The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Biography of a Grizzly
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: The Biography of a Grizzly

Author: Ernest Thompson Seton

Release date: November 1, 2005 [eBook #9330]
                Most recently updated: May 7, 2013

Language: English

Credits: Text file produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG
        Distributed Proofreaders from images generously made
        available by the Canadian Institute for Historical
        Microreproductions
        
        HTML file produced by David Widger


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIOGRAPHY OF A GRIZZLY ***




Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG
Distributed Proofreaders from images generously made
available by the Canadian Institute for Historical
Microreproductions








THE BIOGRAPHY OF A GRIZZLY

by Ernest Seton-Thompson

With 75 Drawings (not available in this file)

Author of: The Trail of the Sandhill Stag Wild Animals I Have
Known Art Anatomy of Animals Mammals of Manitoba Birds of Manitoba


1899


This Book is dedicated to the memory of the days spent at the
Palette Ranch on the Graybull, where from hunter, miner, personal
experience, and the host himself, I gathered many chapters of the
History of Wahb.

[Illustration: ] In this Book the designs for title-page, cover, and
general makeup, were done by Mrs. Grace Gallatin Seton-Thompson.

[Illustration: ] List of Full-Page Drawings

They all Rushed Under it like a Lot of Little Pigs

Like Children Playing 'Hands'

He Stayed in the Tree till near Morning

A Savage Bobcat ... Warned Him to go Back

Wahb Yelled and Jerked Back

He Struck one Fearful, Crushing Blow

Ain't He an Awful Size, Though?

Wahb Smashed His Skull

Causing the Pool to Overflow

He Deliberately Stood up on the Pine Root

The Roachback Fled into the Woods

He Paused a Moment at the Gate




PART I

THE CUBHOOD OF WAHB

[Illustration:]


I.

He was born over a score of years ago, away up in the wildest part of
the wild West, on the head of the Little Piney, above where the Palette
Ranch is now.

His Mother was just an ordinary Silvertip, living the quiet life that
all Bears prefer, minding her own business and doing her duty by her
family, asking no favors of any one excepting to let her alone. It was
July before she took her remarkable family down the Little Piney to the
Graybull, and showed them what strawberries were, and where to find
them.

Notwithstanding their Mother's deep conviction, the cubs were not
remarkably big or bright; yet they were a remarkable family, for there
were four of them, and it is not often a Grizzly Mother can boast of
more than two.

[Illustration]

The woolly-coated little creatures were having a fine time, and reveled
in the lovely mountain summer and the abundance of good things. Their
Mother turned over each log and flat stone they came to, and the moment
it was lifted they all rushed under it like a lot of little pigs to lick
up the ants and grubs there hidden.

It never once occurred to them that Mammy's strength might fail
sometime, and let the great rock drop just as they got under it; nor
would any one have thought so that might have chanced to see that huge
arm and that shoulder sliding about under the great yellow robe she
wore. No, no; that arm could never fail. The little ones were quite
right. So they hustled and tumbled one another at each fresh log in
their haste to be first, and squealed little squeals, and growled little
growls, as if each was a pig, a pup, and a kitten all rolled into one.

They were well acquainted with the common little brown ants that harbor
under logs in the uplands, but now they came for the first time on one
of the hills of the great, fat, luscious Wood-ant, and they all crowded
around to lick up those that ran out. But they soon found that they were
licking up more cactus-prickles and sand than ants, till their Mother
said in Grizzly, "Let me show you how."

She knocked off the top of the hill, then laid her great paw flat on it
for a few moments, and as the angry ants swarmed on to it she licked
them up with one lick, and got a good rich mouthful to crunch, without a
grain of sand or a cactus-stinger in it. The cubs soon learned. Each
put up both his little brown paws, so that there was a ring of paws all
around the ant-hill, and there they sat, like children playing 'hands,'
and each licked first the right and then the left paw, or one cuffed his
brother's ears for licking a paw that was not his own, till the ant-hill
was cleared out and they were ready for a change.

Ants are sour food and made the Bears thirsty, so the old one led down
to the river. After they had drunk as much as they wanted, and dabbled
their feet, they walked down the bank to a pool, where the old one's
keen eye caught sight of a number of Buffalo-fish basking on the bottom.
The water was very low, mere pebbly rapids between these deep holes, so
Mammy said to the little ones:

"Now you all sit there on the bank and learn something new."

[Illustration: ]

First she went to the lower end of the pool and stirred up a cloud of
mud which hung in the still water, and sent a long tail floating like a
curtain over the rapids just below. Then she went quietly round by land,
and sprang into the upper end of the pool with all the noise she could.
The fish had crowded to that end, but this sudden attack sent them off
in a panic, and they dashed blindly into the mud-cloud. Out of fifty
fish there is always a good chance of some being fools, and half a dozen
of these dashed through the darkened water into the current, and before
they knew it they were struggling over the shingly shallow. The old
Grizzly jerked them out to the bank, and the little ones rushed noisily
on these funny, short snakes that could not get away, and gobbled and
gorged till their little bellies looked like balloons.

They had eaten so much now, and the sun was so hot, that all were quite
sleepy. So the Mother-bear led them to a quiet little nook, and as soon
as she lay down, though they were puffing with heat, they all snuggled
around her and went to sleep, with their little brown paws curled in,
and their little black noses tucked into their wool as though it were a
very cold day.

[Illustration: ]

After an hour or two they began to yawn and stretch themselves, except
little Fuzz, the smallest; she poked out her sharp nose for a moment,
then snuggled back between her Mother's great arms, for she was a
gentle, petted little thing. The largest, the one afterward known as
Wahb, sprawled over on his back and began to worry a root that stuck up,
grumbling to himself as he chewed it, or slapped it with his paw for not
staying where he wanted it. Presently Mooney, the mischief, began
tugging at Frizzle's ears, and got his own well boxed. They clenched for
a tussle; then, locked in a tight, little grizzly yellow ball, they
sprawled over and over on the grass, and, before they knew it, down a
bank, and away out of sight toward the river.

[Illustration: ]

Almost immediately there was an outcry of yells for help from the little
wrestlers. There could be no mistaking the real terror in their voices.
Some dreadful danger was threatening.

[Illustration: ]

Up jumped the gentle Mother, changed into a perfect demon, and over the
bank in time to see a huge Range-bull make a deadly charge at what he
doubtless took for a yellow dog. In a moment all would have been over
with Frizzle, for he had missed his footing on the bank; but there was a
thumping of heavy feet, a roar that startled even the great Bull, and,
like a huge bounding ball of yellow fur, Mother Grizzly was upon him.
Him! the monarch of the herd, the master of all these plains, what had
he to fear? He bellowed his deep war-cry, and charged to pin the old one
to the bank; but as he bent to tear her with his shining horns, she
dealt him a stunning blow, and before he could recover she was on his
shoulders, raking the flesh from his ribs with sweep after sweep of her
terrific claws.

The Bull roared with rage, and plunged and reared, dragging Mother
Grizzly with him; then, as he hurled heavily off the slope, she let go
to save herself, and the Bull rolled down into the river.

[Illustration]

This was a lucky thing for him, for the Grizzly did not want to follow
him there; so he waded out on the other side, and bellowing with
fury and pain, slunk off to join the herd to which he belonged.

[Illustration: desc. Mountain peaks]




II.

Old Colonel Pickett, the cattle king, was out riding the range. The
night before, he had seen the new moon descending over the white cone of
Pickett's Peak.

"I saw the last moon over Frank's Peak," said he, "and the luck was
against me for a month; now I reckon it's my turn."

Next morning his luck began. A letter came from Washington granting his
request that a post-office be established at his ranch, and contained
the polite inquiry, "What name do you suggest for the new post-office?"

[Illustration]

The Colonel took down his new rifle, a 45-90 repeater. "May as well,"
he said; "this is my month"; and he rode up the Graybull to see how the
cattle were doing.

As he passed under the Rimrock Mountain he heard a far-away roaring as
of Bulls fighting, but thought nothing of it till he rounded the point
and saw on the flat below a lot of his cattle pawing the dust and
bellowing as they always do when they smell the blood of one of their
number. He soon saw that the great Bull, 'the boss of the bunch,' was
covered with blood. His back and sides were torn as by a Mountain-lion,
and his head was battered as by another Bull.

"Grizzly," growled the Colonel, for he knew the mountains. He quickly
noted the general direction of the Bull's back trail, then rode toward a
high bank that offered a view. This was across the gravelly ford of the
Graybull, near the mouth of the Piney. His horse splashed through the
cold water and began jerkily to climb the other bank.

As soon as the rider's head rose above the bank his hand grabbed the
rifle, for there in full sight were five Grizzly Bears, an old one and
four cubs. "Run for the woods," growled the Mother Grizzly, for she knew
that men carried guns. Not that she feared for herself; but the idea of
such things among her darlings was too horrible to think of. She set off
to guide them to the timber-tangle on the Lower Piney. But an awful,
murderous fusillade began.

_Bang_! and Mother Grizzly felt a deadly pang.

_Bang_! and poor little Fuzz rolled over with a scream of pain and lay
still.

With a roar of hate and fury Mother Grizzly turned to attack the enemy.

[Illustration]

_Bang_! and she fell paralyzed and dying with a high shoulder shot. And
the three little cubs, not knowing what to do, ran back to their Mother.

_Bang! bang_! and Mooney and Frizzle sank in dying agonies beside her,
and Wahb, terrified and stupefied, ran in a circle about them. Then,
hardly knowing why, he turned and dashed into the timber-tangle, and
disappeared as a last _bang_ left him with a stinging pain and a
useless, broken hind paw.

       *       *       *       *       *

That is why the post-office was called Four-Bears. The Colonel seemed
pleased with what he had done; indeed, he told of it himself.

[Illustration]

But away up in the woods of Anderson's Peak that night a little lame
Grizzly might have been seen wandering, limping along, leaving a
bloody spot each time he tried to set down his hind paw; whining and
whimpering, "Mother! Mother! Oh, Mother, where are you?" for he was cold
and hungry, and had such a pain in his foot. But there was no Mother
to come to him, and he dared not go back where he had left her, so he
wandered aimlessly about among the pines.

[Illustration: description: bear paw prints]

Then he smelled some strange animal smell and heard heavy footsteps;
and not knowing what else to do, he climbed a tree. Presently a band of
great, long-necked, slim-legged animals, taller than his Mother, came by
under the tree. He had seen such once before and had not been afraid of
them then, because he had been with his Mother. But now he kept very
quiet in the tree, and the big creatures stopped picking the grass when
they were near him, and blowing their noses, ran out of sight.

[Illustration]

He stayed in the tree till near morning, and then he was so stiff with
cold that he could scarcely get down. But the warm sun came up, and he
felt better as he sought about for berries and ants, for he was very
hungry. Then he went back to the Piney and put his wounded foot in the
ice-cold water.

He wanted to get back to the mountains again, but still he felt he must
go to where he had left his Mother and brothers. When the afternoon grew
warm, he went limping down the stream through the timber, and down on
the banks of the Graybull till he came to the place where yesterday they
had had the fish-feast; and he eagerly crunched the heads and remains
that he found. But there was an odd and horrid smell on the wind. It
frightened him, and as he went down to where he last had seen his Mother
the smell grew worse. He peeped out cautiously at the place, and saw
there a lot of Coyotes, tearing at something. What it was he did not
know; but he saw no Mother, and the smell that sickened and terrified
him was worse than ever, so he quietly turned back toward the
timber-tangle of the Lower Piney, and nevermore came back to look for
his lost family. He wanted his Mother as much as ever, but something
told him it was no use.

As cold night came down, he missed her more and more again, and he
whimpered as he limped along, a miserable, lonely, little, motherless
Bear--not lost in the mountains, for he had no home to seek, but so
sick and lonely, and with such a pain in his foot, and in his stomach a
craving for the drink that would nevermore be his. That night he found a
hollow log, and crawling in, he tried to dream that his Mother's great,
furry arms were around him, and he snuffled himself to sleep.

[Illustration]




III.

Wahb had always been a gloomy little Bear; and the string of misfortunes
that came on him just as his mind was forming made him more than ever
sullen and morose. It seemed as though every one were against him. He
tried to keep out of sight in the upper woods of the Piney, seeking his
food by day and resting at night in the hollow log. But one evening
he found it occupied by a Porcupine as big as himself and as bad as a
cactus-bush. Wahb could do nothing with him. He had to give up the log
and seek another nest.

[Illustration]

One day he went down on the Graybull flat to dig some roots that his
Mother had taught him were good. But before he had well begun, a
grayish-looking animal came out of a hole in the ground and rushed at
him, hissing and growling. Wahb did not know it was a Badger, but he saw
it was a fierce animal as big as himself. He was sick, and lame too,
so he limped away and never stopped till he was on a ridge in the next
cañon. Here a Coyote saw him, and came bounding after him, calling at
the same time to another to come and join the fun. Wahb was near a
tree, so he scrambled up to the branches. The Coyotes came bounding and
yelping below, but their noses told them that this was a young Grizzly
they had chased, and they soon decided that a young Grizzly in a tree
means a Mother Grizzly not far away, and they had better let him alone.

[Illustration]

After they had sneaked off Wahb came down and returned to the Piney.
There was better feeding on the Graybull, but every one seemed against
him there now that his loving guardian was gone, while on the Piney he
had peace at least sometimes, and there were plenty of trees that he
could climb when an enemy came.

His broken foot was a long time in healing; indeed, it never got
quite well. The wound healed and the soreness wore off, but it left a
stiffness that gave him a slight limp, and the sole-balls grew together
quite unlike those of the other foot. It particularly annoyed him when
he had to climb a tree or run fast from his enemies; and of them he
found no end, though never once did a friend cross his path. When he
lost his Mother he lost his best and only friend. She would have taught
him much that he had to learn by bitter experience, and would have saved
him from most of the ills that befell him in his cubhood--ills so many
and so dire that but for his native sturdiness he never could have
passed through alive.

The piñons bore plentifully that year, and the winds began to shower
down the ripe, rich nuts. Life was becoming a little easier for Wahb. He
was gaining in health and strength, and the creatures he daily met now
let him alone. But as he feasted on the piñons one morning after a gale,
a great Black-bear came marching down the hill. 'No one meets a friend
in the woods,' was a byword that Wahb had learned already. He swung up
the nearest tree. At first the Black-bear was scared, for he smelled the
smell of Grizzly; but when he saw it was only a cub, he took courage and
came growling at Wahb. He could climb as well as the little Grizzly, or
better, and high as Wahb went, the Blackbear followed, and when
Wahb got out on the smallest and highest twig that would carry him, the
Blackbear cruelly shook him off, so that he was thrown to the ground,
bruised and shaken and half-stunned. He limped away moaning, and the
only thing that kept the Blackbear from following him up and perhaps
killing him was the fear that the old Grizzly might be about. So Wahb
was driven away down the creek from all the good piñon woods.

There was not much food on the Graybull now. The berries were nearly all
gone; there were no fish or ants to get, and Wahb, hurt, lonely,
and miserable, wandered on and on, till he was away down toward the
Meteetsee. A Coyote came bounding and barking through the sage-brush
after him. Wahb tried to run, but it was no use; the Coyote was soon up
with him. Then with a sudden rush of desperate courage Wahb turned and
charged his foe. The astonished Coyote gave a scared yowl or two, and
fled with his tail between his legs. Thus Wahb learned that war is the
price of peace.

But the forage was poor here; there were too many cattle; and Wahb was
making for a far-away piñon woods in the Meteetsee Cañon when he saw a
man, just like the one he had seen on that day of sorrow. At the same
moment he heard a _bang_, and some sage-brush rattled and fell just over
his back. All the dreadful smells and dangers of that day came back to
his memory, and Wahb ran as he never had run before.

He soon got into a gully and followed it into the cañon. An opening
between two cliffs seemed to offer shelter, but as he ran toward it a
Range-cow came trotting between, shaking her head at him and snorting
threats against his life.

He leaped aside upon a long log that led up a bank, but at once a savage
Bobcat appeared on the other end and warned him to go back. It was no
time to quarrel. Bitterly Wahb felt that the world was full of enemies.
But he turned and scrambled up a rocky bank into the piñon woods that
border the benches of the Meteetsee.

The Pine Squirrels seemed to resent his coming, and barked furiously.
They were thinking about their piñon-nuts. They knew that this Bear was
coming to steal their provisions, and they followed him overhead to
scold and abuse him, with such an outcry that an enemy might have
followed him by their noise, which was exactly what they intended.

There was no one following, but it made Wahb uneasy and nervous. So he
kept on till he reached the timber line, where both food and foes were
scarce, and here on the edge of the Mountain-sheep land at last he got a
chance to rest.

[Illustration]




IV.

Wahb never was sweet-tempered like his baby sister, and the persecutions
by his numerous foes were making him more and more sour. Why could not
they let him alone in his misery? Why was every one against him? If only
he had his Mother back! If he could only have killed that Black-bear
that had driven him from his woods! It did not occur to him that some
day he himself would be big. And that spiteful Bobcat, that took
advantage of him; and the man that had tried to kill him. He did not
forget any of them, and he hated them all.

Wahb found his new range fairly good, because it was a good nut year. He
learned just what the Squirrels feared he would, for his nose directed
him to the little granaries where they had stored up great quantities
of nuts for winter's use. It was hard on the Squirrels, but it was good
luck for Wahb, for the nuts were delicious food. And when the days
shortened and the nights began to be frosty, he had grown fat and
well-favored.

He traveled over all parts of the cañon now, living mostly in the higher
woods, but coming down at times to forage almost as far as the river.
One night as he wandered by the deep-water a peculiar smell reached his
nose. It was quite pleasant, so he followed it up to the water's edge.
It seemed to come from a sunken log. As he reached over toward this,
there was a sudden _clank_, and one of his paws was caught in a strong,
steel Beaver-trap.

Wahb yelled and jerked back with all his strength, and tore up the stake
that held the trap. He tried to shake it off, then ran away through the
bushes trailing it. He tore at it with his teeth; but there it hung,
quiet, cold, strong, and immovable. Every little while he tore at it
with his teeth and claws, or beat it against the ground. He buried it in
the earth, then climbed a low tree, hoping to leave it behind; but still
it clung, biting into his flesh. He made for his own woods, and sat down
to try to puzzle it out. He did not know what it was, but his little
green-brown eyes glared with a mixture of pain, fright, and fury as he
tried to understand his new enemy.

[Illustration]

He lay down under the bushes, and, intent on deliberately crushing the
thing, he held it down with one paw while he tightened his teeth on the
other end, and bearing down as it slid away, the trap jaws opened and
the foot was free. It was mere chance, of course, that led him to
squeeze both springs at once. He did not understand it, but he did not
forget it, and he got these not very clear ideas: 'There is a dreadful
little enemy that hides by the water and waits for one. It has an odd
smell. It bites one's paws and is too hard for one to bite. But it can
be got off by hard squeezing.'

For a week or more the little Grizzly had another sore paw, but it was
not very bad if he did not do any climbing.

[Illustration: ]

It was now the season when the Elk were bugling on the mountains. Wahb
heard them all night, and once or twice had to climb to get away from
one of the big-antlered Bulls. It was also the season when the trappers
were coming into the mountains, and the Wild Geese were honking
overhead. There were several quite new smells in the woods, too. Wahb
followed one of these up, and it led to a place where were some small
logs piled together; then, mixed with the smell that had drawn him, was
one that he hated--he remembered it from the time when he had lost his
Mother. He sniffed about carefully, for it was not very strong, and
learned that this hateful smell was on a log in front, and the sweet
smell that made his mouth water was under some brush behind. So he went
around, pulled away the brush till he got the prize, a piece of meat,
and as he grabbed it, the log in front went down with a heavy _chock_.
It made Wahb jump; but he got away all right with the meat and some new
ideas, and with one old idea made stronger, and that was, 'When that
hateful smell is around it always means trouble.'

As the weather grew colder, Wahb became very sleepy; he slept all day
when it was frosty. He had not any fixed place to sleep in; he knew a
number of dry ledges for sunny weather, and one or two sheltered nooks
for stormy days. He had a very comfortable nest under a root, and one
day, as it began to blow and snow, he crawled into this and curled up
to sleep. The storm howled without. The snow fell deeper and deeper. It
draped the pine-trees till they bowed, then shook themselves clear to
be draped anew. It drifted over the mountains and poured down the
funnel-like ravines, blowing off the peaks and ridges, and filling up
the hollows level with their rims. It piled up over Wahb's den, shutting
out the cold of the winter, shutting out itself: and Wahb slept and
slept.




V.

He slept all winter without waking, for such is the way of Bears, and
yet when spring came and aroused him, he knew that he had been asleep a
long time. He was not much changed--he had grown in height, and yet was
but little thinner. He was now very hungry, and forcing his way through
the deep drift that still lay over his den, he set out to look for food.
There were no piñon-nuts to get, and no berries or ants; but Wahb's nose
led him away up the cañon to the body of a winter-killed Elk, where he
had a fine feast, and then buried the rest for future use.

Day after day he came back till he had finished it. Food was very scarce
for a couple of months, and after the Elk was eaten, Wahb lost all the
fat he had when he awoke. One day he climbed over the Divide into the
Warhouse Valley. It was warm and sunny there, vegetation was well
advanced, and he found good forage. He wandered down toward the thick
timber, and soon smelled the smell of another Grizzly. This grew
stronger and led him to a single tree by a Bear-trail. Wahb reared up
on his hind feet to smell this tree. It was strong of Bear, and was
plastered with mud and Grizzly hair far higher, than he could reach;
and Wahb knew that it must have been a very large Bear that had rubbed
himself there. He felt uneasy. He used to long to meet one of his own
kind, yet now that there was a chance of it he was filled with dread.

No one had shown him anything but hatred in his lonely, unprotected
life, and he could not tell what this older Bear might do. As he stood
in doubt, he caught sight of the old Grizzly himself slouching along a
hillside, stopping from time to time to dig up the quamash-roots and
wild turnips.

He was a monster. Wahb instinctively distrusted him, and sneaked
away through the woods and up a rocky bluff where he could watch.

Then the big fellow came on Wahb's track and rumbled a deep growl of
anger; he followed the trail to the tree, and rearing up, he tore the
bark with his claws, far above where Wahb had reached. Then he strode
rapidly along Wahb's trail. But the cub had seen enough. He fled back
over the Divide into the Meteetsee Cañon, and realized in his dim,
bearish way that he was at peace there because the Bear-forage was so
poor.

As the summer came on, his coat was shed. His skin got very itchy, and
he found pleasure in rolling in the mud and scraping his back against
some convenient tree. He never climbed now: his claws were too long, and
his arms, though growing big and strong, were losing that suppleness of
wrist that makes cub Grizzlies and all Blackbears great climbers. He now
dropped naturally into the Bear habit of seeing how high he could reach
with his nose on the rubbing-post, whenever he was near one.

He may not have noticed it, yet each time he came to a post, after a
week or two away, he could reach higher, for Wahb was growing fast and
coming into his strength.

Sometimes he was at one end of the country that he felt was his, and
sometimes at another, but he had frequent use for the rubbing-tree,
and thus it was that his range was mapped out by posts with his own mark
on them.

One day late in summer he sighted a stranger on his land, a glossy
Blackbear, and he felt furious against the interloper. As the Blackbear
came nearer Wahb noticed the tan-red face, the white spot on his breast,
and then the bit out of his ear, and last of all the wind brought a
whiff. There could be no further doubt; it was the very smell: this was
the black coward that had chased him down the Piney long ago. But how he
had shrunken! Before, he had looked like a giant; now Wahb felt he could
crush him with one paw. Revenge is sweet, Wahb felt, though he did not
exactly say it, and he went for that red-nosed Bear. But the Black one
went up a small tree like a Squirrel. Wahb tried to follow as the other
once followed him, but somehow he could not. He did not seem to know
how to take hold now, and after a while he gave it up and went away,
although the Blackbear brought him back more than once by coughing
in derision. Later on that day, when the Grizzly passed again, the
red-nosed one had gone.

[Illustration]

As the summer waned, the upper forage-grounds began to give out, and
Wahb ventured down to the Lower Meteetsee one night to explore. There
was a pleasant odor on the breeze, and following it up, Wahb came to the
carcass of a Steer. A good distance away from it were some tiny Coyotes,
mere dwarfs compared with those he remembered. Right by the carcass was
another that jumped about in the moonlight in a foolish way. For some
strange reason it seemed unable to get away. Wahb's old hatred broke
out. He rushed up. In a flash the Coyote bit him several times before,
with one blow of that great paw, Wahb smashed him into a limp, furry
rag; then broke in all his ribs with a crunch or two of his jaws. Oh,
but it was good to feel the hot, bloody juices oozing between his teeth!

The Coyote was caught in a trap. Wahb hated the smell of the iron, so he
went to the other side of the carcass, where it was not so strong,
and had eaten but little before _clank_, and his foot was caught in a
Wolf-trap that he had not seen.

But he remembered that he had once before been caught and had escaped by
squeezing the trap. He set a hind foot on each spring and pressed till
the trap opened and released his paw. About the carcass was the smell
that he knew stood for man, so he left it and wandered down-stream; but
more and more often he got whiffs of that horrible odor, so he turned
and went back to his quiet piñon benches. Wahb's third summer had
brought him the stature of a large-sized Bear, though not nearly the
bulk and power that in time were his. He was very light-colored now, and
this was why Spahwat, a Shoshone Indian who more than once hunted him,
called him the Whitebear, or Wahb.

Spahwat was a good hunter, and as soon as he saw the rubbing-tree on the
Upper Meteetsee he knew that he was on the range of a big Grizzly. He
bushwhacked the whole valley, and spent many days before he found a
chance to shoot; then Wahb got a stinging flesh-wound in the shoulder.
He growled horribly, but it had seemed to take the fight out of him; he
scrambled up the valley and over the lower hills till he reached a quiet
haunt, where he lay down.

[Illustration]

His knowledge of healing was wholly instinctive. He licked the wound and
all around it, and sought to be quiet. The licking removed the dirt, and
by massage reduced the inflammation, and it plastered the hair down as a
sort of dressing over the wound to keep out the air, dirt, and microbes.
There could be no better treatment.

But the Indian was on his trail. Before long the smell warned Wahb that
a foe was coming, so he quietly climbed farther up the mountain to
another resting-place. But again he sensed the Indian's approach, and
made off. Several times this happened, and at length there was a second
shot and another galling wound. Wahb was furious now. There was nothing
that really frightened him but that horrible odor of man, iron, and
guns, that he remembered from the day when he lost his Mother; but now
all fear of these left him. He heaved painfully up the mountain again,
and along under a six-foot ledge, then up and back to the top of the
bank, where he lay flat. On came the Indian, armed with knife and gun;
deftly, swiftly keeping on the trail; floating joyfully over each bloody
print that meant such anguish to the hunted Bear. Straight up the slide
of broken rock he came, where Wahb, ferocious with pain, was waiting
on the ledge. On sneaked the dogged hunter; his eye still scanned the
bloody slots or swept the woods ahead, but never was raised to glance
above the ledge. And Wahb, as he saw this shape of Death relentless on
his track, and smelled the hated smell, poised his bulk at heavy cost
upon his quivering, mangled arm, there held until the proper instant
came, then to his sound arm's matchless native force he added all the
weight of desperate hate as down he struck one fearful, crushing blow.
The Indian sank without a cry, and then dropped out of sight. Wahb rose,
and sought again a quiet nook where he might nurse his wounds. Thus he
learned that one must fight for peace; for he never saw that Indian
again, and he had time to rest and recover.

[Illustration]




PART II

I.

The years went on as before, except that each winter Wahb slept less
soundly, and each spring he came out earlier and was a bigger Grizzly,
with fewer enemies that dared to face him. When his sixth year came he
was a very big, strong, sullen Bear, with neither friendship nor love in
his life since that evil day on the Lower Piney.

No one ever heard of Wahb's mate. No one believes that he ever had one.
The love-season of Bears came and went year after year, but left him
alone in his prime as he had been in his youth. It is not good for
a Bear to be alone; it is bad for him in every way. His habitual
moroseness grew with his strength, and any one chancing to meet him now
would have called him a dangerous Grizzly.

He had lived in the Meteetsee Valley since first he betook himself
there, and his character had been shaped by many little adventures with
traps and his wild rivals of the mountains. But there was none of the
latter that he now feared, and he knew enough to avoid the first, for
that penetrating odor of man and iron was a never-failing warning,
especially after an experience which befell him in his sixth year.

His ever-reliable nose told him that there was a dead Elk down among the
timber.

[Illustration]

He went up the wind, and there, sure enough, was the great delicious
carcass, already torn open at the very best place. True, there was that
terrible man-and-iron taint, but it was so slight and the feast so
tempting that after circling around and inspecting the carcass from his
eight feet of stature, as he stood erect, he went cautiously forward,
and at once was caught by his left paw in an enormous Bear-trap.
He roared with pain and slashed about in a fury. But this was no
Beaver-trap; it was a big forty-pound Bear-catcher, and he was surely
caught.

Wahb fairly foamed with rage, and madly grit his teeth upon the trap.
Then he remembered his former experiences. He placed the trap between
his hind legs, with a hind paw on each spring, and pressed down with all
his weight. But it was not enough. He dragged off the trap and its clog,
and went clanking up the mountain. Again and again he tried to free his
foot, but in vain, till he came where a great trunk crossed the trail a
few feet from the ground. By chance, or happy thought, he reared again
under this and made a new attempt. With a hind foot on each spring and
his mighty shoulders underneath the tree, he bore down with his titanic
strength: the great steel springs gave way, the jaws relaxed, and he
tore out his foot. So Wahb was free again, though he left behind a great
toe which had been nearly severed by the first snap of the steel.

Again Wahb had a painful wound to nurse, and as he was a left-handed
Bear,--that is, when he wished to turn a rock over he stood on the right
paw and turned with the left,--one result of this disablement was to rob
him for a time of all those dainty foods that are found under rocks or
logs. The wound healed at last, but he never forgot that experience,
and thenceforth the pungent smell of man and iron, even without the gun
smell, never failed to enrage him.

Many experiences had taught him that it is better to run if he only
smelled the hunter or heard him far away, but to fight desperately if
the man was close at hand. And the cow-boys soon came to know that the
Upper Meteetsee was the range of a Bear that was better let alone.




II.

One day after a long absence Wahb came into the lower part of his
range, and saw to his surprise one of the wooden dens that men make for
themselves. As he came around to get the wind, he sensed the taint that
never failed to infuriate him now, and a moment later he heard a loud
_bang_ and felt a stinging shock in his left hind leg, the old stiff
leg. He wheeled about, in time to see a man running toward the new-made
shanty. Had the shot been in his shoulder Wahb would have been helpless,
but it was not.

Mighty arms that could toss pine logs like broomsticks, paws that with
one tap could crush the biggest Bull upon the range, claws that could
tear huge slabs of rock from the mountain-side--what was even the deadly
rifle to them!

When the man's partner came home that night he found him on the reddened
shanty floor. The bloody trail from outside and a shaky, scribbled note
on the back of a paper novel told the tale.


It was Wahb done it. I seen him by the spring and wounded him. I tried
to git on the shanty, but he ketched me. My God, how I suffer! JACK. It
was all fair. The man had invaded the Bear's country, had tried to take
the Bear's life, and had lost his own. But Jack's partner swore he would
kill that Bear.

He took up the trail and followed it up the cañon, and there bushwhacked
and hunted day after day. He put out baits and traps, and at length one
day he heard a _crash, clatter, thump_, and a huge rock bounded down a
bank into a wood, scaring out a couple of deer that floated away like
thistle-down. Miller thought at first that it was a land-slide; but he
soon knew that it was Wahb that had rolled the boulder over merely for
the sake of two or three ants beneath it.

The wind had not betrayed him, so on peering through the bush Miller
saw the great Bear as he fed, favoring his left hind leg and growling
sullenly to himself at a fresh twinge of pain. Miller steadied himself,
and thought, "Here goes a finisher or a dead miss." He gave a sharp
whistle, the Bear stopped every move, and, as he stood with ears acock,
the man fired at his head.

But at that moment the great shaggy head moved, only an infuriating
scratch was given, the smoke betrayed the man's place, and the Grizzly
made savage, three-legged haste to catch his foe.

Miller dropped his gun and swung lightly into a tree, the only large one
near. Wahb raged in vain against the trunk. He tore off the bark with
his teeth and claws; but Miller was safe beyond his reach. For fully
four hours the Grizzly watched, then gave it up, and slowly went off
into the bushes till lost to view. Miller watched him from the tree, and
afterward waited nearly an hour to be sure that the Bear was gone. He
then slipped to the ground, got his gun, and set out for camp. But Wahb
was cunning; he had only _seemed_ to go away, and then had sneaked back
quietly to watch. As soon as the man was away from the tree, too far to
return, Wahb dashed after him. In spite of his wounds the Bear could
move the faster. Within a quarter of a mile--well, Wahb did just what
the man had sworn to do to him.

Long afterward his friends found the gun and enough to tell the tale.

The claim-shanty on the Meteetsee fell to pieces. It never again was
used, for no man cared to enter a country that had but few allurements
to offset its evident curse of ill luck, and where such a terrible
Grizzly was always on the war-path.




III.

Then they found good gold on the Upper Meteetsee. Miners came in pairs
and wandered through the peaks, rooting up the ground and spoiling the
little streams--grizzly old men mostly, that had lived their lives in
the mountain and were themselves slowly turning into Grizzly Bears;
digging and grubbing everywhere, not for good, wholesome roots, but for
that shiny yellow sand that they could not eat; living the lives of
Grizzlies, asking nothing but to be let alone to dig.

[Illustration]

They seemed to understand Grizzly Wahb. The first time they met, Wahb
reared up on his hind legs, and the wicked green lightnings began to
twinkle in his small eyes. The elder man said to his mate:

"Let him alone, and he won't bother you."

"Ain't he an awful size, though?" replied the other, nervously.

Wahb was about to charge, but something held him back--a something that
had no reference to his senses, that was felt only when they were still;
a something that in Bear and Man is wiser than his wisdom, and that
points the way at every doubtful fork in the dim and winding trail.

Of course Wahb did not understand what the men said, but he did feel
that there was something different here. The smell of man and iron was
there, but not of that maddening kind, and he missed the pungent odor
that even yet brought back the dark days of his cubhood.

The men did not move, so Wahb rumbled a subterranean growl, dropped down
on his four feet, and went on.

Late the same year Wahb ran across the red-nosed Blackbear. How that
Bear did keep on shrinking! Wahb could have hurled him across the
Graybull with one tap now.

But the Blackbear did not mean to let him try. He hustled his fat, podgy
body up a tree at a rate that made him puff. Wahb reached up nine feet
from the ground, and with one rake of his huge claws tore off the bark
clear to the shining white wood and down nearly to the ground; and the
Blackbear shivered and whimpered with terror as the scraping of those
awful claws ran up the trunk and up his spine in a way that was horribly
suggestive.

What was it that the sight of that Blackbear stirred in Wahb? Was it
memories of the Upper Piney, long forgotten; thoughts of a woodland rich
in food?

Wahb left him trembling up there as high as he could get, and without
any very clear purpose swung along the upper benches of the Meteetsee
down to the Graybull, around the foot of the Rimrock Mountain; on, till
hours later he found himself in the timber-tangle of the Lower Piney,
and among the berries and ants of the old times.

He had forgotten what a fine land the Piney was: plenty of food, no
miners to spoil the streams, no hunters to keep an eye on, and no
mosquitos or flies, but plenty of open, sunny glades and sheltering
woods, backed up by high, straight cliffs to turn the colder winds.
There were, moreover, no resident Grizzlies, no signs even of passing
travelers, and the Blackbears that were in possession did not count.

Wahb was well pleased. He rolled his vast bulk in an old Buffalo-wallow,
and rearing up against a tree where the Piney Cañon quits the Graybull
Cañon, he left on it his mark fully eight feet from the ground.

In the days that followed he wandered farther and farther up among the
rugged spurs of the Shoshones, and took possession as he went. He found
the signboards of several Blackbears, and if they were small dead trees
he sent them crashing to earth with a drive of his giant paw. If they
were green, he put his own mark over the other mark, and made it clearer
by slashing the bark with the great pickaxes that grew on his toes.

The Upper Piney had so long been a Blackbear range that the Squirrels
had ceased storing their harvest in hollow trees, and were now using the
spaces under flat rocks, where the Blackbears could not get at them; so
Wahb found this a land of plenty: every fourth or fifth rock in the pine
woods was the roof of a Squirrel or Chipmunk granary, and when he turned
it over, if the little owner were there, Wahb did not scruple to flatten
him with his paw and devour him as an agreeable relish to his own
provisions. And wherever Wahb went he put up his sign-board:

Trespassers beware!

It was written on the trees as high up as he could reach, and every one
that came by understood that the scent of it and the hair in it were
those of the great Grizzly Wahb.

If his Mother had lived to train him, Wahb would have known that a good
range in spring may be a bad one in summer. Wahb found out by years of
experience that a total change with the seasons is best. In the early
spring the Cattle and Elk ranges, with their winter-killed carcasses,
offer a bountiful feast. In early summer the best forage is on the warm
hill-sides where the quamash and the Indian turnip grow. In late
summer the berry-bushes along the river-flat are laden with fruit, and
in autumn the pine woods gave good chances to fatten for the winter. So
he added to his range each year. He not only cleared out the Blackbears
from the Piney and the Meteetsee, but he went over the Divide and killed
that old fellow that had once chased him out of the Warhouse Valley.
And, more than that, he held what he had won, for he broke up a camp
of tenderfeet that were looking for a ranch location on the Middle
Meteetsee; he stampeded their horses, and made general smash of the
camp. And so all the animals, including man, came to know that the
whole range from Frank's Peak to the Shoshone spurs was the proper
domain of a king well able to defend it, and the name of that king was
Meteetsee Wahb.

Any creature whose strength puts him beyond danger of open attack is apt
to lose in cunning. Yet Wahb never forgot his early experience with the
traps. He made it a rule never to go near that smell of man and iron,
and that was the reason that he never again was caught.

So he led his lonely life and slouched around on the mountains, throwing
boulders about like pebbles, and huge trunks like matchwood, as he
sought for his daily food. And every beast of hill and plain soon came
to know and fly in fear of Wahb, the one time hunted, persecuted Cub.
And more than one Blackbear paid with his life for the ill-deed of that
other, long ago. And many a cranky Bobcat flying before him took to a
tree, and if that tree were dead and dry, Wahb heaved it down, and tree
and Cat alike were dashed to bits. Even the proud-necked Stallion,
leader of the mustang band, thought well for once to yield the road. The
great, grey Timberwolves, and the Mountain Lions too, left their new
kill and sneaked in sullen fear aside when Wahb appeared. And if, as he
hulked across the sage-covered river-flat sending the scared Antelope
skimming like birds before him, he was faced perchance, by some burly
Range-bull, too young to be wise and too big to be afraid, Wahb smashed
his skull with one blow of that giant paw, and served him as the
Range-cow would have served himself long years ago.

The All-mother never fails to offer to her own, twin cups, one gall, and
one of balm. Little or much they may drink, but equally of each. The
mountain that is easy to descend must soon be climbed again. The
grinding hardship of Wahb's early days, had built his mighty frame. All
usual pleasures of a grizzly's life had been denied him but _power_
bestowed in more than double share. So he lived on year after year,
unsoftened by mate or companion, sullen, fearing nothing, ready to
fight, but asking only to be let alone--quite alone. He had but one
keen pleasure in his sombre life--the lasting glory in his matchless
strength--the small but never failing thrill of joy as the foe fell
crushed and limp, or the riven boulders grit and heaved when he turned
on them the measure of his wondrous force.




IV.

Everything has a smell of its own for those that have noses to smell.
Wahb had been learning smells all his life, and knew the meaning of most
of those in the mountains. It was as though each and every thing had a
voice of its own for him; and yet it was far better than a voice, for
every one knows that a good nose is better than eyes and ears together.
And each of these myriads of voices kept on crying, "Here and such am
I."

The juniper-berries, the rosehips, the strawberries, each had a soft,
sweet little voice, calling, "Here we are--Berries, Berries."

The great pine woods had a loud, far-reaching voice, "Here are we, the
Pine-trees," but when he got right up to them Wahb could hear the low,
sweet call of the piñon-nuts, "Here are we, the Piñon-nuts."

And the quamash beds in May sang a perfect chorus when the wind was
right: "Quamash beds, Quamash beds."

And when he got among them he made out each single voice.

Each root had its own little piece to say to his nose: "Here am I, a
big Quamash, rich and ripe," or a tiny, sharp voice, "Here am I, a
good-for-nothing, stringy little root."

And the broad, rich russulas in the autumn called aloud, "I am a fat,
wholesome Mushroom," and the deadly amanita cried, "I am an Amanita.
Let me alone, or you'll be a sick Bear." And the fairy harebell of the
cañon-banks sang a song too, as fine as its threadlike stem, and as soft
as its dainty blue; but the warden of the smells had learned to report
it not, for this, and a million other such, were of no interest to Wahb.

So every living thing that moved, and every flower that grew, and every
rock and stone and shape on earth told out its tale and sang its little
story to his nose. Day or night, fog or bright, that great, moist nose
told him most of the things he needed to know, or passed unnoticed those
of no concern, and he depended on it more and more. If his eyes and ears
together reported so and so, he would not even then believe it until his
nose said, "Yes; that is right."

But this is something that man cannot understand, for he has sold the
birthright of his nose for the privilege of living in towns.

While hundreds of smells were agreeable to Wahb, thousands were
indifferent to him, a good many were unpleasant, and some actually put
him in a rage.

He had often noticed that if a west wind were blowing when he was at the
head of the Piney Cañon there was an odd, new scent. Some days he did
not mind, it, and some days it disgusted him; but he never followed it
up. On other days a north wind from the high Divide brought a most awful
smell, something unlike any other, a smell that he wanted only to get
away from.


Wahb was getting well past his youth now, and he began to have pains in
the hind leg that had been wounded so often. After a cold night or a
long time of wet weather he could scarcely use that leg, and one day,
while thus crippled, the west wind came down the cañon with an odd
message to his nose. Wahb could not clearly read the message, but it
seemed to say, 'Come,' and something within him said, 'Go.' The smell
of food will draw a hungry creature and disgust a gorged one. We do not
know why, and all that any one can learn is that the desire springs from
a need of the body. So Wahb felt drawn by what had long disgusted him,
and he slouched up the mountain path, grumbling to himself and slapping
savagely back at branches that chanced to switch his face.

The odd odor grew very strong; it led him where he had never been
before--up a bank of whitish sand to a bench of the same color, where
there was unhealthy-looking water running down, and a kind of fog coming
out of a hole. Wahb threw up his nose suspiciously--such a peculiar
smell! He climbed the bench.

A snake wriggled across the sand in front. Wahb crushed it with a blow
that made the near trees shiver and sent a balanced boulder toppling
down, and he growled a growl that rumbled up the valley like distant
thunder. Then he came to the foggy hole. It was full of water that moved
gently and steamed. Wahb put in his foot, and found it was quite warm
and that it felt pleasantly on his skin. He put in both feet, and little
by little went in farther, causing the pool to overflow on all
sides, till he was lying at full length in the warm, almost hot,
sulphur-spring, and sweltering in the greenish water, while the wind
drifted the steam about overhead.

There are plenty of these sulphur-springs in the Rockies, but this
chanced to be the only one on Wahb's range. He lay in it for over an
hour; then, feeling that he had had enough, he heaved his huge bulk
up on the bank, and realized that he was feeling remarkably well and
supple. The stiffness of his hind leg was gone.

He shook the water from his shaggy coat. A broad ledge in full sun-heat
invited him to stretch himself out and dry. But first he reared against
the nearest tree and left a mark that none could mistake. True, there
were plenty of signs of other animals using the sulphur-bath for their
ills; but what of it? Thenceforth that tree bore this inscription, in
a language of mud, hair, and smell, that every mountain creature could
read:


My bath. Keep away!

(Signed) WAHB.

Wahb lay on his belly till his back was dry, then turned on his broad
back and squirmed about in a ponderous way till the broiling sun had
wholly dried him. He realized that he was really feeling very well now.
He did not say to himself, "I am troubled with that unpleasant disease
called rheumatism, and sulphur-bath treatment is the thing to cure it."
But what he did know was, "I have dreadful pains; I feel better when
I am in this stinking pool." So thenceforth he came back whenever the
pains began again, and each time he was cured.




PART III.


THE WANING

[Illustration]

I.

Years went by. Wahb grew no bigger,--there was no need for that,--but he
got whiter, crosser, and more dangerous. He really had an enormous range
now. Each spring, after the winter storms had removed his notice-boards,
he went around and renewed them. It was natural to do so, for, first of
all, the scarcity of food compelled him to travel all over the range.
There were lots of clay wallows at that season, and the itching of his
skin, as the winter coat began to shed, made the dressing of cool, wet
clay very pleasant, and the exquisite pain of a good scratching was one
of the finest pleasures he knew. So, whatever his motive, the result was
the same: the signs were renewed each spring.

At length the Palette Ranch outfit appeared on the Lower Piney, and the
men got acquainted with the 'ugly old fellow.' The Cowpunchers, when
they saw him, decided they 'had n't lost any Bears and they had better
keep out of his way and let him mind his business.'

They did not often see him, although his tracks and sign-boards were
everywhere. But the owner of this outfit, a born hunter, took a keen
interest in Wahb. He learned something of the old Bear's history from
Colonel Pickett, and found out for himself more than the colonel ever
knew.

He learned that Wahb ranged as far south as the Upper Wiggins Fork and
north to the Stinking Water, and from the Meteetsee to the Shoshones.

He found that Wahb knew more about Bear-traps than most trappers do;
that he either passed them by or tore open the other end of the bait-pen
and dragged out the bait without going near the trap, and by accident or
design Wahb sometimes sprang the trap with one of the logs that formed
the pen. This ranch-owner found also that Wahb disappeared from his
range each year during the heat of the summer, as completely as he did
each winter during his sleep.




II.

Many years ago a wise government set aside the head waters of the
Yellowstone to be a sanctuary of wild life forever. In the limits of
this great Wonderland the ideal of the Royal Singer was to be realized,
and none were to harm or make afraid. No violence was to be offered to
any bird or beast, no ax was to be carried into its primitive forests,
and the streams were to flow on forever unpolluted by mill or mine. All
things were to bear witness that such as this was the West before the
white man came.

The wild animals quickly found out all this. They soon learned the
boundaries of this unfenced Park, and, as every one knows, they show a
different nature within its sacred limits. They no longer shun the
face of man, they neither fear nor attack him, and they are even more
tolerant of one another in this land of refuge.

Peace and plenty are the sum of earthly good; so, finding them here,
the wild creatures crowd into the Park from the surrounding country in
numbers not elsewhere to be seen.

The Bears are especially numerous about the Fountain Hotel. In the
woods, a quarter of a mile away, is a smooth open place where the
steward of the hotel has all the broken and waste food put out daily for
the Bears, and the man whose work it is has become the Steward of the
Bears' Banquet. Each day it is spread, and each year there are more
Bears to partake of it. It is a common thing now to see a dozen Bears
feasting there at one time. They are of all kinds--Black, Brown,
Cinnamon, Grizzly, Silvertip, Roach-backs, big and small, families and
rangers, from all parts of the vast surrounding country. All seem to
realize that in the Park no violence is allowed, and the most ferocious
of them have here put on a new behavior. Although scores of Bears roam
about this choice resort, and sometimes quarrel among themselves, not
one of them has ever yet harmed a man.

Year after year they have come and gone. The passing travellers see
them. The men of the hotel know many of them well. They know that they
show up each summer during the short season when the hotel is in use,
and that they disappear again, no man knowing whence they come or
whither they go.

One day the owner of the Palette Ranch came through the Park. During his
stay at the Fountain Hotel, he went to the Bear banquet-hall at high
meal-tide. There were several Blackbears feasting, but they made way for
a huge Silvertip Grizzly that came about sundown.

"That," said the man who was acting as guide, "is the biggest Grizzly in
the Park; but he is a peaceable sort, or Lud knows what'd happen."

"That!" said the ranchman, in astonishment, as the Grizzly came hulking
nearer, and loomed up like a load of hay among the piney pillars of the
Banquet Hall. "That! It that is not Meteetsee Wahb, I never saw a Bear
in my life! Why, that is the worst Grizzly that ever rolled a log in the
Big Horn Basin." "It ain't possible," said the other, "for he's here
every summer, July and August, an' I reckon he don't live so far away."

"Well, that settles it," said the ranchman; "July and August is just the
time we miss him on the range; and you can see for yourself that he is
a little lame behind and has lost a claw of his left front foot. Now I
know where he puts in his summers; but I did not suppose that the old
reprobate would know enough to behave himself away from home."

The big Grizzly became very well known during the successive hotel
seasons. Once only did he really behave ill, and that was the first
season he appeared, before he fully knew the ways of the Park.

He wandered over to the hotel, one day, and in at the front door. In
the hall he reared up his eight feet of stature as the guests fled in
terror; then he went into the clerk's office. The man said: "All right;
if you need this office more than I do, you can have it," and leaping
over the counter, locked himself in the telegraph-office, to wire the
superintendent of the Park: "Old Grizzly in the office now, seems to
want to run hotel; may we shoot?"

The reply came: "No shooting allowed in Park; use the hose." Which they
did, and, wholly taken by surprise, the Bear leaped over the counter
too, and ambled out the back way, with a heavy _thud-thudding_ of his
feet, and a rattling of his claws on the floor. He passed through the
kitchen as he went, and, picking up a quarter of beef, took it along.

This was the only time he was known to do ill, though on one occasion
he was led into a breach of the peace by another Bear. This was a large
she-Blackbear and a noted mischief-maker. She had a wretched, sickly cub
that she was very proud of--so proud that she went out of her way to
seek trouble on his behalf. And he, like all spoiled children, was the
cause of much bad feeling. She was so big and fierce that she could
bully all the other Blackbears, but when she tried to drive off old Wahb
she received a pat from his paw that sent her tumbling like a football.
He followed her up, and would have killed her, for she had broken the
peace of the Park, but she escaped by climbing a tree, from the top of
which her miserable little cub was apprehensively squealing at the pitch
of his voice. So the affair was ended; in future the Blackbear kept
out of Wahb's way, and he won the reputation of being a peaceable,
well-behaved Bear. Most persons believed that he came from some remote
mountains where were neither guns nor traps to make him sullen and
revengeful.




III.

Every one knows that a Bitter-root Grizzly is a bad Bear. The
Bitter-root Range is the roughest part of the mountains. The ground is
everywhere cut up with deep ravines and overgrown with dense and tangled
underbrush.

It is an impossible country for horses, and difficult for gunners, and
there is any amount of good Bear-pasture. So there are plenty of Bears
and plenty of trappers.

The Roachbacks, as the Bitter-root Grizzlies are called, are a cunning
and desperate race. An old Roachback knows more about traps than half
a dozen ordinary trappers; he knows more about plants and roots than a
whole college of botanists. He can tell to a certainty just when and
where to find each kind of grub and worm, and he knows by a whiff
whether the hunter on his trail a mile away is working with guns,
poison, dogs, traps, or all of them together. And he has one general
rule, which is an endless puzzle to the hunter: 'Whatever you decide
to do, do it quickly and follow it right up.' So when a trapper and a
Roachback meet, the Bear at once makes up his mind to run away as hard
as he can, or to rush at the man and fight to a finish.

The Grizzlies of the Bad Lands did not do this: they used to stand on
their dignity and growl like a thunder-storm, and so gave the hunters
a chance to play their deadly lightning; and lightning is worse than
thunder any day. Men can get used to growls that rumble along the ground
and up one's legs to the little house where one's courage lives; but
Bears cannot get used to 45-90 soft-nosed bullets, and that is why the
Grizzlies of the Bad Lands were all killed off.

So the hunters have learned that they never know what a Roachback will
do; but they do know that he is going to be quick about it.

Altogether these Bitter-root Grizzlies have solved very well the problem
of life, in spite of white men, and are therefore increasing in their
own wild mountains.

Of course a range will hold only so many Bears, and the increase is
crowded out; so that when that slim young Bald-faced Roachback found he
could not hold the range he wanted, he went out perforce to seek his
fortune in the world.

He was not a big Bear, or he would not have been crowded out; but he had
been trained in a good school, so that he was cunning enough to get on
very well elsewhere. How he wandered down to the Salmon River Mountains
and did not like them; how he traveled till he got among the barb-wire
fences of the Snake Plains and of course could not stay there; how a
mere chance turned him from going eastward to the Park, where he might
have rested; how he made for the Snake River Mountains and found more
hunters than berries; how he crossed into the Tetons and looked down
with disgust on the teeming man colony of Jackson's Hole, does not
belong to this history of Wahb. But when Baldy Roachback crossed the
Gros Ventre Range and over the Wind River Divide to the head of the
Graybull, he does come into the story, just as he did into the country
and the life of the Meteetsee Grizzly.

The Roachback had not found a man-sign since he left Jackson's Hole,
and here he was in a land of plenty of food. He feasted on all the
delicacies of the season, and enjoyed the easy, brushless country till
he came on one of Wahb's sign-posts.

"Trespassers beware!" it said in the plainest manner. The Roachback
reared up against it.

"Thunder! what a Bear!" The nose-mark was a head and neck above Baldy's
highest reach. Now, a simple Bear would have gone quietly away after
this discovery; but Baldy felt that the mountains owed him a living, and
here was a good one if he could keep out of the way of the big fellow.
He nosed about the place, kept a sharp lookout for the present owner,
and went on feeding wherever he ran across a good thing.

A step or two from this ominous tree was an old pine stump. In the
Bitter-roots there are often mice-nests under such stumps, and Baldy
jerked it over to see. There was nothing. The stump rolled over against
the sign-post. Baldy had not yet made up his mind about it; but a new
notion came into his cunning brain. He turned his head on this side,
then on that. He looked at the stump, then at the sign, with his little
pig-like eyes. Then he deliberately stood up on the pine root, with his
back to the tree, and put his mark away up, a head at least above that
of Wahb. He rubbed his back long and hard, and he sought some mud to
smear his head and shoulders, then came back and made the mark so big,
so strong, and so high, and emphasized it with such claw-gashes in the
bark, that it could be read only in one way--a challenge to the present
claimant from some monstrous invader, who was ready, nay anxious, to
fight to a finish for this desirable range.

Maybe it was accident and maybe design, but when the Roach-back
jumped from the root it rolled to one side. Baldy went on down the
cañon, keeping the keenest lookout for his enemy.

It was not long before Wahb found the trail of the interloper, and all
the ferocity of his outside-the-Park nature was aroused.

He followed the trail for miles on more than one occasion. But the small
Bear was quick-footed as well as quick-witted, and never showed himself.
He made a point, however, of calling at each sign-post, and if there was
any means of cheating, so that his mark might be put higher, he did it
with a vim, and left a big, showy record. But if there was no chance for
any but a fair register, he would not go near the tree, but looked for a
fresh tree near by with some log or side-ledge to reach from.

Thus Wahb soon found the interloper's marks towering far above his
own--a monstrous Bear evidently, that even he could not be sure of
mastering. But Wahb was no coward. He was ready to fight to a finish any
one that might come; and he hunted the range for that invader. Day after
day Wahb sought for him and held himself ready to fight. He found his
trail daily, and more and more often he found that towering record far
above his own. He often smelled him on the wind; but he never saw him,
for the old Grizzly's eyes had grown very dim of late years; things but
a little way off were blurs to him. The continual menace could not but
fill Wahb with uneasiness, for he was not young now, and his teeth and
claws were worn and blunted. He was more than ever troubled with pains
in his old wounds, and though he could have risen on the spur of the
moment to fight any number of Grizzlies of any size, still the continual
apprehension, the knowledge that he must hold himself ready at any
moment to fight this young monster, weighed on his spirits and began to
tell on his general health.




IV.

The Roachback's life was one of continual vigilance, always ready to
run, doubling and shifting to avoid the encounter that must mean instant
death to him. Many a time from some hiding-place he watched the great
Bear, and trembled lest the wind should betray him. Several times his
very impudence saved him, and more than once he was nearly cornered in
a box-cañon. Once he escaped only by climbing up a long crack in a
cliff, which Wahb's huge frame could not have entered. But still, in a
mad persistence, he kept on marking the trees farther into the range.

At last he scented and followed up the sulphur-bath. He did not
understand it at all. It had no appeal to him, but hereabouts were the
tracks of the owner. In a spirit of mischief the Roachback scratched
dirt into the spring, and then seeing the rubbing-tree, he stood
sidewise on the rocky ledge, and was thus able to put his mark fully
five feet above that of Wahb. Then he nervously jumped down, and was
running about, defiling the bath and keeping a sharp lookout, when he
heard a noise in the woods below. Instantly he was all alert. The sound
drew near, then the wind brought the sure proof, and the Roachback, in
terror, turned and fled into the woods.

[Illustration]

It was Wahb. He had been failing in health of late; his old pains
were on him again, and, as well as his hind leg, had seized his right
shoulder, where were still lodged two rifle-balls. He was feeling very
ill, and crippled with pain. He came up the familiar bank at a jerky
limp, and there caught the odor of the foe; then he saw the track in the
mud--his eyes said the track of a _small_ Bear, but his eyes were dim
now, and his nose, his unerring nose, said, "This is the track of the
huge invader." Then he noticed the tree with his sign on it, and there
beyond doubt was the stranger's mark far above his own. His eyes and
nose were agreed on this; and more, they told him that the foe was close
at hand, might at any moment come.

Wahb was feeling ill and weak with pain. He was in no mood for a
desperate fight. A battle against such odds would be madness now. So,
without taking the treatment, he turned and swung along the bench away
from the direction taken by the stranger--the first time since his
cubhood that he had declined to fight.

That was a turning-point in Wahb's life. If he had followed up the
stranger he would have found the miserable little craven trembling,
cowering, in an agony of terror, behind a log in a natural trap, a
walled-in glade only fifty yards away, and would surely have crushed
him. Had he even taken the bath, his strength and courage would have
been renewed, and if not, then at least in time he would have met his
foe, and his after life would have been different. But he had turned.
This was the fork in the trail, but he had no means of knowing it.

He limped along, skirting the lower spurs of the Shoshones, and soon
came on that horrid smell that he had known for years, but never
followed up or understood. It was right in his road, and he traced it
to a small, barren ravine that was strewn over with skeletons and dark
objects, and Wahb, as he passed, smelled a smell of many different
animals, and knew by its quality that they were lying dead in this
treeless, grassless hollow. For there was a cleft in the rocks at the
upper end, whence poured a deadly gas; invisible but heavy, it filled
the little gulch like a brimming poison bowl, and at the lower end there
was a steady overflow. But Wahb knew only that the air that poured from
it as he passed made him dizzy and sleepy, and repelled him, so that
he got quickly away from it and was glad once more to breathe the piny
wind. Once Wahb decided to retreat, it was all too easy to do so next
time; and the result worked double disaster. For, since the big stranger
was allowed possession of the sulphur-spring, Wahb felt that he would
rather not go there. Sometimes when he came across the traces of his
foe, a spurt of his old courage would come back. He would rumble that
thunder-growl as of old, and go painfully lumbering along the trail
to settle the thing right then and there. But he never overtook the
mysterious giant, and his rheumatism, growing worse now that he was
barred from the cure, soon made him daily less capable of either running
or fighting.

Sometimes Wahb would sense his foe's approach when he was in a bad place
for fighting, and, without really running, he would yield to a wish to
be on a better footing, where he would have a fair chance. This better
footing never led him nearer the enemy, for it is well known that the
one awaiting has the advantage.

Some days Wahb felt so ill that it would have been madness to have
staked everything on a fight, and when he felt well or a little better,
the stranger seemed to keep away.

Wahb soon found that the stranger's track was most often on the Warhouse
and the west slope of the Piney, the very best feeding-grounds. To avoid
these when he did not feel equal to fighting was only natural, and as he
was always in more or less pain now, it amounted to abandoning to the
stranger the best part of the range.

Weeks went by. Wahb had meant to go back to his bath, but he never did.
His pains grew worse; he was now crippled in his right shoulder as well
as in his hind leg.

The long strain of waiting for the fight begot anxiety, that grew to be
apprehension, which, with the sapping of his strength, was breaking
down his courage, as it always must when courage is founded on muscular
force. His daily care now was not to meet and fight the invader, but to
avoid him till he felt better.

Thus that first little retreat grew into one long retreat. Wahb had to
go farther and farther down the Piney to avoid an encounter. He was
daily worse fed, and as the weeks went by was daily less able to crush a
foe.

He was living and hiding at last on the Lower Piney--the very place
where once his Mother had brought him with his little brothers. The life
he led now was much like the one he had led after that dark day. Perhaps
for the same reason. If he had had a family of his own all might have
been different. As he limped along one morning, seeking among the barren
aspen groves for a few roots, or the wormy partridge-berries that were
too poor to interest the Squirrel and the Grouse, he heard a stone
rattle down the western slope into the woods, and, a little later, on
the wind was borne the dreaded taint. He waded through the ice-cold
Piney,--once he would have leaped it,--and the chill water sent through
and up each great hairy limb keen pains that seemed to reach his very
life. He was retreating again--which way? There seemed but one way
now--toward the new ranch-house.

But there were signs of stir about it long before he was near enough to
be seen. His nose, his trustiest friend, said, "Turn, turn and seek the
hills," and turn he did even at the risk of meeting there the dreadful
foe. He limped painfully along the north bank of the Piney, keeping in
the hollows and among the trees. He tried to climb a cliff that of old
he had often bounded up at full speed. When half-way up his footing gave
way, and down he rolled to the bottom. A long way round was now the only
road, for onward he must go--on--on. But where? There seemed no choice
now but to abandon the whole range to the terrible stranger.

And feeling, as far as a Bear can feel, that he is fallen, defeated,
dethroned at last, that he is driven from his ancient range by a Bear
too strong for him to face, he turned up the west fork, and the lot was
drawn. The strength and speed were gone from his once mighty limbs;
he took three times as long as he once would to mount each well-known
ridge, and as he went he glanced backward from time to time to know
if he were pursued. Away up the head of the little branch were the
Shoshones, bleak, forbidding; no enemies were there, and the Park was
beyond it all--on, on he must go. But as he climbed with shaky limbs,
and short uncertain steps, the west wind brought the odor of Death
Gulch, that fearful little valley where everything was dead, where the
very air was deadly. It used to disgust him and drive him away, but now
Wahb felt that it had a message for him; he was drawn by it.

[Illustration] line of flight, and he hobbled slowly toward the place.
He went nearer, nearer, until he stood upon the entering ledge. A
Vulture that had descended to feed on one of the victims was slowly
going to sleep on the untouched carcass. Wahb swung his great grizzled
muzzle and his long white beard in the wind. The odor that he once had
hated was attractive now. There was a strange biting quality in the
air. His body craved it. For it seemed to numb his pain and it promised
sleep, as it did that day when first he saw the place.

Far below him, to the right and to the left and on and on as far as the
eye could reach, was the great kingdom that once had been his; where he
had lived for years in the glory of his strength; where none had dared
to meet him face to face. The whole earth could show no view more
beautiful. But Wahb had no thought of its beauty; he only knew that it
was a good land to live in; that it had been his, but that now it was
gone, for his strength was gone, and he was flying to seek a place where
he could rest and be at peace.

Away over the Shoshones, indeed, was the road to the Park, but it was
far, far away, with a doubtful end to the long, doubtful journey. But
why so far? Here in this little gulch was all he sought; here were peace
and painless sleep. He knew it; for his nose, his never-erring nose,
said, "_Here! here now!_"

He paused a moment at the gate, and as he stood the wind-borne fumes
began their subtle work. Five were the faithful wardens of his life, and
the best and trustiest of them all flung open wide the door he long had
kept. A moment still Wahb stood in doubt. His lifelong guide was silent
now, had given up his post. But another sense he felt within. The Angel
of the Wild Things was standing there, beckoning, in the little vale.
Wahb did not understand. He had no eyes to see the tear in the Angel's
eyes, nor the pitying smile that was surely on his lips. He could not
even see the Angel. But he _felt_ him beckoning, beckoning. A rush of
his ancient courage surged in the Grizzly's rugged breast. He turned
aside into the little gulch. The deadly vapors entered in, filled his
huge chest and tingled in his vast, heroic limbs as he calmly lay down
on the rocky, herbless floor and as gently went to sleep, as he did that
day in his Mother's arms by the Graybull, long ago.

[Illustration]










*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIOGRAPHY OF A GRIZZLY ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.