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Title: 管子 — Volume 02 : Chapters 6-10 Author: Zhong Guan Release date: February 1, 2005 [eBook #7484] Most recently updated: December 30, 2020 Language: Chinese Credits: Produced by Ni-Yen Wu *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 管子 — VOLUME 02 : CHAPTERS 6-10 *** Produced by Ni-Yen Wu 七法第六 言是而不能立，言非而不能廢；有功而不能賞，有罪而不能誅，若是而能 治民者，未之有也。是必立，非必廢，有功必賞，有罪必誅，若是安治矣 ，未也，是何也？曰：形勢器械未具，猶之不治也。形勢器械具四者備， 治矣。不能治其民，而能彊其兵者，未之有也。能治其民矣，而不明於為 兵之數，猶之不可。不能彊其兵，而能必勝敵國者，未之有也；能彊其兵 ，而不明于勝敵國之理，猶之不勝也。兵不必勝敵國，而能正天下者，未 之有也。兵必勝敵國矣，而不明正天下之分，猶之不可，故曰：治民有器 ，為兵有數，勝敵國有理。正天下有分：則、象、法、化、決塞、心術、 計數，根天地之氣，寒暑之和，水土之性，人民鳥獸草木之生物，雖不甚 多，皆均有焉，而未嘗變也，謂之則。義也、名也、時也、似也、類也、 比也、狀也、謂之象。尺寸也、繩墨也、規矩也、衡石也、斗斛也、角量 也、謂之法。漸也、順也、靡也、久也、服也、習也、謂之化。予奪也、 險易也、利害也、難易也、開閉也、殺生也、謂之決塞。實也、誠也、厚 也、施也、度也、恕也、謂之心術。剛柔也、輕重也、大小也、實虛也、 遠近也、多少也、謂之計數。不明於則，而欲出號令，猶立朝夕於鉉均之 上，檐竿而欲定其末。不明於象，而欲論材審用，猶絕長以為短，續短以 為長。不明於法，而欲治民一眾，猶左書而右息之。不明於化，而欲變俗 易教，猶朝揉輪而夕欲乘車。不明於決塞，而欲敺眾移民，猶使水逆流。 不明於心術，而欲行令於人，猶倍招而必拘之。不明於計數，而欲舉大事 ，猶無舟楫而欲經於水險也。故曰：錯儀畫制，不知則不可。論材審用， 不知象不可。和民一眾，不知法不可。變俗易教，不知化不可。敺眾移民 ，不知決塞不可。布令必行，不知心術不可。舉事必成，不知計數不可。 右七法 百匿傷上威。姦吏傷官法。姦民傷俗教。賊盜傷國眾。威傷，則重在下。 法傷，則貨上流。教傷，則從令者不輯。眾傷，則百姓不安其居。重在下 ，則令不行。貨上流，則官徒毀。從令者不輯，則百事無功。百姓不安其 居，則輕民處而重民散，輕民處，重民散，則地不辟；地不辟，則六畜不 育；六畜不育，則國貧而用不足；國貧而用不足，則兵弱而士不厲；兵弱 而士不厲，則戰不勝而守不固；戰不勝而守不固，則國不安矣。故曰：常 令不審，則百匿勝；官爵不審，則姦吏勝；符籍不審，則姦民勝；刑法不 審，則盜賊勝；國之四經敗，人君泄見危，人君泄，則言實之士不進；言 實之士不進，則國之情偽不竭于上。世主所貴者寶也，所親者戚也，所愛 者民也，所重者爵祿也，亡君則不然，致所貴，非寶也，致所親，非戚也 ；致所愛，非民也；致所重，非爵祿也，故不為重寶虧其命，故曰：「令 貴於寶」。不為愛親危其社稷，故曰：「社稷戚於親」。不為愛人枉其法 ，故曰：「法愛於人」。不為重爵祿分其威，故曰：「威重於爵祿」。不 通此四者，則反於無有。故曰：治人如治水潦，養人如養六畜，用人如用 草木。居身論道行理，則群臣服教，百吏嚴斷，莫敢開私焉。論功計勞， 未嘗失法律也。便辟、左右、大族、尊貴、大臣、不得增其功焉。疏遠、 卑賤、隱不知之人、不忘其勞，故有罪者不怨上，愛賞者無貪心，則列陳 之士，皆輕其死而安難，以要上事，本兵之極也。 右四傷百匿 為兵之數，存乎聚財，而財無敵。存乎論工，而工無敵。存乎制器，而器 無敵。存乎選士，而士無敵。存乎政教，而政教無敵。存乎服習，而服習 無敵。存乎遍知天下，而遍知天下無敵。存乎明於機數，而明於機數無敵 。故兵未出境，而無敵者八；是以欲正天下，財不蓋天下，不能正天下； 財蓋天下，而工不蓋天下，不能正天下；工蓋天下，而器不蓋天下，不能 正天下；器蓋天下，而士不蓋天下，不能正天下；士蓋天下，而教不蓋天 下，不能正天下；教蓋天下，而習不蓋天下，不能正天下；習蓋天下，而 不遍知天下，不能正天下；遍知天下，而不明於機數，不能正天下；故明 於機數者，用兵之勢也。大者時也，小者計也。王道非廢也，而天下莫敢 窺者，王者之正也。衡庫者，天子之禮也。是故器成卒選，則士知勝矣。 遍知天下，審御機數，則獨行而無敵矣。所愛之國，而獨利之；所惡之國 ，而獨害之；則令行禁止，是以聖王貴之。勝一而服百，則天下畏之矣。 立少而觀多，則天下懷之矣。罰有罪，賞有功，則天下從之矣。故聚天下 之精財，論百工之銳器，春秋角試，以練精銳為右；成器不課不用，不試 不藏。收天下之豪傑，有天下之駿雄；故舉之如飛鳥，動之如雷電，發之 如風雨，莫當其前，莫害其後，獨出獨入，莫敢禁圉。成功立事，必順於 禮義，故不禮不勝天下，不義不勝人；故賢知之君，必立於勝地，故正天 下而莫之敢御也。 右為兵之數 若夫曲制時舉，不失天時，毋壙地利。其數多少，其要必出於計數。故凡 攻伐之為道也，計必先定于內，然後兵出乎境；計未定於內，而兵出乎境 ，是則戰之自勝，攻之自毀也。是故張軍而不能戰。圍邑而不能攻。得地 而不能實，三者見一焉。則可破毀也。故不明于敵人之政，不能加也，不 明于敵人之情，不可約也。不明于敵人之將，不先軍也。不明于敵人之士 ，不先陳也。是故以眾擊寡，以治擊亂，以富擊貧，以能擊不能，以教卒 練士擊敺眾白徒。故十戰十勝，百戰百勝。故事無備，兵無主，則不蚤知 。野不辟，地無吏，則無蓄積。官無常，下怨上，而器械不功。朝無政， 則賞罰不明。賞罰不明，則民幸生。故蚤知敵人如獨行，有蓄積，則久而 不匱。器械功，則伐而不費。賞罰明，則人不幸。人不幸，則勇士勸之。 故兵也者。審於地圖，謀十官。日量蓄積，齊勇士，遍知天下，審御機數 ，兵主之事也。故有風雨之行，故能不遠道里矣。有飛鳥之舉，故能不險 山河矣。有雷電之戰，故能獨行而無敵矣。有水旱之功，故能攻國救邑。 有金城之守，故能定宗廟，育男女矣。有一體之治，故能出號令，明憲法 矣。風雨之行者，速也。飛鳥之舉者，輕也。雷電之戰者，士不齊也。水 旱之功者，野不收，耕不穫也。金城之守者，用貨財，設耳目也。一體之 治者。去奇說。禁雕俗也。不遠道里，故能威絕域之民，不險山河，故能 服恃固之國。獨行無敵，故令行而禁止。故攻國救邑，不恃權與之國，故 所指必聽。定宗廟，育男女，天下莫之能傷，然後可以有國。制儀法，出 號令，莫不嚮應，然後可以治民一眾矣。 右選陳 版法第七 凡將立事，正彼天植，風雨無違。遠近高下，各得其嗣。三經既飭，君乃 有國。喜無以賞，怒無以殺；喜以賞，怒以殺，怨乃起，令乃廢，驟令不 行，民心乃外。外之有徒，禍乃始牙。眾之所忿，置不能圖。舉所美，必 觀其所終。廢所惡，必計其所窮。慶勉敦敬以顯之，富祿有功以勸之，爵 貴有名以休之。兼愛無遺，是謂君心。必先順教，萬民鄉風。旦暮利之， 眾乃勝任。取人以己，成事以質。審用財，慎施報，察稱量；故用財不可 以嗇，用力不可以苦。用財嗇則費，用力苦則勞。民不足，令乃辱。民苦 殃，令不行。施報不得，禍乃始昌。禍昌不寤，民乃自圖。正法直度，罪 殺不赦。殺僇必信，民畏而懼。武威既明，令不再行，頓卒怠倦以辱之， 罰罪宥過以懲之，殺僇犯禁以振之。植固不動，倚邪乃恐。倚革邪化，令 往民移。法天合德，象法無親。參於日月，佐於四時。悅在施有，眾在廢 私。召遠在修近，閉禍在除怨。修長在乎任賢，高安在乎同利。 幼官第八 若因夜虛守靜人物，人物則皇。五和時節，君服黃色，味甘味，聽宮聲， 治和氣，用五數，飲於黃后之井，以(人果)獸之火爨，藏溫濡，行敺養， 坦氣修通，凡物開靜，形生理。常至命，尊賢授德，則帝。身仁行義，服 忠用信，則王。審謀章禮，選士利械，則霸。定生處死，謹賢修伍，則眾 。信賞審罰，爵材祿能，則強。計凡付終，務本飭末，則富。明法審數， 立常備能，則治。同異分官，則安。通之以道，畜之以惠，親之以仁，養 之以義，報之以德，結之以信，接之以禮，和之以樂，期之以事，攻之以 官，發之以力，威之以誠。一舉而上下得終，再舉而民無不從，三舉而地 辟散成，四舉而農佚粟十，五舉而務輕金九，六舉而絜知事變，七舉而外 內為用，八舉而勝行威立，九舉而帝事成形，九本搏大，人主之守也。八 分有職，卿相之守也。十官飾勝備威，將軍之守也。六紀審密，賢人之守 也。五紀不解，庶人之守也。動而無不從，靜而無不同。治亂之本三，尊 卑之交四，富貧之經五，盛衰之紀六，安危之機七，強弱之應八，存亡之 數九。練之以散群傰署。凡數財署，殺僇以聚財，勸勉以選眾，使二分具 本。發善必審於密，執威必明於中。此居圖方中。春行冬政，肅。行秋政 ，雷。行夏政，閹。十二，地氣發，戒春事。十二，小卯，出耕。十二， 天氣下，賜與。十二，義氣至，修門閭。十二，清明，發禁。十二，始卯 ，合男女。十二，中卯。十二，下卯。三卯同事，八舉時節。君服青色， 味酸味，聽角聲，治燥氣，用八數，飲於青后之井。以羽獸之火爨。藏不 忍，行敺養。坦氣修通，凡物開靜，形生理。合內空周外。強國為圈，弱 國為屬。動而無不從，靜而無不同。舉發以禮，時禮必得。和好不基。貴 賤無司，事變日至。此居於圖東方方外。夏行春政，風。行冬政，落。重 則雨雹。行秋政，水。十二，小郢至，德。十二，絕氣下，下爵賞。十二 ，中郢，賜與。十二，中絕，收聚。十二，大暑至，盡善。十二，中暑。 十二，小暑終。三暑同事。七舉時節，君服赤色，味苦味，聽羽聲，治陽 氣，用七數。飲於赤后之井。以毛獸之火爨。藏薄純，行篤厚，坦氣修通 ，凡物開靜，形生理。定府官，明名分，而審責於群臣有司，則下不乘上 ，賤不乘貴，法立數得，而無比周之民，則上尊而下卑，遠近不乖，此居 於圖南方方外。秋行夏政，葉。行春政，華。行冬政，秏。十二，期風至 ，戒秋事。十二，小卯，薄百爵。十二，白露下，收聚。十二，復理，賜 與。十二，始節賦事。十二，始卯，合男女。十二，中卯。十二，下卯。 三卯同事。九和時節，君服白色，味辛味，聽商聲，治溼氣，用九數。飲 於白后之井。以介蟲之火爨。藏恭敬，行搏銳，坦氣修通，凡物開靜，形 生理。閒男女之畜，修鄉閭之什伍。量委積之多寡，定府官之計數。養老 弱而勿通，信利周而無私，此居於圖西方方外。冬行秋政，霧。行夏政， 雷。行春政，烝泄。十二，始寒，盡刑。十二，小榆，賜予。十二，中寒 ，收聚。十二，中榆，大收。十二，寒至，靜。十二，大寒，之陰。十二 ，大寒終三寒同事。六行時節，君服黑色，味鹹味，聽徵聲，治陰氣，用 六數，飲於黑后之井。以鱗獸之火爨。藏慈厚，行薄純。坦氣修通，凡物 開靜，形生理。器成於僇，教行於鈔。動靜不記，行止無量。戒審四時以 別息，異出入以兩易，明養生以解固，審取予以總之。一會諸侯，令曰： 「非玄帝之命，毋有一日之師役」。再會諸侯，令曰：養孤老，食常疾， 收孤寡。三會諸侯，令曰：田租百取五。市賦百取二。關賦百取一。毋乏 耕織之器。四會諸侯，令曰：修道路，偕度量，一稱數。藪澤以時禁發之 。五會諸侯，令曰：修春秋冬夏之常祭，食。天壤山川之故祀，必以時。 六會諸侯，令曰：以爾壤生物共玄官，請四輔，將以禮上帝。七會諸侯， 令曰：官處四體而無禮者。流之焉莠命。八會諸侯，令曰：立四義而毋議 者，尚之于玄官，聽于三公。九會諸侯，令曰：以爾封內之財物，國之所 有為幣。九會，大命焉出，常至。千里之外，二千里之內。諸侯三年而朝 習命。二年，三卿使四輔。一年正月朔日，令大夫來修。受命三公。二千 里之外，三千里之內，諸侯五年而會至習命。三年，名卿請事。二年，大 夫通吉凶。十年，重適入，正禮義。五年，大夫請受變。三千里之外，諸 侯世一至，置大夫以為廷安，入，共受命焉。此居於圖北方方外。必得文 威武官習，勝之，務時因，勝之。終無方，勝之。幾行義，勝之。理名實 ，勝之。急時分，勝之。事察伐，勝之。行備具，勝之。原無象，勝之。 本定獨威，勝。定計財，勝。定聞知，勝。定選士，勝。定制祿，勝。定 方用，勝。定綸理，勝。定死生，勝。定成敗，勝。定依奇，勝。定實虛 ，勝。定盛衰，勝。舉機誠要，則敵不量。用利至誠，則敵不校。明名章 實，則士死節。奇舉發不意，則士歡用。交物因方，則械器備。因能利備 ，則求必得。執務明本，則士不偷。備具無常，無方應也。聽於鈔，故能 聞未極。視於新，故能見未形，思於濬，故能知未始。發於驚，故能至無 量。動於昌，故能得其寶。立於謀，故能實不可故也。器成教守，則不遠 道里。號審教施，則不險山河。博一純固，則獨行而無敵。慎號審章，則 其攻不待權與。明必勝，則慈者勇。器無方，則愚者智。攻不守，則拙者 巧。數也。動慎十號。明審九章。飾習十器。善習五官。謹修三官。必設 常主。計必先定。求天下之精材。論百工之銳器。器成，角試否臧。收天 下之豪傑，有天下之稱材。說行若風雨，發如雷電。此居於圖方中。旗物 尚青，兵尚矛。刑則交寒害釱。器成不守，經不知。教習不著，發不意。 經不知，故莫之能圉。發不意，故莫之能應。莫之能應，故全勝而無害。 莫之能圉，故必勝而無敵。四機不明，不過九日，而游兵驚軍。障塞不審 ，不過八日，而外賊得閒。由守不慎，不過七日，而內有讒謀。詭禁不修 ，不過六日，而竊盜者起。死亡不食，不過四日，而軍財在敵。此居於圖 東方方外。旗物尚赤。兵尚戟。刑則燒交彊郊。必明其一，必明其將，必 明其政，必明其士。四者備，則以治擊亂，以成擊敗。數戰則士疲，數勝 則君驕，驕君使疲民，則國危。至善不戰，其次一之。大勝者積眾。勝無 非義者，焉可以為大勝。大勝，無不勝也。此居於圖南方方外。旗物尚白 ，兵尚劍。刑則紹昧斷絕。始乎無端，卒乎無窮。始乎無端，道也。卒乎 無窮，德也。道不可量，德不可數。不可量，則眾強不能圖。不可數，則 為軸不敢鄉。兩者備施，動靜有功。畜之以道，養之以德。畜之以道，則 民和，養之以德，則民合。和合故能習；習故能偕。偕習以悉。莫之能傷 也。此居於圖西方方外。旗物尚黑，兵尚脅盾。刑則游仰灌流。察數而知 治，審器而識勝。明謀而適勝。通德而天下定。定宗廟。育男女。官四分 ，則可以立威、行、德、制法儀、出號令。至善之為兵也，非地是求也， 罰人是君也。立義而加之以勝，至威而實之以德。守之而後修，勝心焚海 內。民之所利立之，所害除之，則民人從。立為六千里之侯。則大人從。 使國君得其治。則人君從會。請命於天地，知氣和，則生物從。計緩急之 事。則危危而無難。明於器械之利，則涉難而不變。察於先後之理，則兵 出而不困。通於出入之度，則深入而不危。審於動靜之務，則功得而無害 。著於取與之分，則得地而不執。慎於號令之官。則舉事而有功。此居於 圖北方方外。 幼官圖第九 若因處虛守靜人物則皇。五和時節，君服黃色，味甘味，聽宮聲，治和氣 ，用五數，飲於黃后之井，以(人果)獸之火爨，藏溫濡，行敺養，坦氣修 通，凡物開靜，形生理。常至命，尊賢授德，則帝。身仁行義，服忠用信 ，則王。審謀章禮，選士利械，則霸。定生處死，謹賢修伍，則眾。信賞 審罰，爵材祿能，則強。計凡付終，務本飾末，則富。明法審數，立常備 能，則治。同異分官，則安。通之以道，畜之以惠，親之以仁，養之以義 ，報之以德，結之以信，接之以禮，和之以樂，期之以事，攻之以言，發 之以力，威之以誠，一舉而上下得終，再舉而民無不從，三舉而地辟散成 ，四舉而農佚粟十，五舉而務輕金九，六舉而絜知事變，七舉而內外為用 ，八舉而勝行威立，九舉而帝事成形。九本搏大，人主之守也。八分有職 ，卿相之守也。七官飾勝備威，將軍之守也。六紀審密，賢人之守也，五 紀不解，庶人之守也。動而無不從，靜而無不同。治亂之本三，卑尊之交 四，富貧之終五，盛衰之紀六，安危之機七，強弱之應八，存亡之數九。 練之以散群傰署，凡數財署。殺僇以聚財，勸勉以選眾，使二分具本，發 善必審於密，執威必明於中，此居圖方中。 右中方本圖 必得文威武官習，勝之。務時因，勝之。終無方，勝之。幾行義，勝之。 理名實，勝之。急時分，勝之。事察伐，勝之。行備具，勝之，原無象， 勝之。本定獨威，勝。定計財，勝。定知聞，勝。定選士，勝。定制祿， 勝。定方用，勝。定綸理，勝。定死生，勝。定成敗，勝。定依奇，勝。 定實虛，勝。定盛衰，勝。舉機誠要，則敵不量。用利至誠，則敵不校。 明名章實，則士死節。奇舉發不意，則士歡用。交物因方，則械器備。因 能利備，則求必得。執務明本，則士不偷。備具無常，無方應也。聽於鈔 ，故能聞無極。視於新，故能見未形。思於濬，故能知未始。發於驚，故 能至無量。動於昌，故能得其寶。立於謀，故能實不可故也。器成教守， 則不遠道里。號審教施，則不險山河。博一純固，則獨行而無敵。慎號審 章，則其攻不待。權與明必勝，則慈者勇。器無方，則愚者智。攻不守， 則拙者巧。數也。動慎十號。明審九章。飾習十器。善習五官。謹修三官 。必設常主。計必先定，求天下之精材。論百工之銳器。器成，角試否臧 。收天下之豪傑，有天下之稱材。說行若風雨，發如雷電，此居於圖方中 。 右中方副圖 春行冬政，肅。行秋政，雷。行夏政，則閹。十二，地氣發，戒春事。十 二，小卯，出耕。十二，天氣下，賜與。十二，義氣至，修門閭。十二， 清明，發禁。十二，始卯，合男女。十二，中卯。十二，下卯。三卯同事 。八舉時節，君服青色，味酸味，聽角聲，治燥氣，用八數，飲於青后之 井，以羽獸之火爨，藏不忍，行敺養，坦氣修通，凡物開靜，形生理。合 內空周外，強國為圈，弱國為屬。動而無不從，靜而無不同。舉發以禮， 時禮必得。和好不基，貴賤無司，事變日至，此居於圖東方方外。 右東方本圖 旗物尚青，兵尚矛，刑則交寒害釱。器成不守，經不知。教習不著，發不 意。經不知，故莫之能圉。發不意，故莫之能應。莫之能應，故全勝而無 害。莫之能圉，故必勝而無敵。四機不明，不過九日，而游兵驚軍。障塞 不審，不過八日，而外賊得間。由守不慎，不過七日，而內有讒謀。詭禁 不修，不過六日，而竊盜者起。死亡不食，不過四日，而軍財在敵，此居 於圖東方方外。 右東方副圖 夏行春政，風。行冬政，落。重則雨雹。行秋政，水。十二，小郢，至德 。十二，絕氣下，下爵賞。十二，中郢，賜與。十二，中絕，收聚。十二 ，大暑，至盡善。十二，中暑。十二，小暑。終三暑同事。七舉時節，君 服赤色，味苦味，聽羽聲，治陽氣，用七數，飲於赤后之井，以毛獸之火 爨，藏薄純，行篤厚，坦氣修通，凡物開靜，形生理。定府官，明名分， 而審責於群臣有司，則下不乘上，賤不乘貴，法立數得，而無比周之民， 則上尊而下卑，遠近不乖，此居於圖南方方外。 右南方本圖 旗物尚赤，兵尚戟，刑則燒交彊郊。必明其一，必明其將，必明其政，必 明其士，四者備，則以治擊亂，以成擊敗。數戰則士疲，數勝則君驕，驕 君使疲民，則危國。至善不戰，其次一之。大勝者積眾，勝而無非義者， 焉可以為大勝。大勝，無不勝也。此居於圖南方方 外。 右南方副圖 秋行夏政，葉。行春政，華。行冬政，秏。十二，期風至，戒秋事。十二 ，小卯，薄百爵。十二，白露下，收聚。十二，復理，賜予。十二，始前 節第賦事。十二，始卯，合男女。十二，中卯。十二，下卯。三卯同事。 九和時節，君服白色，味辛味，聽商聲，治溼氣，用九數，飲於白后之井 ，以介蟲之火爨，藏恭敬，行搏銳，坦氣修通，凡物開靜，形生理。閒男 女之畜，修鄉里之什伍，量委積之多寡，定府官之計數，養老弱而勿通， 信利害而無私。此居於圖西方方外。 右西方本圖 旗物尚白，兵尚劍，刑則紹昧斷絕。始乎無端，卒乎無窮。始乎無端，道 也。卒乎無窮，德也。道不可量，德不可數。不可量，則眾強不能圖。不 可數，則為軸不敢鄉。兩者備施，動靜有功。畜之以道，養之以德。畜之 以道，則民和。養之以德，則民合。和合故能習，習故能偕，偕習以悉， 莫之能傷也。此居於圖西方方外。 右西方副圖 冬行秋政，霧。行夏政，雷。行春政，烝泄。十二，始寒，盡刑。十二， 小榆，賜予。十二，中寒，收聚。十二，中榆，大收。十二，寒至，靜。 十二，大寒，之陰。十二，大寒終。三寒同事。六行時節，君服黑色，味 鹹味，聽徵聲，治陰氣，用六數，飲於黑后之井，以鱗獸之火爨，藏慈厚 ，行薄純，坦氣修通，凡物開靜，形生理。器成於僇，教行於鈔，動靜不 記，行止無量。戒審四時以別息，異出入以兩易，明養生以解固，審取與 以總之。一會諸侯，令曰：非玄帝之命，毋有一日之師役。再會諸侯，令 曰：養孤老，食常疾，收孤寡。三會諸侯，令曰：田租百取五，市賦百取 二，關賦百取一，毋乏耕織之器。四會諸侯，令曰：修道路，偕度量，一 稱數，毋征藪澤，以時禁發之。五會諸侯，令曰：修春秋冬夏之常祭，食 天壤山川之故祀，必以時。六會諸侯，令曰：以爾壤生物共玄官，請四輔 ，將以祀上帝。七會諸侯，令曰：官處四體而無禮者，流之焉莠命。八會 諸侯，令曰：立四義而無議者，尚之于玄官，聽於三公。九會諸侯，令曰 ：以爾封內之財物，國之所有為幣。九會，大命焉出，常至。千里之外， 二千里之內，諸侯三年而朝習命。二年，三卿使四輔。一年正月朔日，令 大夫來修，受命三公。二千里之外，三千里之內，諸侯五年而會至習命。 三年，名卿請事。二年，大夫通吉凶。七年重適入，正禮義。五年，大夫 請變。三千里之外，諸侯世一至，置大夫以為廷安，入共受命焉。此居於 圖北方方外。 右北方本圖 旗物尚黑，兵尚脅盾，刑則游仰灌流。察數而知治，審器而識勝，明謀而 適勝，通德而天下定。定宗廟，育男女，官四分，則可以立威行德，制法 儀，出號令。至善之為兵也，非地是求也，罰人是君也；立義而加之以勝 ，至威而實之以德，守之而後修，勝心焚海內。民之所利立之，所害除之 ，則民人從。立為六千里之侯，則大人從。使國君得其治，則人君從會。 請命於天地，知氣和，則生物從。計緩急之事，則危危而無難。明於器械 之利，則涉難而不變。察於先後之理，則兵出而不困。通於出入之度，則 深入而不危。審於動靜之務，則功得而無害也。著於取與之分，則得地而 不執。慎於號令之官，則舉事而有功。此居於圖北方方外。 右北方副圖 五輔第十 古之聖王，所以取明名廣譽，厚功大業，顯於天下，不忘於後世，非得人 者，未之嘗聞。暴王之所以失國家，危社稷，覆宗廟，滅於天下，非失人 者，未之嘗聞。今有士之君，皆處欲安，動欲威，戰欲勝，守欲固，大者 欲王天下，小者欲霸諸侯。而不務得人，是以小者兵挫而地削，大者身死 而國亡，故曰：人不可不務也。此天下之極也。曰：然則得人之道，莫如 利之。利之之道，莫如教之以政，故善為政者，田疇墾而國邑實，朝廷閒 而官府治，公法行而私曲止，倉廩實而囹圄空，賢人進而奸民退，其君子 上中正而下諂諛。其士民貴武勇而賤得利。其庶人好耕農而惡飲食。於是 財用足，而飲食薪菜饒。是故上必寬裕，而有解舍。下必聽從，而不疾怨 。上下和同，而有禮義，故處安而動威，戰勝而守固，是以一戰而正諸侯 。不能為政者，田疇荒而國邑虛，朝廷兇而官府亂。公法廢而私曲行，倉 廩虛而囹圄實，賢人退而奸民進，其君子上諂諛而下中正，其士民貴得利 而賤武勇，其庶人好飲食而惡耕農，於是財用匱而食飲薪菜乏，上彌殘苟 ，而無解舍，下愈覆鷙而不聽從，上下交引而不和同，故處不安而動不威 ，戰不勝而守不固，是以小者兵挫而地削，大者身死而國亡，故以此觀之 ，則政不可不慎也。德有六興，義有七體，禮有八經，法有五務，權有三 度，所謂六興者何？曰：辟田疇，利壇宅。修樹蓺，勸士民，勉稼穡，修 牆屋，此謂厚其生。發伏利，輸墆積修道途，便關市，慎將宿，此謂輸之 以財。導水潦，利陂溝，決潘渚，潰泥滯，通鬱閉，慎津梁，此謂遺之以 利，薄徵斂，輕征賦，弛刑罰，赦罪戾，宥小過，此謂寬其政。養長老， 慈幼孤，恤鰥寡，問疾病，弔禍喪，此謂匡其急。衣凍寒。食飢渴，匡貧 窶，振罷露。資乏絕，此謂振其窮。凡此六者，德之興也。六者既布，則 民之所欲，無不得矣。夫民必得其所欲，然後聽上，聽上，然後政可善為 也，故曰德不可不興也。曰：民知德矣，而未知義，然後明行以導之義， 義有七體，七體者何？曰：孝悌慈惠，以養親戚。恭敬忠信，以事君上。 中正比宜，以行禮節。整齊撙詘，以辟刑僇。纖嗇省用，以備飢饉。敦懞 純固，以備禍亂。和協輯睦，以備寇戎。凡此七者，義之體也。夫民必知 義然後中正，中正然後和調，和調乃能處安，處安然後動威，動威乃可以 戰勝而守固，故曰義不可不行也。曰：民知義矣，而未知禮，然後飾八經 以導之禮。所謂八經者何？曰：上下有義，貴賤有分，長幼有等貧富有度 ，凡此八者，禮之經也。故上下無義則亂，貴賤無分則爭，長幼無等則倍 ，貧富無度則失。上下亂，貴賤爭，長幼倍，貧富失，而國不亂者，未之 嘗聞也。是故聖王飭此八禮，以導其民；八者各得其義，則為人君者，中 正而無私。為人臣者，忠信而不黨。為人父者，慈惠以教。為人子者，孝 悌以肅。為人兄者，寬裕以誨。為人弟者，比順以敬。為人夫者，敦懞以 固。為人妻者，勸勉以貞。夫然則下不倍上，臣不殺君，賤不踰貴，少不 陵長，遠不閒親，新不閒舊，小不加大，淫不破義，凡此八者，禮之經也 。夫人必知禮然後恭敬，恭敬然後尊讓，尊讓然後少長貴賤不相踰越，少 長貴賤不相踰越，故亂不生而患不作，故曰禮不可不謹也。曰：民知禮矣 ，而未知務，然後布法以任力，任力有五務，五務者何？曰：君擇臣而任 官，大夫任官辯事，官長任事守職，士修身功材，庶人耕農樹藝。君擇臣 而任官，則事不煩亂。大夫任官辯事，則舉措時。官長任事守職，則動作 和。士修身功材，則賢良發。庶人耕農樹藝，則財用足。故曰：凡此五者 ，力之務也。夫民必知務，然後心一，心一然後意專，心一而意專，然後 功足觀也。故曰：力不可不務也。曰：民知務矣，而未知權，然後考三度 以動之；所謂三度者何？曰：上度之天祥，下度之地宜，中度之人順，此 所謂三度。故曰：天時不祥，則有水旱。地道不宜，則有饑饉。人道不順 ，則有禍亂；此三者之來也，政召之。曰：審時以舉事，以事動民，以民 動國，以國動天下。天下動，然後功名可成也，故民必知權然後舉錯得。 舉錯得則民和輯，民和輯則功名立矣，故曰：權不可不度也。故曰五經既 布，然後逐姦民，詰軸偽，屏讒慝，而毋聽淫辭，毋作淫巧。若民有淫行 邪性，樹為淫辭，作為淫巧，以上諂君上，而下惑百姓，移國動眾，以害 民務者，其刑死流，故曰：凡人君之所以內失百姓，外失諸侯，兵挫而地 削，名卑而國虧，社稷滅覆，身體危殆，非生於諂淫者未之嘗聞也。何以 知其然也？曰：淫聲諂耳，淫觀諂目，耳目之所好諂心，心之所好傷民， 民傷而身不危者，未之嘗聞也。曰：實壙虛，墾田疇，修牆屋，則國家富 。節飲食，撙衣服，則財用足。舉賢良，務功勞，布德惠，則賢人進。逐 姦人，詰軸偽，去讒慝，則姦人止。修饑饉，救災害，振罷露，則國家定 。明王之務，在於強本事，去無用，然後民可使富。論賢人，用有能，而 民可使治。薄稅斂，毋苟於民，待以忠愛，而民可使親；三者，霸王之事 也。事有本而仁義其要也，今工以巧矣，而民不足於備用者，其悅在玩好 。農以勞矣，而天下飢者，其悅在珍怪，方丈陳於前。女以巧矣，而天下 寒者，其悅在文繡。是故博帶梨，大袂列，文繡染，刻鏤削，雕琢采。關 幾而不征，市酁(毚改廛)而不稅。是故古之良工，不勞其知巧以為玩好， 無用之物，守法者不失。 End of Project Gutenberg's Guan Zi--Volume 02: Chapters 6-10, by Zhong Guan *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 管子 — VOLUME 02 : CHAPTERS 6-10 *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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