind of bean, _vide_ under =ḅarankachi=.


=darambuwa= = armlets made of plaited grass, hence applied to several
species of grass; _vide_ =karani=, =gaji=, =jema=, &c.


=dargăza=, Grewia mollis, Juss. (Tiliaceæ); a shrub with small
yellow flowers; the bark is mucilaginous and used in soup, and
occasionally to harden mud floors.


=dashi=, Balsamodendron africanum, A. Rich. (Burseraceæ). “African
Myrrh.” “African Bdellium.” A shrub with the habit of the
Blackthorn, yielding a fragrant gum-resin used medicinally and as a
scent for clothing. _namijin dashi_, Balsamodendron pedunculatum,
Kotschy. et Peyr. A shrub somewhat similar to the above but less
fragrant.


=dashishi=, _vide_ under =alkama=.


=ḍata= or =ḍwata=, a small bitter native tomato; _vide_ under
=gauta=.


=ḍataniya= or =ḍwatana=, Thelepogon elegans, Roth. (Gramineæ);
a bitter grass given to horses as a tonic. Syn. =gishirin ḍawaki=
and =ḍan ḍata=. (Etym. from the bitter taste).


=datsi=, Aristida Sieberiana, Trin. (Gramineæ); a long-awned grass,
common in the north. =jan datsi= _vide_ =jan bako=.


=dauḍa= or =kwardauḍa=, Dicoma tomentosa, Cass. (Compositæ);
a small thistle-like weed. Syn. =farin dayi=. (Etym. perhaps from
use as a local application to putrescent wounds).


=dauḍar Maguzawa=, ?Blepharis linearifolia, Pers. (Acanthaceæ);
a prickly plant with blue flowers. Syn. =faskara toyi=, and ?=gigi=,
_q.v._


=dauḍar ruwa=, _vide_ =limniya=.


=daudawa= (Sok.), _vide_ =daddawa= and =ḍorowa=; _vide_ also under
=kiriya=. _daudawa beso_, seeds of _yakuwa_ (Hibiscus Sabdariffa,
Linn.), _q.v._ boiled and prepared either for food or as a medicinal
vehicle, _daudawar kuka_, seeds of _kuka_ (Adansonia digitata),
made into cakes, &c.


=dauro=, _vide_ =damro=.


=dawa=, Sorghum vulgare, Pers. (Gramineæ). “Guinea Corn.”
“Great Millet.” “Durra.”

The following are some of the numerous varieties:—_abantoko_
(Illo); _a chi da gero_—grows rapidly and is ripe with the _gero_;

_a chi da kara_, matures at the same season as sugar-cane
(_takanḍa_);

_a chi da nono_ (like _farafara_), a soft grain only used for _kunu_
and not for _tuwo_;

_akwuya_, a yellow grain used for horses;

_bakin kada_, a variety with a long head;

_bakin raḳumi_ (from the slender quivering habit), the same as
_ḳerama_;

_bugundare_ or _Ba-Gwandare_, a variety with a compact head; (_cf._
a variety of cotton; vide _abduga_);

_farafara_, a white variety;

_giwa kamba_, a white variety larger than _farafara_, late maturing;

_hannun giwa_, white with a large head of grain;

_janjari_ (Sok. = _jigari_, Ful.) or _janari_, a red inferior grain
which makes red _kunu_ and _tuwo_;

_jar dawa_, a red grain used for horses;

_kaura_, considered the best for horses, common in Zanfara; in two
varieties, viz.:—_kaura mai farin kwono_ (or _mai farin soshia_),
and _kaura mai baḳin kwono_;

_ḳerama_, a red grain with loose nodding panicle (= _bakin
raḳumi_);

_maikeri_, early maturing and considered one of the best;

_makafo da wayo_, a soft sweet variety, a luxury (_dawar sarakuna_);

_malle_ (Sokoto West), planted in wet places;

_mallen Kabi_, the same as _ḳerama_;

_mallen mama_ or _mallen Zanfara_, a larger nodding variety like
the last;

_marmare_, a soft sweet variety, nearly the same as _makafo da wayo_;
eaten whole;

_masakowa_ or _mazakwa_ (Ful. _maskwari_), a dry-season corn, grown
in alluvial soil left as the rivers fall; (chiefly in Adamawa and
Bornu); sometimes eaten whole after cooking;

_wayo_, a red or yellow variety;

_zago_, the same as _kaura_.

_Burtuntuna_ = Ustilago sp. a guinea corn smut, forming a black
powder in the ear; also called _ḳatsa ḳatsa_, and _bunsuru_.

_gyamro_ = secondary shoots of guinea corn from the roots left at
harvest; said to be injurious to animals.

_domana_, a gummy blight; (?Aphis Sorghi).

_karan dafi_, the red leaf sheaths of certain forms of _dawa_,
used as a red dye.

_kusumburuwa_, corn growing up anywhere from stray seeds; sometimes
popularly believed to grow from an unhusked grain and not always
maturing. The stems are used for flutes (_sarewa_).

_sambara_, _dawa_ or _gero_ half-grown at harvest and left to mature
later. _cf._ also _karmami_ and _yabainya_.


=dawa dawa= or =dadawa=, a grass; _vide_ =gyazama=.


=dawar kada= (=d. rafi=, =d. dorina=, &c.), Sorghum halepense,
Pers. a very tall riverside grass with pith in the stems; the
probable ancestor of cultivated _dawa_; one of several called
“Elephant Grass.”


=dawo= (?Hausa; Yoruba _ai-da_), Tetrapleura Thonningii,
Benth. (Leguminosæ); a large tree with thick 4-angled pods sold as
a market drug in the south; cf. =kalangon daji= and =sandan mayu=.


=dayi=, Centaurea Calcitrapa, Linn. (Compositæ). “Star-thistle.”
A thistle with long straight spines, common in fields, &c. eaten
by camels; one of the plants sometimes called “caltrop;” _cf._
=Tsaido=. Syn. =ḍanyi= (Sok.), and =surendi= (Kats.). _namijin
dayi_, Lactuca sp. a species of wild lettuce; probably including
several field plants of the Nat. Ord. (Compositæ).


=dayin giwa=, _vide_ under =sare gwiwa=.


=ḍeiḍoya= (=ḍoiḍoya= or =ḍoḍoya=), Ocimum americanum,
Linn. (Labiatæ); a fragrant herb allied to basil. (The name
includes other introduced species planted near houses:—Ocimum
viride, Willd. Fever plant of S. Leone and Liberia. Oc. basilicum,
Linn. Sweet Basil. Æolanthus Buettneri, Gürke, &c.)


=ḍeiḍoyar kare= or =ḍ. fadama=, Hyptis Spicigera,
Lam. (Labiatæ). A weed of waste places. Syn. =riḍin
kada=. =ḍ. gona=, Leucas martinicensis, R. Br. (Labiatæ). An
odorous weed with whorls of small white flowers. Syn. =sarakuwar
sauro= (Kats.).


=dinkin=, the young leaves of certain plants used fresh with
ground-nuts, salt, pepper, &c. made up as food; chiefly =d. ḍinya=
(_v._ =ḍinya=); also of =zuwo=, _q.v._ and sometimes used of =rama=
and other plants with edible leaves.


=ḍinya= (Kano), =ḍumya= (Sok.), Vitex Cienkowskii, Kotschy et
Peyr. (Verbenaceæ); a common tree with digitate leaves, fragrant
flowers, and a black plum-like fruit used in making _maḍi_; _vide_
under =dinkin=; _ḅurzu_ or _ḳurzun ḍinya_ = _ḳwalon ḍinya_,
the stone of the fruit.

_ḍinyar biri_, Vitex diversifolia, Bak., a shrub or small tree
with fragrant leaves, and flowers similar to those of =ḍinya=.


=dirin da rani= (Kano), a variety of =rama=, _q.v._


=ḍiwa=, Rhytachne congoensis, Hack., a tall grass; used for making
screens, _zana_, &c.


=ḍiyan hanwawa= (Sok.), Ctenolepis cerasiformis
Hook. f. (Cucurbitaceæ). A twiner with scarlet berries; (_hanwawa_
or _hawainya_ = chamæleon); syn. =namijin garafuni=.


=ḍoḍoriya=, Vitis quadrangularis, Linn. (Ampelideæ), _vide_
=ḍaḍori=.


=ḍoiḍoya= or =ḍoḍoya=, _vide_ =ḍeiḍoya=.


=doka=, Isoberlinia doka, Craib. et Stapf (Leguminosæ); a large
tree with white flowers, shining leaves and large flat pods; very
abundant in central Hausaland. _fara doka_, Isoberlinia Dalzielii,
Craib. et Stapf, a large tree closely allied to the last, with paler
leaves and bark.


=domana=, a gummy blight on Guinea Corn and other cereals; (?Aphis
Sorghi).


=domashi=, Vernonia Kotschyana, Schultz. (Compositæ); an
under-shrub with bitter root, used as a tonic-medicine, &c. _domashin
maza_? (Katagum), _vide_ under =matsarmama=.


=ḍorowa= or =ḍorawa=, Parkia filicoidea,
Welw. (Leguminosæ). “African Locust Bean Tree;” a large
acacia-like tree with pendulous balls of deep-red flowers and
bunches of pods; the seeds and the mealy yellow pulp of the pods
are used as food. _kaluwa_ = seeds of _ḍorowa_, which are made
into black fermented cakes called _daudawa_ (Sok.) or _daddawa_
(Kano), and also _takaluwa_; _makuba_ = fermented extract of husks
of _ḍorowa_ pods, used for hardening beaten floors, sides of
indigo pits, &c. _saḅada_ or _safada_ (Kano) = young fruiting
heads of _ḍorowa_ (etym. from resemblance in shape and surface
to a plaited garment of that name). _tutu_ (or _turu-turu_) = the
red pendulous flower-balls (sucked by boys); _gundar tutu_ = the
unexpanded flower-buds; _garda_ = the unripe pods when bright brown
in colour and beginning to form seeds (the name of a brown-winged
dove). The successive stages from bud to pod are:—_kashin awaki_,
_kashin raḳuma_, _tutu_, _safada_, _garda_. _harawan ḍorawa_ = the
membranous lining of the pods used as a fibre for tying arrows, &c.


=doya=, Dioscorea sativa, Linn. D. prehensilis, Benth. D. abyssinica,
Hochst. D. alata, L. (Dioscorideæ). Cultivated yams. _vide_ also
=sakata=, and =ḳarasa= (=doyar kudu=).

_doyar bisa_, the edible solid bulbs in the leaf-axils of certain
species of Dioscorea. Syn. _tuwon biri_.

_doyar daji_, wild species of Dioscorea.

_doyar kurege_, Curculigo gallabatensis, Schweinf. (Amaryllideæ);
a yellow-flowered herb with a stout vertical rhizome. Syn. _muruchin
makeruwa_, _q.v._

_doyar giwa_, vide _ḳayar giwa_.


=dufuwa=, a dense thorny thicket, _cf._ =gumbi= and =ḳumchi=;
generally applied to the acacia called =sarḳaḳiya=, _q.v._


=dukki= or =dunki= (Sok. and Kats.), Celtis integrifolia,
Lam. (Urticaceæ); “Nettle Tree;” a large tree with serrate leaves
somewhat like those of the nettle; the young leaves are used in soup
and as fodder. Syn. =zuwo= (Kano, Zaria, &c.). _cf._ also =dinkin=.


=dukuma=, _vide_ under =dankali=.


=dulu=, Ficus sp. a tree with large figs; common in ravines.


=duma=, Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. (Cucurbitaceæ). “Bottle Gourd,”
“Club Gourd” or “White Pumpkin;” the common white-flowered
cultivated gourd with soft foliage and variously shaped fruits
known by different names:—_buta_, _gora_, and _gyandama_, common
water-bottle gourds; _jallo_, a small pear-shaped one used to carry
_ruwan alwalla_; _ḳoḳo_, _kwokwo_ or _kwachiya_, a small-sized
calabash used as a cup; _kumbu_, ditto with cover, used as a small
box for snuff, &c. _ḳwariya_, common larger calabash; _masaki_
and _mabakachi_, the largest-sized calabash used at market,
and for separating grain from husk, &c., &c. _ludai_ or _luddai_
(Sok.), bottle gourd with narrow neck, split to form spoons, ladles,
&c. _kololo_, similar to _luddai_, with hollow neck; _gako_ (Sok.),
like _luddai_ with solid neck; _moda_, larger bottle gourd with curved
neck which serves as a handle, the body pierced for use as a dipper or
handled pot; _shantu_, long narrow gourd used as a musical instrument;
_bututu_, the narrow portion of _shantu_ or _luddai_, &c. used as
a blowing horn; _jemo_, a short wide-mouthed club-shaped or large
pear-shaped gourd, used to hold milk, &c. _zuru_ and _zunguru_,
club-shaped or cylindrical gourds used in the application of _lalle_
to the hand; _kurtu_, bottle or club-shaped with narrow neck, the
wider portion used for immersing the hand in staining with henna,
the narrow half used as a blowing horn; _kwoton tadawa_, an ovoid
tubercled gourd, used for native ink-pots, &c. _vide_ also _kulbutu_
or _tsana_ (Sok.), an edible variety resembling a cucumber, and
_kurzunu_, a tubercled variety of the same.


=dumar dutsi=, _vide_ under =gaḍaukuka=.


=dumar kada=, =d. rafi=, Ipomœa repens, Lam. (Convolvulaceæ);
a common trailing convolvulus with broad round leaves and purple
flowers.


=dumar kwaḍi=, Ipomœa sp. a var. of convolvulus.


=ḍumya= (Sok.), _vide_ =ḍinya= (Kano).


=ḍunḍu=, Dichrostachys nutans, Br. (Leguminosæ); a thorny
shrub like an acacia, with pendulous lilac-coloured flower-spikes,
and clusters of twisted pods; fibre from the root-bark. _vide_
under =meḍi= and =yawa=.


=dunki=, _vide_ =dukki=.


=durumi=, Ficus Syringifolia, Werb. (Urticaceæ); a very familiar
species of fig-tree with small figs and heart-shaped shining leaves,
affording splendid shade.


=dushe= (Kano), =dussa= (East Hausa), Acacia Seyal,
Del. (Leguminosæ); the “Talh” gum-acacia; a thorny tree with
yellow flower-balls and an ochrey powder on the bark. Syn. =jimshi=
(Sok.), and ?=gishishiya= (Zanfara).


=duza= (Sok. and Zanf.), Setaria aurea,
Hochst. (Gramineæ). “Bristly Fox-tail Grass;” a grass of
damp places, used for thatch. Syn. =ḳyasuwar rafi= or =ḳ. ta
fadama=. _cf._ =ḳyasuwa=.


=ḍwata= or =ḍata=, a small native bitter tomato; _vide_ under
=gauta=.


=ḍwatana=, _vide_ =ḍataniya=.


                                  =F=


=fafewa= (Sok. and Zanf.), Pennisetum unisetum, Benth. (Gramineæ);
a tall grass with hollow stems and sharp leaf-edges. (Etym. because it
rasps the hand—_fafe_ = to scrape.) Syn. =karan kauje= and =korkoro=
(Kontagora).


=falfoli= (Sok.), Æschynome sensitiva, Swartz. (Leguminosæ);
a tall slender plant of marshes, with spongy pith used for floats
(_karu_), &c. Syn. =gombiliki=, and =bambamko= (East Hausa).


=fankaso= or =punkaso=, _vide_ under =alkama=.


=fara doka=, Isoberlinia Dalzielii, Craib. et Stapf (Leguminosæ);
a large tree; _vide_ under =doka=.


=farafara=, a white var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=fara geza=, Combretum aculeatum, Vent. (Combretaceæ); a shrub with
white flowers (somewhat resembling hawthorn), and 4-angled fruit.


=fara ḳaya=, Acacia Sieberiana, DC. (Leguminosæ); a
gum-yielding acacia with long white thorns, dark foliage, and white
flower-balls. Syn. =bauji= (East Hausa).


=fara saura=, Pulicaria crispa, Clarke (Compositæ); a white-leaved
weed with yellow flowers, common in fields. (Etym. _saura_ or _sabra_
= fallow fields). Syn. =bafuri=, and =balbela=, _q.v._


=farfatse= or =parpatse=, _vide_ =dandana=.


=fari=, _vide_ under =abduga=.


=fari=, a var. of Water Melon; _vide_ under =guna=.


=farichin shafo=, or =ḳumbar shafo= (= “falcon’s claw”);
a tall acacia with strong curved thorns, the same as or closely
similar to =ḳarḳara=, _q.v._ Acacia campylacantha, Hochst. or
nearly allied species.


=farin gammo=, Ipomœa argentaurata, Hall. f. (Convolvulaceæ);
a trailing convolvulus with whitish flowers and silvery-hairy
leaves. Syn. =ka fi boka=. (Etym. _ganmo_, _gammo_ or _ganwo_ =
a head-pad).


=farin sansami= (Sok. and Kats.), Lonchocarpus laxiflorus, G. et
P. (Leguminosæ); a tree with purple flowers. The leaves are capable
of affording a dye like indigo. _cf._ =talaki=. Syn. =shunin biri=,
and _cf._ =halshen sa=.


=faru=, Odina Barteri, Oliv. (and other spp. Anacardiaceæ); a
large tree with pinnate leaves and small berries; the bark yields a
resin. Syn. =tuḍi= (Zanfara), or =farun biri= (Sok.). In Sokoto
=faru= or =farun mutane= = Odina sp. different from the above,
with paler and smoother foliage.


=farun makiyaya=, a wild vine; _vide_ under =tsibiri kinkini=.


=fasa daga=, the seeds of the tree =kawo=, _q.v._ Afzelia
africana, Sm. (Leguminosæ), sold as a medicine or charm in fight,
&c. (Etym. from its use as a charm in battle—_daga_—to put the
enemy to flight, suggested by the explosive dehiscence of the pods
scattering the seeds). Also called =fasa maza=.


=fasa ḳabba=, or =fasa kumburi=, Portulaca oleracea, L. and
other spp. (Portulacaceæ). “Purslane.” A weed with succulent
leaves, used as a local application to swellings. (Etym. “disperse
swellings”). Syn. =sarikin jibji=, and =harshen saniya= or =dabrin
saniya=; _cf._ =gadon machiji= and _vide_ =rigya kafi=.


=fasa ḳwari=, Zanthoxylum senegalense, DC. (Rutaceæ); a thorny
tree with pinnate leaves, found in ravines in the Benué district;
the fragrant bark is sold as a medicine and spice.


=faskara giwa=, Ormocarpum bibracteatum, Baker (Leguminosæ); a
shrub with tough flexible branches, small pinnate leaves and purple
flowers. (Etym. from the tough texture of the wood which the elephant
cannot break). In Zanfara this is sometimes called =tsa= _q.v._


=faskara toyi=, Blepharis linearifolia, Pers. (Acanthaceæ); a prickly
herb with blue flowers and spiny leaves used to trace ornamental lines
on earthenware. Syn. =gigi=? =dauḍar Maguzawa=? (Etym. because it
often remains unburnt when the grass is fired).


=fatakka=, Pergularia tomentosa, L. (Asclepiadeæ); a plant
with orbicular hoary leaves and milky juice; used by tanners as a
“bating” bath after unhairing and before tanning. Syn. =kwotowa=
(Sok.).


=fate fate=, a medicine or love potion used by women, made from the
leaves of =shiwaka=, &c. (Vernonia amygdalina), _q.v._ Also a food
prepared from various plants, e.g. flowers of =tsamiya=, or leaves
of =rama=, =yaḍiya= or =zoḅarodo=.


=feḍḍa=, screens made usually of the bulrush =shalla=, _q.v._


=fidda hakukuwa=, Dyschoriste Perrottetii, O. Kunth. (Acanthaceæ); a
water-side plant. (Etym. from the use of the seed to remove spicules
of grass, &c. from the eye, the foreign particle adhering to the
mucilaginous coat of the seed when placed in the eye).


=fidda sartsi=, or =fidda saruta= (Gobir), Euphorbia lateriflora,
Sch. et Thon. A shrub with milky juice much used for
hedges. (Etym. from its use as a poultice to extract a splinter).


=fideli=, Cassia Absus, L. (Leguminosæ). “Four-leaved Senna;”
an undershrub with viscous foliage used medicinally.


=filasko=, Cassia obovata, Collad. (Leguminosæ). “Italian,”
“Senegal” or “Tripoli Senna;” a low shrub with yellow flowers
and flat sickle-shaped transversely ribbed pods; one of the varieties
of commercial senna.


=filfil=, a spice; probably a var. of _Capsicum_ (Arab. _felfel_).


=fisawa= or =fiso=? _vide_ =ḍan farkami=.


=fita=, Clinogyne filipes, Benth. (= Donax filipes, Schaumann)
(Scitamineæ); a water-plant with spear-head-shaped leaves commonly
used to wrap up food.


=fiyaka=, _vide_ =jibda ḳassa= and =gaḍaukuka=.


=fuda= or =huda= = young flower-buds of any tree; _cf._ =tofo=
and =labaye=. =hudar awaki=, _vide_ =geḍar awaki=.


=fular tsofo=, Polycarpæa linearifolia, DC. (Caryophylleæ); a herb
with heads of white chaffy flowers. Syn. =magudiya=, _q.v._ _cf._
=bakin suda=.


=fura=, a grass, Pennisetum pedicellatum. Syn. =ḳyasuwa=, _q.v._


=fure= = a flower; (when unqualified generally = flowers of the
tobacco plant).


=furen gadu= (=f. gyado=), _vide_ =awarwaro=.


=furen yan sariki=, Lonchocarpus sp.? a tree with panicles of blue
or purple flowers; used as a charm by one who hopes to be king.


=furfura ta gyatumi= (or =jatumi=), Ærua tomentosa,
Forst. (Amaranthaceæ); a hoary white erect plant; _vide_
=alhaji=. (Etym. “hoary locks”). The name is loosely applied to
some other plants of white habit.


                                  =G=


=gaba chara= (Sok. and Zanf.), Acacia Dalzielli, Craib. (Leguminosæ);
a tree with panicles of yellow flower-balls. (Etym. the name of the
yellow-breasted thrush _Cossypha albicapilla_). Syn. =gwanno=.


=gabara= (Sok.), Arundo Donax, L. (Gramineæ). “Spanish Reed;”
a very tall grass of river-banks, with hollow stem and large silky
flowering head; stems used for flutes and pipe-stems. Syn. =machara=,
_q.v._ and =wutsiyar giwa=.


=gabaruwa=, syn. =bagaruwa=, _q.v._ Acacia arabica, Willd.


=gabu=, _vide_ under =albasa=.


=gaḍakuka= or =gaḍaukuka= (Katagum, &c. the Ful. name);
Aristolochia albida, Duch. (Aristolochiaceæ); a twiner with oddly
shaped lurid black-purple flowers; sometimes confused with =jibda
ḳassa=, _q.v_, and the bitter root sold as such; a remedy for
Guinea-worm, &c. and a bitter tonic. Syn. =maḍachin ḳassa=,
=dumar dutsi=, and ?=fiyaka=.


=gadagi=, Alysicarpus vaginalis, DC. (Leguminosæ); a common herb,
used when ripe as a fodder for horses; (including the similar
A. rugosus, DC.).


=gadon machiji= (Sok.), Trianthema monogyna, L. and T. pentandra,
L. (Ficoideæ). “Horse Purslane;” two very similar and common
succulent weeds, forming a thick growth in waste places. Synonyms
are =hana taḳama= (because one has to walk warily amongst it),
and =dabrin saniya= (= “cow’s lip” but _cf._ =halshen saniya=
or =fasa ḳabba=). The name is elsewhere commonly applied to a
species of convolvulus, =yamḅururu=, _q.v._


=gadu= (Zanfara), Pavetta Barteri, Dawe (Rubiaceæ); a shrub the
leaves of which are used by some pagan tribes as food, with _kunu_
of cereals, &c.


=gagayi=, an aphrodisiac prescription of 12 ingredients; _vide_
=gangawari=; applied also to several plants supposed to have
the same property, e.g. =baḳin gagayi= = Fadogia agrestis,
Schweinf. (Rubiaceæ), an erect plant with a tough root.


=gaji= (Sok.), a grass used for plaiting armlets, &c. (Syn. ?=karani=
and =darambuwa=).


=gajiri=, Cymbopogon hirtus (Gramineæ); a tall grass used
for thatching, for _zana_, &c. Syn. =jimfi=, or =jimpa jimpa=
(Sok. Kats. and Zanf.). The name probably includes more than one
species.


=gamba=, Andropogon Guyanus, Kunth. (Gramineæ); a very common tall
grass with bifid flowering spikes; perhaps the most commonly used
grass for _zana_.


=gamji= or =ganji= (Kano), Ficus platyphylla
Del. (Urticaceæ). “Gutta-percha Tree;” a large tree with broad
conspicuously veined leaves and small edible figs (vide _lubiya_). The
latex forms an inferior kind of rubber (“Red Kano rubber”).


=gamma faḍa= (Kano, &c.), Cassia Kotschyana, Oliv. (Leguminosæ);
a tree with laburnum-like yellow flowers and long cylindrical pods
which do not split. Syn. =malga= or =marga= (Sok. Gobir, &c.). Also
Cassia Sieberiana, DC. and perhaps other species (very similar to the
“Pudding Pipe Tree”—Cassia fistula). The dark pulp around the
seeds is a laxative drug. Scarcely distinguished in Hausa from the
somewhat similar Cassia Arereh, Swartzia madagascariensis, Oliv. and
others whose pods split longitudinally. _vide_ under =bayama=, =bogo
zage=, and =haḍa fuḍa=. The pods of some of these are sometimes
used as a fish-poison, _vide_ under =ago= and =baina=. (Etym. _gamma
faḍa_—“leading to feud,” from unskilled or improper use as
a drug.)


=gamma gari=, _vide_ under =goro=.


=gamma sanwa=, _vide_ =bakin mutum=.


=gammon bawa=, Merremia angustifolia. Syn. =yamḅururu=. (Etym. the
equivalent of a Beri Beri name—“slave’s head-pad”).


=gandi=, a var. of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.


=gangamau=, Curcuma longa, L. (Scitamineæ); Turmeric, a plant
like ginger; the rhizome is sold in the form of slices and used
as a yellow dye for leather, &c. Syn. =turri=. (Kanuri _kurgum_,
Arabic and Hebrew _kurkum_). _cf._ =zabibi=.


=gangame= (Sok.), the expanded fronds of the palms =goriba= or
=giginya=, &c. Syn. =kari= (Kano); nearly the same as =kaba=, _q.v._


=gangawari=, the thickened root of a sedge or grass; one of the
constant ingredients of the aphrodisiac =gagayi=, _q.v._


=ganji= (Kano). Syn. =gamji=, _q.v._ Ficus platyphylla, Del.


=ganji gaga=, a var. of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.


=ganwon rama= = coils of undressed hemp fibre, _vide_ under =rama=.


=garafuni=, Momordica balsamina, L. (Cucurbitaceæ). “Balsam
Apple;” a twiner of the cucumber family, with yellow flowers and
orange-yellow tubercled fruits; used medicinally and in soup, and
as a soap forming a viscid solution in water.

_namijin garafuni_, Ctenolepis cerasiformis, Hook. f. a twiner of the
same family, with scarlet cherry-like fruit. Syn. _ḍiyan hanwawa_
(Sok.).


=garafunin fadama= or =g. kwata=, _vide_ =gautan kwaḍo=.


=garamani= (Sok.), Sida cordifolia, L. (Malvaceæ); a hard-stemmed
weed with soft cordate leaves and yellow flowers; (a pest in Sokoto,
&c.). Syn. =farin garamani= as distinct from =baḳin garamani=
or =ramaniya=, _q.v._ In East Hausa sometimes called =mai-ḳafo=
(from the paired long processes on the carpels); also =kardafi=
(Katagum). The bark yields a fibre.


=garaji=, a fodder grass with edible grain. ?The same as =baya=
and =saḅe=, _q.v._


=garangarma=, _vide_ under =guna=.


=garasa=, _vide_ =katsaimu=.


=gardayi=, Acacia macrostachys, Reich. (Leguminosæ); a gum-yielding
acacia common in Sokoto province.


=garicha= (Zanfara), Ficus sp. (Urticaceæ). _vide_ =haguguwa=
and =uwar yara=.


=gasaya= (Kano, &c.), Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DC. (Capparideæ);
a common herb near habitations, with 5-foliate leaves and white
flowers; used as a pot-herb. Syn. =yar unguwa= (Sok.). The name
_namijin gasaya_ is applied loosely to several weeds, e.g. Amaranthus
polygamus, L. (Amaranthaceæ), Polanisia viscosa, DC. (Capparideæ),
Croton lobatus, L. (Euphorbiaceæ), &c.


=gatarin kurege= (Sok.), Gloriosa superba, L. a climbing lily,
more generally known as =baurairai=, _q.v._


=gatarin zomo=, Tacca pinnatifida, Forst. more commonly known as
=giginyar biri=, _q.v._


=gaton kariya= or =chuchun kariya=, _vide_ =gujiyar hankaka=.


=gauḍe=, Gardenia erubescens, Stapf and Hutch. (Rubiaceæ); a shrub,
common in the bush, with fragrant white tubular flowers, tough wood
and yellowish ovoid edible fruit. The fruit is used by women in the
preparation of a form of the black cosmetic _katambiri_, _q.v._


=gauḍen dutsi= (Sok.), Gardenia Sokotensis, Hutch. a low shrub
with white flowers, found on rocky hills.


=gauḍen kura=, Gardenia ternifolia, Thunberg (= G. Thunbergii,
Linn. f.), a shrub similar to =gauḍe=, with coarse not edible fruit.


=gaugayi=, _vide_ =ḳuduji=.


=gauta=, Solanum sp. Native bitter tomato; probably a var. of
Solanum Melongena. _ḍata_ or _ḍwata_ (_gautan ḍwachi_)
is a small very bitter variety, scarlet when ripe, and usually
lobed; used in soup; _kulufita_, smaller than =gauta=; _yalo_, a
large var. scarlet when ripe, often eaten raw = Solanum Melongena,
var. inerme, Hiern. (N.B. The “Brinjal” or “Aubergine” or
“Egg Plant” is S. Melongena, Linn.).


=gautan bagirmi=, _vide_ =gorgo=.


=gautan kaji=, Solanum nodiflorum, Jacq. (= S. nigrum, var. guineense,
Linn.) “Black Nightshade;” an erect branching weed of waste places
with white flowers and small black berries. _cf._ =gautan tsuntsu=.


=gautan kura=, Solanum incanum, L. a prickly undershrub with hoary
leaves, a yellow tomato-like fruit, and white or lilac-purple flowers;
a deliriant poison. The name includes other poisonous species of
Solanum in different districts. Sometimes called _idon saniya_ =
“ox-eye,” from the Ful. name _giti nai_.


=gautan kwaḍo=, Cardiospermum Halicacabum,
L. (Sapindaceæ). “Balloon Vine,” “Winter Cherry,” or “Heart
Pea;” a straggling plant of damp and waste places, with tendrils
and graceful foliage, small white flowers and bladdery 3-angled
capsule. Syn. =garafunin fadama= or =garafunin kwata= (_kwata_ =
water-side); _vide_ also =godar zomo=.


=gautan tsuntsu=, Solanum scalare, C. H. Wright; a plant of the
native tomato tribe, with small red edible berries, cultivated near
houses. (The name is often confused with =gautan kaji=, _q.v._).


=gautan zomo=, Mukia scabrella, Arn. (Cucurbitaceæ); a rough-leaved
twining plant (like Bryony), with small red berries. Syn. =malami=,
_q.v._


=gawasa=, Parinarium macrophyllum, Sabine (Rosaceæ). “Ginger-bread
Plum;” a broad-leaved tree found in the northern provinces,
bearing a dry plum-like fruit.


=gawo=, Acacia albida, Del. (Leguminosæ); a large acacia-tree
very common in the north; bearing creamy-white flower-spikes and
orange-yellow twisted pods; it is leafless during the rains and
blooms from October onward; foliage a good camel food. A sort of
pack-saddle called _tasshi_ (East Hausa), is made from the bark.


=gayan gayan=, a sort of twining bean. (?Vigna membranacea, A. Rich.),
_vide_ =waken barewa=.


=gazara=, a tall grass, used for arrow-shafts.


=gazari=, a var. of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.


=gazari= or =gizeri= (Hadeija), Mærua sp. (Capparideæ); a tree
with smooth bark, whitish flowers and small beaded pods.


=geḍa= (Kano, &c.), =gyaḍa= (Sok.), Arachis hypogæa,
L. (Leguminosæ). “Ground Nut.” “Monkey Nut.” “Archides.”
“Earth-pea.” In Sokoto usually called =gujiya=, _q.v._ Eaten raw
or roasted or prepared in various ways. _man geḍa_ = the expressed
oil, used for cooking and as an illuminant; _harawar geḍa_,
ground-nut hay, a valuable dry-season fodder; _kwalli kwalli_,
balls or rings like doughnuts, made of ground-nut paste fried in
oil. _gujiya kolanche_ (Sok.), a var. of =geḍa= with long pods.


=geḍar awaki=, common leguminous weeds of fields, with yellow
flowers and inflated pods, used as fodder. Syn. =hudar awaki=,
=biranar awaki=, &c. (Crotalaria cylindrocarpa, DC. C. atrorubens,
Hochst. C. macrocalyx, Benth. C. maxillaris, Hochst. and other
species).


=geḍar kurumi=, Pterocarpus esculentus, Sch. et Thon. (Leguminosæ);
a tree of river banks and forests in the south, with yellow flowers
and short irregularly shaped 2-seeded pods; the seeds—called also
_gunduru_—are roasted and eaten in scarcity.


=geḍar ruwa=, Trapa bispinosa, Roxb. (Onagrarieæ). “Water
Chestnut.” “Water Caltrop.” An aquatic plant with floating
leaves and edible horned fruit, cultivated in ponds. (Scarcely
known in Hausa; the name is the equivalent of the Ful. _biriji
diam_). Syn. =kwankwarita= (East Hausa).


=gemen kusu= or =g. ḅera=, Fimbristylis exilis, R. and S. (and other
spp. Cyperaceæ); a small tufted sedge with very slender leaves and
slightly fragrant root. Syn. =riḍin tuji=.


=gero=, Pennisetum typhoideum, Rich. (= P. spicatum, R. and
S.). “Bulrush Millet.” “Pearl Millet.” _cf._ =maiwa=
(P. spicatum, var.), and =damro=; (_vide_ also under =karmami=
and =yabainya=).

Some of the varieties of =gero= are:—

_idon hawanya_, with a large grain concealed in the husk;

_haḳorin machiji_ (North of Kano), a long spike with abundant hard
very small grains;

_zango_, with a very long fruiting spike;

_zamfaruwa_; _bazaume_ or _bazarme_ (a corruption of _Ba-Zabarme_);

_girgera_ or _gargasa_, a white-grained variety like _maiwa_,
but considered one of the best or most elegant (= _farin gero_
or _geron Adar_, because common in French territory);

_ba anguri_ (East Hausa), the same as or a near variety to _girgera_;

_tarnekuwa_; _wuyan bajimi_, a short thick spike with hard grain
and much chaff;

_tamangaji_, a variety with pointed grains;

_lawur_, a short variety quickly ripe;

_shibra_ or _shura_ (Pennisetum Benthamii, Steud. var.?), a short and
thin-stemmed variety early maturing; (also applied to infertile spikes
not maturing, stripped while young and used in _kunu_ or soup, &c.).

Lesser variations are:—

_halshen damo_, with a bifid spike;

_gero mai geme_, when the lower part of the flowering spike is
compound;

_gero mai gashi_, a bristly spike, (considered of value because
birds cannot plunder), and called _gargasa_ (= hirsute) in Kano;
the same as _girgera_;

_gumba_ = =gero= cleaned, husked and winnowed, and ground up for
eating uncooked with milk and other food.


=Geron tsuntsaye=, 1. Phyllanthus pentandrus, Sch. and Thon. (and
other similar species of Euphorbiaceæ); a common slender-branched
weed with minute capsular fruit eaten by birds; syn. =hatsin
tsuntsaye=. 2. The fruiting head of a species of bulrush (Typha
australis), called =shalla=, _q.v._


=gewayen tsamiya=, usually = Vitis quadrangularis, _vide_
=ḍaḍori=, but sometimes applied to several other plants growing
under or climbing upon the tamarind-tree.


=geza=, Combretum sp. probably C. altum, Perr. (Combretaceæ);
a shrub or small tree with white flowers and 4-winged fruit, well
known in the north.

_fara geza_, Combretum aculeatum, Vent. a shrub with 4-winged fruit
and clusters of white flowers; (a different species from the above).


=gigi=? (Sok.), _vide_ =faskara toyi=.


=giginya=, Borassus flabellifer, var. æthiopum,
Warb. (Palmeæ). “Deleb Palm,” “Fan” or “Palmyra Palm;”
common straight-stemmed palm with fan-like leaves.

_muruchi_ = the young germinating shoots, eaten as a vegetable;
_shedari_ = a mat made of the unexpanded fronds—(called _murlin
giginya_, _vide_ under _murli_).

_ḳodago_, the nut, and the kernel _kwalshi_, _vide_ under
_goriba_. _cf._ also _gangame_, _kankămi_ and _ḳarari_. _ḳarri_
(Kano) = fronds of _giginya_, _cf._ _kaba_.

_ḳundu_ (Kano) = the bulging of the _giginya_ stem.


=giginyar biri=, Tacca pinnatifida, Forst. (= T. involucrata,
Sch. and Thon.) (Taccaceæ). A perennial herb with a superficial
resemblance to a small palm, having a long-stalked divided leaf and
an umbel of greenish flowers and yellow succulent fruit. The large
starchy tuber is an important article of food in some countries; a
var. of “arrowroot” is prepared from it in the Pacific Islands
and elsewhere; _vide_ under =amara=. Boys call the tall flowering
stems _sandan yan bori_, _sandan biri_, or _sandan dutsi_, and use
them as toy spears. Other names for the plant are =gatarin zomo=
and ?=yayu= or =tara yaya= (Katagum).


=girgera=, a var. of =gero=, _q.v._


=giri giri=, 1. In Sokoto = =aya aya=, _q.v._ the tuber of
a sedge. 2. In Kano, Hadeija, &c. = ?Pachyrhizus tuberosus,
Spreng. “Yam Bean” or “Manioc Pea;” a bean with a starchy
tuberous root. (_vide_ also =sa baba sata=). The name includes Vigna
ornata, Welw. a tuberous-rooted bean, with handsome pink flowers,
in the Benué district (Munchi-_ahoma_). A speckled variety of the
seeds is called _kashin kaza_.


=gishirin dawaki=, a grass; _vide_ =dataniya=.


=gishishiya=? (Zanfara), a species of acacia; _vide_ =dussa=.


=giwa kamba=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=giyeya= or =giyaiya=, Mitragyne africana, Korth. (Rubiaceæ);
a tree with spherical heads of flowers, abundant in damp localities.


=gizaḳi= (Zanfara), Carissa edulis, Vahl. (Apocynaceæ); a
scrambling shrub with black sweet berries. The root is put in the
_goran ruwa_ to render water agreeable. Syn. ?=uwa banza=.


=gizari=, _vide_ =gazari=.


=gizgiri=, Cyperus auricomus, Spreng. (Cyperaceæ); a tall sedge with
tuberous slightly fragrant root which is used like =kajiji=, _q.v._
Syn. =kajijin fadama=; (possibly the same as =ḍan Tunuga=, _q.v._).


=gizgirin kaba=, _vide_ under =goriba=.


=godar zomo=, Tinnea Barteri, Gürke (Labiatæ); an undershrub with a
deep-purple flower and inflated calyx. (Etym. “hare-bell”). (Also
applied to Cardiospermum Halicacabum, _vide_ =gautan kwaḍo=,
on account of the inflated capsule).


=goga jiki=, Combretum sp. ?C. leonense, Engl. and Diels.; a tree
with rough fissured bark. (Etym. from the chafing of the skin when
faggots are carried in the arms). A gum-yielder. ?Syn. =wuyan damo=,
_q.v._ =gogin damo= (Zanfara).


=goga masu=, Mitracarpum scabrum, Zucc. (Rubiaceæ); a weed with
small white flowers, used as a medicine for hair-lice, itch,
&c. (Etym. “smear spears,” from its superstitious use as a
preventive against wounds). Syn. =harwatsi= (Sok.).


=goge= (?Hausa), Feretia canthioides,
Hiern. (Rubiaceæ). Syn. =ḳuruḳuru=, _q.v._ and =lallen suri=.


=gogin damo=, _vide_ =goga jiki=.


=goji=, pumpkin, _vide_ under =kabewa=.


=gojin jima= or =gunar jima=, Adenopus breviflorus,
Benth. (Cucurbitaceæ); a wild pumpkin-like twiner growing on trees,
with ovoid mottled fruit used by tanners for dehairing.


=gombiliki= (Sok.), _vide_ =falfoli=.


=gongola= or =gwongola=, a canoe-pole of the =tukuruwa= palm, _q.v._
(_gwangwala_ = the Nupé name for the palm Raphia vinifera).


=gora=, a var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.


=gora=, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Monro (Gramineæ); a kind of bamboo,
common in ravines.


=gorgo= (?Kanuri), Solanum sp.; the flowers of a plant like the
native tomato (=gauta=), used to rub the teeth. Syn. =gautan bagirmi=
and =jaudari= (East Hausa).


=goriba=, Hyphæne Thebaica, Mart. (Palmeæ). “Dum Palm.”
“Ginger-bread Palm.” Common palm with forked stems. _kaba_, _q.v._
= the fronds, used for plaiting various articles; _gizgirin kaba_ =
the thickened root of _giginya_; _kwalshi_ = the edible kernel of the
unripe nut eaten raw; _ḳodago_ or _ḳwalu_ = the ripe hard nut; the
rind is used as food and in making _maḍi_ (molasses) and _allewa_
(a sweetmeat); _zaḳi birri_ (East Hausa or Kanuri) = the rind made
into cakes (_waina_, &c.). Fibre is got from the root, _vide_ under
_meḍi_. _cf._ also _gangame_, _kankămi_, _ḳarari_ and _murli_.


=goriya=, _vide_ under =goro=.


=goro=, Kola Nut; the seed of Cola acuminata, Schott. and Endl. and
other species (Sterculiaceæ). (The true Kola has the seed divisible
into 2 sections (cotyledons), in the other species there are usually 3
or 4. “Genuine” Kola nut = C. acuminata (Gold Coast). “False”
Kola nut = C. Johnsoni and C. verticillata (Gold Coast). “Bitter
Kola seeds” = Garcinia Conrauana, Engl. (Guttiferæ) (N. and
S. Nigeria), eaten but not a stimulant). Imported from Gold Coast,
Lagos, and Adamawa; cultivated in some southern provinces. Some of
the numerous trade varieties are:—

_goriya_, pl. _goriye_, the largest nuts; _marsa_, the second size of
nuts; _minu_, the smallest; _labuje_, a large pale var. from Gwanja
and grown in Bida, said to be the best; _ḍan kwataho_, the best in
Adamawa, Benué, from Ngaumdere, Bamyo, &c. _ataras_, a Gwanja nut;
_hannu ruwa_, a cheap pale variety divisible into 3 or more sections,
from Bamyo, &c. (name from the viscid juice); _ḍalaka_ or _ḍan
laka_, a larger nut resembling _hannu ruwa_; _sandalu_, also a pale
nut of similar type; _ganji gaga_, pale with about 4 sections, of
inferior quality; from Bafum, &c. _gazari_, an inferior var. viscid
like _hannu ruwa_, from Bafum, &c. _ibi_, an inferior var. got from
Yoruba, not reddening the mouth (sometimes classed as _goron biri_);
_gandi_, an inferior pale var. like _ibi_; _jan karago_, an early
maturing rough-skinned var.; _gamma gari_, mature at the height of
the season; _nata_, red and smooth, usually small.

_ḅare_ = half a kola nut; _gutsuri_ = pieces of kola nut handed
round a company.

_saran waga_ = 100 nuts of mixed sizes; _farsa_ = the separated
sections.

_mijin goro_, Sterculia or Cola, or Garcinia sp. (_vide_ above),
“Wild Kola,” “False Kola,” used medicinally. _vide_ also
_sarawan goro_.


=goron biri= or =g. ruwa=, Irvingia Smithii, Hook. f. (Simarubeæ);
a large evergreen tree by streams and in ravines, with scarlet
plum-like fruit.


=goron yan makaranta=, an insect gall on the grass called =katsaimu=,
_q.v._


=guda= (Kano) or =gudaji= (Sok.), a bulb; the common onion, one of
the varieties of =albasa=, _q.v._


=guḍe guḍe=, Dactyloctenium ægyptiacum,
Willd. (Gramineæ). “Comb Fringe Grass;” a small grass with
4-rayed spikes; a good horse fodder.


=gudumar biri=, _vide_ =katsaimu=.


=gudumar zomo= (East Hausa), a name for Gloriosa superba, L. _vide_
=baurairai=.


=gujiya= (Kano &c.), Voandzeia subterranea, Thouars. (Leguminosæ);
a kind of ground-bean; the so-called “Bambarra Ground Nut.”
Syn. =kwaruru=, _q.v._ N.B. In Sokoto and some other districts
_gujiya_ is also used for _geḍa_ (Arachis hypogæa)—_kwaruru_
or Voandzeia subterranea being distinguished as _g. dukkus_ (Sok. and
West), etym. from the dwarf habit—; similarly _g. ḳwarasḳwaras_
(Sok. and Kano); _g. tsugunne_ (Kano)—etym. _tsugunna_ = to
squat—_gujiya al kuluga_, and _g. maikwokwo_ (from the resemblance
of the pods to the smallest calabash) are names in East Hausa;
_g. kolanche_ (Sok.) = a long variety of Arachis or _geḍa_,
_q.v._ _bidi_ = one of the varieties of _gujiya_ with spotted and
mottled seeds.


=gujiyar awaki=, _vide_ =geḍar awaki=.


=gujiyar dawaki= (Zanfara), Polygala arenaria, Willd. _vide_ =sa
hankaki dako=.


=gujiyar hankaka= (Katagum), Indigofera echinata,
Willd. (Leguminosæ); a weed with small prickly pods, eaten by goats,
&c. Syn. =kwankwan dafi= (Sok. and Kats.); also =chuchun kariya=
or =gaton kariya=.


=gumba=, _vide_ under =gero=.


=gumbi=, loosely applied to several plants which form thorny thickets;
e.g. in Sokoto =gumbi= generally = Mimosa asperata, a thorny shrub
very abundant on river-banks. _vide_ =ḳaidaji= and _cf._ =dufuwa=
and =ḳumchi=.


=gumi= = rice boiled and dried (in which form it is commonly sold);
=ḍanyen gumi= = husked but still unboiled rice. _vide_ under
=shinkafa=.


=guna=, Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceæ). The
“Water-Melon” (a very variable species). _gunar mutane_ or
_kankana_ = the edible or garden water-melon, with red pulp and black
or red seeds; _gunar shanu_ = the common half wild and cultivated
var. with deeply cut leaves, and spherical fruit with green variegated
stripes when unripe; _fari_ (Kano and East) = a large water-melon,
usually white-fleshed; _kwokiya_ = a smaller sweet melon; _tamna
geḍa_ = a small melon like _kwokiya_, but only eaten cooked (=
_garangarma_, East Hausa); _bambus_ = a variety known in the north;
_agushi_ (Yoruba _egushi_) = seeds of water-melon, sold for various
uses—chewing, medicine, oil, and food.


=gunar jima=, _vide_ =gojin jima=.


=gunar kura=, Cucumis Figarei, Del. (Cucurbitaceæ); a wild prostrate
gourd with ovoid slightly prickly fruit; better known as =tsuwawun
zaki=, _q.v._; also called =maḳaimi=.


=gunda=, =gundar kabewa= = the small immature fruits of the pumpkin
(_vide_ =kabewa=), used in soup. =gundar turu turu= = unexpanded
flower-buds of =ḍorowa=, _q.v._


=gunduru=, _vide_ under =geḍar kurumi=.


=gunguma=, a long-leaved plant (?Amaryllideæ), used to stupefy birds,
and sometimes added to arrow-poison. ?Syn. =murtsunguwa=.


=guntsu= = seeds of =kuka=, _q.v._


=gurasa=, _vide_ under =alkama=.


=gurdugu=, Grewia sp. (Tiliaceæ); a shrub with small yellow flowers
and sweet edible berries. Syn. =kamu mowa=, _q.v._ and ?=kimbar
dutsi=.


=gurguzu= = seeds of the “Red Sorrel” or =yakuwa=, _q.v._


=guriya= (Sok.) = seeds of cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=gurji=, Cucumis Melo, Linn. var. agrestis, Naud. (Cucurbitaceæ);
a small prostrate gourd with ovoid striped fruit used in soup;
much used in East Hausa and Bornu; probably more than one
variety; e.g. _kwantal_ or _gurji kwantal_—a smaller one less
used. Syn. =gwalli= (Sok.). _gurjin daji_, applied to some wild
gourds, e.g. Cephalandra indica, Naud. a wild climber with white
flowers and cucumber-like fruit turning red and succulent; not edible.


=gurjiya=, Bombax buonopozense, Beauv. (Malvaceæ). “Red-flowered
Silk Cotton Tree;” a tree like =rimi=, _q.v._ but smaller, with
red tulip-like flowers and stout thorns on the branches. The silky
hairs are used to stuff pack-saddles, armour-quilts &c. Syn. =kuriya=
(Sok. and Zanf.).


=guro= (Sok.), Hibiscus esculentus, Linn. The okra. Syn. =kuḅewa=,
_q.v._


=gursami=, a plant with radiate tuberous roots eaten in scarcity.


=gusu=? (Zanfara). Syn. for =tsa=, _q.v._ a shrub—Phyllanthus
reticulatus.


=gutsuri=, _vide_ under =goro=.


=gwabsa= (Sok. Kats. and Zanf.), Cussonia nigerica,
Hutch. sp. nov. (Araliaceæ); a tree with large digitate leaves,
corrugated bark and odorous sap; often called =takanḍar giwa=,
_q.v._; also =hannun kuturu= (from the bare leafless branches in the
dry season). _namijin gwabsa_ (or _takanḍar giwa_, Sok. Kats. and
Zanf.) = Hannoa undulata, Planch. (Simarubeæ); a tree with pinnate
leaves, fragrant white blossoms, and black plum-like fruit.


=gwaḍayi= or =gwoḍeyi=, Hippocratea obtusifolia, var. Richardiana,
Loes. (Celastrineæ); a twining shrub with tough stems used as
tie-tie for _tanka_, &c., resisting white ants. (Perhaps several
plants of similar habit and use are included in the Hausa name;
_cf._ =kana kana=). _cf._ the expression _gwaḍayi, ba saranka,
ba ja_—if not cut first it cannot be broken by pulling.


=gwaigwaya=? (Katagum &c.), Cyperus exaltatus, Retz. (Cyperaceæ);
a tall sedge of wet places, with 3-angled stem, and radiating numerous
flower-spikes. Syn. =karan masallachin kogi=.


=gwalli=, _vide_ =gurji=.


=gwanda= or =g. Masar=, Carica Papaia, Linn. (Papayaceæ). The
“Pawpaw” or “Melon Tree.”


=gwandar daji=, Anona senegalensis, Pers. (Anonaceæ); a species
of Custard Apple common in the bush, with yellow edible fruit and
fragrant leaves.


=gwandayi= (Kano &c.), Stylochiton Dalzielii,
N.E. Br. sp. nov. (Aroideæ); a plant of the Arum-lily family,
with arrow-head leaves and a yellow root; young leaves and root
sometimes eaten as a pot-herb after prolonged boiling to remove the
acrid principle. Syn. =kinchiya= (Sok. and Kats.).


=Gwanja kusa=, a name for several plants supposed to have properties
resembling kola and other economic products of Gwanja in G. Coast,
N. Terr. e.g. often applied to the “Akee Apple”—Blighia sapida,
Koenig. (_vide_ =alale=), which has scarlet fruit reminiscent of
kola; also Parinarium curatellæfolium (_vide_ =rura=), a tree the
young leaf of which is sometimes chewed and reddens the mouth; the
flowers of Trichilia emetica (_vide_ =jan saye=), similarly used;
the herb Heliotropium Zeylanicum, Lam. (Boragineæ), used as a tonic,
and staining the lips like kola. Also several plants which turn black
in drying (chiefly Scrophularineæ), and are sometimes mixed with
indigo, e.g. Cycnium camporum, Eng. with white petunia-like flowers.


=gwanno= (Sok. and Zanf.), _vide_ =gabachara=.


=gwano rafi=, Olax subscorpioidea, Oliv. (Olacineæ); an evergreen
shrub with an unpleasant odour; (=gwano= = the stink ant).


=gwaska=, =itchen gwaska=, Erythrophlœum guineense,
Don. (Leguminosæ). “Sasswood.” “Ordeal Tree.” A forest tree;
the bark (“sassy bark”) is used by some pagan tribes in an ordeal
brew and as an occasional ingredient in arrow-poison.


=gwaza=, Colocasia antiquorum, Schott. (Aroideæ). The “Koko yam”
(Yoruba—_koko_); an aroid plant with huge arrow-head leaves,
cultivated for the starchy tuber. _gwazar giwa_, one of many names
for an aroid with large lurid purple flower-spathe, a much-divided
leaf and a bulky tuber with acrid juice; called also _hansar giwa_
(“elephant’s breast”), _kunnen jaki_, _buran jaki_, and
sometimes _kinchiya_, _q.v._) = Amorphophallus dracontioides, N.E. Br.


=gwazkiya= (Zanf.), _vide_ =bogo zage=.


=gwoḍeyi=, _vide_ =gwaḍayi=.


=gwolon zaki=, _vide_ =tsuwawun zaki=.


=gwundi=, a var. of cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=gyaḍa=, the ground-nut, _vide_ =geḍa=.


=gyamro=, _vide_ under =dawa=.


=gyandama=, a var. of the bottle-gourd, _vide_ under =duma=.


=gyazama=, Rottbœllia exaltata, Linn. fil. (Gramineæ); a tall
harsh-leaved grass, eaten by horses; called also =dadawa= and
=dawa dawa=.


                                  =H=


=haḍa fuḍa= (Sok.), a name for Cassia Kotschyana,
Oliv. (Leguminosæ), and probably other species of Cassia; _vide_
under =gamma faḍa=. (?a corruption of a Fulani name).


=haguguwa=, a species of Ficus; _vide_ =uwar yara=.


=haki=, pl. =hakukuwa=, any kind of grass or weed.


=hakin furtau= (Sok.), Sporobolus festivus, Hochst. (Gramineæ); a
small slender grass with delicate panicle of small purplish flowers;
sometimes mixed with others for thatching. (Etym. _furtau_ = a quail).


=haḳorin kada=, Argemone Mexicana, Linn. Yellow prickly poppy;
_vide_ under =kwarko=.


=haḳorin kare=, Panicum fluitans, Retz. (Gramineæ); a grass
with hollow stem, in wet places; used as fodder. (Etym. “dog’s
tooth,” from the shape of the flower spikelets.)


=haḳorin machiji=, Achryanthes aspera, L. (Amaranthaceæ);
a troublesome weed of waste places, with small sharply pointed
reflexed flowers; commonly also called =ḳaimin ḳadangare=, _q.v._


=halshen saniya=, 1. In Sok. Kats. Bauchi, &c. = Portulaca oleracea,
Linn. “Purslane,” a common weed of waste places, with yellow
flowers and succulent spathulate leaves, commonly called =fasa
ḳabba=, _q.v._ and _cf._ also =dabrin saniya=, _vide_ under =gadon
machiji=. 2. In Zanfara, &c. =halshen sa= = a name for Lonchocarpus
laxiflorus, G. et P. a leguminous tree with purple flowers; leaves
given to goats as fodder. _vide_ =shunin biri= and =farin sansami=.


=halshen damo=, a var. of =gero=, _q.v._


=hana gobara= (Zanfara), _vide_ under =dali=.


=hana taḳama=, _vide_ under =gadon machiji=.


=hanjin rago=, Oxystelma bornouense, R. Br. (Asclepiadeæ);
a slender twiner with milky juice and white and purple flowers,
commonly growing on bushes by streams.


=hankufa=, Waltheria americana, Linn. (Buettneriaceæ); a common
erect weed or undershrub with soft leaves and small yellow flowers;
used medicinally.


=hannu biat= or =yatsa biat=, a plant with 5-digitate leaves;
used medicinally.


=hannun giwa=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=hannun kuturu=, _vide_ under =gwabsa=.


=hannun marini=, a var. of bean, _vide_ under =wake=.


=hannu ruwa=, a var. of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.


=hano= (Sok. and Kats., &c.), Boswellia Dalzielii, Hutch. sp. nov. and
Boswellia odorata, Hutch. sp. nov. (Burseraceæ). Two closely
similar species of “Frankincense Tree” (the former more
in Sokoto, Kontagora, Zaria, &c., the latter in Yola province,
&c.). Syn. =ararabi= (Katsina, &c.), =basamu= (Sok. and Zanf.). The
fragrant gum-resin is used medicinally and as a fumigation for
clothing, houses, &c. (Etym. from _hana_, to prevent, from a prejudice
some have against it, believing that it prevents success in trade,
&c. a form of deceit is to adulterate or substitute it for other
resins such as _ḳaron maje_, &c. _cf._ the name _ba samu_ indicating
the same idea).


=hansar gada=, =hansar giwa=, names given to several Aroid plants;
_vide_ =tsakara=, =gwazar giwa=, &c. (_hansa_ = the breast).


=hanza=, _vide_ =anza=.


=harawa=, stem and leaf of bean and ground-nut plants, used as
fodder, =harawan wake=, =harawan geḍa=. =harawan ḍorowa=, _vide_
under =ḍorowa=.


=harḳiya=, Digitaria debilis, Willd. (Gramineæ); a common fodder
grass, 1½ to 2 feet high, with several slender flower rays. “Finger
Grass.”


=harwatsi= (Sok.), Mitracarpum scabrum, Zucc. (Rubiaceæ); a common
weed. Syn. =goga masu=, _q.v._


=hatsin manoma= (Sok.), Pancratium trianthum, Herb. (Amaryllideæ);
a bulbous herb with beautiful white lily-like flowers appearing with
the early rains; (sometimes called “Spider Lily”).


=haujeri= (Katagum, &c.), =haujerin mutane=, Capparis corymbosa,
Lam. (Capparideæ). A climbing thorny shrub, with white flowers
and yellow fruit like a small orange, sometimes eaten. The leaves
are sometimes used as food. _haujerin raḳumi_, Capparis tomentosa,
Lam. A thorny woody climber similar to the last, more common and with
larger fruit, not eaten. Generally called _ḳabdodo_ (Sok. Kats.,
&c.); ?_chauchaka_ (Zanfara).


=haukat yaro=, Datura Metel, Linn. (Solanaceæ). “Hairy Thorn
Apple.” _vide_ =zaḳami=, and =babba juji=. A large weed of
waste places, with long trumpet-shaped white flowers. (Etym. from
its deliriant property).


=hawayen zaki=, Anaphrenium abyssinicum, Hochst. (= Rhus insignis,
Del.) (Anacardiaceæ). A tree with milky juice; the stems are commonly
used as sticks to apply _kwolli_.


=huda=, _vide_ =fuda=; =hudar awaki=, _vide_ under =geḍa= and
=biya rana=.


                                  =I=


=ibi=, a var. of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.


=iburu= (or =aburu=), a common cereal much planted in Zaria and
other districts.


=idon saniya= (Kano and East), Solanum incanum, Linn. and other
species of Solanum; (the equivalent of the Ful. name _giti nai_
or “ox-eye”). _vide_ =gautan kura=.


=idon zakara=, Abrus precatorius, Linn. (Leguminosæ). “Prayer
Beads,” “Jequirity,” “Bird’s Eye” (S. Leone). A twiner
with pinnate leaves and clustered pods containing small scarlet seeds
with a black spot; used chiefly as a medicinal charm. Syn. =tandara=
(Kano and Kats.), =taga rana= (Kano market), (_idon zakara_ is
also used for the scarlet seeds of _minjiriya_, _q.v._ Erythrina
senegalensis).


=ingidido=, Cratæva Adansonii, G. et P. (Capparideæ); a tree with
3 fol. leaves, white flowers and a yellow-shelled fruit.


=ingirichi= = chopped-up hay as fodder.


=intaya=, _vide_ =acha=, a small grass cultivated as a cereal.


=innuwar ḅauna=, Morelia senegalensis, A. Rich. (Rubiaceae);
an evergreen shrub with white flowers, common on the banks of streams.


=innuwar gada=, Opilia celtidifolia, Endl. (Olacineæ); a climbing
shrub with fragrant whitish flowers; used medicinally for horses,
&c. sometimes called =namijin lemu=.


=innuwar tufi= (Sok.), a floating plant in pools, &c. (_tufi_ =
a sp. of fish). ?Æschynome crassicaulis, Harms. _vide_ =kaiḍajin
ruwa=.


=itchen gado=, Fluggea microcarpa, Blume (Euphorbiaceæ); a shrub
the stems of which are used for native beds, &c. more generally
called =tsa=, _q.v._


=itchen kurḍi=, 1. In Sokoto = Melia Azedarach,
Linn. (Meliaceæ). “Pride of India,” “Persian” or “African
Lilac.” A tree with twice-pinnate leaves, bunches of lilac flowers
and ovoid yellow fruit. (Etym. “_taḅa ni ka samu kurḍi_,”
from a supposed virtue as a charm). Syn. =kurnan nasara= (Kontagora,
East Hausa, &c.), _q.v._ 2. Burkea africana, Hook. (Leguminosæ);
a large tree with pale twice-pinnate leaves, spikes of creamy flowers
and small flat pods. _vide_ =kurḍi=.


=itchen Masar=, Croton Zambesicus, Müell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceæ); a
shrub sometimes planted in native compounds; (name given to several
exotic plants).


                                  =J=


=jallo=, a small var. of bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.


=jan baḳo= (Sok. and Zanf.), a name given to certain thatching
grasses which turn red in colour when mature; e.g. Andropogon apricus,
var. africanus, Hack. and Andropogon exilis, Hochst. (_vide_ =jan
rauno=). Syn. =jan bauje=, =jan datsi=; _vide_ also =laḅanda=.


=jan itache=, _vide_ =jan yaro=.


=janjari= (Sok.), a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=jan karago=, _vide_ under =goro=.


=jan rauno= (or =jan ramno=, Sok.), Andropogon exilis,
Hochst. (Gramineæ). A grass about 1½ to 2 feet high, turning
russet-red in autumn; used for thatch, and chopped up to mix with
building clay; also a fodder grass. Syn. =jan bauje=; _cf._ also
=jan baḳo=, and _vide_ =ramno=.


=jan saye= (Sok., Zanf., Kontagora), Trichilia emetica,
Vahl. (Meliaceæ). A tree common in central Hausaland. The seeds
yield a less important oil; root used in native medicine. _vide_
=Gwanja kusa=.


=jan yaro= (or =jan itache=), Hymenocardia acida,
Tul. (Euphorbiaceæ). A shrub or small tree with a reddish bark.


=jaudari= (East Hausa), Solanum sp. Syn. =gorgo=, _q.v._


=jawul= = Myrrh, the gum-resin of Balsamodendron myrrha,
Nees. (Burseraceæ); brought by Arabs; (possibly also that of Odina
Wodier, Roxb. called _jewul_ or _jiyal_ in India).


=jema=, Vetiveria zizanioides, Stapf. (Gramineæ). “Vetiver”
or “Cus Cus,” a tall clump-grass of marshy places; used for
_zana_, and for plaiting straw armlets called _darambuwa_, _q.v._
In some districts the large swamp-grass with red-purple flowering
heads—Rhytachne gigantea, Stapf.—is included.


=jemo=, a short club-shaped var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_
under =duma=.


=jibda ḳassa=, Cissampelos Pareira,
Linn. (Menispermaceæ). “Velvet-leaf” of “False Pareira
Brava.” An ivy-like twiner with greyish velvety leaves; the bitter
root is sold as a medicine for many purposes, and is considered
_sarikin ḍachi_ as _zuma_ is _sarikin zaḳi_. (The name is
sometimes corrupted into =judar ḳas=). Also called =fiyaka= or
=piyaka=. _vide_ also under =gaḍaukuka=.


=jigari= (Ful.), a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=jimbiri=, “haricots verts,” uncooked bean pods used for food,
_vide_ under =wake=.


=jimfa=, _vide_ =majimfa=.


=jimfi= or =jimpa jimpa= (Kats. Sok. and Zanf.), _vide_ =gajiri=.


=jimshi=, _vide_ =dussa=.


=jina jina= (Sok. and Zanf.), _vide_ =bajini=.


=jinin mutum=, Arnebia Hispidissima, DC. (Boragineæ); a rough-leaved
weed with small yellow flowers and a red root capable of use as a dye.


=jirga= (Sok. and Kats.), Bauhinia rufescens, Lam. (Leguminosæ). A
shrub with small bifid leaves and black twisted pods; used medicinally
and as a charm. Syn. =tsatsagi= (Sok. Zaria, Kano, &c.) or =matsagi=.


=jiri=, Stereospermum Kunthianum, Cham. (Bignoniaceæ). A tree with
beautiful pink flowers, smooth bark and slender pendulous pods;
more commonly called =sansami=, _q.v._


                                  =K=


=kaba=, the fronds of the =goriba=, _q.v._ or “Dum Palm,” Hyphæne
Thebaica, Mart. (less applied to other palms, e.g. _kabar giginya_);
used for plaiting mats, baskets, cordage, &c. _cf._ _gangame_,
_kankami_, and _ḳarri_.


=kabar giwa= (Kano and East), Aloe Barteri, Baker? (Liliaceæ);
an aloe with speckled succulent sharp-pointed leaves and yellow or
red flowers. Syn. =zabo= (Sok.), _q.v._


=ḳabdodo= or =ḳaudodo= (Sok. and Kats.), or =ḳwododo=, Capparis
tomentosa, Lam. (Capparideæ); a thorny shrub of climbing habit
with a small orange-like fruit. _vide_ =haujeri= (Katagum, &c.),
and ?=chauchaka= (Zanfara), also ?=chizaki=.


=kabewa= (Kano, &c. = =kubewa=, Sok. but not =kuḅewa=, the okra,
_q.v._) Cucurbita Pepo, DC. (Cucurbitaceæ). Pumpkin or Pompion;
(probably also C. maxima, Duch. Squash Gourd) a large cultivated gourd
with harsh foliage and yellow flowers. Syn. =goji= (Zaria). _kabushi_
(Sok.), or _ruguguwa_ (Kano) = a long var. (var. _ovifera_) the
Vegetable Marrow. _gundar kabewa_ = the small immature fruits,
used in soup; _cf._ under =ḍorowa=.


=kabido=, a long waterproof hood, made usually from palm-leaf of
=tukuruwa=, _q.v._


=kachalla= (Kanuri), _vide_ =shalla= or =salla=.


=kaḍa= (Sok.), Cotton or the Cotton Plant; _vide_ =abduga=.


=kaḍa kaḍa= (Kontagora), Cienfuegosia heteroclada, Sprague,
(Bixineæ). A low shrub with pink flowers appearing from the base,
and pods with a rusty wool resembling cotton.


=kaḍanya= or =kaḍai=, Butyrospermum Parkii,
Kotschy. (Sapotaceæ). Shea Butter Tree. _ḳwara_ = the kernel,
used for production of the fat by boiling and skimming; _man kaḍai_
= shea butter used as food, as an illuminant, and as a vehicle for
medicines. The soft fleshy part of the fruit is edible. (_hanchin
kaḍai_, _vide_ =ḳanumfari=). _namijin kaḍai_, or _mijin
kaḍai_ = Lophira alata, Banks. (Dipterocarpeæ). “Meni Oil
Tree.” A tree with white flowers and foliage which resembles that
of =kaḍanya=. Bark medicinal, and leaf a common ju-ju or charm
amongst some pagan tribes. The tree is sometimes (erroneously)
called “African Oak.” Syn. _kujeme_?


=kaḍanyar rafi= or =kaḍanyar kurumi=, Adina microcephala,
Hiern. (Rubiaceæ); a large tree with spherical heads of flowers,
found on the banks of streams. (In the Benué region the name
_kaḍanyar kurumi_ or _kiriyar kurumi_ has been applied to a
different hard-wooded forest-tree.)


=kadaura= (Kano, Zaria, &c.), Pardaniellia oliveri, Rolfe (= Daniellia
thurifera, Bennett), (Leguminosæ). West African or Ilorin Copaiba
Balsam Tree. Wood oil Tree. A large tree, the source of much of the
West African copal. Syn. =maje= (Sok., &c.), _q.v._


=kaḍai=, _vide_ =kaḍanya=.


=ka fafogo=, Uapaca guineensis, Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceæ); a tree
resembling a fig-tree, with broad shining leaves and yellowish ovoid
fruit; sometimes an ingredient in arrow poison.


=ḳafar fakara=, or =ḳafar gauraka= (Sok. and Kats.), Chloris
breviseta, Benth. (Gramineæ) (and C. virgata, Sw.). A grass about
2 feet high with radiating flower-spikes; seeds edible. Syn. =sawun
gauraka= (Katagum &c.).


=ḳafar kaza= (Sok. and Zanf.), Ipomœa pterygocaulos, Hall
fil. (Convolvulaceæ); a twiner with white flowers, winged stems
and a divided leaf.


=ḳafar mutuwa=, Mallotus oppositifolius,
Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceæ); a shrub growing on river-banks, with
heart-shaped leaves used as a vermifuge.


=ka fi boka=, Ipomœa argentaurata, Hall fil. (Convolvulaceæ);
a trailing convolvulus with whitish flowers and silvery hairy
leaves. (Etym. from its use as a medicinal charm). Syn. =farin gammo=.


=ka fi malam=, Evolvulus alsinoides, Linn. (Convolvulaceæ). A small
herb with pale blue flowers. (Etym. from its many uses as a medicine,
love charm, &c.)


=ka fi rama= (Kano, &c.), Urena lobata, Linn. (Malvaceæ). An
undershrub with pink flowers and bark yielding a
fibre. Syn. =ramaniya= (Sok., Kats., &c.), _q.v._ _vide_ also under
=garamani=.


=ḳafon baḍi= or =ḳ. batsi= (Kano), a plant eaten in famine at
the end of the dry season. Probably some of the tuberous Asclepiads
or “Milkweeds” and others related, e.g. Cryptolepis nigritana,
N.E. Br. (Apocynaceæ), an erect slender-branched undershrub with
milky juice and a thickened root, is so named.


=ḳaguwa= (Kano and East), or =aguwa= (Sok., Kats., &c.), Euphorbia
sepium, N.E. Br.; a variety of “Milk Hedge,” a shrub with milky
juice, planted as a hedge; very common in the north; (different
from =fidda sartsi=, _q.v._). Syn. =aliyara= (Gobir); =waiyaro=
(Katagum). Used medicinally chiefly for horses.


=ḳaidaji= (Kano), =ḳardaji= (Sok.), Mimosa asperata,
Linn. (Leguminosæ). A thorny mimosa abundant on river-banks with
pinkish balls of flowers and slightly sensitive leaves. (Etym. a
corruption of _ḳaya da jini_). In Sokoto sometimes spoken of as
=gumbi=, _q.v._


=ḳaidajin ruwa=, Æschynome crassicaulis, Harms. (Leguminosæ);
a trailing water-plant with pinnate leaves and yellow flowers, on
the surface of pools or muddy swamps. ?Syn. =innuwar tufi= (Sok.),
_q.v._ and =yaron kogi= (Katagum).


=ḳaiḳai=, Parinarium polyandrum, Benth. (Rosaceæ); a tree with
bunches of purple grape-like fruit; (scarcely distinct in Hausa from
=rura=, _q.v._).


=ḳaiḳai ḳoma ḳan mashikiya=, Indigofera astragalina,
DC. (Leguminosæ); an erect hairy weed, used as a medicinal charm
against poison and other injury. (Etym. “Oh chaff, return upon the
winnower”!—intended injury returning to the evildoer’s hurt).


=kaikwaiyo=, _vide_ under =aduwa=.


=ḳaimin ḳadangare=, Achryanthes aspera, Linn. (Amaranthaceæ). A
weed with reflexed sharply spiked flowers. Syn. =haḳorin machiji=,
_q.v._


=kain ḅarawo= or =kain mutum=, Leonotis pallida,
Benth. (Labiatæ). A tall herb with large globular whorls of
flowers. Syn. =tsikar sabra= or =tsikar gida= (Sok.).


=kain fakara=, Cucumis Prophetarum, Linn. (Cucurbitaceæ). A ground
trailer with striped gooseberry-like fruit, covered with soft
prickles. Used medicinally. Syn. =kanchekulkul= (Kano, Kats. and
East), and =ya manya= (Sok.).


=kain mutum=, _vide_ =kain ḅarawo=.


=kai nuwa=, Pistia Stratiotes, Linn. (Aroideæ). “Water Lettuce.”
A floating plant filling stagnant pools.


=kaiwa= (Sok.), or =kanya= (Kano), Diospyros mespiliformis,
Hochst. (Ebenaceæ). African Ebony Tree or Monkey Guava. A tree with
very dark foliage and bark; the yellowish fruit with a brittle rind
is edible and used for making _maḍi_.


=kajiji= (Kanuri), Cyperus articulatus, Linn. A sedge with fragrant
tuberous root, wild and cultivated in Bornu, &c., much used as a
perfume for clothing, &c., and as a medicine.

_kajiji ḍan Tunuga_, Cyperus sp. A sedge with a fragrant tuber
similarly used. (_Tunuga_ = a town in French Borgu). Other varieties
of false _kajiji_ are species of Cyperus with fragrant roots. _vide_
=gizgiri=.


=kajinjiri=, a small species of palm; _vide_ =dabinon biri=.


=kaka biyu=, a var. of bean; _vide_ under =wake=.


=kaka= or (=yaya=) =kai ka fitto=, Sida linifolia,
Cav. (Malvaceæ). A weed with hard stem. (Etym. from growing in hard
soil; probably used for several different plants).


=ka ḳi ganinbila=, _vide_ under =hana gobara= and =dali=.


=ka ḳi ruwan Allah=, _vide_ =kwarko=.


=ka ḳi zuwa Hausa=, Costus afer, Ker. (Scitamineæ); a plant of
the ginger family found in shaded ravines. (Etym. because supposed
not to grow in Hausaland).


=kakuma=, a grass of marshes and river-banks; used to form tie-tie
for _zana_, &c.


=kalangon daji=, a tree with large 4-angled pods. ?Tetrapleura
sp. _cf._ =dawo= and =sandan mayu=.


=kalgo=, _vide_ =kargo=.


=kaluwa= = seeds of =ḍorowa=, _q.v._


=kama=, a tuber, somewhat like =risga=, planted in marshy ground;
(different from =gwaza= and =tumuku=).


=kamu mowa=, Grewia sp. (Tiliaceæ); a shrub with small yellow
flowers and sweet berries. Syn. =gurdugu= and ?=kimbar dutsi=.


=kana kana= (Sok. and Zanf.), Paullinia pinnata,
Linn. (Sapindaceæ). A woody twiner with white flowers and scarlet
capsular fruit; stems used as _tanka_ for houses and fences, &c.
(perhaps included also under =gwoḍeyi=, _q.v._).


=ka nannaḍe= (Kano), =ka nannaḍo= (Sok. Kats. and Gobir), a
var. of bean with curled pods, used as food; the beans are small
but broad, with pale brown speckling.


=kanawa=, a var. of cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=kanchekulkul= (Kano, Kats., &c.), Cucumis Prophetarum,
Linn. (Cucurbitaceæ); _vide_ =kain fakara=.


=kandari=, Terminalia macroptera, G. et P. (Combretaceæ); a large
tree with flat-winged and embossed fruits; (very similar to =baushe=,
_q.v._ but a different species).


=kanju=, coast Hausa for Cashew, Anacardium occidentale.


=kankami= = the withered fronds of any palm, burnt by pagans in
several districts (e.g. Fogha), to extract a sort of inferior salt.


=kankana=, water-melon; _vide_ under =guna=.


=kansuwa=, a grass; _vide_ =kyasuwa=.


=ḳanumfari= = cloves, the flower-buds of Eugenia caryophyllata,
Thunb. (Myrtaceæ); brought from the north. Called also _hanchin
kaḍai_, from the resemblance to the peduncle of the shea
fruit. (Etym. Arab. _karanfal_).


=kanya= (Kano), or =kaiwa= (Sok.), _q.v._ Diospyros mespiliformis,
Hochst. (Ebenaceæ). “African Ebony Tree.”


=ḳarama anta=, Withania somnifera, Dunal. (Solanaceæ). A shrub
sometimes planted near houses, with small red berries within an
inflated calyx (like the Cape Gooseberry); used medicinally.


=ḳarama mowa= (Sok. and Kats.). A wild var. of =rama=, _q.v._
Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn. (Malvaceæ). A tall plant chiefly of damp
places, having large yellow flowers with a purple centre (similar
to =rama=) and a harsh almost prickly surface. (Etym. “little
beloved,” said to be from the spicular pubescence which clings to
the clothing). Synonyms of the same or allied varieties are:—_ramar
rafi_, _ramar ruwa_, _yakuwar daji_, _yakuwar kwaḍi_, _yakuwar
ḳaimamowa_, _yakuwar ḳaya_, &c.


=karan dafi= = the red leaf-sheaths of a var. of Sorghum (_vide_
=dawa=), used chiefly as a dye for leather.


=ḳarangiya=, Cenchrus catharticus, Del. (Gramineæ). Prickly bur
grass. A good fodder; seeds edible. =ḳarangiya gumba=, the uncooked
seeds pounded and eaten raw, or prepared as _fura_.


=ḳarangiyar kusu= (Kano), or =maḍaḍafin kusu= (Sok.), Cyathula
prostrata, Blume (Amaranthaceæ). A luxuriant weed of waste places,
with a prickly bur. Also called =tsatsarar ḅera=, _q.v._


=karani=, Digitaria Guyana, Kunth. a pale grass with white silvery
flowering spikes; also called =Ba-Fillatani=, _q.v._ Syn. ?=gaji=
(Sok.). _vide_ =darambuwa=.


=karan kaḅau=, Andropogon (Arthrolepis) sp. nov. (Gramineæ). A
tall grass with rather broad leaves. Syn. =shamrayi= (Gando).


=karan kauji=, _vide_ =fafewa=.


=karan masallachi=, Caralluma Dalzielii, N.E. Br. (Asclepiadeæ). A
leafless succulent plant with the habit of a small cactus, wild or
planted near mosques, &c. Syn. =wutsiyar damo= (Sok. West), from the
resemblance of the tapering young shoots to the tail of the _damo_,
a large lizard, Varanus exanthematicus.


=karan masallachin kogi=, a name sometimes given to the taller sedges
in pools, &c. _vide_ =gwaigwaya=, (Cyperus exaltatus, Retz. &c.).


=karan sariki=, a name for =rake=, a sugar-cane. Saccharum
officinarum, Linn.


=karara=, Mucuna pruriensis, DC. (Leguminosæ). “Cowitch” or
“Cowhage.” A herbaceous climber with 3-foliate leaves; the pods
especially are covered with rusty pungent hairs which cause intense
irritation of the skin. (A species of “Velvet-bean”).


=ḳarari= = the fibrous veins of palm fronds (chiefly =giginya=
and =goriba=), used for cordage, brooms, &c.


=ḳarasa=, 1. In Gobir, Daura, &c. = Bitter Cassava, Manihot
utilissima, _vide_ under =rogo=. 2. In Kano, &c. = the tuber of a
species of yam = =doyar kudu= (“southern yam”) planted south of
Kano, and in Zanfara, &c. not eaten as _sokwara_ (cooked mashed yam).


=kardafi=, _vide_ under =garamani=.


=ḳardaji=, _vide_ =ḳaidaji=.


=ḳare aiki=, a var. of =rama=, _q.v._


=kargo= or =kalgo=, Bauhinia reticulata, DC. (Leguminosæ). A very
common shrub in the bush, with bifid leaves and brown pods; bark
used as cordage.


=ḳariya=, Adenium Honghel, DC. (Apocynaceæ). A peculiar shrub
planted near dwellings, with pink flowers; leafless at the time
of flowering. (Etym. “the falsehood,” because rarely seen in
fruit—=ḳariya fure ta ke yi yaya ba ta yi ba=).


=kariye galma= (“break hoe”), Combretum herbaceum, Don, an
undershrub with a hard root; _vide_ =taru=. Several very different
plants with fibrous tufted roots are sometimes called by this name,
the peculiar structure of the _galma_ rendering it liable to injury;
e.g. Aneilema beniniensis, and others; _vide_ under =tsidaun kare=.


=kariye gatari= (“break axe”), a name given to some hard-wood
trees, e.g. =maḳarfo= and =kurḍi=, _q.v._


=ḳarḳara= (Kano, &c.), Acacia campylacantha, Hochst. (=
A. Catechu, Willd. Leguminosæ); a thorny acacia which yields a good
gum used in commerce and medicinally. Syn. =karki= (Sok. Kats. and
Zanf.), and =ḳayar raḳumi=; also =ḳaro= (Kano, Sok. and
Kats. the name merely meaning gum and applied to other trees). _vide_
also =farichin shafo= or =ḳumbar shafo=.


=karkashi= or =kalkashi=, Ceratotheca sesamoides,
Endl. (Pedaliaceæ). A prostrate herb with viscid juice and flowers
similar to =riḍi=, or beni seed, _q.v._ Leaves used in soup,
&c. Syn. =yauḍo=, Sok. _q.v._


=karkashin zomo=, Indigofera bracteolata, G. et P. (Leguminosæ). A
very common plant in the bush, with small leaves and red flowers.


=karki=, _vide_ =ḳarḳara=.


=ḳaro=, _vide_ under =ḳarḳara=. (A name chiefly applied to
Acacia campylacantha, but sometimes to other gum or resin-producing
trees, e.g. =kadaura=, &c.); _vide_ under =maje=.


=kasara=, Chloris robusta, Stapf, a tall grass with white radiating
flower-spikes, found in the beds of rivers.


=karmami= = leafy shoots of =dawa=, =gero=, &c.


=ḳarri= = palm fronds; chiefly applied to =giginya=; _vide_ =kaba=
and =gangame=.


=kasfiya= (Sok. Kats. and Zanf.), Crossopteryx Kotschyana,
Fenzl. (Rubiaceæ). A tree with bunches of whitish flowers and small
hard black fruit. Also called =kashin awaki= (from the appearance
of the fruit).


=kashe kaji=, _vide_ under =kaskawami=.


=kashi kashi= ?(Kontagora), a large leguminous tree; _vide_ =kolo=.


=kashin gwanki=, one of the names for Cucumis Figarei, Del. a
prostrate weed of the gourd family; _vide_ =gunar kura= or =tsuwawun
zaki=.


=kashin kaza=, a kind of bean; _vide_ under =giri giri=.


=kaskaifi=, Uraria picta, Desv. (Leguminosæ). A low perennial plant
with long cylindrical flower-spike. (Etym. from its use as a medicinal
charm against cutting weapons). Syn. =dakushe=, Sok. (Etym. “to
be blunt”)—name probably applied to several plants, or to the
prescription so used. _cf._ =miya tsanya=.


=kaskawami=, Psorospermum senegalense, Spach. (Hypericineæ). A
shrub with red berries and dotted leaves. The leaves and bark are
used as a remedy for itch, &c. also called =kashe kaji=.


=kasmakaru=, Aristida mutabilis, Trin. and Rupr. (Gramineæ). A
grass with 3-rayed sharp awns, injurious to horses. (Etym. from
injury to the jaw caused by the sharp awns)—name probably applied
to several grasses.


=katambiri=, 1. A tree with a ribbed fleshy fruit full of small
seeds used to prepare a black cosmetic; (probably several species of
Randia, and Gardenia, Nat. Ord. Rubiaceæ, e.g. Randia malleifera,
Benth. et Hook. fil.). 2. The cosmetic prepared from this or from
the fruit of =gauḍe=, _q.v._


=katsaimu= (Sok. Kats. and East), Aristida stipoides,
Lam. (Gramineæ). A tall grass with graceful panicle of sharply
awned florets; commonly used for thatching, &c. Syn. =garasa=
(Sok. and West); also =wutsiyar jaki= (Sok., &c.), and =tsintsiyar
kogi= or =ts. maza= (Katagum). An insect-gall forming a top-shaped
swelling on the stem of this grass is variously named, _kunda_,
_q.v._ _mazarin kyanwa_, _gudumar biri_, or _goron yan makaranta_.


=ḳatsa ḳatsa= = =burtuntuna=, a Guinea-corn blight; _vide_
under =dawa=.


=katsami= = =daudawar kuka=, _vide_ under =kuka=.


=katsări=, Albizzia Chevalieri, Harms. (Leguminosæ); a tree of
the acacia type, with loose balls of whitish fragrant flowers and
flat brown pods; the bark is used by tanners in some districts.


=kauchi=, Loranthus pentagona, DC. (and L. dodoneæfolius, DC. and
other spp.) (Loranthaceæ). A parasitic shrub commonly growing on
various trees; e.g. on =ḳadanya= called =kauchin kaḍai=. Used
medicinally and as a charm. _vide_ also under =sansami=. Sometimes
called W. Indian Mistletoe.


=ḳaudodo=, _vide_ =ḳabdodo=.


=kaura=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=kawo=, Afzelia africana, Smith (Leguminosæ); one of the African
Mahoganies or “Mahogany Bean,” a large shade tree, with thick very
hard pods and large black seeds. The seeds are sold as a medicinal
charm called _fasa daga_, _q.v._ The leaves are used as a cattle food.


=ḳawuri=, Ficus kawuri, Hutch. (Urticaceæ); a large tree of the fig
family, yielding a white latex collected as rubber. (Ficus glumosa,
Del. is included).


=ḳayar giwa=, a ground-trailer with thorny stem and a tuberous
root edible when cooked; sometimes used in famine. Syn. =doyar giwa=.


=ḳayar ḳadangare=, Asparagus Pauli-Guilelmi, Solms. and
Laub. and other spp. (Liliaceæ); a straggling half-climbing
plant with prickles and acicular leaves. Syn. =masun ḳadangare=
(“lizard’s spears”); more commonly called =tsatsarar ḅera=,
but _vide_ also =ḳarangiyar kusu=. Stems used for traps, &c.


=ḳayar kusu=? _vide_ =kwaranga=.


=ḳayar raḳumi=, _vide_ under =ḳarḳara=.


=ḳeḳasheshe=, 1. Syn. =tsiyayi= = peeled stems of =rama=, _q.v._
used in medicine and magic; also after scotching applied as a black
pigment in wall decoration; (_cf._ =zamarke=). 2. The name of one
or more different plants in the bush.


=ḳerama=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=kerana= (Kano, &c.), Euphorbia Barteri, N.E. Br. a tall branched
cactus-like tree with angled prickly stem and milky juice. The name
includes other species commonly classed as E. abyssinica, Gmelin,
used as a fence.


=kibiyar daji=, _vide_ under =tsika=.


=kilili= = flowers of the date palm; _vide_ under =dabino=.


=kimba=, Xylopia æthiopica, A. Rich. (Anonaceæ). “African,”
“Guinea,” or “Negro Pepper.” A tree; the small cylindrical
black pods are sold as a medicine and spice.


=kimba kimba= or =kimbar dawaki=, &c., Hyptis pectinata, Poir
(Labiatæ). An erect odorous weed of damp places.


=kimbar dutsi=, _vide_ =kamu mowa=.


=kimbar mahalba= (Sok. Kats. and Zanf.), Lantana salvifolia,
Jacq. (Verbenaceæ). An undershrub with fragrant leaves and flowers
used to flavour food, milk, &c.


=kimbar rafi=, ?Platystonia africana, P. Beauv. (Labiatæ). A
luxuriant weed of river-beds with slightly fragrant leaves; used
medicinally.


=kinchiya= (Sok. and Kats.), Stylochiton Dalzielii,
N.E. Br. (Aroideæ). Syn. =gwandayi=, _q.v._


=ḳini= (Sok. and Kats.), Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. (Leguminosæ). A
branched undershrub with soft leaves and pink flowers; used
medicinally. Syn. =maraguwa= (Katagum, &c.).


=kiri kiri=, Cynodon dactylon, Pers. (Gramineæ). “Dub Grass.”
“Bermuda Grass.” A small creeping grass with narrow radiating
flower-spikes; a good fodder; capable of forming turf and binding
sand. Syn. =tsarkiyar zomo= (Sok.).


=kiriya=, Prosopis oblonga, Benth. (Leguminosæ); an acacia-like tree
with white flowering spikes and brown pods; the seeds called _akiye_
or _akwiye_ (Nupe _piye_), are used to make _daudawa_, _q.v._

_namijin kiriya_, _vide_ _kolo_.

_kiriyar kurumi_ or _kaḍanyar kurumi_, a name given to a hard-wooded
forest tree of the Benué region, not known in Hausa.


=kirni= (Kano), or =kisni= (Sok. and Zanf.), Briedelia ferruginea,
Benth. (Euphorbiaceæ). A shrub, the root of which is in some
districts used as an antidote to arrow-poison. _makubar mahalba_ =
a fermented extract of the bark used sometimes for hardening floors;
(_vide_ under =ḍorowa=).


=kirtani=, a strong twine made from fibre of =yawan wake=,
=tumfafiya=, and =yaḍiya=, _q.v._


=ḳi taḅewa=, a medicine; sold in the form of small tuberous pieces
with rootlets (probably the root of a grass); used in fumigation as
a charm, love-potion, &c. (Etym. “fail me never”).


=ḳodagaya=, a kind of bean; ?Canavalia ensiformis, DC. Cultivated
as a climber on fences and trees, &c.


=ḳodago= or (=ḳwalo=), the hard-shelled nut of the Dum palm,
_vide_ under =goriba=.


=kokara=, a hard-wooded tree; walking-sticks and cudgels called
_umara_, are made from it.


=ko karani=, a var. of =rama=, _q.v._


=ḳoḳiya=, Strychnos spinosa, Lam. (Loganiaceæ). A tree with
yellow hard-shelled fruit a little larger than an orange; the acid
pulp is edible, the seeds are poisonous.

_namijin ḳoḳiya_, Strychnos alnifolia, Baker, and
S. triclisioides, Baker; two very similar shrubs with smaller fruit
than =ḳoḳiya=; not edible.


=ḳoḳiyar biri= (Kontagora), Voacanga obtusa,
K. Schum. (Apocynaceæ). A tree with paired capsular fruit, which
grows in damp ravines.


=koko=, _vide_ under =duma=.


=kokochiko=, Oncoba spinosa, Forsk. (Bixaceæ); a thorny tree with
white rose-like flowers and a hard globular fruit which is used as
a rattle. (Etym. _kokochiko_ = a child’s rattle).


=kokuwa= (Sok. and West), Limonia sp. (Rutaceæ); a tree with hard
green orange-like fruit.


=kolo= (Zanfara), Amblygonocarpus Schweinfurthii,
Harms. (Leguminosæ); a large tree with twice-pinnate leaves and
brown 4-angled pods. Syn. =namijin kiriya= (Sok.), =kashi kashi=
?(Kontagora).


=kololo=, a var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.


=komaya= (Kano), Eragrostis tremula, Hochst. (Gramineæ). A
common wild fodder grass; grain eaten in scarcity. Syn. =burburwa=
(Sok.). _komaya ta fadama_, Eragrostis biformis, Kunth. and other
spp.; taller grasses of wet places, resembling =komaya=.


=komfa= or =chitta komfa=, a var. of spice; _vide_ under =chitta=.


=korkoro= (Kontagora), a grass, _vide_ =fafewa=. _cf._ also
=kwarkoro=, _vide_ under =kwarko=.


=ḳosai=, _vide_ under =wake=.


=ḳosain rogo=, Dioscorea dumetorum, Pax. (Dioscorideæ); a species
of wild yam with 3-fol. leaves. Syn. =rogon biri=.


=kosfa= = the shell or pod of a dehiscent fruit.


=kuḅewa=, Hibiscus esculentus, Linn. (Malvaceæ). Okra. A
broad-leaved malvaceous plant cultivated for its mucilaginous capsules
used as a vegetable. Syn. =guro= (Sok.);

_takeyi_ (East Hausa) = soup of okra (from the Ful. name
_takeiyeji_). (=kubewa=, pumpkin, _vide_ =kabewa=).


=kubla= (Sok.), or =kulla=, Thonningia sanguinea,
Vahl. (Balanophoreæ); a parasitic plant found in the bush, with an
aromatic root used as a spice.


=kudaku= (Sok. Zanf., &c.). Sweet Potato. _vide_ =dankali=.


=ḳuduji=, Striga senegalensis, Benth. (Scrophularineæ). A
red-flowered parasitic weed common in cultivated fields. It is
believed to destroy the growing =dawa=, and hence is called =makasar
dawa= or =makasha=. Syn. =wuta wuta=; =gaugayi= ?(Gobir).


=kufi=, an oily extract made from the seeds of =zurma= (Castor Oil,
Ricinus communis), =chi ni da zugu= (Physic Nut, Jatropha Curcas),
and =aduwa= (Balanites ægyptiaca); used as an application for sores
in domestic stock.


=kugundugu=, _vide_ under =dankali=.


=kujeme=, _vide_ under =kaḍanya=.


=kuka=, Adansonia digitata, B. Juss. (Malvaceæ). “Baobab,”
“Monkey Bread Tree,” “Sour Gourd.” Inner bark used for rope,
strings of musical instruments, &c. The acid and mucilaginous pulp
of the fruit is used in various ways as food and drink. _kwaikwaiyo_
(Kano) = the husk or shell of the indehiscent fruit; _garin kuka_
= the mealy acid pulp around the seeds; _guntsu_ (Kano) = seeds of
kuka (Ful. _gorgomi_); _daudawar kuka_ = fermented cakes made from
the seeds (as with =ḍorowa=, _q.v._), also called _katsami_ (Kano
and East); _chusar doki_ = pounded leaves of _kuka_, with _dusa_ and
_kanwa_, used as food or medicine for horses; _miyar kuka_ or _kalun
kuka_ = the leaves used for soup; _kumbali_ = the Baobab flower.


=kukuki=, Sterculia tomentosa, Guill. et Perr. (Sterculiaceæ); a
common tree which yields a gum like tragacanth; the bark contains an
almost tasteless watery juice which is sucked by thirsty carriers, &c.


=kulbutu=, _vide_ =tsana=.


=kulla=, _vide_ =kubla=.


=kuloko= (Sok., &c.) = a black dye for leather, prepared as a
fermented extract of “Sant Pods” (=bagaruwa=, _q.v._ Acacia
arabica), and _kwan mukera_ (blacksmiths’ refuse of fused iron
oxide and carbon), and mixed with honey or syrup.


=kulufita=, a small prolific var. of the native bitter tomato; _vide_
under =gauta=. (Etym. _kullum fita_).


=kumbali= = the flower of the Baobab; _vide_ under =kuka=.


=ḳumbar shafo=, _vide_ =farichin shafo=.


=kumbu=, _vide_ under =duma=.


=ḳumchi= (Sok. and Zanf.), _vide_ =majiriyar kurumi=.


=kunda= (Sok. and Kats.), an insect-gall forming a swelling on
the stem of the grass =katsaimu=, _q.v._ used as a toy dart to
shoot birds.


=ḳundu=, _vide_ =giginya=.


=ḳunḳushewa=, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Loes. (Celastrineæ);
a common shrub in the bush, with spines and delicate white
flowers. Syn. =namijin tsada=.


=kunnen zomo=, _vide_ =takalmin zomo=.


=kununguru= (East Hausa), Commelyna nudiflora, Linn.; a common weed,
better known as =balasa=, _q.v._


=ḳurar shanu=, Euphorbia ægyptiaca, Boiss. (Euphorbiaceæ); a small
weed of pastures with milky juice; used medicinally. Syn. =rapasa=
(Kano).


=kurḍi=, Burkea africana, Hook. (Leguminosæ); a large hard-wooded
tree with black bark and pale twice-pinnate leaves; sometimes called
=baḳin maḳarfo=. (In Sokoto =itchen kurḍi= = Melia Azedarach,
_vide_ =kurnan nasara=). _cf._ also =kariye gatari=.


=kurḍin machiji= (Katagum), Ipomœa sp. (Convolvulaceæ). A twining
convolvulus with purple and white flowers. (Etym. perhaps from the
resemblance of the ripe capsules to cowrie shells).


=kurgum= (Kanuri) = turmeric; _vide_ =gangamau=.


=kuringa=, _vide_ =kwaranga=.


=kuriya= (Sok. and Zanf.), Bombax buonopozense,
Beauv. (Malvaceæ). “Red-flowered Silk Cotton Tree.”
Syn. =gurjiya=, _q.v._


=kurna=, Zizyphus Spina-Christi, Willd. (Rhamnaceæ). A thorny tree
with brownish edible berries, common in towns. _cf._ =magariya=.


=kurnan nasara= (Kontagora, &c.), Melia Azedarach,
Linn. (Meliaceæ). “Pride of India,” “Persian or Egyptian
Lilac,” or “Bead Tree.” A tree with twice-pinnate leaves and
panicles of lilac flowers, often planted in towns. (The ovoid yellow
fruit has a superficial resemblance to that of =kurna=. Etym. from
its exotic origin; _nasara_ = Christian). In Sokoto called =itchen
kurḍi= or =taḅa ni ka samu= (=kurḍi=) from some belief in luck
associated with it; seeds called _yayan tasbaha_ because used for
rosary beads.


=kurtu= or =kurtun lalle=, _vide_ under =duma=.


=kurukubi=, Grewia sp. (Tiliaceæ); a shrub with rough leaves and
edible berries.


=ḳuruḳuru= (Sok. Kats. Katagum, &c.), Feretia canthioides,
Hiern. (Rubiaceæ); a shrub with fragrant jasmine-like white
flowers. Syn. =lallen suri= or =lallen jibba= (from its common
habitat near ant-hills); =goge= (?Hausa); _vide_ =rigyakafi=.


=ḳurzun ḍinya=, _vide_ under =ḍinya=.


=kurzunu=, a tubercled variety of an edible gourd like a cucumber;
(?a var. of the bottle-gourd Lagenaria vulgaris, _vide_ under =duma=).


=kusumburuwa=, _vide_ under =dawa=.


=kututu=, _vide_ under =masara=.


=kwachiya=, a small calabash; _vide_ under =duma=.


=kwagiri=, a woody creeper, a sort of jointed cane used for walking
sticks, &c.


=kwaikwaiyo=, _vide_ under =kuka= and =aduwa=.


=kwakwa=, Elais guineensis, Jacq. (Palmeæ). Oil Palm. _man ja_ =
palm oil derived from the outer fleshy pulp of the nut; the kernel
yields a different oil.


=kwakwar Attagara=, Cocos nucifera, Linn. Coco-nut Palm (from the
name of an Igara town on the lower Niger).


=kwalli kwalli=, _vide_ under =geḍa=.


=ḳwalo= = the ripe hard-shelled nut of the palm =goriba=, _q.v._
Syn. =ḳodago=.


=kwalshi= = the edible kernel of the unripe nut of =goriba= chiefly
(but also of =giginya=); _q.v._


=ḳwama= (Sok. and Gobir), a var. of the common bean; _vide_
under =wake=.


=ḳwandariya=, a thorny acacia yielding gum; (?Acacia caffra,
Willd.); stems used for walking-sticks; said to be so thorny that
_biri ya kwana a ḳassa_.


=kwankwani=, Strophanthus hispidus, DC. and S. sarmentosus,
DC. (Apocynaceæ). Arrow-poison plants. The former is a shrub with
lax branches, frequently cultivated, with long narrow beaked pods; the
latter a tall woody climber growing on trees, &c. chiefly in ravines,
and has stout obtuse pods. The seeds are the chief and the only
essential ingredient in N. Nigerian arrow-poison. Syn. =tantsiya=
(Sok. Ful. _tantsiyari_). =yaḅi= (East Hausa) = arrow-poison
(from _yaḅe_ to daub or smear); syn. =zabgai=.


=kwankwan dafi= (Sok. and Kats.), Indigofera echinata,
Willd. (Leguminosæ). _vide_ =gujiyar hankaka=.


=kwankwarimi= (Zanfara), Wissadula rostrata, Planch. (Malvaceæ). A
tall stiff undershrub with small yellow flowers; the bark yields a
hemp-like fibre. Sometimes called =ramar kurimi=.


=kwankwarita= (East Hausa), Trapa bispinosa,
Roxb. (Onagrarieæ). “Water Chestnut.” _vide_ under =geḍar
ruwa=. The name includes the rhizome of =bădo=, _q.v._


=kwanta Ali da zugu=, a var. of the cotton shrub; _vide_ under
=abduga=.


=kwantal= (Sok.), or =gurji kwantal=; _vide_ =gurji=.


=kwaranga= or (=kuringa=), =kwarangar wofi=, Smilax
Kraussiana, Meisn. (Liliaceæ); a prickly twiner with 5-nerved
leaves and a tuberous root used medicinally; related to
Sarsaparilla. (Etym. “bastard ladder”). Syn. ?=ḳayar kusu=.


=ḳwaras ḳwaras=, the same as =kwaruru= but _vide_ under =gujiya=.


=kwardauḍa=, _vide_ =dauḍa=.


=kwari=, a slender soft-wooded tree with long broad leaves, in
ravines, sometimes called “Cabbage Tree.” (Etym. _kwari_
= a quiver, because used for making quivers). Anthocleista
nobilis, G. Don. (= A. Vogelii, Planch.) and A. parviflora, Baker
(Loganiaceæ).


=ḳwariya=, the common calabash; _vide_ under =duma=.


=kwarko= (Kano), or =kwarkoro=, Argemone mexicana,
Linn. (Papaveraceæ). “Yellow Mexican Poppy,” a common prickly
poppy of fields and waste places near houses. Syn. =haḳorin kada=
(from the Ful. name); =ya= (or =ka=) =ḳi ruwan Allah= (because
essentially a dry-season plant, and because the glaucous leaves throw
off rain or dew); (_kada ka taḅa yaro_ is a Yoruba equivalent). The
root is used for cotton spools, and as a stimulant by drummers, &c.


=kwaruru=, Voandzeia subterranea, Thouars. (Leguminosæ). The
Bambarra Ground Nut. Syn. =gujiya=, _q.v._ A species of ground
bean cultivated like =geḍa= and like it developing its pods
underground. It differs from =geḍa= in having 3-foliate leaves
(4 leaflets in =geḍa=), and spherical usually one-seeded pods
with variegated seeds. The allied Kerstingiella geocarpa, Harms. is
cultivated in some districts in Nupé and the south. _yaro da dariya_
= the seeds cracked and roasted (etym. from the gaping cracks);
_abakuru_ (Yoruba _obokuru_) = cooked ovoid cakes or balls with
pepper, salt, &c. fried in oil (prepared preferably from _kwaruru_
because it keeps better on a journey, &c.). _lubatu_ = a kind of
food made from _kwaruru_. (Etym. Yor. _epa roro_ = round ground nut).


=ḳwiwa= or =ḳwiya=, Adenodolichos sp. nr. A. Auchietas,
Harms. (Leguminosæ); a tall undershrub with 3-foliate leaves and
slender straight branches used for _tanka_, &c.


=ḳwododo=, _vide_ =ḳabdodo=.


=ḳwododon kwaḍo= (Kano), Amorphophallus Barteri, N.E. Br. (and
other similar species of Aroideæ), an oddly shaped plant of the
Arum lily family, with a flat lurid purple spathe. Syn. =maḳworin
maḳwododo= and =buran kare=, _q.v._


=kwokiya=, a var. of melon; _vide_ under =guna=.


=kwokwo= or =ḳoḳo=, a small var. of calabash; _vide_ under =duma=.


=kwosusu=, the second annual crop of indigo, said to be better than
the first; _vide_ under =baba=.


=kwoton tadawa=, _vide_ under =duma=.


=kwotowa= (Sok.), Pergularia tomentosa, Linn. (Asclepiadeæ); _vide_
=fatakka=.


=kyamro= or =kyauro=, =k. kibiya=, Saccharum spontaneum,
Linn. (Gramineæ). A tall grass of river-banks and wet places
with white plume-like flowering panicle. Stems commonly used for
arrow-shafts. Syn. =sheme=, and ?=sansari= (Illo; used for arrows
with detachable head). Sometimes referred to as _abokin kibiya_.


=ḳyara=, Cymbopogon Ruprechtii, Hack. (Gramineæ). A very common
tall grass with sharp long-awned spikelets; used for _zana_ after
the spikelets have fallen.


=ḳyasuwa= or =ḳansuwa=, Pennisetum pedicellatum, (and P. setosum)
(Gramineæ). A coarse tall grass with fluffy flowering heads;
a common pest in waste places in towns, &c. Syn. =fura= (Kano and
East). Sometimes distinguished from a somewhat similar grass of wet
places as =ḳ. tudu= or =ḳ. waje=. _cf._ =duza=.


                                  =L=


=labaye= = =tofo=, _q.v._ sprouting leaves of any plant; (_sabon
ganye mai tofo_).


=laḅayi=, a var. of cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=laḅanda=, a name given to several varieties of grass used for
thatching; in Sokoto and Zanfara generally = Andropogon apricus,
var. africanus, Hack. _vide_ =jan baḳo=.


=labsur= or =lausur=, Lepidium sativum,
Linn. (Cruciferæ). “Common” or “Garden Cress.” Cultivated
in Kano, &c. The seeds are a native medicine called =algarif=, _q.v._


=labuje=, a var. of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.


=ladiko=? a species of bean; _vide_ =ḅarankachi=. (Possibly =
_lalego_ (Kano), a sort of hand-rattle used by women).


=laka=, _vide_ under =shalla=.


=lalaki= (Sok.), _vide_ under =shinkafa=.


=lalemo= (Sok.), a grass for thatching.


=lalle=, Lawsonia alba, Lam. (Lythrarieæ). “Egyptian Privet”
or “_Henna_;” a small shrub planted for the sake of the leaves
which are used all over the Sudan, in Egypt and the East, to dye
the nails, &c.


=lallen jibba= or =lallen suri=, _vide_ =ḳuruḳuru=.


=lallen shamuwa= (Sok.), Gisekia pharnaceoides, Linn. (Ficoideæ);
a common spreading weed. (Etym. probably from the ruddy tinge of
the plant). Syn. ?=dandami=.


=lalu=, Corchorus tridens, L. and C. trilocularis, L. (Tiliaceæ);
common weeds related to jute, used as pot-herbs. Syn. =turgunuwa=;
(including also the wild form of C. olitorius, _vide_ under
=malafiya=).


=lanya=, _vide_ =limniya=.


=lausur=, _vide_ =labsur=.


=lawashi=, _vide_ under =albasa=.


=lawur=, 1. = Sweet Potato, _vide_ =dankali=. 2. A var. of =gero=,
_q.v._


=lemu=, Citrus Medica, var. acida, Brandis (Aurantiaceæ). The Lime. A
naturalized shrub in Nigeria. _babban lemu_ or _lemun Maka_, The
Orange (Citrus Aurantium, Linn.). _lemun yan sariki_, _lemun magajiya_
or _lemun Masar_, The Citron (Citrus Medica, Linn.); rare but half
naturalized near Sokoto. _namijin lemu_, _vide_ =innuwar gada=.


=liḍi=, _vide_ =riḍi=.


=limniya= or =lanya= = green algæ forming a slimy growth in stagnant
water. Syn. =dauḍar ruwa=.


=limniyar kwaḍi= or =lanyar kwaḍi=, Kœmpferia æthiopica,
Benth. (Scitamineæ); a plant with a conspicuous delicate
purple flower growing in shady places (commonly mistaken for an
orchid). Etym. = “frog-spawn,” from the slimy juice.


=loda= or =lodar marina=, Vitis pallida, Baker
(Ampelideæ). Syn. =dafara=, _q.v._ A vine. The viscid extract of the
root-bark gives a smooth surface to native cement used for dye-pits,
&c. N.B. In Sokoto the name _loda_ is also used for the plant with
viscid juice, Rogeria adenophylla, J. Gay (Pedaliaceæ), _vide_
=baba rodo=.


=lojiya=, _vide_ =rojiya=.


=loko=, Chlorophora excelsa, Benth. and
Hook. fil. (Urticaceæ). _Iroko_ (S. Nigeria), or _Odum_ (Gold Coast);
a large timber tree; used for canoes, building, &c.


=lubiya=, _vide_ =rubiya=.


=luddai=, a var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.


=lubatu=, a kind of food made from the ground-bean =kwaruru=, _q.v._


                                  =M=


=mabakachi=, a large calabash; _vide_ under =duma=.


=machara=, a name for more than one species of grass with hollow
stems; chiefly = the tall reed-grass Arundo Donax, Linn. from which
flageolets are made. Syn. =gabara=, _q.v._ Also the smaller Panicum
proliferum, Lam. var. longijubatum, Stapf; used by boys to make
small whistles.


=maḍachi= or =maḍwachi= (Sok.), Khaya senegalensis,
A. Juss. (Meliaceæ). A large timber tree; one of the species of
“African Mahogany.” The bark is much used medicinally. (Etym. from
the bitter bark).


=maḍachin ḳassa=, Aristolochia albida. Syn. =dumar dutsi=; _vide_
under =gaḍaukuka=.


=maḍaḍafi=, Desmodium lasiocarpum, DC. (Leguminosæ); an
undershrub the seeds of which are covered with minute hooked hairs
which adhere to the clothing; _vide_ =ḍan kaḍafi=.


=maḍaḍafin kusu=, _vide_ =ḳarangiyar kusu=.


=maḍas= or =maḍat=, a poison usually made from =tururibi=, _q.v._
used for killing fish and vermin, as well as criminally.


=madobia=, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Poir. (Leguminosæ). An “African
Rosewood” or “Bloodwood.” A large tree with yellow flowers and
flat winged fruit with soft prickles. The blood-red resin from the
trunk is a variety of “African Kino,” or “Dragon’s Blood,”
a medicinal astringent. The bark is in some districts used as a red
dye or cosmetic like =majigi=, _q.v._ where the latter is scarce.


=maga=, a var. of date; _vide_ under =ḍabino=.


=maganin kunama= (Katagum), the local name for a leguminous weed with
yellow flowers and inflated pods, used as a remedy for scorpion bite;
Crotalaria atrorubens, Hochst.


=magariya=, Zizyphus jujuba, Lam. (Rhamnaceæ). “Jujube Tree.”
A thorny shrub, resembling =kurna=, _q.v._ with pale brown edible
berries.


=magariyar kura=, Zizyphus mucronata,
Willd. (Rhamnaceæ). “Buffalo-horn.” A thorny scrambling shrub
with red-brown berries; not edible.


=magiumfa= (Zanfara), _vide_ =majimfa=.


=magudiya= (Kano, Sok., &c.), Polycarpæa linearifolia,
DC. (Caryophylleæ). A common herb with heads of small scarious
flowers; a common medicinal charm and ingredient of love-philtres,
&c. (_maganin farin jini_). Syn. =fular tsofo=. _cf._ =bakin
suda=. Also called =mai-nasara=, when used as a charm in hunting
or war.


=mai-farin kai= (Sok.), Tricholæna rosea, Nees. var. sphacelata;
a grass about 2 feet high with silvery fluffy flowering panicle.


=mai-kain dubu= (Sok.), Alternanthera sessilis, Br. (Amaranthaceæ); a
prostrate weed with numerous small clusters of inconspicuous flowers.


=maikeri=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=mai-lalita=, _vide_ under =matsarmama=.


=mai-nasara=, _vide_ under =magudiya=.


=maiwa=, Pennisetum spicatum, R. and S. _var._ a var of millet;
_cf._ =gero= and =damro=; less wholesome than =gero=, and said to
be injurious to horses.


=maje= (Sok., &c.), Pardaniellia Oliveri, Rolfe, (Daniellia Thurifera,
Bennett), “West Afr. Copaiba Balsam Tree.” Syn. =kadaura= (Kano,
Zaria, &c.), _q.v._ Both names are equally well known; sometimes
loosely included under the name =ḳaro=, _q.v._ _ḳaron maje_
(in Sokoto sometimes also called _ḳaron darma_) = the exuded
balsam or oleo-resin, a variety of West Afr. copal, used as scent
to fumigate clothing, to impart a gloss to beaten dyed cloth, &c.


=majigi=, Baphia pubescens, Hook. fil. (Leguminosæ). Camwood,
a tree the wood of which is used as a red dye and cosmetic. (Also
probably B. nitida, Afzel. in the south). _cf._ =madobia=.


=majimfa= or =magiumfa= (or =jimfa=), Tephrosia Vogelii,
Hook. fil. (Leguminosæ); an erect shrub cultivated near houses;
the leaves are much used as a poison to stupefy fish. =baina= (Kano)
= the fish-poison prepared from it. _cf._ =ago=.


=majiriya= (Sok. and Kats.), or =minjiriya= (Kano, &c.), Erythrina
senegalensis, DC. (Leguminosæ). “Coral Tree;” a prickly tree
with brilliant scarlet flowers and 3-foliate leaves. The scarlet
seeds are sometimes called =idon zakara=, _q.v._


=majiriyar kurumi= (Kano), Phyllanthus floribundus,
Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceæ); a thorny scrambling shrub with small red
berries. (The term =ḳumchi=, Sok. and Zanf. is sometimes applied
to this, and more widely to any thorny thicket; _cf._ =gumbi=
and =dufuwa=).


=maka= = dried bean leaves; _vide_ under =wake=.


=makafo=, =makafo da wayo=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=maḳaimi=, _vide_ =tsuwawun zaki=.


=maḳarfo=, Afrormosia laxiflora, Harms. (Leguminosæ);
a hard-wooded tree with smooth bark and shining foliage; the
wood is used for axe-handles, &c. the bark and root are used
medicinally. (Etym. probably _ḳarifi_—from the hardness of the
wood). Sometimes also called =kariye gatari= (“break axe”). _cf._
=baḳin maḳarfo=, _vide_ =kurḍi=.


=makari=, Digitaria sp.? A grass cultivated in some districts with
a small grain like =acha=, _q.v._


=makarin dafi= = any antidote to arrow-poison, usually vegetable
substances containing tannin. _cf._ =bi ta ka tsira=.


=makarin faḳo=, Panicum falciferum, Trin. (Gramineæ). A wild grass
1½ to 2 feet high, with golden hairy flowering spike; seeds edible,
sometimes gathered for food.


=makasar dawa= and =makasha=, _vide_ =ḳuduji=.


=makuba=, _vide_ under =ḍorowa=.


=makubar mahalba=, _vide_ under =kirni=.


=maḳworin maḳwododo=, _vide_ =ḳwododon kwaḍo=.


=malafiya= (or =marafiya=), Corchorus olitorius,
L. (Tiliaceæ). “Jews’ Mallow.” One of the jute plants,
cultivated in N. Nigeria more as a vegetable than for
fibre. (Arab. _molukhiya_).


=malami= or =malami na mata=, Mukia scabrella, Arn. (Cucurbitaceæ);
a small twiner with rough leaves and red berries resembling
Bryony. (Etym. from its frequent use as a love-charm). Syn. =gautan
zomo=.


=malamkochi=, _vide_ =zaḳi banza=.


=malga= or =marga=, _vide_ =gamma faḍa=.


=malle=, =m. kabi=, =m. mama=, =m. Zanfara=; varieties of =dawa=,
_q.v._


=malmo=, Eugenia owariensis, Beauv. (Myrtaceæ); an evergreen tree
with fragrant flowers and leaves, and black or purple berries;
common by streams and pools.


=mangoro=, the name given to the mango, Mangifera indica,
Linn. (Anacardiaceæ).


=manta uwa=, 1. A medicine given to a child at weaning, or to
prevent a slave running away (etym. “forget mother”); the name
is applied to several plants; (in Katagum the species was Crotalaria
arenaria, R. Br. Leguminosæ, a low weed with small yellow flowers and
inflated pods). 2. A name for some epiphytic orchids, e.g. Ansellia
congoensis, Rodiges, &c. (etym. because growing on trees away from
the ground). _vide_ =muruchin bissa=.


=marafiya=, _vide_ =malafiya=.


=maraguwa=, _vide_ =ḳini=.


=marasiri=, _vide_ under =riḍi=.


=marga= or =malga=, _vide_ =gamma faḍa=.


=mariḳe=, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Guill. et Perr. (Combretaceæ). A
tree with small pale leaves and balls of whitish flowers; a good
timber; it yields a soluble gum; the fruit is used as a vermifuge
for horses, &c. “Chew-stick Tree.” =ḍan marike= (Katagum, &c.),
Indigofera secundiflora, Poir. (Leguminosæ). A weed or low undershrub
with pale pinnate leaves covered with a gummy glandular secretion.


=marin kusu=, Pupalia lappacea, Juss. (Amaranthaceæ); a straggling
spiny weed of waste places, resembling =ḳaimin ḳadangare=, _q.v._
(Etym. “mouse’s irons”).


=marmare=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=marsa=, a var. of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.


=masaki=, a large calabash; _vide_ under =duma=.


=masakowa= or =mazakwa=, a dry-season var. of Guinea-Corn; _vide_
under =dawa=.


=masara=, Zea Mays, Linn. (Gramineæ). Maize. Indian Corn. Varieties
are:—_m. wada_, a dwarf variety; _m. Fulani_; _m. kwona_, tall
with about 3 corn cobs with large white grain; _kain masara_ or
_maburkaki_ = the terminal male inflorescence; _goyon masara_ =
the lateral fruiting spike or mealie cob; _toton masara_ (Sok.),
or _kututu_ (Kano and East) = the cob after removal of seeds, used
to make pipe-stems.


=mashayi=, Clerodendron capitatum, Sch. and Thonn. (Verbenaceæ). A
shrub with bunches of tubular white flowers and purple berries;
the pithy branches are used for pipe-stems. Etym. instrument used
for smoking; _cf. syn._ =tataba= (Sok.).


=mashin zomo=, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Linn. (Filices). “Adder’s
tongue fern,” a small fern with simple leaf and erect fruiting
spike. (Etym. “hare’s spear”).


=masoro=, “West Afr. Black Pepper,” “Benin Pepper;” small
dried berries sold for spice and medicinal use; the fruit of Piper
Clusii, Cas. DC. (?P. guineense, Piperaceæ); a climbing plant on
trees in the South.


=masun ḳadangare=, _vide_ =tsatsarar ḅera=.


=matakashi=, a plant resembling _sesame_ (_vide_ =riḍi=); used
for soup.


=matsagi= or =matsatsagi=, _vide_ =jirga=.


=matsarmama=, Physalis angulata, L. and P. minima, L. (Solanaceæ);
common weeds of waste places with inflated calyx enclosing a
small berry; (related to the Cape Gooseberry, P. peruviana);
used medicinally. Etym. _matsarmama_ = gall-bladder; also called
=mai-lalita=—_lalita_ = a small leather pouch. Syn. ?=domashin maza=
(Katag.).


=maye=, _vide_ under =shiwaka=.


=mazakwa=, a dry-season var. of Guinea Corn; _vide_ under =dawa=.


=mazarin kyanwa=, an insect-gall on the grass =katsaimu=, _q.v._


=meḍi=, a fibre from the root-bark of the shrub =ḍunḍu=, _q.v._
and from other acacias, root of the “dum” palm &c. _cf._ =yawa=,
and _vide_ =ḍakwora=, =goriba=, &c. Used for network bags, &c.,
mending calabashes, &c.


=mijin kaḍai=, _vide_ under =kaḍanya=.


=mijin goro=, _vide_ under =goro=.


=minjiriya=, _vide_ =majiriya=.


=minu=, the smallest kola nuts, _vide_ under =goro=.


=miya tsanya= (Sok. and Kats.), Sida rhombifolia, L. (Malvaceæ);
an undershrub or perennial weed with small yellow flowers and a
fibrous bark. (Etym. “grasshoppers’ greens”). It is one of
the plants included in =kaskaifi=, _q.v._


=moda=, Sansevieria sp. (Liliaceæ). “African Bowstring Hemp;” a
stemless plant with long straight mottled leaves affording a useful
fibre; root and leaf used medicinally.


=murli= = the unexpanded fronds of any palm (_kwakwa_, _giginya_,
_goriba_, _tukuruwa_). _shedari_ = a mat made from _murlin giginya_.


=murtsunguwa=, a long-leaved stemless plant, sometimes added to
arrow-poison. Syn. ?=gunguma=.


=muruchi=, the young germinating shoots of the Fan Palm, _vide_
=giginya=, used as a vegetable.


=muruchin bisa= or =m. sama=, a name for several species of orchid,
growing as epiphytes on trees,—Ansellia congoensis and other
spp. _vide_ =manta uwa=.


=muruchin daji=, a name for some ground orchids with long straight
leaves; usually Habenaria spp. growing in wet places.


=muruchin jibba= or =m. jibji=, a species of fungus; _vide_ under
=tumukun suri=.


=muruchin makaruwa=, Curculigo gallabatensis,
Schweinf. (Amaryllideæ). A stemless plant with straight grass-like
leaves, yellow flowers, and a thickened root-stock; syn. =doyar
kurege=.


                                  =N=


=naman kaza= (=naman angulu=, &c.), Agaricus campestris, the edible
mushroom. (Etym. from the pale fleshy appearance of the cut surface,
but sometimes also called =naman ḳassa=).


=nanafo=, Celosia trigyna, Linn. (Amaranthaceæ). An erect weed with
white scarious flowers. Used as a medicine for tapeworm, &c.


=nanare= (Sok.), _vide_ under =shinkafa=.


=nanake=, Aspilia Kotschyi, Benth. and Hook. (Compositæ). A plant
in the bush with rough foliage and deep purple flowers.


=nata=, _vide_ under =goro=.


=nobe=, Cymbopogon sennariensis, var. proximus, Stapf (Gramineæ). A
fragrant grass, 2 to 3 feet high, with very narrow leaves; much used
for thatch. _cf._ =tsabre=.


=nome= (Sok., &c.), Sesamum indicum, Linn. Sesame or Beni seed;
_vide_ =riḍi=.


=nonon ḅariya=, Lactuca taraxacifolia, Sch. and
Thonn. (Compositæ). A field weed with pale yellow flowers and milky
juice. (_ḅariya_ = a species of gazelle).


=nonon giwa=, _vide_ =rahaina=.


=nonon gwanki=, Ficus sp. A tree of the fig tribe with milky juice.


=nonon kura=, Cucumis metuliferus, E. Mey. (Cucurbitaceæ). A climber
with a cucumber-shaped fruit covered with large spines, scarlet when
ripe. Also called =buran zaki=.


=nonon kurchiya=, Euphorbia hirta, Linn. (= E. pilulifera, &c.),
a prostrate weed with clusters of small inconspicuous flowers
and milky juice; used medicinally. (Allied species are included,
e.g. E. convolvuloides, Hochst. &c.)


=nunu= (Sok. and Kano), the fruit of the tree =danya=, _q.v._


                                  =P=


=parpatsi= or =farfatsi=, _vide_ =dandana=.


=pasa daga=, _vide_ =fasa daga=.


=pasa ḳabba=, _vide_ =fasa ḳabba=.


=pasa ḳwari=, _vide_ =fasa ḳwari=.


=piyaka= or =fiyaka=, _vide_ =jibda ḳassa=.


=punkaso=, _vide_ under =alkama=.


                                  =R=


=Raḅa=, Cyanotis lanata, Benth. (Commelynaceæ); a somewhat
succulent herb growing amongst grass, which is said to cause eczema
of horses’ muzzles. (Etym. from _raḅa_ = dew, which is supposed
to have a similar effect).


=rahaina=, Kigelia æthiopica, Decne, var. bornuensis, Sprague
(Bignoniaceæ). “Sausage-tree.” A large shade tree with pendulous
lurid purple flowers, and huge cucumber-shaped fruit. Syn. =rawuya=
(Sok.), and =nonon giwa=.


=rai ḍore=, Cassia occidentalis, Linn. (Leguminosæ). An erect
shrubby plant with pinnate leaves and yellow flowers, of the senna
tribe; used medicinally for fevers, &c. (Etym. from attributed
restorative powers). Syn. =sanga sanga= (Sok. and West), and
=Ba-Zanfare= (Katagum and East).


=rake= (Kano, &c.), (Saccharum officinarum), Linn. (Gramineæ). One of
the species of sugar-cane, grown near streams; =arakke= (Sok.). Called
also =karan sariki=. _cf._ =takanḍa=.


=raken giwa= (or =takanḍar giwa=), Peucedanum sp. (Umbelliferæ);
a shrub with pinnate leaves and fragrant sap; used as a scented
fumigation for clothing. _cf._ =takanḍar giwa=.


=rama=, Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn. (Malvaceæ), and perhaps
H. lunariifolius, Willd. “Bastard Jute,” “Indian Hemp.” A
tall straight annual grown for its bark fibre from which cordage
is made; leaves acid, used in soup. Black, white and red varieties
are recognized according to the tint of the bark—_jar rama_,
_farar rama_; _ḳare aiki_ (Sok.), with black and red varieties
(etym. because considered the last agricultural labour of the
season); or _koka rani_ (Katsina), and _dirin da rani_ (Kano),
_jirin da rani_ (Bauchi), _ganwon rama_ = coil of _rama_ bark or
fibre. _ḍinkin rama_ = leaves of _rama_ used for soup; _vide_ under
_ḍinya_. _ḳeḳasheshe_ or _tsiyayi_ = peeled stems of _rama_,
used in medicine in occult practice and as a sooty application when
burnt applied for mural decoration. _ramar rafi_, &c. wild varieties
of the same botanical species; _vide_ _ḳarama mowa_. _ramar kurumi_,
_vide_ _kwankwarimi_; _rama rama_, _vide_ _ramaniya_.


=ramaniya= (Sok. Kats., &c.), Urena lobata, Linn. (Malvaceæ). A
hard erect shrub, 2 to 3 feet high with pink flowers; the bark
yields a strong fibre. Syn. =rama rama=, or =ka fi rama=; (=baḳin
garamani= and =jan tsu=, _vide_ under =garamani= and =tsu=). _cf._
also =uwar maganni=.


=ramno= (Sok.), or =rauno= (Kano), chopped grass mixed with building
clay to act as mortar. _cf._ =jan raumo=.


=rapasa=, _vide_ under =ḳurar shanu=.


=rariyar ḳassa= (Kontagora), Chrysanthellum procumbens,
Pers. (Compositæ); a small wayside weed with yellow flowers.


=rauma fada=, _vide_ =roma fada=.


=rawaya=, Cochlospermum tinctorium, Rich. (Bixaceæ); a common shrub
with yellow rose-like flowers and a yellow root used as a dye and
in cooking. Syn. zunzuna.


=rawuya=, _vide_ =rahaina=.


=riḍi=, or =liḍi=, Sesamum indicum, Linn. (Pedaliaceæ). Sesame,
Gingelly, Beni Seed. _Simsim_ (Arab.). An annual with white or
red flowers, cultivated for its oily seeds; leaves and seeds used
as food. Syn. =nome=, _cf._ =karkashi=. _marasiri_ (Ful. West)
= sesamum porridge. _samsam_ or _samsamum_ (Arab. _simsim_), an
extract probably of sesame, used as an eye medicine.


=riḍin barewa= or =nomen barewa=, Sesamum alatum,
Thonn. (Pedaliaceæ). A wild species with divided leaves and beaked
pods; not eaten.


=riḍin kada=, _vide_ =ḍeiḍoyar kare=.


=riḍin tuji=, Fimbristylis exilis, R. and S. (Cyperaceæ). A small
sedge; _vide_ =gemen kusu=.


=rigyar biri=, _vide_ =tsuwawun biri=.


=rigya kafi= (Sok.), a native prescription and reputed remedy for
syphilis composed of the plants =damaigi=, =fara biya rana=, =fasa
ḳabba= and =ḳuru ḳuru=, _q.v._


=rimani= = the fruit of the pomegranate, Punica Granatum, L. _cf._
=ruman=, the flowers of the same.


=rimi= (Kano, &c.) or =rini= (Sok.), Eriodendron orientale,
Steud. (Malvaceæ). White Silk Cotton Tree. The silky floss around
the seeds forms the upholstery material called “Kapok;” =rimin
Masar=, a variety without thorns on the branches when young, and
with a superior cotton.


=rimin agwada=, Sopubia simplex, Hochst. and other
spp. (Scrophularineæ). An erect herb in the bush with narrow leaves
and pink flowers. (_agwada_ = Rock dassie, Procavia sp.).


=rimin samari=, Oldenlandia grandiflora, Hiern. (Rubiaceæ). A common
slender-branched herb of fields and waste places, with bright red
4-partite flowers. Also O. senegalensis, Hiern. a similar plant with
smaller less conspicuous flowers. Used as a love-potion or charm
for popularity.


=rimni= (Sok.), Salix sp. (Salicaceæ). A common species of willow
on river-banks. Syn. =ba ruwana=, _q.v._


=risga=, a cultivated plant with an edible tuber. Plectranthus
sp. (Labiatæ); like the “Kaffir Potato,” P. esculentus, N.E. Br.


=risgar kurege=, Asclepias lineolata, Schl. (Asclepiadeæ). A shrub
with milky juice and umbels of purple flowers; the spindle-shaped
root tubers are used medicinally.


=roba=, Panicum pyramidale, Lam. (Gramineæ). A tall grass of marshy
places; (probably applied to several grasses).


=rogo=, Manihot palmata, Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceæ). Sweet Cassava
or Manioc; and Manihot utilissima, Pohl. Bitter Cassava. The former
or non-poisonous species is the one chiefly cultivated in Nigeria,
_cf._ =ḳarasa=. _rogon sabara_ or _r. magariya_ (Sok.) are terms
used for Cassava grown in arid areas (=sabara= and =magariya=, _q.v._
being shrubs of dry scrub districts).


=rogon biri=, _vide_ =ḳosain rogo=.


=rogon daji=, a species of vine with thickened roots; _vide_ =tsibiri
kinkini=; (also applied to other twiners with thickened roots, e.g. a
wild species of yam, Dioscorea sp., a species of Clematis, &c.).


=rojiya= or =lojiya=, a perennial herb (Asclepiadeæ), with
long narrow leaves milky juice and an edible succulent tuberous
root-stock. _rojiyar mahalba_, Xysmalobium Heudelotianum, Decne
(Asclepiadeæ); a somewhat similar plant with milky juice, short
leaves, lateral umbels of small flowers, and a harder tuberous root
edible when cooked. (The names _bauje_, _saniya_ and _daiyo_, probably
refer to the same or allied Asclepiad plants or “Milkweeds,”
with tuberous roots, e.g. Schizoglossum Petherickianum, Oliv. which
has short broad leaves and umbels of white flowers).


=roko=, a var. of bean; _vide_ under =wake=.


=rubiya= or =lubiya= = the edible figs of several species of
Ficus:—=ḅaure=, =cheḍiya=, =durumi=, =gamji=, _q.v._ (The
name is sometimes extended to include other fruits of similar shape,
&c. e.g. dates, the grapes of =dafara=, _q.v._, &c.).


=ruguguwa=, _vide_ under =kabewa=.


=ruḳuḅu=, _vide_ =zaḳi banza=.


=roma fada= or =rauma fada=, Scoparia dulcis,
L. (Scrophularineæ). “Sweet Broom Weed.” A common herb
with small white flowers. (Etym. from use as a charm to ensure
“court favour;” _roma_ = _rakiya_, to act as companion
or sponsor). _namijin roma fada_, Heliotropium zeylanicum,
Lam. (Boragineæ); a weed used medicinally; _vide_ under =Gwanja
kusa=; (probably applied to several plants with some resemblance to
=roma fada=).


=ruman= = flowers of pomegranate; _vide_ =rimani=; (_ruman_, the
Indian name).


=rumana=, Gladiolus spicatus, Klatt. G. quartinianus,
A. Rich. G. unguiculatus, Baker, and other species (Irideæ). Common
gladioli with edible corms.

_rumanan doki_, a plant with a larger bulb used as a medicine for
horses. A large species in the Benué district is sold for making
a sweet food _kunun zaḳi_.


=rumaya=, a slender grass with tough stems, used for cordage, tying
thatch, &c.


=rumfar gada=, Cassytha guineensis, Sch. et Thon. (Lauraceæ), a
parasitic leafless and rootless twiner like dodder, with wiry stems
and small clusters of white flowers and berries. Syn. ?=siliyar
sulkuwa=.


=runhu= or =rumfu=, Cassia goratensis, Fres. (Leguminosæ); a small
tree with yellow flowers; an infusion of the leaves and pods is used
as a wash in parturition, and for fever. _cf._ =rai ḍore=.


=rura=, Parinarium curatellæfolium, Planch. (Rosaceæ); a small tree
with an edible mealy pear-shaped fruit; _vide_ under =Gwanja kusa=
and =ḳaiḳai=.


                                  =S=


=sa baba sata=, a species of cultivated bean; ?the “yam bean,”
_vide_ =giri giri=.


=saḅada= or =safada=, _vide_ under =ḍorowa=.


=sabani=, Tephrosia elongata, Hook. (Leguminosæ); a tall slender
plant with pink flowers and pinnate leaves; used as a medicinal
charm. Syn. =samachi=. (Etym. “rupture of friendship”—if
a leaflet be sharply pulled apart it tears in a forked manner
suggesting the parting of roads or disagreement, such as occurs when
one challenges another to split it straight), _cf._ =shege=.


=sabara=, Guiera senegalensis, Lam. (Combretaceæ). A shrub with
whitish dusty-looking leaves, very abundant in dry infertile regions;
a typical plant of dry scrub localities with a small rainfall. Leaves
used in various ways as medicine and also as food in some northern
districts; burnt to fumigate cattle-pens, &c. to keep off flies; as
_maganin rongomi_ by women after parturition; in Sokoto a recognized
prophylactic of leprosy; &c., &c.


=saḅi=, _vide_ =baya=, Panicum albidulum, Kunth. (Gramineæ). A
wild grass with edible grain gathered by sweeping a calabash across
the heads. (Etym. from the method of gathering _saḅi_, and thus
perhaps applied to more than one species). _cf._ =garaji=.


=saḅi= or =shiḅa= = carded cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=sabko= (or =sauko=) =bubukuwa=, _vide_ =bubukuwa=.


=sabulun kuyangi=, Zornia diphylla, Pers. (Leguminosæ), a low herb
with paired leaflets; sometimes used as fodder and medicinally;
said to form a slight lather with water. (Etym. “slaves’
soap”). Syn. =sabulun sallo=.


=sabulum mata= (Sok. Zanf. and Kats.), Vernonia primulina,
O. Hoffm. (Compositæ). An erect plant, 1 to 2 feet high, with blue
thistle-like flowers. Syn. =tozalin kura=.


=safa= (Sok.), or =shafa= (Kano and East), spring onion; _vide_
=albasa=.


=sa furfura= (Sok.), Crotalaria polychotoma, Taub. (Leguminosæ). A
small herb with yellow flowers and pale pubescent leaves; supposed,
if accidentally given to an infant, to cause the hair to turn grey
before puberty. ?Syn. =yauki=, _q.v._


=sagagi= (Katagum), Indigofera simplicifolia, Lam. (Leguminosæ). A
stiff-branched undershrub with small narrow pods.


=sa hankaki dako=, Polygala arenaria, Willd. (Polygalaceæ). A small
field herb, used medicinally in cases of serious internal disease,
syphilis, &c. (Etym. “cause the crows to wait,” because supposed
to be very poisonous). Syn. =sha ni ka san ni=; and =gujiyar dawaki=
(Zanfara).


=sainya= (Kano, Kats., &c.), Securidaca longipedunculata,
Fres. (Polygalaceæ). A shrub with purple flowers and a winged
seed. The root has a rank smell and is used medicinally in many
ways, as a purge, worn as a charm, &c. Syn. =uwar magunguna= (Sok.,
&c.—“mother of medicines”). It is an occasional ingredient in
some prescriptions for arrow-poison.


=sakata=, a var. of yam, said to be inferior to others and not used
for _sokwara_. (Dioscorea alata, L.). _cf._ =doya=.


=salla=, _vide_ =shalla=.


=samachi=, _vide_ =sabani=.


=samarin danga=, a name for the tree Moringa pterygosperma (_vide_
=zogalagandi=), because commonly planted as a compound fence.


=sambara= = =dawa= or =gero=, &c. half-grown at harvest, and left
to mature later.


=samberu=, a tree the leaves of which are poisonous to cattle.


=samsam=, _vide_ under =riḍi=.


=sandalu=, _vide_ under =goro=.


=sandan biri=, =s. dutsi=, or =s. yan bori=, _vide_ under =giginyar
biri=.


=sandan mayu=, a name for more than one tree with magical uses;
_vide_ under =bakin mutum= and =dawo=.


=sanga sanga= (Sok. and West), Cassia occidentalis, Linn. Syn. =rai
ḍore=, _q.v._


=saniya=, an Asclepiad plant with milky sap; _vide_ under =rojiya=
and =tafo ka sha mama=.


=sankachen dawa=, =s. gero= = corn reaped and laid out in lines
to dry.


=sankwo= (Kano), Syncolostemon ocymoides, Sch. et Thon. (Labiatæ);
a wild herb related to =tumuku=, _q.v._ with wrinkled leaves, spikes
of deep red flowers, and a tuberous root. Syn. =tumukun biri=.


=sansami= (or =sasămi=), Stereospermum Kunthianum,
Cham. (Bignoniaceæ). A small tree with smooth bark, beautiful
pink flowers and long narrow pendulous pods. The bark is used
medicinally. Syn. =jiri=. (This tree is apparently held in much
respect; in Sokoto, &c. called _ḍan sarikin itatuwa_, and not cut
for firewood). _kauchin sansami_, the parasitic plant Loranthus
(_vide_ =kauchi=), when growing on this species is considered a
lucky find.


=farin sansami=, _vide_ =shunin biri=, and =halshen sa=.


=sansami= (Sok. and Kats.) = foliage.


=sansari=, _vide_ under =kyamro=.


=sarakuwar sauro= (Katsina, &c.), Leucas martinicensis,
R. Br. (Labiatæ); an odorous weed with whorls of small white
flowers. (Etym. because supposed to be incompatible with
mosquitoes). Syn. =ḍeiḍoyar gona=.


=saran waga=, _vide_ under =goro=.


=sarawan goro=, _cf._ proverb _sarawan goro a zanche ni_—2
calabashes of kola nuts being bought by two persons are divided for
fairness into equal halves, either buyer taking one-half of each.


=sare gwiwa=, Hygrophila spinosa, T. Anders. (Acanthaceæ);
an erect hard plant of damp places with blue flowers and long
spines. (Etym. “prick the knee”). Syn. =zazar giwa=, and =dayin
giwa=.


=sarikin jibji= (=s. juji=), _vide_ under =fasa ḳabba= and =babba
juji=. (Species of Boerhaavia, Trianthema, and Portulaca are all
somewhat succulent weeds of waste places and rubbish heaps, and
their names are often interchangeable).


=sarḳaḳiya=, Dichrostachys platycarpa, Welw. (Leguminosæ);
a very thorny scrambling shrub in the bush forming dense thickets;
a sort of “wait a bit thorn.” Sometimes loosely called =dufuwa=,
=baḳin gumbi= and =ḳumchi=, _q.v._


=sarri=? (Bauchi), a plant used as a neutralizing bath in tanning
leather. (? = =katsari=).


=sasabani= (Hadeija, &c.), Parkinsonia aculeata,
L. (Leguminosæ). “Jerusalem Thorn.” (Arab. _sasaban_, Sesbania
ægyptica, Poir.). An exotic tree with yellow flowers and narrow
pinnate leaves, planted in towns. In Sokoto called by the Ful. name
_sharan labbi_. _cf._ =alambo=.


=sawaye=, _vide_ under =abduga=.


=sawu dubu=, Ipomœa dissecta, Willd. (Convolvulaceæ). A small ground
trailer with white flowers and deeply divided leaves. (Etym. “1000
foot-prints,” from the numerous dissect leaves).


=sawun gauraka=, _vide_ =ḳafar fakara=.


=sawun gwanki=, a flat-leaved stemless herb, used as a medicine
for hunters.


=shafa= (Kano), or =safa= (Sok.). A variety of onion; _vide_ =albasa=.


=shair= (Arab.), Hordeum sativum, Pers. Barley; rarely grown in
N. Nigeria.


=sha ka sani=, _vide_ =sa hankaki dako=.


=shalla= (Kano and East), or =salla= (Sok.). A tall reed with light
stems growing in marshes in the north; stems used for screens called
_feḍḍa_, &c. A bulrush. Typha australis, Sch. and Thonn. _bambana_
= the flowering or fruiting head, called also _geron tsuntsaye_
(Kano), or _tumun shalla_. _laka_ = the soft edible core of the
immature flowering head.


=shamrayi=, _vide_ =karan kabau=.


=shanshera=, unhusked rice; _vide_ under =shinkafa=.


=shantu=, a long narrow var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.


=sharan labbi= (Sok. Ful.), _vide_ =sasabani=.


=sha shatau=, a malam’s charm to secure favour, hence applied
to some plants with a similar use, e.g. Jussiæa villosa,
Lam. (Onagraceæ), an erect weed of wet places with yellow
flowers, used as a medicine or charm by wrong-doing slaves and
others. (Etym. _shashasha_ = simpleton or irresponsible person who
is treated with lenient ridicule rather than seriously).


=shedari=, a mat made from the unexpanded fronds of the Fan Palm,
_vide_ =giginya= and =murli=.


=shege=, a term similar to =sabani=, _q.v._ applied to several
leguminous weeds with leaves which tear in an irregular manner.


=sheḳani= or =sheḳar zomo=, Vernonia sp. near V. pumila,
(Compositæ); a low herb with thistle-like flower and broad flat
leaves; the root-tubers are bitter and used medicinally for venereal
and other diseases. (Syn. =ba gashi=? Kontagora—from the bristly
pappus).


=sheme=, _vide_ =kyamro=.


=shiḅa= or =saḅi= = carded cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=shibra= or =shura=, _vide_ under =gero=.


=shinaka= (Sok. Kats., &c.), Ctenium elegans, Kunth. (Gramineæ). A
grass about 2 feet high with a single one-sided bristly
flower-spike. Syn. =wutsiyar kusu=. (The name includes the similar
species Schœnefeldia gracilis, Kunth. with several one-sided
flower-spikes). Used in thatching.


=shinkafa=, Oryza sativa, Linn. (Gramineæ). Rice; cultivated in
marshes and inundated localities. _shanshera_ or _burungu_ = rice
grain in the husk; _ḍanyen gumi_ = husked but unboiled rice; _gumi_
= husked rice boiled and dried; _bawu_ (Sok. Ful.?), or _shinkafa
wutsiya_ = rice unsown but growing sporadically from fallen grains;
often harvested and eaten.


=shinkafe=, or =lalaki= (Sok.), Oryza silvestris, Stapf. Wild
Rice; common in marshes and pools; much used for thatch and
eaten in scarcity; (= Ful. _nanare_, name used equally by Hausas
in Sokoto). Syn. =shinkafar rishi= (Katsina and East; _rishi_ =
wart-hog, _gadu_ or _mugun dăwa_, which eats the roots).


=shirinya=, Ficus sp. (Urticaceæ). Narrow-leaved fig-tree. A large
tree with milky juice and small figs. Syn. =shiriya= (Sok.).


=shiwaka=, Vernonia amygdalina, Delile (Compositæ). A shrub with
whitish flowers, wild and commonly planted in compounds; the root is
used as a tooth-stick and bitter tonic, and the leaves medicinally
in various ways. _maye_ (Sok.), or _fatte_ (Kano), or _fate fate_
(East Hausa), is a secret medicine of women, prepared from the leaves
along with other native drugs.


=shiwakar jan garigari=, a shrub with bitter properties like the
above. (Etym. because said to grow in places of red soil). Anaphrenium
pulcherrimum, Schweinf. (Anacardiaceæ), and probably others.


=shuni=, prepared indigo; the blue dye-stuff extracted from =baba=,
usually sold as blue cones or lumps.


=shunin biri= (Kontagora), Lonchocarpus laxiflorus, G. et
P. (Leguminosæ). A small tree with bunches of purple
flowers. Syn. =farin sansami= (Sok. and Kats.), =halshen sa=
(Zanfara). In some pagan districts this is called =babar talaki=,
and used as a dye; _vide_ =talaki=.


=shura= or =shibra=, _vide_ under =gero=.


=siliyar sulkuwa=, _vide_ under =rumfar gada=.


=siyayi= or =tsiyayi= = =ḳeḳasheshe=; _vide_ under =rama=.


=soso=, Luffa ægyptiaca, Mill. (Cucurbitaceæ). “Loofah gourd;”
a climber with yellow flowers and cucumber-shaped fruit with a
fibrous vascular skeleton used as a scrubber or strainer, &c. Pulp
of immature fruit eaten cooked. _soson yama_, Luffa acutangula,
Roxb. a species with larger fruit with longitudinal ridges; (called
also _soson wanka_, because more used as a loofah in washing).


=subtu= or =sutu=; cotton before carding, pulled by hand after
removal of the seeds by a roller on a stone; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=sunasar= = a food made from wheat; _vide_ under =alkama=.


=sure= (Sok.) = =yakuwa=, _q.v._ Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn. “Red
Sorrel.”


=suren fadama= (Sok.), Triumfetta pentandra, A. Rich. (Tiliaceæ);
an erect branching undershrub with small echinate fruits which adhere
to the clothing; _vide_ =ḍan kaḍafi=. The leaves are sometimes
used as _chusar doki_; _vide_ under =kuka=.


=surendi=, _vide_ =dayi=.


=sutura=, a species of Euphorbia with milky juice; called also =tutar
yan sariki=; (_vide_ also under =zaḳami=).


                                  =T=


=Taba=, Nicotiana tabacum, Linn. (Solanaceæ). Tobacco. Cultivated
in most parts of _N. Nigeria_ in alluvial soil; used for smoking
and in the form of powder for chewing and as snuff. Flowers rubbed
on the teeth while chewing certain varieties of kola nut, to give
a red colour; _fure_ = a flower, when unqualified generally means
tobacco flowers.


=taḅa ni ka samu=, a name applied to several trees affording useful
products; e.g. Ficus Vogelii, Miq. of which the latex forms a variety
of rubber. _cf._ =kurnan nasara=, and =zogalagandi=.


=tabar angulu=, =tabar kura=, a species of fungus; _vide_ =tumukun
suri=.


=tabarman zomo=, _vide_ =takalmin zomo=.


=tafarnuwa=, Allium sativum, Linn. (Liliaceæ). Garlic. Cultivated
like the onion; _vide_ =albasa=, from which it differs in having
flat leaves (hollow or fistular in the onion), and the bulb divided
into several lesser bulblets. Only used as a medicine, commonly for
fevers and stomach complaints.


=tafasa=, Cassia tora, Linn. (Leguminosæ). An undershrub of the senna
tribe with yellow flowers; leaves used in soup and as a mild laxative.


=tafashia=, Sarcocephalus Russegeri, Kotschy (Rubiaceæ). A shrub
with large balls of white flowers and a red edible fruit; bark and
root used medicinally; a common “Chew-stick.”


=tafo ka sha mamarka=, Schizoglossum sp. nr. S. Petherickianum,
Oliv. (Asclepiadeæ). A small herb with umbels of white flowers and
milky juice. (Etym. “come and take the breast;” probably used
for others of the same Natural Order, the “milkweed” family;
_vide_ =tatarida=, =saniya=, and =rojiya=.)


=taga rana=, _vide_ =idon zakara=.


=takalmin zomo= (Kano, Sok., &c.), Cadalvena Dalzielii, C. H. Wright
(Scitamineæ). A low stemless herb of the ginger family, with 4 flat
succulent leaves and yellow flowers. Syn. =tabarman zomo= (Zaria),
and =kunnen zomo=.


=takaluwa=, a synonym for =daddawa=, _q.v._


=takanḍa=, Sorghum vulgare, _var._ saccharatum (Gramineæ). One
of the species of sugar-cane; grown like Guinea Corn to which it is
botanically akin. _cf._ =rake=.


=takanḍar giwa= (Kats. Sok. and Zanf.), Hannoa undulata,
Planch. (Simarubeæ). A tree with pinnate leaves, white fragrant
blossoms and black plum-like fruit. Syn. =namijin gwabsa= (Kontagora,
&c.). N.B. In many districts the name is applied to the tree Cussonia
nigerica, Hutch. or =gwabsa=, _q.v._ _cf._ also =raken giwa=.


=takeyi=, _vide_ under =kuḅewa=.


=talaki= or =talakin Yarubawa=, Lonchocarpus cyanescens,
Benth. (Leguminosæ). “West African Indigo.” “Yoruba Wild
Indigo.” A woody climber. The indigo dye prepared from the leaves,
better than that from =baba=, is imported into N. Nigeria (e.g. to
Sokoto from Illorin), and dyeing is done in pots not in pits. _vide_
also =shunin biri=.


=taliya=, a sort of macaroni made from flour of =alkama=, _q.v._
(Etym. probably from Italy).


=tamangaji=, _vide_ under =gero=.


=tamaseki=, _vide_ under =baba=.


=tamba=, Eleusine corocana, Gaertn. (Gramineæ). A grass about 2
feet high, wild and cultivated as a kind of millet; flowering head
with many crowded rays, “Kurakan”—Ceylon; “Marua” or
“Ragi” Millet—India.


=tambari=, a herb; ?Grangea maderaspatana, Poir. (Compositæ). A
weed with small solid heads of yellow flowers and divided leaves.


=tamna geḍa=, a small var. of water-melon; _vide_ under =guna=.


=tamraro= or =tauraro=, Anthericum sp. (Liliaceæ). A small
liliaceous plant with yellowish stems and white flowers opening
in the evening; somewhat resembling “Star of Bethlehem.”
(Etym. “star.”). In Zanfara used also for Cyanotis cæspitosa,
Kotschy. et Peyr. (Commelynaceæ), a small stemless plant with azure
blue flowers (and probably other species).


=tandara=, _vide_ =idon zakara=.


=tankwa= (Sok.), red pepper; _vide_ =barkono=.


=tantaroba=, Indigofera diphylla, Vent. (Leguminosæ). A low spreading
herb with 2-foliate leaves and pink flowers; used medicinally.


=tantsiya=, _vide_ =kwankwani=.


=taramniya=, Combretum verticillatum, Eng. and Diels, and several
other species (Combretaceæ). A tree with white spikes of flowers
and 4-winged fruit; a source of gum. (C. geitonophyllum, Diels,
and others).


=tara yaya=, _vide_ =giginyar biri=.


=tarin gida= (Sok., &c.), Glossonema nubicum,
Decne. (Asclepiadeæ). A low branched herb of fields and waste
places in the north, with milky juice and follicles covered with soft
prickles. Syn. =tatarida=. (Etym. of both names from the pods crowded
to bursting with silky seeds). Sometimes called =tafo ka sha mama=,
_q.v._ Eaten by goats and capable of being used as a vegetable.


=tarnekuwa=, a var. of =gero=, _q.v._


=taru=, Combretum herbaceum, Don. (Combretaceæ). A low undershrub
with 4-winged fruit and hard root (hence also called =kariye galma=,
_q.v._, or “break hoe”).


=tasshi=, _vide_ under =gawo=.


=tataba= (Sok.). Syn. =mashayi=, _q.v._


=tatarida=, _vide_ =tarin gida=.


=tatasai=, large chillie peppers; _vide_ under =barkono=.


=taura=, Detarium senegalense, Gmel. (Leguminosæ). A small tree with
white flowers and flattened oval fruit; the latter is used with that
of =kanya= and =ḍinya= to make a sort of molasses (_maḍi_).


=tawatsa= or =tawassa=, Entada sudanica, Schweinf. (Leguminosæ);
a common tree of the acacia type with white spikes of flowers and
curious jointed and embossed pods; it yields an inferior gum; fibre
is got from the root-bark; _vide_ =yawa= and =meḍi=.


=tazargadi=, a native medicine; the pounded fragrant leaves of a plant
(Artemisia sp.?); brought by Arabs.


=terkon ḅera=, _vide_ =tsatsarar ḅera=.


=tinya= or =tunya= (Kano), =tumniya= (Sok. and Zanf.), Euphorbia
unispina, N. E. Brown. a cactus-like shrub, with an acrid milky juice;
a common accessory ingredient of arrow-poison. (E. Poissoni, Pax,
and perhaps other species are included).


=tofa= or =toha=, Imperata arundinacea, Cyrill (Gramineæ). A
stiff-leaved grass with a white cottony flower-spike, growing up in
fields, &c. after harvest or burning, especially in damp situations;
used for thatch and stuffing cushions.

_zakaran tofa_ = the sharp young shoots which pierce the heel.


=tofo= or =toho=, the young leaf-buds or sprouting of any tree or
grass. Syn. =labaye=. _cf._ =fuda=.


=toshshi= or =twashshi=, _vide_ under =barkono=.


=toton masara=, _vide_ under =masara=.


=tozalin barewa= (Katagum), Vernonia pauciflora, Less. (Compositæ);
a field-herb with blue thistle-like flowers.


=tozalin kura=, _vide_ =sabulun mata=.


=tsa= or =tswa= (Sok.), Fluggea microcarpa, Blume (Euphorbiaceæ). A
slender-branched small-leaved shrub with white berries; the tough
stems are used for making wicker traps, native beds, &c. (hence
also called _itchen gado_); occasionally planted near houses. _vide_
=faskara giwa=.


=tsabre= or =tsaure=, Cymbopogon giganteum, Stapf (Gramineæ);
a tall fragrant grass, used for _zana_, screens, &c. (sometimes
confused with the narrow-leaved grass =nobe=, _q.v._).


=tsada= or =tswada= (Sok.), Ximenia americana, Linn. (Olacineæ);
a shrub with small yellow plum-like fruit of acid taste.


=tsadar Lamarudu= or =tsadar Masar=, Spondias lutea,
Linn. (Anacardiaceæ); “Hog Plum;” “Yellow Spanish” or
“Jamaica Plum.” A tree with alternate pinnate leaves, warty
bark and a yellow drupaceous fruit with acid aromatic taste. (Benué
region and the south. _Lamarudu_ was a historic king in the time of
the Prophet).


=tsaido= or =tsidau= (Kano, &c.), =tsaida= (Sok.), Tribulus
terrestris, Linn. (Zygophylleæ). “Caltrop;” (_cf._
=dayi=). A prostrate yellow-flowered weed with a strongly-spined
fruit that injures the foot; a common pest of paths and waste
places. (Etym. probably = “stop”).


=tsakara=, Anchomanes Dalzielli, N. E. Brown, and other allied
species (Aroideæ); an aroid with a large much divided leaf on a
tall prickly stem; the tuber is eaten in scarcity after prolonged
boiling to remove the acridity. _cf._ also =hansar gada=?


=tsamiya=, Tamarindus indica, Linn. (Leguminosæ). Tamarind Tree. A
large tree with pinnate leaves and yellowish or red-striped flowers;
the acid pulp of the pods is used in various ways as food and drink
and as a laxative medicine. (The tree is the host of one of the
species of wild silkworm—Anaphe sp. also called _tsamiya_). _ḍan
garraza_ (Kano), _tun jamjam_? (East Hausa) = flowers of =tsamiya=
eaten fresh and made up into comestibles.


=tsamiyar makiyaya=, =ts. mahalba=, or =ts. ḳassa=, Nelsonia
campestris, R. Br. (Acanthaceæ); a soft-leaved prostrate weed with
slightly acid leaves and close spikes of small pink flowers.


=tsana=, an edible cucumber-shaped var. of the bottle-gourd? _vide_
under =duma=.


=tsarariya=, a var. of the common country bean, =wake=, _q.v._


=tsarkiyar kusu=, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis,
Vahl. (Verbenaceæ). “Devil’s coach-whip.” A weed with a long
narrow spike of pale blue flowers; used medicinally. Syn. =wutsiyar
kusu= (or =w. ḅera=), and sometimes =wutsiyar ḳadangare=.


=tsarkiyar zomo= (Sok.). Dub Grass, _vide_ =kiri kiri=.


=tsatsagi=, _vide_ =jirga=.


=tsatsarar ḅera=, or =terkon ḅera=, Asparagus Pauli-Guilelmi,
Solms. and Laub., A. africanus, Lam. and other spp. (Liliaceæ). A
straggling half-climbing prickly plant with graceful fronds and very
narrow leaves; tough stems used to make snares and traps for small
animals. (Etym. _tsatsara_, a basket-like fish trap). Syn. =ḳayar
ḳadangare=, _q.v._ and =masun ḳadangare=. _cf._ also =karangiyar
kusu=.


=tsatsarar kura=, Vitis quadrangularis, Linn.; _vide_ =ḍaḍori=.


=tsaure=, _vide_ =tsabre=.


=tsawa=, _vide_ under =bagayi=.


=tsibiri kinkini=, Ampelocissus Grantii, Planch. (Ampelidæ); a
vine with edible berries and a thickened root, hence also called
=rogon daji=, _q.v._ Used medicinally. Syn. =farun makiyaya=. Other
species of Cissus and Ampelocissus are included, e.g. the “Forest
Grape,” A. Bakeri, Planch.


=tsibra= or =tsura= (Sok.), Randia nilotica, Stapf (Rubiaceæ);
an erect thorny shrub or small tree. Syn. =barbaji= (East Hausa).


=tsidau=, _vide_ =tsaido=.


=tsidaun kare=, Aneilema beniniensis, Kunth. A. Schweinfurthii,
C. B. Clarke, and other species of Commelynaceæ; weeds with delicate
blue flowers and tufted fibrous roots. _cf._ =kariye galma=.


=tsidufu=, small hot chillie peppers; _vide_ under =barkono=.


=tsikar daji= (Sok.), or =tsikar dawa=; also =kibiyar daji=
Cymbopogon diplandrum, Hack. var. a tall grass covering large
areas of uncultivated ground; used for thatch, &c. (Etym. from the
recurved pointed flowering spikes). Syn. =tuma da gobara=, _q.v._
(Other tall species of the same genus are probably included).


=tsikar gida= or =tsikar sabra= (=ts. saura=) (Sok.), Leonotis
pallida, Benth. (Labiatæ); a tall weed better known as =kain mutum=
or =kain ḅarawo=, _q.v._


=tsintsiya=, 1. Panicum subalbidulum, Kunth. (Gramineæ). A grass
3 to 4 feet high; used for thatching and for brooms, and planted as
a field boundary.

2. Eragrostis sp. (?E. biformis, Kunth.). A grass of wet places,
used for thatch; the species commonly sold for brooms.


=tsira faḳo=, Stylosanthes erecta, Beauv. (Leguminosæ). A herb
with fragrant viscid leaves and small yellow flowers. (Etym. from
growing up on hard bare areas).


=tsiyayi= = =ḳeḳasheshe=; _vide_ under =rama=.


=tsu= or =farin tsu=, Pavonia hirsuta, Guill. et Perr. (Malvaceæ). A
shrub with broad harshly hairy leaves and large yellow flowers
with purple centre. (Urena lobata, Linn. Malvaceæ, is sometimes
distinguished as =jan tsu=; _vide_ =ramaniya=).


=tsuku= or =tsuwuku= (Kano), Biophytum sensitivum, DC. (or Oxalis
sensitiva, Geraniaceæ); a small pinnate-leaved herb with the habit of
a tiny palm and salmon-pink flowers; as in the “Sensitive Plant”
the leaves contract when touched. (Popular names are _mata gara
ḳafafunki_, _rufe rumbu_, _ka buḍi ka noḳe_, &c. (_noḳewa_
= contracting or withdrawing).


=tsura=, _vide_ =tsibra=.


=tsuwawun biri=, Vitis cornifolia, Bak. (Ampelideæ), an erect
plant of the vine family, with ovoid pointed berries; root
medicinal. Syn. ?=rigyar biri=.


=tsuwawun zaki= (Sok. Kats. and Zanf.), Cucumis Figarei,
Del. (Cucurbitaceæ). A wild ground trailer of the gourd family with
ovoid slightly prickly fruit. Syn. =maḳaimi= (Katagum), =kashin
gwanki=, =gunar kura=; =gwolon zaki= (East Hausa). Used medicinally
and as a medicinal charm for chickens.


=tswa=, _vide_ =tsa=.


=tswada=, _vide_ =tsada=.


=tubani=, a food prepared from beans; _vide_ under =wake=.


=tubanin dawaki=, Peristrophe bicalyculata, Nees. (Acanthaceæ). An
erect annual with pink flowers; can be used as fodder.


=tuḍi=, _vide_ under =faru=.


=tugandi=, large mild chillies; _vide_ under =barkono=.


=tuji= or =chiyawar tuji=, Eleusine indica, Gaertn. (Gramineæ). A
coarse tufted grass with digitate flower-spikes; resembling but
smaller than =tamba=, _q.v._ a good fodder and capable of being used
as food.


=tukurra= (Sok.), Melochia corchorifolia, Linn. (Malvaceæ). An
erect plant of wet places; 2 to 4 feet high; stems used for _tanka_;
bark used for cordage, and leaves sometimes used in soup.


=tukuruwa=, Raphia vinifera, Pal. Beauv. (Palmeæ). “Bamboo
Palm.” “Wine Palm.” Stems used for roofing, canoe-poles,
&c. (= _gongola_; _gwangwala_, the Nupé name for this palm);
leaf for various plaited articles (e.g. _kabido_, _q.v._ a kind of
waterproof hood; and _kororo_, cowrie bags); _bami_ or palm-wine is
usually made from this species in N. Nigeria. _vide_ also =murli=,
=gangame=, &c. a mealy layer between the husk and the hard nut is
eaten in Munchi as a food and medicine, &c.


=tuma da gobara= (Sok. and Zanf.), Cymbopogon diplandrum, Hack. _var._
A tall grass with reflexed flower-spikes, very abundant in the bush;
used for thatch. (Etym. from the crackling and jerking of the dry
spikes when burnt). Syn. =tsikar daji=, _q.v._


=tumbin jaki=, Paspalum scorbiculatum, Linn. (Gramineæ); a wild
grass used in some districts as a cereal; a sort of “hungry rice”
or “bastard millet.” (Etym. probably from observed unwholesome
effects).


=tumfafiya=, Calotropis procera, R. Br. (Asclepiadeæ). “Dead Sea”
or “Sodom Apple.” (Arab. _ashur_, and closely related to the
Indian _mudar_ or _ak_—Calotropis gigantea). A large “Milkweed,”
a common shrub of peculiar appearance with broad hoary-white leaves
and milky juice, umbels of pink and purplish flowers and bladdery
capsular fruit; only found near habitations and used in many ways,
medicinally, for cordage, &c.


=tumkiya=, a grass; (applied loosely to several plants with white
flowers or pale foliage). _cf._ =Ba-Fillatani=, and =karani=.


=tumkiyar rafi= (Sok., &c.), Heliotropium ovalifolium,
Forsk. (Boragineæ). A coarse weed with small white flowers; used
medicinally.


=tumniya=, _vide_ =tinya=.


=tumu=, ears of early ripening =gero= or =maiwa= and other cereals
excluding maize, eaten roasted (not boiled, &c.).


=tumuku=, Coleus dysentericus, Baker (Labiatæ). A cultivated annual
with tuberous potato-like root.


=tumukun biri=, Syncolostemon ocymoides, Sch. et
Thon. (Labiatæ). A wild plant very similar to the above, with small
tubers. Syn. ?=sankwo= (Kano).


=tumukun suri=, Potaxon pistillaris, Fr. An erect club-shaped
fungus with brown dusty spores as in the puff-ball, commonly found
on ant-hills. Synonyms numerous, e.g. =muruchin jibba= or =m. jibji=
(Kano), =wutar barewa= (the Beri Beri equivalent, from the smoke-like
cloud of spore-dust when burst), =tabar angulu=, =tabar kura=,
=geron kantu=.


=tumun shalla=, _vide_ =shalla=.


=tuna= (often pronounced =tunam= or =tunas=), Pseudocedrela Kotschyi,
Harms. (Meliaceæ). A tree with undulate-edged leaves like the oak;
a good timber; bark used medicinally.


=tun jamjam= (?Hausa), flowers of the tamarind-tree; _vide_ under
=tsamiya=.


=turgunuwa=, _vide_ =lalu=.


=turri=, a dye; generally a synonym for =gangamu= or turmeric, _q.v._


=tursuje= (Ful.), Hæmatostaphis Barteri, Hook. f. (Anacardiaceæ). A
tree with pendulous racemes of purple plum-like edible fruit; bark
used medicinally. “Blood Plum.”


=tururubi=, Lasiosyphon Kraussii, Meisn. (Thymeleæ). A small erect
herb with yellow heads of flowers and a thickened root; leaf and
root are very poisonous.


=turu turu=, _vide_ under =ḍorowa=.


=tutar yan sariki=, _vide_ =sutura=.


=tutubidi=, _vide_ =babar more=.


=tuwon biri=, _vide_ under =doya=.


=tuwon ḅaure=, _vide_ under =alkama=.


=twashshi=, _vide_ under =barkono=.


                                  =U=


=umara=, _vide_ =kokara=.


=uwa banza=?, _vide_ =gizaki=.


=uwar maganni=, Urena sinuata, Linn. (Malvaceæ). A shrub 6 to
8 feet high with pink flowers and deeply lobed leaves, planted
in compounds (Sokoto West) for its strong fibrous bark used for
cordage. (Etym. ?=uwar magami=, “mother of joinings”). This
species is scarcely distinguishable from the wild U. lobata, or
=ramaniya=, _q.v._ and is often so named.


=uwar mangunguna= (Sok. Zanf., &c.), Securidaca longipedunculata,
Fres. (Polygalaceæ). _vide_ =sainyia=. (Etym. “mother of
medicines”).


=uwar yara= (Kano, Katagum, &c.); Ficus capensis,
Thunb. (Urticaceæ). A species of fig-tree with dense clusters of
edible figs growing on the trunk and older branches. (Etym. from the
abundant fruiting clusters). Syn. =haguguwa= (Kano, Bauchi, &c.),
=garicha= (Zanfara), and =farin ḅaure=.


                                  =W=


=wadda=, Rauwolfia Welwitschii, Stapf. (Apocynaceæ); a tree somewhat
resembling the shea-butter tree, with milky sap; (Benué district
and south).


=wa= or =ya= (Sok.), Ficus sp. (Urticaceæ). A species of fig-tree
with rounded cordate leaves and large single figs. =wan kurumi=,
another species of Ficus.


=waiyaro=, _vide_ =ḳaguwa=.


=wake=, Vigna sinensis, Endl. (V. Catjang, Walp.), and perhaps
other species. The common cultivated bean of the country. _Chowlee_
(India), _Tow Kok_ (China).

Numerous varieties are recognized, some of them probably of different
species:—

_farin wake_, and _jan wake_, _waken damana_;

_ḳwama_ (Sok. and Gobir) = small brown beans usually given to
horses but also used as human food;

_tsarariya_, also a brown bean, sometimes mottled;

_zaḳo_, _mai zaḳi_, or _ba-zaḳa_ (Gobir), a well-flavoured
bean which can be cooked without salt;

_ḍan Uda_, or _Ba-Ude_ (Kano), a bean which is half black or brown
and half white like a similarly marked variety of sheep (_Udawa_,
a Fulani tribe); _roko_, also a piebald bean;

_yaro da manda_, a spotted black and white bean;

_hannun marini_, with a blue pod and seeds black-speckled;

_ḍan kwoloje_, a larger white bean;

_ḍan arbain_, planted in damp places and said to be ripe in 40
days after planting;

_damana biyu_ or _kaka biyu_, perhaps the same as _ḍan arbain_,
because two crops can be grown in one season;

_ka nannaḍe_, _q.v._ a brown-speckled bean in curled pods; _bidi_,
also a speckled bean.

Beans are used as food in the following ways:—

1. Fresh leaves used as a vegetable or in soup.

2. Young pods eaten raw or cooked.

3. Beans eaten boiled; the husks given to cattle.

4. _Tubani_, dried beans pounded, _kanwa_ added, tied up in folded
palm or other leaf and boiled.

5. _Ḍan wake_, bean meal with _kanwa_ boiled in lumps and balls,
eaten with a soup or sauce of ground-nuts, salt, pepper, &c. (_romon
geḍa_).

6. _Ḳosai_, dried beans soaked in cold water, ground moist, and
then boiled in ground-nut oil and made into balls or dough-nuts;
(mucilage of _yoḍo_, _q.v._ may be added for cohesion); _ḳosai_
of beans nearly corresponds with _kwalli kwalli_ of ground-nuts,
and _abakuru_ of =kwaruru=, _q.v._

7. _Wasa wasa_, porridge of ground beans.

8. _Maka_ (East Hausa), bean leaves dried and used in soup.

_harawan wake_ = bean straw used as fodder.

_kowar wake_ = bean pods or husks.

_jimḅirin wake_ = immature bean pods used as a vegetable often
uncooked.

The following saying is applied to the bean:—“_na gazawa garkuwar
maiḳi niḳa, ka ḳi fari uku, ka ḳi a gona, ka ḳi a tukunya,
ka ḳi a chiki_.” These are nicknames for the bean, which is both
an unprofitable crop and an inconvenient and coarse kind of food,
but the stranger goes home and describes them as novelties which he
has seen—the bane of the indolent who will not take the trouble to
grind it—in the field it occupies more space than its value—in
the pot it requires long cooking—in the stomach it disagrees.


=waken Ankwai=, =waken bisa=, a large climbing bean, cultivated
in some districts; probably the white-seeded var. of
Canavalia ensiformis, DC. “Sword Bean,” _vide_ under
=ḅarankachi=. (_Ankwai_, a pagan tribe in Muri).


=waken baibayi= or =waken Gwari=, Dolichos Lablab, Linn. A cultivated
climbing bean on fences, trees near houses, or on hut roofs, &c.
called also =w. damfami=, =w. darni=, &c.


=waken barewa= or =waken damo=, Vigna membranacea, A. Rich. and other
spp. Wild twining beans in fields &c. _vide_ =gayan gayan=. (Vigna
vexillata, Benth. Vigna pubigera, Baker, &c.).


=waken gizo=, Vigna triloba, Walp. A bean twining on fences,
&c. greatly resembling the common cultivated bean; eaten by goats,
&c. The saying _ka yi ḍiya ka watsas_, is used of this (from the
scattering of the seeds when the pods burst).


=waken tumḳa=, _vide_ =yawa=.


=waken Turawa= or =waken Masar=, W. Stambul, &c. Cajanus indicus,
Spreng. “Congo Pea,” “Pigeon Pea.” An erect shrub introduced
for cultivation. A form of Indian “dal.”


=walkin tsofo= or =walkin wawa=, Trichodesma africanum,
R. Br. (Boragineæ); a coarse herb with white flowers, common near
villages, &c. (Etym. “old man’s” or “fool’s apron”).


=wasa wasa=, a food made of beans; _vide_ under =wake=.


=wayo=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=wutar barewa=, a species of fungus; _vide_ under =tumukun suri=.


=wuta wuta=, _vide_ =ḳuduji=.


=wutsiyar ḅera=, _vide_ =tsarkiyar kusu=.


=wutsiyar damo=, _vide_ =karan masallachi=.


=wutsiyar giwa=, _vide_ =gabara=.


=wutsiyar jaki=, _vide_ =katsaimu=.


=wutsiyar ḳadangare=, _vide_ =tsarkiyar kusu=.


=wutsiyar kurege= or =bundin kurege=, a grass about 12 to 18 inches
high, with a bottle-brush-like flowering spike. A name somewhat
loosely applied, and including Trichopteryx hordeiformis, Stapf,
and Perotis latifolia, Ait.


=wutsiyar kusu= or =w. ḅera=, _vide_ =tsarkiyar kusu= and =shinaka=.


=wutsiyar raḳumi=, Platycoryne paludosa, Rolfe (Orchideæ). A
small ground orchid with orange-coloured flowers. (Etym. from the
long spur of the flower; probably applied to several orchids with
spurred flowers).


=wuyan bajimi=, a var. of =gero=, _q.v._


=wuyan damo=, Combretum leonense, Engl. and Diels. and perhaps other
spp. (Combretaceæ). A tree with corrugated bark and 4-winged fruit;
a gum yielder; bark used as an astringent medicine. (Etym. from the
rough scaly bark resembling the skin of the large lizard, _damo_,
Varanus exanthematicus).


                                  =Y=


=ya=, a species of fig-tree; _vide_ =wa=.


=yaḅi= = arrow-poison; _vide_ =kwankwani=. (_yaḅa_ = to
smear). Syn. =zabgai=.


=yabainya= (Kano), the young plants of =dawa= or =gero=, (which
contain prussic acid and are in some circumstances highly poisonous
until they reach a certain stage of growth).


=yaḍiya=, Leptadenia lancifolia, Decne. (Asclepiadeæ). A common
twiner with half-succulent leaves and a thick greenish sap; leaves
and flowers used as food, and bark for fibre.


=yaḍiyar kada=, Taccazea Barteri, Baill. (Apocynaceæ). A twiner
with milky juice, common on trees, &c. near streams; (including
other species).


=yaji= or =yan yaji=, a general name for spice; _vide_ =chitta=,
=kubla=, &c.


=ya ḳi ruwan Allah=, _vide_ under =kwarko=.


=yako= (Sok. and Kats.), Ipomœa pilosa, Sweet, and other
spp. (Convolvulaceæ). A rough-leaved convolvulus common on fences,
&c. in towns; _vide_ under =barmatabo=. The dried leaves form a
medicine called _dankon kuyangi_.


=yakuwa=, Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn. (Malvaceæ). “Red Sorrel,”
“Rosella.” A cultivated plant with acid leaves and succulent
calyx (usually red in colour), used as a vegetable. Syn. =sure=
(Sok.). _gurguzu_ = seeds of =yakuwa=; _daudawar beso_ = seeds boiled
and crushed and the oil extracted, used for soup and as a medicinal
vehicle. _zoḅarodo_ = the fleshy calyces of =yakuwa= used in food,
as a beverage, &c.


=yakuwar fatake= or =y. mahalba=, _vide_ =ayana= and =buḍa yau=.


=yakuwar ḳaya=, =y. kwaḍi=, =y. daji=, =y. ḳaimamowa=, &c. =
wild varieties of Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn. a very variable plant;
_vide_ =ḳarama mowa= and =rama=.


=yalo=, a variety of the native tomato; _vide_ under =gauta=.


=yama=, a common tall grass of meadows, &c. Cymbopogon rufus,
Kunth. used for _zana_ and thatch.


=yamḅururu= (Sok.), Merremia angustifolia,
Hill. fil. (Convolvulaceæ). A prostrate convolvulus with narrow
leaves, wiry stems, and small pale yellowish flowers. In some
districts called =gadon machiji=, _q.v._ Syn. =gammon bawa=, _q.v._
The name =yamḅururu= in Kontagora and elsewhere = Ipomœa eriocarpa,
R. Br. and other spp.; the smaller variety of twining convolvulus
common on fences, &c.


=ya manya= (Sok.), _vide_ =kain fakara=.


=yanbama= (Sok.), Pennisetum Benthamii, Steud. _var._ (Gramineæ),
a tall grass, 6 to 8 feet high, with cylindrical flower-spike like
a smaller =gero=. “Elephant Grass.” _cf._ =dawar kada=.


=yandi=, a large tree used in native house-building. Ficus sp.


=yan guriya= = cotton seed; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=yar gari=, a var. of cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=yaro da dariya=, _vide_ under =kwaruru=.


=yaro da manda=, a var. of bean; _vide_ under =wake=.


=yaron kogi=, _vide_ under =ḳaidajin ruwa=.


=yar unguwa=, _vide_ =gasaya=.


=yaryaḍi=, 1. Ipomœa sp. (Convolvulaceæ). A convolvulus
or “Morning glory” (probably including several
species). 2. =yaryaḍi= or =yaryaḍin gona=, a wild leguminous
twiner with hairy leaves and pods in clusters. Vigna luteola,
Benth. var. villosa, Baker.


=yaryaḍin kura= (Katagum), Gymnema sylvestre,
R. Br. (Asclepiadeæ). A twiner with milky juice.


=ya tabshi=, a var. of the cotton plant; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=yatsa biat=, _vide_ =hannu biat=.


=ya tsauri=, a var. of the cotton plant; _vide_ under =abduga=.


=yauḍo=, =yabḍo=, or =yoḍo= (Sok.), Ceratotheca sesamoides,
Endl. (Pedaliaceæ). A herb related to sesame (_vide_ =riḍi=), with
mucilaginous juice and pink flowers; used in soup and medicinally;
added to cereals and pulses to give cohesion in preparing various
comestibles. (Etym. probably from the viscid sap). Syn. =karkashi=.


=yauki= (Kontagora), ?Crotalaria polychotoma, Taub. (Leguminosæ). A
low pubescent herb with small yellow flowers; used medicinally. _vide_
=sa furfura=.


=yawa=, fibre from various sources. 1. Chiefly that from a var. of
the cultivated bean, Vigna sinensis, Endl. grown for the strong
fibrous bark of the flowering peduncles, used for fishing lines,
nets, horse-girths, &c. Syn. =waken tumḳa= (Sok.), =waken
tuḳa= (Gobir), =waken tuka= (Kano). 2. the root-bark of the
acacia =ḍakwora=, _q.v._ (Acacia Senegal), and other species
of acacia, e.g. =ḍunḍu= and =twatsa=, _q.v._ used for strong
ropes, &c. _cf._ =meḍi=. 3. Applied also to the fibre of Polygala
butyracea, Hack. (_cheyi_ of Kabba, _enyigi_ of Nupé), grown by
pagans in the south, Munchi, Togo, &c.


=yaya kai ka fito=, _vide_ =ḳaḳa kai ka fito=.


=yayan dara=, seeds of various trees used in the game _dara_, and
hence applied to a leguminous tree in the south, with prickly pods
containing two large round seeds—Cæsalpinia Bonducella, Fleming.


=yazawa= or =zazawa=, an undershrub, wild or planted in compounds;
the root is an acrid poison and is used for making tribal marks,
and as an ingredient in some recipes for arrow-poison.


=yoḍo=, _vide_ =yauḍo=.


                                  =Z=


=zabgai=, arrow-poison; syn. =yaḅi=; _vide_ =kwankwani=.


=zabibi=, a plant with a tuberous rhizome yielding a yellow
dye. Curcuma sp. (Scitamineæ). _cf._ =gangamau=.


=zabiya=, a variety of date; _vide_ under =dabino=.


=zabo= (Sok.), Aloe sp.—probably A. Barteri, Baker (Liliaceæ). An
aloe with stiff speckled and hard pointed leaves; two varieties
occur; 1. a bush variety with orange-yellow flowers. 2. _zabon dafi_,
a cultivated variety planted near houses, having bright red flowers
and becoming very succulent; used as an ingredient of arrow-poison;
also called _zabo ko_. Syn. =kabar giwa= (Kano, Zaria, &c.).


=zago=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._


=zaḳami=, Datura Metel, Linn. (Solanaceæ). “Metel” or
“Hairy Thorn Apple.” A coarse branched annual with broad leaves
and long white trumpet-shaped flowers, common in waste places about
towns, &c. The seeds, in globular prickly capsules, are a deliriant
poison. Syn. =haukat yaro= (from its use as an excitant to youths
at _sharo_ contests). In Sokoto and Katsina called =babba jibji=,
_q.v._ The epithet _sutura_ (East Hausa) is applied to this plant
(from the folding of the unopened corolla).


=zaḳi banza=, Amaranthus viridis, Linn. (Amaranthaceæ). A common
weed with spikes of inconspicuous greenish flowers; a form of native
spinage used as a vegetable and sometimes cultivated. (Etym. from the
insipid taste). Syn. =ruḳuḅu= (Sok. and Kats.), and =malamkochi=
(Katsina).


=zaḳi birri=, _vide_ under =goriba=.


=zaḳo=, a var. of bean; _vide_ under =wake=.


=zamarke=, Sesbania punctata, DC. (Leguminosæ). A tall slender
leguminous shrub of wet places, with pinnate leaves and yellow
flowers; a sooty pigment got by scorching the stems is used to
decorate huts; the stems are used for arrow-shafts. Syn. =checheko=
(East Hausa) _cf._ also =alambo=.


=zamfaruwa=, a var. of =gero=, _q.v._


=zango=, a var. of =gero=, _q.v._


=zayi=? (Katagum, &c.), Boscia senegalensis, Lam. (Capparideæ);
a low shrub with bunches of small whitish flowers and berry fruit;
leaves and berries used as food. _cf._ =anza=.


=zazar giwa= or =zazar gwiwa=, _vide_ =sare gwiwa=.


=zazawa=, _vide_ =yazawa=.


=zindi= (Katagum, Kanuri?), Combretum sp. nr. C. Hartmannianum,
Schweinf. (Combretaceæ); a tree with shining foliage and 4-winged
fruit; probably the same as =chiriri= (C. Kerstingii, Engl. and
Diels.), _q.v._


=zoḅarado=, the calyces of the “Red Sorrel” or =yakuwa=
(Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.), _q.v._ used as food, medicine, and
a beverage.


=zogalagandi=, Moringa pterygosperma,
Gaertn. (Moringaceæ). “Horse-radish Tree.” A tree with graceful
foliage white flowers and long pendulous pods, frequently planted
around houses, and therefore also called =samarin danga=. The winged
seeds yield an oil (“Oil of Ben”). Syn. =bagaruwar Makka= (Sok.),
=barambo= (Gobir), also sometimes called =taḅa ni ka samu=, _q.v._
(_cf._ =kurnan nasara=). The roots can be used as horse-radish and
the young leaves as a vegetable.


=zugu=, _vide_ under =abduga=.


=zunguru=, a var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.


=zunzuna=, _vide_ =rawaya=.


=zurma=, Ricinus communis, Linn. (Euphorbiaceæ). “Castor Oil
Plant.” A tall shrub with large broad leaves and erect racemes of
spiny capsules containing the seed from which castor oil is made;
commonly planted in compounds or growing in waste places. The oil is
chiefly used externally by Hausas, for sores on camels, &c. _kufi_ =
a dark oily extract from the mixed seeds of =zurma=, =bi ni da zugu=,
and =aduwa=, _q.v._


=zuru=, a var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.


=zuwo=, Celtis integrifolia, Lam. (Urticaceæ). A large
tree. “Nettle-tree.” Syn. =dukki=, _q.v._ _cf._ also =dinkin=.




                   INDEX TO GENERA AND POPULAR NAMES


                                   REFERENCE

                     =A=


  =Abrus=                       _idon zakara_.

  =Acacia=                      _bagaruwa_,

                                _ḍakwora_,

                                _dushe_,

                                _fara ḳaya_,

                                _farichin shafo_,

                                _gaba chara_,

                                _gardayi_,

                                _gawo_,

                                _ḳarḳara_,

                                _ḳwandariya_,

                                _yawa_.

  =Achryanthes=                 _haḳorin machiji_.

  =Adansonia=                   _kuka_.

  =Adenium=                     _ḳariya_.

  =Adenodolichos=               _ḳwiwa_.

  =Adenopus=                    _gojin jima_.

  =Adina=                       _kaḍanyar rafi_.

  =Æolanthus=                   _ḍeiḍoya_.

  =Ærua=                        _alhaji_.

  =Æschynome=                   _falfoli_,

                                _ḳaidajin ruwa_.

  =Afrormosia=                  _ba-jini_,

                                _maḳarfo_.

  =Afzelia=                     _kawo_.

  =Agaricus=                    _naman kaza_.

  =Albizzia=                    _katsari_.

  =Alchornea=                   _bambami_.

  =Algæ=                        _limniya_.

  =Allium=                      _albasa_,

                                _tafarnuwa_.

  =Aloe=                        _zabo_.

  =Alternanthera=               _mai-kain dubu_.

  =Alysicarpus=                 _gadagi_.

  =Amaranthus=                  _alayafu_,

                                _zaḳi banza_.

  =Amblygonocarpus=             _kolo_.

  =Ambrosia=                    _babar more_.

  =Amomum=                      _chitta_.

  =Amorphophallus=              _gwazar giwa_,

                                _ḳwododon kwaḍo_.

  =Ampelocissus=                _tsibiri kinkini_.

  =Anacardium=                  _kanju_.

  =Anaphrenium=                 _hawayen zaki_,

                                _shiwakar jan garigari_.

  =Anchomanes=                  _tsakara_.

  =Andropogon=                  _bayan mariya_,

                                _damba_,

                                _gamba_,

                                _laḅanda_,

                                _jan baḳo, &c._

  =Aneilema=                    _tsidaun kare_.

  =Anogeissus=                  _marike_.

  =Anona=                       _gwandar daji_.

  =Ansellia=                    _manta uwa_.

  =Anthericum=                  _tamraro_.

  =Anthocleista=                _kwari_.

  APPLE—

    AKEE                        _alale_.

    BALSAM                      _garafuni_.

    CUSTARD WILD                _gwandar daji_.

    HAIRY THORN                 _zaḳami_.

    DEAD SEA or SODOM           _tumfafiya_.

  =Arachis=                     _geḍa_,

                                _gujiya_.

  =Argemone=                    _kwarko_.

  =Aristida=                    _datsi_,

                                _kasmakaru_,

                                _katsaimu_.

  =Aristolochia=                _gaḍakuka_.

  =Arnebia=                     _jinin mutum_.

  ARROW-POISON                  _kwankwani_.

  ARROWROOT, SOUTH SEA          _amara_.

  =Artemisia=                   _tazargadi_.

  =Artocarpus=                  _barabutu_.

  =Arundo=                      _gabara_.

  =Asclepias=                   _risgar kurege_.

  =Asparagus=                   _tsatsarar ḅera_.

  =Aspilia=                     _nanake_.

  AUBERGINE                     _gauta_.

                     =B=

  =Balanites=                   _aduwa_.

  =Balsamodendron=              _dashi_,

                                _jawul_.

  BAMBOO                        _gora_.

  BANANA                        _ayaba_.

  BAOBAB                        _kuka_.

  =Baphia=                      _majigi_.

  BARLEY                        _shair_.

  BASIL, SWEET                  _ḍeiḍoya_.

  =Bauhinia=                    _jirga_,

                                _kargo_.

  BDELLIUM, AFRICAN             _dashi_.

  BEAD TREE                     _kurnan nasara_.

  BEAN                          _wake_.

    MAHOGANY                    _kawo_.

    “OVERLOOK”                  _ḅarankachi_.

    SWORD                       _ḅarankachi_,

                                _waken Ankwai_.

    YAM                         _giri giri_.

  BENISEED                      _riḍi_.

  =Bergia=                      _bushi_.

  BETU, OIL OF                  _aduwa_.

  =Biophytum=                   _tsuku_.

  BIRD’S EYE                    _idon zakara_.

  =Blepharis=                   _faskara toyi_.

  =Blighia=                     _alale_,

                                _Gwanja kusa_.

  BLOODFLOWER                   _albasar kwaḍi_.

  BLOOD PLUM                    _tursuje_.

  BLOODWOOD                     _madobia_.

  =Boerhaavia=                  _babba juji_.

  =Bombax=                      _gurjiya_.

  =Borassus=                    _giginya_.

  =Boscia=                      _anza_,

                                _zayi_.

  =Boswellia=                   _hano_.

  BREAD-FRUIT                   _barabutu_.

  BREAK-AXE                     _kariye gatari_.

  BREAK-HOE                     _kariye galma_.

  =Briedelia=                   _kirni_.

  BRINJAL                       _gauta_.

  BROOM-WEED, SWEET             _roma fada_.

  BRYONY                        _gautan zomo_.

  BUFFALO-HORN                  _magariyar kura_.

  BULRUSH                       _shalla_.

  =Burkea=                      _kurḍi_.

  =Butyrospermum=               _kaḍanya_.

                     =C=

  CABBAGE TREE                  _kwari_.

  =Cadaba=                      _bagayi_.

  =Cadalvena=                   _takalmin zomo_.

  =Cæsalpinia=                  _yayan dara_.

  =Cajanus=                     _waken Turawa_.

  CALTROP                       _tsaido_,

                                _dayi_.

    WATER                       _geḍar ruwa_.

  CAMWOOD                       _majigi_.

  =Canavalia=                   _ḅarankachi_,

                                _ḳodagaya_,

                                _waken Ankwai_.

  =Capparis=                    _haujeri_,

                                _ḳabdodo_.

  =Capsicum=                    _barkono_.

  =Caralluma=                   _karan masallachi_.

  =Cardiospermum=               _gautan kwaḍo_.

  =Carica=                      _gwanda_.

  =Carissa=                     _gizaḳi_.

  =Carpodinus=                  _alubada_.

  CASSAVA                       _rogo_.

  =Cassia=                      _bagaruwar ḳassa_,

                                _fideli_,

                                _filasko_,

                                _gamma faḍa_,

                                _rai ḍore_,

                                _runhu_,

                                _tafasa_.

  =Cassytha=                    _rumfar gada_.

  CASTOR OIL                    _zurma_.

  =Celosia=                     _alayafu (farin)_,

                                _nanafo_.

  =Celtis=                      _zuwo_.

  =Centaurea=                   _dayi_.

  =Cenchrus=                    _ḳarangiya_.

  =Cephalandra=                 _barkonon biri_,

                                _gurjin daji_.

  =Ceratotheca=                 _karkashi_.

  CHESTNUT, WATER               _geḍar ruwa_.

  CHEW-STICK TREE               _marike_,

                                _tafashia_.

  CHILLIES                      _barkono_.

  =Chloris=                     _ḳafar fakara_,

                                _kasara_.

  =Chlorophora=                 _loko_.

  =Chrozophora=                 _damaigi_.

  =Chrysanthellum=              _rariyar ḳassa_.

  =Cienfuegosia=                _kaḍa kaḍa_.

  =Cissampelos=                 _jibda ḳassa_.

  =Citrullus=                   _agushi_,

                                _guna_.

  =Citrus=                      _lemu_.

  CLEAVERS                      _ḍan kaḍafi_.

  =Clematis=                    _rogon daji_.

  =Clerodendron=                _mashayi_.

  =Clinogyne=                   _fita_.

  CLOVES                        _ḳanumfari_.

  =Cochlospermum=               _rawaya_.

  =Cocos=                       _kwakwar Attagara_.

  =Cola=                        _goro_.

  =Colocasia=                   _gwaza_.

  =Combretum=                   _chiriri_,

                                _dalo_,

                                _geza_,

                                _goga jiki_,

                                _kariye galma_,

                                _taramniya_,

                                _wuyan damo_,

                                _zindi_.

  =Commelyna=                   _balasa_.

  =Commiphora=                  _dali_.

  CONVOLVULUS, _vide_ =Ipomœa=.

  COPAIBA BALSAM, WEST AFRICAN  _kadaura_.

  CORAL TREE                    _majiriya_.

  =Corchorus=                   _lalu_,

                                _malafiya_.

  =Cordia=                      _aliliba_.

  CORN, GUINEA                  _dawa_.

    INDIAN                      _masara_.

  =Costus=                      _ka ḳi zuwa Hausa_.

  COTTON                        _abduga_.

  COWHAGE or COWITCH            _karara_.

  =Cratæva=                     _ingidido_.

  CRESS, COMMON or GARDEN       _algarif_,

                                _labsur_.

  =Crinum=                      _albasar kwaḍi_.

  =Crossopteryx=                _kasfiya_.

  =Crotalaria=                  _biya rana_,

                                _geḍar awaki_,

                                _maganin kunama_,

                                _manta uwa_,

                                _sa furfura_,

                                _yauki_.

  =Croton=                      _itchen Masar_.

  =Cryptolepis=                 _ḳafon baḍi_.

  =Ctenium=                     _shinaka_.

  =Ctenolepis=                  _ḍiyan hanwawa_.

  CUCUMBER, AFRICAN             _kurzunu_.

  =Cucumis=                     _gurji_,

                                _kain fakara_,

                                _nonon kura_,

                                _tsuwawun zaki_.

  =Cucurbita=                   _kabewa_.

  =Curculigo=                   _doyar kurege_.

  =Curcuma=                     _gangamau_,

                                _zabibi_.

  CUS CUS                       _jema_.

  =Cussonia=                    _gwabsa_.

  =Cyathula=                    _ḳarangiyar kusu_.

  =Cyanotis=                    _raḅa_,

                                _tamraro_.

  =Cycnium=                     _Gwanja kusa_.

  =Cymbopogon=                  _gajiri_,

                                _ḳyara_,

                                _nobe_,

                                _tsabre_,

                                _tsikar daji_,

                                _yama_.

  =Cynodon=                     _kiri kiri_.

  =Cyperus=                     _aya_,

                                _aya-aya_,

                                _ḍan Tunuga_,

                                _gizgiri_,

                                _gwaigwaya_,

                                _kajiji_.

                     =D=

  =Dactyloctenium=              _guḍe guḍe_.

  “DAL”                         _waken Turawa_.

  =Daniellia=                   _kadaura_.

  DATE                          _dabino_.

    DESERT                      _aduwa_.

  =Datura=                      _babba juji_,

                                _zaḳami_.

  =Desmodium=                   _ḍan kaḍafi_.

  =Detarium=                    _taura_.

  “DEVIL’S COACH-WHIP”          _tsarkiyar kusu_.

  =Dichrostachys=               _ḍunḍu_,

                                _sarḳaḳiya_.

  =Dicoma=                      _dauḍa_.

  =Digitaria=                   _acha_,

                                _harḳiya_,

                                _karani_,

                                _makari_.

  =Dioscorea=                   _doya_,

                                _ḳosain rogo_,

                                _sakata_.

  =Diospyros=                   _kanya_.

  =Dolichos=                    _waken baibayi_.

  =Donax=                       _fita_.

  DRAGON’S BLOOD                _madobia_.

  DUB                           _kiri kiri_.

  DURRA                         _dawa_.

  =Dyschoriste=                 _fidda hakukuwa_.

                     =E=

  EBONY, AFRICAN                _kanya_.

  EGG-PLANT                     _gauta_.

  =Elais=                       _kwakwa_.

  ELEMI, AFRICAN                _atillis_.

  =Eleusine=                    _tamba_,

                                _tuji_.

  =Entada=                      _tawatsa_.

  =Eragrostis=                  _buddari_,

                                _burburwa_,

                                _tsintsiya_.

  =Eriodendron=                 _rimi_.

  =Erythrina=                   _majiriya_.

  =Erythrophlœum=               _gwaska_.

  =Eugenia=                     _ḳanumfari_,

                                _malmo_.

  =Euphorbia=                   _fidda sartsi_,

                                _ḳaguwa_,

                                _kerana_,

                                _kurar shanu_,

                                _nonon kurchiya_,

                                _sutura_,

                                _tinya_.

  =Evolvulus=                   _ka fi malam_.

                     =F=

  =Fadogia=                     _gagayi_.

  =Feretia=                     _ḳuruḳuru_.

  FERN—

    ELK’S HORN                  _dafaddu_.

    HARE SPEAR                  _mashin zomo_.

    MALE                        _agugu_.

  =Ficus=                       _ḅaure_,

                                _bijaje_,

                                _cheḍiya_,

                                _dulu_,

                                _durumi_,

                                _gamji_,

                                _garicha_,

                                _ḳawuri_,

                                _nonon gwanki_,

                                _rubiya_,

                                _shirinya_,

                                _taḅa ni ka samu_.

                                _uwar yara_,

                                _wa_,

                                _yandi_.

  =Fimbristylis=                _gemen kusu_.

  =Fluggea=                     _tsa_.

  FRANKINCENSE TREE             _hano_.


                     =G=

  =Garcinia=                    _goro_.

  =Gardenia=                    _gauḍe_,

                                _katambiri_.

  GINGELLY                      _riḍi_.

  GINGER                        _chitta Afu_.

  =Gisekia=                     _lallen shamuwa_.

  =Gladiolus=                   _rumana_.

  =Gloriosa=                    _baurairai_.

  =Glossonema=                  _tarin gida_.

  =Gossypium=                   _abduga_.

  GOURD—

    BOTTLE or CLUB              _duma_.

    PROPHETS’                   _kain fakara_.

    SOUR                        _kuka_.

    SQUASH                      _kabewa_.

  GRAINS OF PARADISE            _chitta_.

  =Grangea=                     _tambari_.

  GRAPES, FOREST                _tsibiri kinkini_.

  GRASS—

    BERMUDA or DUB              _kiri kiri_.

    BRISTLY FOX-TAIL            _duza_.

    COMB FRINGE                 _guḍe guḍe_.

    CUS CUS or VETIVER          _jema_.

    ELEPHANT                    _yanbama_,

                                _dawar kada_.

    PRICKLY BUR                 _ḳarangiya_.

    SPANISH REED                _gabara_.

  =Grewia=                      _dargaza_,

                                _gurdugu_,

                                _kurukubi_.

  =Guiera=                      _sabara_.

  GUINEA GRAINS                 _chitta_.

  GUM ARABIC                    _ḍakwora_,

                                _bagaruwa_.

  GUM ACACIA                    _dushe_,

                                _fara ḳaya_,

                                _gardayi_.

  GUTTA-PERCHA TREE             _gamji_.

  =Gymnema=                     _yaryaḍin kura_.

  =Gymnosporia=                 _ḳunḳushewa_.

  =Gynandropsis=                _gasaya_.

  =Gynura=                      _baba hun_.

                     =H=

  =Habenaria=                   _muruchin daji_.

  =Hæmanthus=                   _albasar kwaḍi_.

  =Hæmatostaphis=               _tursuje_.

  =Hannoa=                      _takanḍar giwa_.

  =Heliotropium=                _Ba-Fillatani_,

                                _Gwanja kusa_,

                                _tumkiyar rafi_.

  HEMP—

    AFRICAN BOWSTRING           _moda_.

    INDIAN                      _rama_.

  HENNA                         _lalle_.

  =Heteropogon=                 _bunsurun daji_.

  =Hibiscus=                    _ḳarama mowa_,

                                _kuḅewa_,

                                _yakuwa_,

                                _rama_.

  =Hippocratea=                 _gwaḍayi_.

  =Holarrhena=                  _bakin mutum_.

  =Hordeum=                     _shair_.

  HORSE-RADISH TREE             _zogalagandi_.

  =Hygrophila=                  _sare gwiwa_.

  =Hymenocardia=                _jan yaro_.

  =Hyphæna=                     _goriba_.

  =Hyptis=                      _ḍeiḍoyar kare_,

                                _kimba kimba_.

                     =I=

  =Imperata=                    _tofa_.

  INDIGO                        _baba_,

                                _talaki_.

  =Indigofera=                  _baba_,

                                _baḳin bunnu_,

                                _ḍan marike_,

                                _gujiyar hankaka_,

                                _ḳaiḳai koma kan mashikiya_,

                                _karkashin zomo_,

                                _sagagi_,

                                _tantaroba_.

  =Ipomœa=                      _awarwaro_,

                                _barmatabo_,

                                _dankali_,

                                _dankon kuyangi_,

                                _dumar kada_,

                                _d. kwaḍi_,

                                _farin gammo_,

                                _ḳafar kaza_,

                                _kurḍin machiji_,

                                _sawu dubu_,

                                _yako_,

                                _yamḅururu_,

                                _yaryaḍi_.

  IROKO                         _loko_.

  =Irvingia=                    _goron biri_.

  =Isoberlinia=                 _doka_.

                     =J=

  =Jatropha=                    _bi ni da zugu_.

  JEQUIRITY                     _idon zakara_.

  JUJUBE TREE                   _magariya_.

  =Jussiæa=                     _sha shatau_.

  JUTE                          _lalu_,

                                _malafiya_.

    BASTARD                     _rama_.

                     =K=

  KAPOK                         _rimi_.

  =Kerstingiella=               _kwaruru_.

  =Khaya=                       _maḍachi_.

  =Kigelia=                     _rahaina_.

  KINO, AFRICAN                 _madobia_.

  =Kœmpferia=                   _limniyar kwaḍi_.

  KOKO YAM                      _gwaza_.

  =Kola=                        _goro_.

                     =L=

  =Lactuca=                     _dayi (namijin)_,

                                _nonon ḅariya_.

  =Lagenaria=                   _duma_.

  =Landolphia=                  _chiwo_.

  =Lantana=                     _kimbar mahalba_.

  =Lasiosyphon=                 _tururubi_.

  =Lawsonia=                    _lalle_.

  =Leonotis=                    _kain ḅarawo_.

  =Lepidium=                    _algarif_,

                                _labsur_.

  =Leptadenia=                  _yaḍiya_.

  LETTUCE, WATER                _kai nuwa_.

  =Leucas=                      _ḍeiḍoyar gona_.

  LILAC, AFRICAN or PERSIAN     _kurnan nasara_.

  LILY—

    CLIMBING                    _baurairai_.

    SPIDER                      _hatsin manoma_.

    WATER                       _bado_.

  LIME                          _lemu_.

  =Limonia=                     _kokuwa_.

  LOCUST BEAN, AFRICAN          _ḍorowa_.

  =Lonchocarpus=                _furen yan sariki_,

                                _shunin biri_,

                                _talaki_.

  =Lophira=                     _kaḍanya (namijin)_.

  =Loranthus=                   _kauchi_.

  LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING            _alayafu_.

  =Luffa=                       _soso_.

                     =M=

  =Mærua=                       _chichiwa_,

                                _gazari_.

  MAHOGANY—

    AFRICAN                     _maḍachi_.

    BEAN                        _kawo_.

  MAIZE                         _masara_.

  =Mallotus=                    _ḳafar mutuwa_.

  MALLOW, JEWS’                 _malafiya_.

  =Mangifera=                   _mangoro_.

  MANGO                         _mangoro_.

  =Manihot=; MANIOC             _rogo_.

  =Melia=                       _kurnan nasara_.

  =Melochia=                    _tukurra_.

  MELON—

    WATER                       _guna_.

    TREE                        _gwanda_.

  MENI OIL TREE                 _kaḍanya (namijin)_

  =Merremia=                    _barmatabo_,

                                _yamḅururu_.

  METEL                         _zaḳami_.

  MILK-HEDGE                    _fidda sartsi_,

                                _ḳaguwa_.

  MILKWEEDS                     _fataka_,

                                _hanjin rago_,

                                _ḳafon baḍi_,

                                _risgar kurege_,

                                _rojiya_,

                                _tarin gida_,

                                _tumfafiya_.

  MILLET—

    BASTARD                     _tumbin jaki_.

    BULRUSH or PEARL            _damro_,

                                _gero_,

                                _maiwa_.

    GREAT                       _dawa_.

    “MARUA” or “RAGI”           _tamba_.

  =Mimosa=                      _ḳaidaji_.

    EGYPTIAN                    _bagaruwa_.

  MISTLETOE, WEST INDIAN        _kauchi_.

  =Mitracarpum=                 _goga masu_.

  =Mitragyne=                   _giyeya_.

  =Momordica=                   _garafuni_.

  =Monechma=                    _ḍan farkami_.

  =Morelia=                     _innuwar ḅauna_.

  =Moringa=                     _zogalagandi_.

  MORNING GLORY                 _yako_,

                                _yaryaḍi_.

  =Mucuna=                      _karara_.

  =Mukia=                       _gautan zomo_.

  =Musa=                        _ayaba_.

  MUSHROOM                      _naman kaza_.

  MYRRH                         _jawul_.

    AFRICAN                     _dashi_.

                     =N=

  =Nelsonia=                    _tsamiyar makiyaya_.

  =Nephrodium=                  _agugu_.

  NETTLE TREE                   _zuwo_.

  =Newbouldia=                  _aduruku_.

  =Nicotiana=                   _taba_.

  NIGHTSHADE, BLACK             _gautan kaji_.

  NUT—

    BAMBARRA GROUND             _kwaruru_.

    GROUND or MONKEY            _geḍa_.

    KOLA                        _goro_.

    PHYSIC or PURGING           _bi ni da zugu_.

    SHEA                        _kaḍanya_.

    TIGER                       _aya_.

  =Nymphæa=                     _bado_.

                     =O=

  OAK, AFRICAN                  _kaḍanya (namijin)_.

  OATS, WILD                    _bunsurun daji_.

  =Ocimum=                      _ḍeiḍoya_.

  =Odina=                       _faru_,

                                _jawul_.

  ODUM                          _loko_.

  OKRA                          _kuḅewa_.

  =Olax=                        _gwano rafi_.

  =Oncoba=                      _kokochiko_.

  ONION                         _albasa_.

  =Ophioglossum=                _mashin zomo_.

  =Opilia=                      _innuwar gada_.

  ORANGE                        _lemu_.

  ORCHID                        _manta uwa_,

                                _muruchin bissa_,

                                _muruchin daji_,

                                _wutsiyar raḳumi_.

  ORDEAL TREE                   _gwaska_.

  =Ormocarpum=                  _faskara giwa_.

  =Oryza=                       _shinkafa_.

  =Oxalis=                      _tsuku_.

  =Oxystelma=                   _hanjin rago_.

  =Oxytenanthera=               _gora_.

                     =P=

  =Pachyrhizus=                 _giri giri_.

  PALM—

    COCO-NUT                    _kwakwar Attagara_.

    DATE                        _dabino_ (cf. also _kajinjiri_).

    DELEB, FAN or PALMYRA       _giginya_.

    DUM or GINGER-BREAD         _goriba_.

    OIL                         _kwakwa_.

  =Pancratium=                  _hatsin manoma_.

  =Panicum=                     _baya_,

                                _bubuchi_,

                                _burugu_,

                                _haḳorin kare_,

                                _machara_,

                                _makarin faḳo_,

                                _roba_,

                                _tsintsiya_.

  =Pardaniellia=                _kadaura_.

  PAREIRA BRAVA, FALSE          _jibda ḳassa_.

  =Parinarium=                  _gawasa_,

                                _Gwanja kusa_,

                                _ḳaiḳai_,

                                _rura_.

  =Parkia=                      _ḍorowa_.

  =Parkinsonia=                 _sasabani_.

  =Paspalum=                    _tumbin jaki_.

  =Paullinia=                   _kana kana_.

  =Pavetta=                     _gadu_.

  =Pavonia=                     _tsu_.

  PAWPAW                        _gwanda_.

  PEA—

    EARTH                       _geḍa_.

    HEART                       _gautan kwaḍo_.

    MANIOC                      _giri giri_.

    PIGEON                      _waken turawa_.

  =Pennisetum=                  _damro_,

                                _fafewa_,

                                _gero_,

                                _ḳyasuwa_,

                                _maiwa_,

                                _yanbama_.

  PEPPER—

    AFRICAN, GUINEA or NEGRO    _kimba_.

    BENIN, or WEST AFRICAN
    BLACK                       _masoro_.

    MELEGUETA                   _chitta_.

    RED or CHILLIE              _barkono_.

  =Pergularia=                  _fatakka_.

  =Peristrophe=                 _tubanin dawaki_.

  =Perotis=                     _wutsiyar kurege_.

  =Peucedanum=                  _raken giwa_.

  =Phœnix=                      _dabino_.

  =Phyllanthus=                 _geron tsuntsaye_,

                                _majiriyar kurumi_.

  =Physalis=                    _matsarmama_.

  PHYSIC NUT                    _bi ni da zugu_.

  =Piper=                       _masoro_.

  =Pistia=                      _kai nuwa_.

  PLANTAIN                      _ayaba_.

  =Platycerium=                 _dafaddu_.

  =Platycoryne=                 _wutsiyar raḳumi_.

  =Platystonia=                 _kimbar rafi_.

  =Plectranthus=                _risga_.

  =Pleioceras=                  _bakin mutum_.

  PLUM—

    GINGERBREAD                 _gawasa_.

    HOG, SPANISH or JAMAICA     _tsadar Lamarudu_.

  =Polycarpæa=                  _bakin suda_,

                                _magudiya_.

  =Polygala=                    _sa hankaki dako_,

                                _yawa_.

  POMEGRANATE                   _rimani_.

  POPPY, YELLOW MEXICAN         _kwarko_.

  =Portulaca=                   _fasa ḳabba_.

  POTATO—

    KAFFIR                      _risga_.

    SWEET                       _dankali_.

  =Potaxon=                     _tumukun suri_.

  PRAYER BEADS                  _idon zakara_.

  PRIDE OF INDIA                _kurnan nasara_.

  PRIVET, EGYPTIAN              _lalle_.

  =Prosopis=                    _kiriya_.

  =Pseudocedrela=               _tuna_.

  =Psorospermum=                _kaskawami_.

  =Pterocarpus=                 _geḍar kurumi_,

                                _madobia_.

  =Pulicaria=                   _balbela_.

  PUMPKIN—

    POMPION                     _kabewa_.

    WHITE                       _duma_.

  =Punica=                      _rimani_.

  =Pupalia=                     _marin kusu_.

  PURGING NUT                   _bi ni da zugu_.

  PURSLANE                      _fasa ḳabba_.

    HORSE                       _gadon machiji_.

                     =R=

  =Randia=                      _katambiri_,

                                _tsibra_.

  =Raphia=                      _tukuruwa_.

  =Rauwolfia=                   _wadda_.

  REED, SPANISH                 _gabara_.

  =Rhytachne=                   _ḍiwa_,

                                _jema_.

  RICE                          _shinkafa_.

    HUNGRY                      _acha_,

                                _tumbin jaki_.

  =Ricinus=                     _zurma_.

  =Rogeria=                     _baba rodo_.

  ROSELLA                       _yakuwa_.

  ROSEWOOD, AFRICAN             _madobia_.

  =Rottbœllia=                  _gyazama_.

                     =S=

  =Saccharum=                   _rake_,

                                _kyamro_.

  =Salix=                       _rimni_.

  =Sansevieria=                 _moda_.

  SANT PODS                     _bagaruwa_.

  =Sarcocephalus=               _tafashia_.

  SARSAPARILLA                  _kwaranga_.

  SASSWOOD                      _gwaska_.

  SAUSAGE TREE                  _rahaina_.

  =Schizoglossum=               _rojiya_,

                                _tafo ka sha mamarka_.

  =Schœnefeldia=                _shinaka_.

  =Schwenkia=                   _dandana_.

  =Scoparia=                    _roma fada_.

  =Securidaca=                  _sainya_.

  SEDGE                         _aya_,

                                _aya aya_,

                                _ḍan Tunuga_,

                                _gemen kusu_,

                                _gizgiri_,

                                _gwaigwaya_,

                                _kajiji_.

  SENNA                         _fideli_,

                                _filasko_.

  =Sesamum=                     _riḍi_,

                                _riḍin barewa_.

  =Sesbania=                    _alambo_,

                                _zamarke_.

  =Setaria=                     _duza_.

  SHEA BUTTER TREE              _kaḍanya_.

  =Sida=                        _garamani_,

                                _ḳaḳa kai ka fitto_,

                                _miya tsanya_.

  SILK COTTON TREE              _rimi_.

    RED FLOWERED                _gurjiya_.

  =Smilax=                      _kwaranga_.

  =Solanum=                     _gauta &c._,

                                _gorgo_.

  =Sopubia=                     _rimin agwada_.

  =Sorghum=                     _dawa_,

                                _dawar kada_,

                                _takanḍa_.

  SORREL, RED                   _yakuwa_.

  =Spermacoce=                  _alkaman tururuwa_.

  SPIDER-WORT                   _balasa_.

  SPIDER LILY                   _hatsin manoma_.

  SPINAGE, NATIVE               _alayafu_.

  =Spondias=                    _danya_,

                                _tsadar Lamarudu_.

  =Sporobolus=                  _hakin furtau_.

  =Stachytarpheta=              _tsarkiyar kusu_.

  =Sterculia=                   _goro_,

                                _kukuki_.

  =Stereospermum=               _sansami_.

  =Striga=                      _ḳuduji_.

  =Strophanthus=                _kwankwani_.

  =Strychnos=                   _ḳoḳiya_.

  =Stylochiton=                 _gwandayi_.

  =Stylosanthes=                _tsira faḳo_.

  SUGAR-CANE                    _rake_,

                                _takanḍa_.

  =Swartzia=                    _bayama_,

                                _gamma faḍa_.

  =Syncolostemon=               _tumukun biri_.

                     =T=

  =Tacca=                       _amara_,

                                _giginyar biri_.

  =Taccazea=                    _yaḍiyar kada_.

  TALH GUM-ACACIA               _dushe_.

  =Tamarindus=                  _tsamiya_.

  =Tephrosia=                   _ḳini_,

                                _majimfa_,

                                _sabani_.

  =Terminalia=                  _baushe_,

                                _kandari_.

  =Tetrapleura=                 _dawo_.

  =Thelepogon=                  _ḍataniya_.

  =Thonningia=                  _kubla_.

  =Tinnea=                      _godar zomo_.

  TOMATO, NATIVE                _gauta_.

  =Trapa=                       _geḍar ruwa_.

  =Trianthema=                  _gadon machiji_.

  =Tribulus=                    _tsaido_.

  =Trichilia=                   _Gwanja kusa_,

                                _jan saye_.

  =Trichodesma=                 _walkin tsofo_.

  =Tricholæna=                  _mai farin kai_.

  =Trichopteryx=                _wutsiyar kurege_.

  =Tripogon=                    _bubukuwa_.

  =Triticum=                    _alkama_.

  =Triumfetta=                  _ḍan kaḍafi_,

                                _suren fadama_.

  =Trochomeria=                 _akwalu_.

  =Turmeric=                    _gangamau_.

  =Typha=                       _shalla_.

                     =U=

  =Uapaca=                      _ka fafogo_.

  =Uraria=                      _kaskaifi_.

  =Urena=                       _ramaniya_.

  =Urginea=                     _albasar kura_.

  =Ustilago=                    _burtuntuna_.

                     =V=

  =Vangueria=                   _bi ta ka tsira_.

  VEGETABLE MARROW              _kabewa_.

  VELVET-BEAN                   _karara_.

  VELVET-LEAF                   _jibda ḳassa_.

  =Vernonia=                    _ḅurzu_,

                                _domashi_,

                                _sabulun mata_,

                                _sheḳani_,

                                _shiwaka_,

                                _tozalin barewa_.

  =Vetiveria=                   _jema_.

  =Vigna=                       _wake_,

                                _waken barewa_,

                                _waken gizo_,

                                _yaryaḍi_.

  VINE                          _ayana_,

                                _tsibiri kinkini_,

                                _dafara_.

    BALLOON                     _gautan kwaḍo_.

    EDIBLE-STEMMED              _ḍaḍori_.

    RUBBER                      _alubada_,

                                _chiwo_.

  =Vitex=                       _ḍinya_.

  =Vitis=                       _ayana_,

                                _ḍaḍori_,

                                _dafara_,

                                _tsuwawun biri_.

  =Voacanga=                    _ḳoḳiyar biri_.

  =Voandzeia=                   _gujiya_,

                                _kwaruru_.

                     =W=

  =Waltheria=                   _hankufa_.

  WHEAT                         _alkama_.

  WILLOW                        _rimni_.

  WINTER CHERRY                 _gautan kwaḍo_.

  =Wissadula=                   _kwankwarimi_.

  =Withania=                    _ḳarama anta_.

  WOOD-OIL TREE                 _kadaura_.

                     =X=

  =Ximenia=                     _tsada_.

  =Xylopia=                     _kimba_.

  =Xysmalobium=                 _bauje_,

                                _rojiya_.

                     =Y=

  YAM                           _doya_,

                                _ḳosain rogo_.

    “KOKO”                      _gwaza_.

                     =Z=

  =Zanthoxylum=                 _fasa ḳwari_.

  =Zea=                         _masara_.

  =Zingiber=                    _chitta Afu_.

  =Zizyphus=                    _kurna_,

                                _magariya_,

                                _magariyar kura_.

  =Zornia=                      _sabulun kuyangi_.


                     _Printed in Great Britain by_
                        UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED
                           WOKING AND LONDON




Transcriber's note:


  pg 13 Changed: Ipomæa pilosa to: Ipomœa

  pg 15 Changed: F. populifolia, Vahl. (Urticacæ) to: Urticaceæ

  pg 24 Changed: Sorghum halapense to: halepense

  pg 25 Changed: Vitex Cienkowskii, Kotchy et Peyr. to: Kotschy

  pg 34 Changed: Ctenolepsis cerasiformis to: Ctenolepis

  pg 41 Changed: species (Steruliaceæ) to: Sterculiaceæ

  pg 52 Changed: =haḍanyar rafi= or =kaḍanyar kurumi=, Adina to:
  =kaḍanyar rafi=

  pg 53 (x2) Changed: Ipomæa to: Ipomœa

  pg 55 Changed: =kal nuwa= to: =kai nuwa=

  pg 63 Changed: Vocanga to: Voacanga

  pg 65 Changed: Ipomæa to: Ipomœa

  pg 66 Changed: (Sok. Kats. Katugum, &c.) to: Katagum

  pg 78 Changed: Sesamun indicum to: Sesamum

  pg 84 Changed: Vernonia primulina, O. Hoffn. to: O. Hoffm.

  pg 86 Changed: Ipomæa to: Ipomœa

  pg 88 Changed: Schœnfeldia gracilis to: Schœnefeldia

  pg 89 =suren fadama= moved out of =sure= and made into its
  own entry, right below.

  pg 103 Changed: Ipomæa to: Ipomœa

  pg 104 (x2) Changed: Ipomæa to: Ipomœa

  pg 110 Changed: [=Aristida=] — kasamakaru to: kasmakaru

  pg 111 Changed: =Chrysanthella= to: =Chrysanthellum=

  pg 113 Changed: [=Grewia=] — gurduzu to: gurdugu

  pg 114 Changed: =Lasiosyphon= — _tuturubi_. to: _tururubi_.

  pg 117 Changed: =Platycorne= to: =Platycoryne=

  pg 118 Changed: =Sesasum= to: =Sesamum=

  pg 118 Changed: =Trichelia= to: =Trichilia=

  Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.

  Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.





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